“STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, Trost on plan lined at (0 + 007 is ives PY = SESE y GM cs 19, Arectanguler block a fo the faces. Fad (a the alrocton of principal planes; (othe magaitude of principal etressns ood Gy songatde of the qretest shear ste, gra a8 a () 40 Nn? an 10 Nish 1 and 20) tod tn tue es 100 Nhs oo Ss female stress of 60 Nims i ge gees wih hur srs 06 anit i) 65 Nee") 4 Strain Energy and Impact Loading _Sircin Exersy |} 4a. som DEFINITIONS pare driving the expressions free strain nerdy Ses! a body due to gradually ie ET rei entering me 4, Resilience "2, Proof resilience, and 1 Modus of resilience. vd.gc, Resitence. Th total strain energy stored in 8 boy ‘rom = en AR: Rate ng re noe ne cpa in Wher: yin ce a cay of Soni bad 9 ONE a peslence, Tho maxima asin een real it, prot senence, Th stain anergy stored inthe 0 Myill be maximum when the body ie” roof renee Lin Hance the proof reson is the quantity ‘of atrain energy stored in sfouy when strained upto clastic limit 4.23, Modulus of Resilionce. It defined os the proof resilience of # material per unit whore. Teis an important property of material, ‘Mathematically, Fig. 35S ar lage Sn ne anste Mead fncronnes gradually froma zero tothe Yue of P and the extension of the body anreases from nor to the valu of = 13~ This work will be stored in the body azstrain energy which ~ is recoverable ater the load P is removed, 2a STRENGTH OF MATERIALS a, al a saan estaa! ERR ‘Tho load P performs work in stretching the body. mffect, oan Substtating the values of P and is equation (we get 1 a., ‘ta Work donsty tieled — = bxoxax Sxtat% cane =a" Gr Volume ¥= Ax Z) Dew sity inti ena tery st nub! gondii vedio wa Prot estos Sma yl then rane sao yi ae a an Sowo cite teegama eras errata! Proof rentence = T= x Volume (4.3) ‘rhere 0° = Streas at the elastic limit, Modulus of resilience = Strain energy per unit volume Sav = Totaletrain energy _ BE" _ ot oo Volume v oe STRAN ENERGY AND WWEACT LOADING 145 44, EXPRESSION FOR STRAIN ENERGY STORED IN A BODY WHEN THE LOAD 18 ‘APPLIED SUDDENLY When tho load is applied suddenly to a body, the load is constant throughout the proc. oss ofthe deformation of the body. Lat P= Load ap Le As ¥ z x of the bar, © duced by the suddenly applied load, and U= Strain energy stored. ‘hs the load is applied euddenly, the load P is constant when the extension of the ber takes place. =. Work done by the load = Load x Extension = Px x, ‘The maximum strain energy stored (ée., energy stored upto elastic limit) in a body ie ven by w= Sx Volume ofthe body 2 gradually applied to a circular bar of 4 em diameter and 5 m long. Ifthe value of E'= 2.0 x 10° Nimm?, determineUs strain energy absorbed by the rod A Poo =4UT46 Nim? Ane, (ti) strain energy absorbed in the rod = 400 x mm? Z = 5000 mm, Volume = 00 (di Instantaneous elongation in the rod Da geigr 2% 10! w= 149238 Nemm piinancous stress roded in a bar 10 om in area and drm we load of unknown magnitude, ithe exnsion ofthe 5 mm, Also determine the suddeny, “TRA EVERGY A wins LonDNG Young’s miedulus, = 2% 105 Wimm?, Let G= Instantaneous stress due to sudden toad, and P= Suddenly applied load. fi “The extonsion = is given by equatic Suddenly oppled toad ‘he instantancou eres poo’ bya ude load is given by equation 45) 08 PB P rte Gg of lean ee Pa SSE = 50000 N= 50 KN. Ans, ny ep ee 2 2 og cd 60 mm indice. pld of 100 kta suddenly applied to the rod. Calculate the instantaneous oben ‘induced and also the instante. __ Rents elongation produced in the rod. Tabe B = 200 OMe Sol. Given : Lengtt, L23m=2> 10002000 mm Diameter, d=50mm Ares, A= 5 x50? 