RPH 100 _READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

DR. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO, J.D.

Arts And Sciences Department

San Pedro College
Davao City
DR. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO, J.D.
Arts and Sciences Department
San Pedro College
Davao City
DR. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO, J.D.
Arts and Sciences Department
San Pedro College
Davao City

RPH 100_ Readings in Philippine History

 The course analyzes Philippine history from multiple perspectives through the lens of
selected primary sources coming from various disciplines and of different genres. Students
are given opportunities to analyze the author’s background and main arguments, compare
different points of view, identify biases ad examine the evidences presented in the
document. The discussions will tackle additional topics in history and other interdisciplinary
themes that will deepen and broaden their understanding of Philippine political, economic,
cultural, social, scientific and religious history. Priority is given the primary materials that
could help students develop their analytical and communication skills. The end goal is to
develop the historical and critical consciousness of the students so that they will become
versatile, articulate, broad-minded, morally upright and responsible citizens.

This course includes mandatory topics on the Philippine Constitution, Agrarian Reform
and Taxation.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:

A. INTELLECTUAL COMPETENCIES (knowledge).

1. Analyze texts (written, visual, oral, etc.) critically;

2. Demonstrate proficient and effective communication (writing, speaking, and use of new technologies);
3. Use basic concepts across the domains of knowledge; and
4. Demonstrate critical, analytical, and creative thinking.

B. PERSONAL AND CIVIL RESPONSIBILITIES (Values).

1. Examine the contemporary world from both Philippine and global perspectives;
2. Takes responsibility for knowing and being Filipino;
3. Reflect critically on shared concern; and
4. Contribute personally and meaningfully to the country’s development.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:

C. PRACTICAL SKILLS (Skills).

1. Work effectively in a group;

2. Use current technology to assist and facilitate learning and research;
3. Manage one’s knowledge, skills and values for responsible and productive living; and
4. Organize one’s self for lifelong learning.
I. Meaning & Relevance and Sources of History

A. Meaning and Relevance of History

B. Primary and Secondary Sources
C. Repositories of Primary Sources
D. Different Kinds of Primary Sources

II. Methods of Historical Criticism and Analysis

A. External and Internal Criticism

B. Content and Contextual Analysis
III. Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources (Identification of the Historical Importance of the
Text and the Examination of the Author’s Main Argument and Point of View)

A. Antonio Pigafetta, First Voyage Around the World

B. Juan de Plasencia, Customs of the Tagalog
C. Emilio Jacinto, “Kartilla ng Katipunan” (Declaration of Principles)
D. Emilio Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan
E. National Historical Institute: Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence, The Malolos
Constitution and the First Philippine Republic (Proclamation)
F. Alfred McCoy, Political Caricatures of the American Era (Editorial Cartoons)
G. Commission on Independence, Filipino Grievance Against Governor Wood (Petition Letter)
H. Corazon Aquino, President Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before the U.S. Congress (Speech)
I. Raiders of the Sulu Sea (Film)
J. Works of Luna and Amorsolo (Paintings)
IV. “One Past but Many Histories”
A. Site of the First Mass
• Antonio Pigafetta, First Voyage Around the World
B. Cavite Mutiny
• Trinidad Pardo De Tavera, Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny
• Jose Montero y Vidal, Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny
• Rafael Izquirdo, Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny
C. Retraction of Rizal
• Ricardo P. Garcia, The Great Debate: The Rizal Retraction
• Jesus Ma. Cavana, Rizal’s Fading Glory
• Ricardo R. Pascual, Rizal Beyond the Grave
IV. “One Past but Many Histories”
D. Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin
• Pio Valenzuela, Cry of Pugadlawin
• Santiago Alvarez, Cry of Bahay Toro
• Gregoria De Jesus, Version of the First Cry
• Guillermo Masangkay, Cry of Balintawak
V. Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine History
A. Agrarian Reform Policies
B. The Philippine Constitution
1. 1899 Malolos Constitution
2. 1935 Constitution
3. 1973 Constitution
4. 1987 Constitution
C. Taxation
VI. Critical Evaluation and Promotion of Local History
A. Oral History
B. Museums
C. Historical Shrines
D. Cultural Performances
E. Indigenous Practices
F. Religious Rites and Rituals
DR. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO, J.D.
Arts and Sciences Department
San Pedro College
Davao City

RPH 100_ Readings in Philippine History

 TERTIARY
SUBJECT: RPH 100_READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
COURSE / YR / SECTION CLASS CODE

1. BMLS 2F - B8FRNWP
2. BMLS-2G - FDWFHWG
3. BMLS-2H - WBB7J9J
4. BMLS-2I - REX7578
5. BMLS-2J - MLLDADF
6. BMLS-2K - F8W5JN3
 TERTIARY
SUBJECT: RPH 100_READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
COURSE / YR / SECTION CLASS CODE

1. PSYCH 1A - FJDPMNE
2. PSYCH 1B - HDBB3R
3. PSYCH 1C - MR7BHTM
DR. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO, J.D.
Arts and Sciences Department
San Pedro College
Davao City

RPH 100_ Readings in Philippine History

Preliminary Conceptual Definitions of History

1. History deals with the study of past

events.

