NAME : ABDULLAH

ROLL No. 1511-BH-STAT-20

Submitted To : Ma’am ZARA KHAN.

Q:01

Critically Analyse the role of military in Pakistan. Keeping in View All the Military Rules of Pakistan.

ANS: As We see that The challenges of freedom in Pakistan are multi dimensional in nature and
largely linked with various dynamics of politics. Absence democratic practices, political instability,
low political culture and type of government exercising its control at the Allied level are those
factors which Greatly affect the federal politics in Pakistan. The repeated disunion of the National
Assembly and the resulting fall of provincial assemblies during the decade of the1990s also Upset
the federal notion in Pakistan. The problems of Unionism in Pakistan were further increase by the
arrival of a military administration in power on October 12, 1999.Yet, a constitutional government
was established as a result of the general election of 2002but it dimity decline the compact and
Permission trends as the centre of political power was still a military man. This paper present that
under Musharraf regime, prime objective of devising policies was to secure Authority of his rule and
federal issues were not Treated with federal and political means. This research expounds that type
of Administration is relevant to federal practices in Pakistan and military gave permission regimes in
Pakistan are less Aware to federal challenges demands National as under their impression of unity
in command, federal consent and Agreement are less Appropriate. This led to decline the role of
elected Assembly and federal places as the federal notion of the state was largely inhabited. This
study aims to address the issue that how military interference into politics Greater the federal
problems in Pakistan and to what Boundary type of regime is relevant to federal practices in
Pakistan.

The Role of military in the politics of Pakistan is one of the Most important issues of Unionism as to
Help and define politics and Freedom through the army's Approach. The army's perception of
political power is on a Large Scale and based on its national security rather than federal agreements
and consensus. Politics under a military regime is never a federal politics rather it is a politics of
Charge and legitimacy. Absence of a functional democracy and Congress supremacy caused the lack
of 'rules of the game' which provided enough chances to military to Detail themselves as the state's
most professional, organized and a consistent institution. It also enables them to Construct the
regulation for defining the relations between the ruling elites and classes, between Centre and Areas
and various Partners of the power structure of Pakistani federation. Whenever a military regime
comes into power in Pakistan, the Main Preference are largely confined to the legitimizing their rule
and Continue a stable order in a state which generally Decrease the federal considerations. The
military doesn't view consensus and power sharing as Applicable strategies to ensure stability and
primarily relies on its organizational interests and command to administer politics. However, it is a
matter of fact that these were not only the military regimes which Exerted authoritarian and
centralization Advanced for the conclusion Of federal problems, but the federal government under
civilian rule Often Resonate to authoritarian Curved to diffuse the Crunch Of federalism. Although it
is a fact that can not be Avoid And these civilian federal arrangements remained either Captive Of
military indirect influence or not allowed to continue parliamentary advancement presidential
interventions. From 1947 to 2008, during the total span Of sixty years, military ruled the federation
Of Pakistan almost half Of the years Of its existence. In the remaining period Of civilian rule either
political breakdown, constitutional and constitutional challenges hampered the process Of
federalization Of state or military indirectly confirmed the political and federal issues as judge
according to their perception Of national security and unity It is evident by the Old experiences of
Pakistani federation that federalization of state needs power sharing largely based on consensus and
recognition of lonely regional identities as stakeholders of federal setup. Although under the
military judgement of command. federal structures always disposed to become more intrigrate as
institution of military due to its greater power and strong The Academic and constitutional Based of
federation in Pakistan has no direct link with military rule as federal provisions of the Constitution of
1973 largely remained unchanged however Operational of federal practices were captured to its
minimum level due to following main reasons. First in the process of strengthening military rule,
constitutional engineering caused federal Short Comings where military emerged as an overthrow
power at the cost of elected and federal institutions of state. Secondly. while acting as •self
appointed guardian • military often gets support from the Ministry and the Judicial to shape
confrontational politics among elected federal and-elected power centres. Thirdly. in course of
acquiring legitimacy of its rule, military opted a selective co-option which Unspirit the competition
by winning state patronage among various elected and non-elected groups violating the federal
spirit of providing due share to all stakeholders which eventually augment ethno-federal Profession.
Fourthly. military adopts a divide and rule strategy to weaken the political and federal forces to
avoid any challenge to its ascendency which led to develop an ethnic and regional antagonism.
Above all, these reasons. institution of military in Pakistan is by default associated with core province
Punjab, due to its large share of recruitment from the area which led to provide an image of Punjab's
assertion of its control over coalition units and caused issues of interprovincialh Balanced.