625mm? ‘Suddenly applied load, P= 100 EN = 100 x 1000.8 Vatue of B= 200 Nix! = 200 x 108 Nin? (Gx Giga = 109» = IO Nam? (Lm = 1000 men m= 10° mm) Nimme iy applied load, 2 100%1000 4a A=? Gee Niinm® = 101.86 Nam’, Ans, aL = Blongation B 101.86 ‘Then em Xm GF *2000= 1.0186 mm. Ans. Fonesren caper etal tates cra tonal area of 70m and eget 16m, estan ie lt inti 160 Nin what willbe tspracpionn eet ‘also the maximum value of an applied load, hich may be suddenly applied without exceeding Sol Given : Area, A» 700 mut Length, L=15m=1500 mm * Volume of bar, V=A x Z = 700 x 1500 © 1050000 mm?148 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Seas at daitichmin@' e100 Neg? Stress at elastic limit, o* = 160 Nitum® ‘Young's modulus,” R= 2 10 Nim? ) Proof resilience is given by equation (4.8), as Proof resilience go 1080000 = 67200 Nema =: Ans. (i) Let P= Maximum valte of suddenly applied loed, and Py= Graduelly applied load. ‘Using equaition (4.5) for suddenly applied load, onan e (change p to pt) +: Volume of 2nd part, V, = 2000 ‘Axial gradual load, P= 80 kN = 80 x 1000 = 80000 N Jected to its aun weight. Pro |< * where = Modulus of Elasticity, F STRANLENERGY AND WiPRCT LonDIN 149 oT Young's modulus B= 2x 108 Nimma? Load _ 80000 5 Stree in tet pat 9, = UM SOO 20 ha P | 0000 "tress in 2nd part a= fo" pag "AO Ninet ‘Strain energy in Ist part, 10% = 48000 Nami = 48 Nema % 4000000 = 16000 N-mam = 16 Nom 3000000 + 4000000 = 7000000 mara? 100 mm Let ‘Avs Area of uniform bar Then V=Axt or 7000000=.A x 6000 Problem 47. A bar of uniform eross-set length ‘L’ hangs vertically, eub- i strain energy stored within the bar is given by Us = Weight per unit volume of the bar, (AMIE, Summer 1989) Sol. Given : E Modulus of Blasticity, = Weight per unit volume, Consider an élement at a distance ‘x’ from the lower end of the bar as shown in Fig. 4.2 (a), Lot 'd be the thickness of the cicmont.STRENGTH OF MATERIA:S ‘The sections will be acted upon by the weight of the bar oFlengeh =, Let Wy= Weight of the bar of length x ‘+ (Volume of the bar of length 2) x Weight of unit Volume = Axs)xps pdr ‘As a result ofthis weight, the portion de will experience a ‘smell elongation d8. Then . x Stein n poton de = Manet inde 4 | eee z a I s ! een salad ‘Area of section. _oeAxx a ‘Strece 2 epxx Also Ee Shrai xe pwn de “Tas\" ab @) = don ORG owt tran ose sen pron gen 2 = Artes Weg Baga Toe 1 = (ems) aaa = (Grote) eee (test a baotactet Ta lame wi br dot on wal i ad by ‘rating the above equation from 0 to L. _ ae us feo = [Ratatat of gxetaatnS “hey fe Problem 48. The maximum stress produced by @ pull in a bar of length 1m is 160 N/min?. The area of cross-sections and length are shown in Fig. 4.3. Celeilate the olrain ‘energy stored in the bar if E = 2 x 