2. Historians – refer to individuals who:

• write about history.

• undertake arduous historical research
to come up with a meaningful and
organized reconstruction of the past.
History as Defined by Authors / Known Personalities

History is an account of the

unchanging past.
History is process of creation or a
formation of culture, specifically a
natural culture.
History as Defined by Authors / Known Personalities

History never looks like history

when you are living through it.

History is the unending

dialogue between the past and
the present.
History as Defined by Authors / Known Personalities

Life must be lived forward,

but it can only be understood
backward.

McCullough, David
History is who we are and
why we are the way we are.
History as Defined by Authors / Known Personalities

Maybe if people started to listen, history would

stop repeating itself.
Two Distinct Meanings

1. History is the sum total of everything

that has actually happened in the past
– every thought, every action, every
event. It encompasses the entire scope
of the human experience on this planet
(Furay, 2000; p. 12)
Two Distinct Meanings

2. History is the act of selecting,

analyzing, and writing about the past.
It is something that is done, that is
constructed, rather than an inert body
of data that lies scattered through the
archives (Davidson & Lytle, 1982; p.
xvii).
TWO (2) CENTRAL POINTS
1. Even though a relationship exists between
the past-as-it-happened and the historian’s
account of a segment of the past, the
historical account can no more show past
events as they actually took place.

• The historian can reveal a tiny piece of

the past, can present us with an
individual version of the segment of the
past, but no one can present the past as
it actually was.
TWO (2) CENTRAL POINTS
2. All historical accounts are reconstructions
that contain some degree of subjectivity.

• Whether written or spoken, every piece

of history is an individualized view of a
segment of past reality – a particular
version, a personalized version.
• Writing history is an act of creation, or
more accurately, an act of recreation in
which the mind of the historian is the
catalyst.
“Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who observed it;
only a part of what was remembered was recorded; only a part of what was recorded has
survived; only a part of what has survived has come to the historian’s attention; only a part
of what has come to their attention is credible; only a part of what is credible has been
grasped; and only a part of what has been grasped can be expounded or narrated by the
historian…

Before the past is set forth by the historian, it is likely to have gone through eight separate
steps at each of which some of it has been lost; and there is no guarantee that what remains
is the most important, the largest, the most valuable, the most representative, or the most
enduring past. In other words, the ‘object’ that the historian studies is not only incomplete,
it is markedly variable as records are lost or recovered.”
Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History (New York: Knopf, 1950), 45-46
EVENTS OBSERVED BY SOMEONE
(Events not observed have been lost to
history)

EVENTS OBSERVED AND REMEBERED

(Events observed but not remembered
have been lost in history)

EVENTS OBSERVED, REMEBERED, AND

RECORDED
(Unrecorded actions and thoughts have
been lost to history)
EVENTS FOR WHICH WE HAVE
SURVIVING RECORDS
(This is the raw material of history)

AVAILABLE/USABLE/BELEIVABLE RECORDS FOR

A GIVEN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT

THE “ACCOUNT”
1. Historiography – refers to the practice of
historical research and writing
2. Two (2) Methods of Historiography.
1) Traditional Method – focuses on
gathering documents from different
libraries and archives to form a pool of
evidence needed in making a
descriptive or analytical narratives.
2) Modern Method – does not only
include examination of documents but
also the use of research methods from
related areas of study such as
archaeology and geography.
Salient Features of Historiography

Historiography aims at providing the

facility:

• To give meaning about the past; and

• To impart value to a group of people
about their past.
DR. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO, J.D.
Arts and Sciences Department
San Pedro College
Davao City

RPH 100_ Readings in Philippine History

1. CHALLENGE-RESPONSE THEORY (ARNOLD TOYNBEE)
– Man responds to situation placed before him. Thus,
mankind’s approach in coping with challenges
determines history.

– History reflects the progress of civilizations and societies.