Maintaining a political system and securing national Agreement largely Artless on •state patronage'
and its fawning to non-elected intuitions like the military has always been a costly exercise for
federation of Pakistan. History of federal politics in Pakistan let us know that fact that whenever
military comes into power in Pakistan, federal structures and institutions inevitably decline. The
arrival of a military rule always addition some kind of constitutional engineering, which limits the
role of federal and political institutions to the minimum level and often leads them to become
dysfunctional to perform federal advancement. In case of Pakistani federation, federal court and
Judiciary acted subservient to the Principal specifically when there is a military president.

In the Pakistani general elections of November 1988 the Pakistan. People’s Party (PPP) emerged as
the single largest party in the National Assembly. Following Banazir Bhutto's agreement with the
Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz (MQM) and a number of independent members Of parliament, it was
possible for her to assume the office of prime minister and to form a PPP-powered government.
Prime Minister Bhutto's assumption of power was a Eye Catching development in a country where
the constitutional transfer of power has been the Approval rather than the rule. The challenges
facing the Bhutto regime, whose relationship with the military is bound to remain Fine, are all the
greater given that in the provincial elections her PPP secured a clear majority in Sind, but lagged
behind in the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province (NWFT) and Baluchistan. In by-elections held
in January 1989, eight weeks after Bhutto took power, the PPP's position Error further (largely
against its arch rivals the Islamic Democratic Alliance) in the Punjab, though it picked up in the other
provinces. Bhutto thus faces the potential Hazard of a military challenge to her authority, while
having to cope with opponent political opponents in the provinces at a time when provincial dissent
and ethnic discontent are intense. Given the range Of domestic discontent, the sorry state of the
economy, and the complexity of the present international relations in the region, it is perhaps not
surprising that the military have felt it right to alto the democratic political process to take its course.
However, as this article will show, the tradition of military rule in Pakistan is enough powerful, and
the political situation delicate enough, that the return to power military in spite of the departure of
President General Mohammad Zia ul-Haq and very senior officers in the tragic air crash over
Bahawalpur on t 7 August 1988 cannot be excluded.

Transfer of power :

The resolution of the Pakistan Army not to assume power after Zia's death was of Much importance,
and created the conditions which allowed Bhutto's rise to power, Soon after the news of the crash
had reached genera! headquarters, the leadership of the Army, the Navy and the Air.

................................................................

Q:02

Ideology of Pakistan and it’s significance in our current times.

ANS: The word "ideology" is composed of two Greek words "kieo" and "logos"_ It literally means
"the science or study Of ideas".

The ideology of any nation reflects the ideals aspirations of its and religion and cultural shape, their
thinking which binds them together. An ideology in the positive sense is a system of beliefs, values,
ideals. convictions, institutions. goals and a tidy of knowledge which a people considers true. binding
and Ideologies tend to arise in the times of crises social stress. A society having no ideology. when
faced with a crisis. may find it difficult to decide by reacting to its ethical and practical aspects as to
whether to confront it with courage or retreat from it. At such a . while ideology has its binding
functions. it also provides a simple are sure answer. leaving no chances for subsequent regrets. This
is inherent it the fight for principle. According to Reo M. Christenson and Modern Politics) that;

"An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an existing
Order when their status is threatened by fundamental changes occurring in and when the
prevailing ideology no longer satisfies them.. A political ideology is a system of beliefs that explain
and a preferred political order. either existing or proposed our offers a strategy (institutions.
processes programmes) for its attainment When a Significant purpose becomes a joint ideal of
people’s life then it is a common ideology of life.