10° Ninn. ke. 200 mn 100 200 ma ls | ap—t—te | 2 70m son 5mm Mie. Sol Given : Lenath of bar, ‘L21m=1000mm Max, stro, o= 150 Ninn? PatAB: Length, 1, = 475 mm ‘res, 4, = 200 mai? Port BC: Length, I, = 50mm ‘Ares, 4q= 100 mnt Part CD: Length, T5475 mm ‘Are, y= 200 mmt | Value of B=2x 106 Nhaust ‘mum As parts AB and CD are having samo areas, hence stresses in theta will be equal, Let = Stress in part BC = 150 Nie? 4, = Stress in part AB or in part. CD Now load = Stra x Area or load = 0, 44; a [Now strain energy stored In part AB, at. @ u,- hay, ““982 [STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ren ‘where V, = Volume of part AB AL dey = 200% 475 = 96000 mm ‘Substituting this value in equation (i), ee got «at. = Ex 95000 = 136.988 N-mm ‘Strain energy stored in part BC, 0,- Sav, nergy stored in part CD, Uy Bh vy =1998996Nem (> VyeVyoq0, 0420) "Metal strain ener store, U= 0+ Uy y= 1998998 + 253.95 +1986908 Nem = 2068.196 Nam. Ans. 45. EXPRESSION FOR STRAIN ENERGY STORED - IN A BODY WHEN THE LOAD IS APPLIED ‘WITH IMPACT gi ‘The load dropped from a certain height before the load commences to stretch the bar is a eae ofa load ap. ~plied with impact, Consider a vertical rod fized at the up. ex end and having a collar at the lower end as shown tn Fig. 44. Let the load be dropped from a height on the ol- “lar. Due to this impact load, there willbe some exiensioa ® a = Length ofthe rod, A= Cross-ectionsl area of the rod, fin the red, ‘LetP= Load dropped (Le., load applied with impact) ate V= Volume of rod = Ax, ‘A= Height through which load ia dropped, oe 7 4 = Extension ofthe rod due to load P, fap ] B= Modulus of elasticity ofthe material of tod, bee eeeneee een a ‘o= Stross induced in tho rod due to impact load. Fig. 44 STH SHER AN WPACT LOAD iss a at ‘The strain in the bar is given by, ‘test stein» SE Ms te, ar . si Sn 6) Work don by the load = Zend x Distance moved =PA+ aD, fo ‘The strain energy stored by the rod, oe xv ake e, me) = Sev =F can ‘Equating the work done by the load to the strain energy stored, we get Poett= Sat S.1)-S ac (° u-g.2) * (be $. 1) a ¢ os PaeP Ste Sab So a-P.2.4-Pheo 7 Sm-p.g Maitpig hy 2E to oth ede, wo get © yy 2B py, 2 oP. San Sem 220 2b apn oT oar ‘Tha above oquation i a quadratic equation in‘, panlevhewwd (: eats) eee ale aie alo abe AD) ‘After knowing the value ofc, the sirain energy can be obtained,7 ’ STRENGTH OF WATEUALS [aportait Conauasions Importaiit Conetusions (9 18 6L-is vory small in comparison with A. ‘The work done by load = P. auating tho work done by the load tothe strain energy stored‘ the rod, we get Pho& he Sab 2E.P ob aare ot EE and om 4.8) Gi) Im equation (4.7, 4 = 0, we get o-Fas ie Pasne® which is the case of suddenly applied load. Orcs ts phn, th cron nuns exe i) andthe sean rong Ghats cba "rblom 4. gto TAN fll by $0 oo clr gy eed oa veal ber ¢mlone and 1000 ment tasecten, Pde ea et ae i verte SURG Ot ne CGhweagur Unt: a Falling wag, Falling height, Lengta of bar, ‘Area of be, Value of (2 G@= Giga = 10° and Pa = Pascal «1 Nhat) = 20x10" N 10 mam = 210 x 108 Nina? = 2. Let aL = Instantaneous elongation due to falling weight = Instantaneous stress produced due to falling we Using equation (4.7), we