– The past is a succession of civilization and not of political

entities Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH was
a British historian, philosopher
– General pattern: growth, breakdown, and dissolution. of history, research professor
of international history at the
London School of Economics
– The failure of a civilization to survive was a result of its and the University of London
inability to respond to challenges. and author of numerous books.
2. EXCHANGE THEORY (ALVIN SCAFF)

– History is the product of the exchange of goods (tangible and intangible)

between individuals, between groups, between organizations, and even
nations.
3. DIALECTICAL THEORY (GEORGE WILHELM HEGEL)

– Historical event is the embodiment (the realization) of the world spirit or

social values and ideals that the people would hold dear.
– World Spirit (Social Values and Ideals): patriotism, heroism, peace, justice
equality, etc.
4. ECONOMIC THEORY (KARL MARX)

– The prevailing economic system determines that form of societal

organization and the political and intellectual history of the epoch, which
thus attribute actions and events in history to economic motives.
5. STRUCTURALIST THEORY (FERNAND BRAUDEL)

– Human actions are not only based on human decision but also of
‘structures’ that may be natural or man-made.

– To achieve total history is to integrate all aspects of man’s past.

6. NATIONALIST THEORY (TEODORO AGONCILLO)

– Philippine past should be written by analyzing the situation of the masses.

7. ASSOCIATED-MAN THEORY (RENATO CONSTANTINO)

– He presents the idea of the associated man, a man who interacts with
nature and other men.

– History is “the recorded struggle of people for ever increasing freedom,

and for higher realization of the human person. “

– History is not just presenting a long, unbroken chain of events but instead,
it illustrates movement of people and ideas over time and space.
DR. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO, J.D.
Arts and Sciences Department
San Pedro College
Davao City

RPH 100_ Readings in Philippine History

SOURCES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
1. Documentary Sources – refer to handwritten, printed,
drawn, designed, and other composed materials.
• Books
• Newspapers https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&v
• Magazines ed=2ahUKEwjR9tXaiufcAhXEV30KHaCKCk8QjRx6BAgBEAU
&url=https%3A%2F%2Fseelio.com%2Fw%2F1lwg%2Fmanil
• Journals a-manuscript-1593&psig=AOvVaw278Phn-
tu9V3tYeGQUHg2x&ust=1534148478516668
•
http://www.jetspeedmedia.com/philippine
Maps -information-technology-journal

• Architectural perspectiveshttps://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ca

•
d=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjDmd2tkufcAhXWbisKHcIWD1
Paintings QQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblack.dgfitness.co%
2Fmagazines-

•
newspaper%2F&psig=AOvVaw25tlAPx2sw200Lfm3JhNSD&u
Advertisements st=1534149996343953

• Photographs https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/34494765268642
4487/

• Colonial records
• Legal documents https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-
aaed00e08f71ca48a50c990aa721b83c-c

• Memoirs or personal accounts https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/may/01/disappear-here-review-riba-

london-architecture-vanishing-points-perspective-sam-jacob

http://www.en.netralnews.com/news/international/read/114
https://www.canstockphoto.com/philippines- 05/hydrogen.bomb.1000.times.deadlier.than.atomic.bomb
with-administrative-2930160.html
SOURCES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
2. Archaeological Records – refer to
preserved remains of human beings,
their activities, and the environment http://extinct-animalz.blogspot.com/2012/09/most-
https://www.providr.com/scientists-discover-europe-might-be-origin/2/

where they lived. amazing-extinct-land-animals.html

• Fossils – are remains of animals,

plants, and other organisms from the
distant past.

• Artifacts – are remnants of material https://www.quora.com/Why-are-artifacts-considered-important

https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/07/07/wh
at-plant-fossils-can-tell-us-about-life-on-earth/
culture developed by human beings.
SOURCES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
3. Oral and Video Accounts – are audio-
visual documentation of people,
events, and places.
https://www.123rf.com/photo_3496894_tv-reporter-presenting-
the-news-in-studio-isolated-on-white-background.html

• These are usually recorded in video https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/Fitzy-Journos-Must-Comply-52428152.html

and audio cassettes, and compact

discs.
• Media people also use oral and
video accounts as part of their
news and public affairs work.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mK_Vg-cmVk
TWO GENERAL KINDS OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES

1. PRIMARY SOURCES – refer to

documents, physical objects, and
oral/video accounts made by an
individual or a group present at the
time and place being described.
• These are testimonies of the living
witnesses of the event.
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (Filipino:
Inskripsyon sa Binatbat na Tanso ng Laguna, Malay:
Prasasti keping tembaga Laguna; often shortened
into the acronym LCI), a legal document inscribed
on a copper plate in 900 AD, is the earliest known
written document found in the Philippines.
TWO GENERAL KINDS OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES

2. SECONDARY SOURCES – refer to the

materials made by people long after
the events being described had taken
place.
• These are the interpretation of
people who read the works of the
witnesses.
1. The National Library.
2. The National Archives.
3. National Museums
1. The National Library.
• Has complete microfilm copies of the Philippine
Revolutionary Records (1896-1901).
• Has a compilation of captured documents of Emilio
Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government.
• Has a compilation of Historical Data Papers (1952-
1953), a collection of “history and cultural life” of
all towns in the country spearheaded by public
school teachers during President Elpidio Quirino’s
term.

http://www.filipinohomeschooler.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/National-Library-of-the-
Philippines.jpg
1. The National Museum.
• is a government institution in the Philippines and
serves as an educational, scientific and cultural
institution in preserving the various permanent
national collections featuring the ethnographic,
anthropological, archaeological and visual artistry
of the Philippines. Since 1998, the National
Museum has been the regulatory and enforcement
agency of the National Government in the
restoring and safeguarding of important cultural
properties, sites and reservations throughout the
http://www.filipinohomeschooler.com/national-museum-of-the-philippines-free-admission-to-
Philippines. all-visitors/
1. The National Archives.
• An agency of the Republic of the
Philippines mandated to collect, store, preserve
and make available, archival records of
the Government and other primary sources
pertaining to the history and development of the
Country. It is the primary records
management agency, tasked to formulate and
implement the records schedule and vital
records protection programs for the government.
The Archives as it is organized today was a result of
the passage of Republic Act 9470 in 2007, but its
roots can be traced back to at least the 19th
Century when the Spanish colonial government in
the Philippines established its Division of Archives. https://escooped.com/12165/usc-national-archives-team-in-new-volume-on-cebu-archives/
INTERNAL CRITICISM
1. It looks within the data itself to try to
determine the truth-facts and the
reasonable interpretation.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
1. It applies experimental science to certify the
authenticity of the material that holds the
data in which historical information will be
based.

2. It entails such physical and technical tests as

2. It includes looking at the apparent or dating of paper where a document is written
possible motives of the person on.
providing the data.
3. It involves knowledge of when certain things
existed or it supports the claim whether it is
3. It indicates the accuracy, possible or impossible to exist.
trustworthiness and veracity of the
4. It evaluates the authenticity and genuineness
materials to which historical data will of data.
be based.
TWO ESSENTIALS
1. The Document (Content)
2. Era from which it comes (Context)
Look at the physical nature of your
source. This is particularly important and
powerful if you are dealing with an
original source such as an actual old letter,
rather than a transcribed and published
version of the same letter.
QUESTIONS
1. What can you learn from the form
of the source? Was it written on
fancy paper in elegant
handwriting, or on a scrap paper,
scribbled in pencil?
2. Think about the purpose of the
source. What was the author’s
message or argument? What was
it he/she is trying to get across? Is
the message explicit, or are there
implicit messages as well?
QUESTIONS
3. How does the author try to get the
message across? What methods does
he/she use?
4. What do you know about the author?
Race, sex, class, occupation, religion,
age, political beliefs? Does any of this
matter? How?
5. Who constituted the intended
audience? Was this source meant for
one person’s eyes, or for the public?
How does that affect the source?
QUESTIONS
6. What can a careful reading
of the text or even an object
tell you? How does the
language work? What are
the important metaphors or
symblos? What can author’s
choice of words tell you?
6 C’S FOR EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE
PRIMARY SOURCE
1. CONTENT. You must identify main
idea. For documents, list important
points, phrases, words, sentences. For
images, describe what you see.
2. CITATION. You must identify the
creator of the document and the time
it is created.
3. COMMUNICATION. You must
identify the biases of the author. A
bias is a prejudice or a tendency to
see something in a particular way.
Also, it is important for you to
examine the point of view of the
author.
4. CONTEXT. You must understand
what is going on in the world,
country, region, or locality when
the document is created.
6 C’S FOR EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE
PRIMARY SOURCE

5. CONNECTIONS. You must recognize

the connection of the primary source
to what you already know.

6. CONCLUSIONS. You must determine

the contributions of the primary
source to our understanding of
history.
 CONTENT CITIATION CONTEXT
(Main Idea) (Author / Creator) (Historical)
[25%] [5%] [25%]

CONNECTIONS COMMUNICATIONS CONCLUSIONS

(Prior Knowledge) (Point of View or Bias) (Relevance/Significance)
[10%] [10%] [25%]