The ideology must contain following traits;

l. Maximum should united on ideology .ideology must harmonized with the feelings,
emotions, traditions, tries and values of An organized party of leaders to implement this ideology is
required. Ideology is a motivating force for a nation. which is striving hard to tying stability aim
homogeneity to its nationhood. It provides the cement-binding base to the scattered groups in a
softy and lying’s to closer to each other on a common platform. Ideologies impel their adherents to
follow a joint line of action)n for the accomplishment of their goal. Ideologies give shape to the
revolutions and transformation the cultures and Ideologies stress on their odorants to insist on the
of tire ideals through total transformation of society. An ideology offers an interpretation of past,
aim an explanation of present and a vision of the future. Thus the ideologies contain a set of nature
softy. Tires proposals explicit form human conditions, approvals undertaking of a social and political
order and provide and basis for tie accomplishment of a desired social system.

The ideology of Pakistan shaER through an process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama
Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quail-i-Azam translated it into a political reality: and the
Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949. gave it - It was
due to tir of tir Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hiruius that they demanded
separate electorates. However when they realized that their filature in a 'Dermcrat1C India '
dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, ttry changed tirir denim to a separate state. The ideology
of Pakistan stemmed from instant of tir Muslim community of South Asia to maintain their
individuality in the Hindu society. Muslims that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but
are two social orders that produced two distinct cultures.

On 23rd March, 1940 at the historic session of the Muslim League at Lahore, he said: "The Muslims
are not a minority. They are a nation by any definition. By all canons of International law we are a
nation. "

In his presidential address at the annual session of Muslim League at Lahore in 1940. He said:

"India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a Sub Continent of nationalities. Hindus and Muslims being
the two major nations. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies,
social customs and literature. They neither intermarry nor inter dine and they belong to two
different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on
life and of are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration.

Ideological difference in South Asia:

India announces that it is a circular state. The Status of Pakistan is religious or Islamic. India is not
circular Hindus where R55 ideology was executed on Bealf On Indian, So this is a dispute of ideology.

Importance of ideology:

 It is not only a thought but also a Feeling which awakens Human To Progress.
 It sets mutual duties and rights of humans
 To move Forward and fulfilment of desires
Different scholars supported ideology of Pakistan

Quaid-e-Azam and ideology of Pakistan:

Quaid-e-Azam was great supporter of ideology of Pakistan and two Nation theory. He Had
Struggled From 1931 when he became the member of Muslim League. He Had organized
Muslims socially, economically and politically that the Muslims are not minority, Muslims are
a Nation.
Once He said in 1944 at Muslim University “Actually Pakistan came into existence when the
Very first Hindu became a Muslim it Happened when there was no rule of Muslims, the
foundation of Muslim is kalam-e- Taheed rather then state or Race. When a Hindu
converted his religion he became a member of separate nation And a new nation came
into being.”
This Address clearly shows that to practice Islamic values,cultural,social and political values
according to Islam is possible only having a separate nation.

Allama Iqbal and ideology of Pakistan:

 Allama Iqbal played important role in ideology of Pakistan. He said that “religion is a power
of utmost importance in life of individual as well as of state and that the Islam is itself
destiny and will not suffer our destiny"
He was of the view that religious ideal of Islam is organically related to Social order which it
has created .He Observed that, “The vision of a common nationhood for India is Beautiful”.
Sir Syed ahmed Khan and Ideology of Pakistan:
He was a Well known Muslim reformer and educator after the war of India condition of
Muslims were miserable he guided them towards right path and attempted to draw out
Muslims from such helpless conditions. He started a movement in order to give respectable
position to Muslims in society as they had in past, this movement was Named as Ali Garh
Movement its main Focus was:
 Loyalty to British government.
 To keep away Muslims from politics.
 Modern western education fir Muslims to compete Hindus.
Unlike others, he was of view that Muslims should have friendship with British if they want
their Rights.
WORD NATION:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan used Word Nation for Muslims in 1883.