Dental Ceramics/ Dr.Ashwaq M.

Muhee/ Lec 3 in 2nd coursePorcelain

DENTAL CERAMICS

Generally the word ceramic is used to name any material is having both
metallic and non-metallic ions in its compositional formula e.g. cements,
gypsum, porcelain and glasses.

DENTAL PORCELAIN

Dental Porcelain = an early type of dental ceramics that has been modified to
improve its properties ‫نوع مبكر من خزف األسنان الذي‬
‫تم تعديله لتحسين خصائصه‬

APPLICATIONS OF PORCELAIN

1. Porcelain denture teeth

2. Porcelain jacket crown

3. Porcelain inlay

4. Porcelain veneer

5. Porcelain fused to metal prosthesis

6. Implant material
 Dental Ceramics/ Dr.Ashwaq M.Muhee/ Lec 3 in 2nd coursePorcelain

COMPOSITION OF DENTAL PORCELAIN

A. Feldspathic porcelain Fired material is composed of
1. Glassy phase (Vitreous matrix made of feldspars)
 Feldspars are mixture of Anhydrated alumino-silicates
of both Potash feldspar = K2O. Al2O3. 6 SiO2 And .…

Soda feldspar = Na2O. Al2O3. 6 SiO2

2. Dispersion of crystalline phase (mineral phase including silica and other

oxides)

Main characters
• Void of kaolin
• Technically it is a glass rather than true porcelain

• They are translucent

b-Aluminous porcelain The porcelain material contains 40-50% alumina

crystals (Al2O3) in a low-fusing glass matrix.

 High-Ceram – The dispersed alumina particles are much stronger with

higher modulus of elasticity and coefficient of thermal expansion than
those of the glassy matrix. – Presence of alumina makes the material
opaque. (used only as coping beneath regular porcelain)

 In-ceram alumina – It is not only a kind of infiltrated glass ceramic, but

also considered as one of the aluminous porcelains.

 Dental Ceramics/ Dr.Ashwaq M.Muhee/ Lec 3 in 2nd coursePorcelain

Classification of Dental Porcelain

A. According to their fusion temperatures
1- High-fusing (1300-1400o C)
2- Medium-Fusing (1100-1300o C)
3- Low-Fusing (850-1100o C)
4- Ultra-Low- Fusing (< 850o C)

 1& 2 are used for denture teeth production

 3 & 4 are used for crown and bridge construction

B- According to the method of their firing

1- Atmospheric firing

2- Vacuum firing (lower % of porosity)

C. According to their clinical applications

1. Core porcelain: Used to form the basal layer of jacket crown

2. Dentine or Body porcelain: More translucent, used to build the body of crowns

3. Enamel porcelain: The most translucent, used to form the incisal edges Classification of
Dental

 operator and Special equipments • Firing shrinkage is always, So operator should build
up the restoration to a bigger size that allows shrinkage
 Dental Ceramics/ Dr.Ashwaq M.Muhee/ Lec 3 in 2nd coursePorcelain

Metal-ceramic restorations

 .These restorations are composed of; Metal substructure (Coping)

supporting a ceramic veneer those are chemically and mechanically-
bonded together
 Dental Ceramics/ Dr.Ashwaq M.Muhee/ Lec 3 in 2nd coursePorcelain

. Bonding of porcelain to the metal copings

1. Mechanical bonding: - Infiltration (flow) of the fused ceramic into the surface
irregularities of the metal coping.
 Sandblasting of the metal surface or using plastic beads during waxing are important for
this issue. Metal Porcelain Oxide layer Irregularities

2. Chemical bonding:

- Ionic bond between the metal oxide layer and the opaque porcelain.

- Metal degassing is important for oxide formation, removing the surface contaminants and
greases.

- Thin oxide layer (in case of noble alloys) provides stronger bond than the thick one (in
case of base metal alloys).

3. Coeff. of thermal expansion mismatch: -As a result of higher metal contraction on

cooling

- The fused porcelain will be sucked (attracted) more strongly into the metal surface
irregularities.

- Residual compressive stresses will developed in and strengthen the porcelain.

. 4.Application of a special bonding agent:-

Certain metal system (electro-forming) requires the application of specific bonding paste before
building-up the porcelain.
 Dental Ceramics/ Dr.Ashwaq M.Muhee/ Lec 3 in 2nd coursePorcelain

Production of Metal copings

A. Casting of pure metals or metallic alloys
1- Commercially-pure titanium (CP Ti)
2- High gold alloy
3- Gold-palladium alloy
4- Palladium-silver alloy
5- High palladium alloys

6- Nickel- chromium alloy

B. Burnishing and heat treating metal foils on a die

1- Platinum foil
2- Gold foil

3- Captek system

C. Electro-deposition of metal on a duplicate die

D. CAD-CAM processing of a metal ingot

Dental Ceramics/ Dr.Ashwaq M.Muhee/ Lec 3 in 2nd coursePorcelain