get 7 Bix 10° + 1000 x30 19000% 4000 =o (1+ 755) = 10 (1+ 578) $10 x 18.77 = 187.7 Nim! * Now 2 greain ENERGY ano WPACT LOADING 185 p_ oo—aerr——— Problem 4.10. A load of 100 N falls through « height of 2 em on to a collar rigidly % attached to the lower end of a vertical Bar 1.6 m lang and of 1.5 om? cross-sectional area: The ‘upper end of the vertical bar is fsed. Determine : () maximum instantaneous stress induced in the vertical bar, ® mazimum instantangous elongation, and (Git) train energy stored tn the vertical rod. Take B=2x 105 Nin. Sol. Given: Impact lose, P=100N Hight through which load fall, “Length of bar, ‘Area of bar, = Volume, V=AxL= 160 x 1500 = 225000 mm? ‘Modulus of elasticity, = 2 x 10 Nim? Let = Maximum instantaneous stress induced in the vertical bar, 8 = Maximum elongation, and U= Strain energy store. @ Using equation (4:7, on 2 (14 fry PARR) _ 300f, | fl 2x 150% 2% 10% * P.L )” 350) 100 x 1500 22s FSR) <028 Nant. Aas Gi Using equation (4.8), ©, 1 = 8028 x 1500 fhe Bee OE 0452 mm. Ans, (Gti) Strain energy is given by, a ‘ Use xve iF 225000 = 2045 N-mm “= 2.085Nm. Ans. Problem 4.11. The maximum instantaneous extension, produced by an unknown fall- ing weight through a height of 4 om in a vertical bar of length 3 m and of cross-sectional area = Bert, is 2.1 mm. ‘Determine (© the instantaneous stress induced in the vertial bar, and Ui the value of unknown weight. Toke E = 2x 108 N/mm?. Sol. Given Instantaneous extension, 8Z-= 2.1 mm Length of bar, L=8m = 3000 mr ‘Area of bar, A= 50m? =600 mut Volume ofbar, __¥=600 x 3000 = 1500000 mm?Modulus of elasticity, Let ‘a= Hight trough which woight falls, A =4em = 40 mam Pa 4s 3N. Ane sew Sender iL a mm diameter gets stretched by 3 mm under a steady load of in the cama bar by a weight of 600 N, which falls ig the corresponding stress and magnitude of the ‘01 to arigid collar attached at its end! The bar is intially = Istantaneous stress produced in the bar) and =| saan atin 2a Shug as | x 2 2 0720x105 x F7— = BO Nmumt.. Ans. Value of falling on the collar Using equatign (4.7),x 20X10 1181.3 "8000 ‘Now using equation (4.7), we get STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, 33 ~ 9482.5 mm Sol. Given Dia. of rod, de25mm | Area of rod, Ax J x 128% 2 122.72 mm? Increase in length, 8L= 3.2: mm Steady load, We 10k = 10,000'N Falling load, PeT00N Falling height, A= 16 mm Young's modulus, B= 2.1 10° Nom? Let ‘L= Length of the rod, = Stress produced by the falling weight, ‘Stren We know 7 Strain Ge") Bea @) 5 (sgeat) or Bax 198 = \122.72 SSTRAN ENERGY ANO IMPACT LOADING 159 21x 108 412979432 ano = 8246.7 mm. ‘Now using equation (4.7), we get oP fi. fi ZABE ACY Pat Bye19272 x 23 x10" 75 "700% 82467 be {been applied gradually and also the minimum stress ifthe load had fallen from a height of. 5mn. Take E = 2.1 « 108 Nim, Sol. Given : Length of rod, L= 1.82 m = 1.82 x 1000 = 1820 mm ight through which load falls, 4 =80 mm ‘Maximum stress induced in the rod, = 187 Nim? Modulus of elasticity, E221 10° Nam? Let ‘0; = Streas induced in the rod ifthe load is applied gradually and , = Maximum stress if the load had fallen from a height of 47.5 mm. ‘Strain energy stored in the rod when