Apuntes Buzan y Lawson

 When

 Global transformation was not a “Big Bang”. In fact, Aspects of industrialization were
created by some “industrial revolutions” in which households become centrals of
consumption of global products.
 It is discussed when did the global transformation begin. It is certainly the case that trade
routes were created before nineteenth century. Europe sent maize, potatoes, tomatoes,
beans, tobacco and others to America, and America sent horses, pigs, chickens, sheep,
mules, and others the other way around (increase in productivity of both economies). The
same did the slavery commerce.
 The trading system between fifteenth and eighteenth century was far different from the one
stablished since nineteenth century. They were both different due to the scale and
dimensions of the market.
 Some scholarship sees rational states as the beginning of the industrialization (because of
the military revolution in the 16th - 17th centuries and the development of states as “power
containers” on 18th century responsible of the validation of fiduciary money). Others set the
beginning of industrialization when British state emerged from the glorious revolution and
the War of Spanish Succession.
 During 19th century, leading-edge states claimed monopolistic control of a particular
territory. Institutions as the Dutch East India Company held a constitutional warrant to
‘make war, conclude treaties, acquire territory and build fortresses”. Companies, during this
time were not simple commercial actors, but they were political actors that were capable of
“erect and administer law”. To avoid conflicts, it was necessary to make some concessions
that prohibited the use of mercenaries and restricted some actions.
 After the French Revolution, armies become more distinctly national. They were under the
fiscal control of the state. During this time, international relations presented a wide
competence and a rise of nationalism and popular sovereignty.
 Ideologies of progress helped states to transform national and international orders.
 This transformation of factual capabilities was co-implicated with a transformation in
ideational frameworks. Statements as dynasticism and divine right were weakened.
 19th century, Socialism challenged liberalism by seeing the industrial proletariat rather than
the bourgeoisie. Socialism prioritizes collective emancipation over individual rights. Even
tough, ideologies take a key role on this change (such as liberalism, communism and
fascism).

 How

 The configuration of global modernity was a powerful social invention, it was capable of
delivering progress domestically (to a lot of countries).
 This “European Miracle” was a “capital intensive, energy-intensive, and land-gobbling. It
was capital-intensive because it relays on technologies that increased productivity. It was
energy-intensive, because it stablished a revolution in energy enabled by the cheap cost of
coal and iron. And it was land gobbling because it was predicated on a major expansion of
imperialism.
  Once established these industrial advances, Europe began to establish a global economy
based on trades. The hand of the state is crucial on this system. The extension of this market
had price fluctuations, flows of metropolitan markets and commodity speculations that
determined the survival chances of millions of peoples all days.
 The role of industrialization in generating a core-peripheric market was conjoined with the
emergency of rational states. The governments used the economical relations as political
relations, but they had a lot of cases in which the elites avoid the state authorities an0064
avoid taxes.
 Although, the infrastructural advances were enough to improve the rational state. The role
they played was fundamental to grow economically in each country.
 The standard and the advances in all fields of Europe and Asia fostered a bifurcated
international system, in which they were a first-class state and practiced sovereignty equally
amongst them, while imposing a inferior status to the rest of the countries al over the world.
 Imperialism were bound-up with ideas of progress that implied industrialization and the
emergence of the rational state.

 The impact of the global transformation on International Relations.

 Global system was, after the global transformation, closer and more integrated, due to the
railways, the telegraph, the spread of the industry and the ideas. Interconnected human
society.
 Global Transformation created a disjuncture between those social orders that acquired the
configuration of global modernity and those that couldn´t or where denied the new forms of
power.
 Global modernity caused upheaval in the ranks of the great powers. In other words, it
promoted the power of those that adopted the industrialization early (Germany, Britain,
United states) and demoted others that didn’t.
 During the 19th century, global transformation changed International Relations as much as it
changed other aspects of social relations. This period set the material conditions under
which a International system came into a being.
 According to all the things said before, it is not a surprise that a lot of modern social
sciences set their starting point at this phenomenon.