load falls through a height of 30 mm, gx = 0.06868 x ¥ Nem ‘The extension of tho rod is given by equation (4.6), wa gut x x 1820 1.86 mm Toa falls ht 8L= 90+ 1.96 = 91.36 mm *, Work don by the falling load = Load x otal distance \ =P xa1.36 Equating the work done by the falling load to the strain energy stored, we get Px 31.36 =0,05868 x V160 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ———— rerriornan P_ 005868 or F- SESS «coos P or Bey 900287 ( VeALy 2 £ -o001971 x1-=0001871 «1820-34 Jet Case, If the load hed been applied graduslly, the stress induced is ‘given by, laud P 1 Area A =34Niom 2nd Cave. fh oad nd fale rom aight of 47.5 let = Maximum rege induced, Using equation (47 we gt Ans. Bere a= og) 4 fi, BeBe 475 se eaahe (: Basaran) =84(1+ fio aaT) = 196.64.Niwm?. Ans, Problem 4.16. vertical compound tie member fzed rigidly at its upper end, consists of ‘gateel rod 2.5 m long and 200 mm in diameter, placed within an equally long brass tube 21 mm in internal diameter and 30 mm external diameter. The rod and the tube are fized together dé ‘he ends. The compound member is then suddenly loaded in tension by a voeight of 10 kN falling through a height of 3 mma on toa flange fiat to its lower enc. Caleulate the mainins stresee in steel and brass. Assume E, = 2x 108 Nimm! and By = 1.0 x 105 Nimm?, Sol. Given = Tength of ta od, [= m = 2500 mm a Dia ofstel rod, d, = 20 mm fc a 1 Area fated rod, A= xa0t Pargi Internal dia. of brass tube ‘External dia. of brass tube Es ++ Area of brass tube, Ay = “Length of brass tube, re STRAIN ENERGY: AND IMPACT LOADING 181 eee ‘Weight, P=10KN=10,000N “Height through which weight falls, A=3mm 108 Nin? jp= 1.0 % 108 Nien? ‘Young's modulus for steel, ‘Young's modulua for brs = Sires in ram abe ‘An oth the hn are zed tagether, Stan intel red rein in bran abe ze us Ey = oy x10 2xoy Ai) ‘Now volume of steel rod, V, = Area x Length BAe La 10092500 = 250000 x mm* Voluno ofbrane abe, Yn,» Lew 175252500 = 986876 x mn? “+ Strain energy stad in seed, of oy. xo) = BW Be 220000 ues Oe aE aaa (om 20) ‘nd strain energy strod in brass tube, : y= 28685 x ‘otal strain energy stored in - i ‘Work done by the falling welght = Weight (k + 8L) - ii) ‘As both the ends are fixed, ‘The strain in stool rod = Strain in brass rod “ Stress Butetraininbrassrod = Gh (+ stain = S528)From equation (), we got 0, = 120.8 Nimma?, Ane. Problem 4.17. vertical bur # metre long and of 2000 mm? crovs-sctional area is fixed > tthe upper end. ond has a collar at the lower end. Determine the maximum stress induced. when a weight of : ©) 8000 N falls through « height of 20 em on the collar, Gi) 90 AN falts through a height of 2em on the collar. is emall es compared to second ease. The emall weight will ® @ small extension of the bar, Hence the extension in tha bar will be negligible as ‘compared to the height of 20 em through which the weight fall. + Using oqwation (4.8), we get o= “VAL (= A=2000 mm Z-= 4000 mm) ~ 178.2 Nimm?, Ans. nd Case, Falling weight, P, = 30 kN = 30000 N Let 0 = Maximum stress indueed. In thie case falling weight le having a large value. Hence the extension produced by a large weight will be large. ‘the height through which thie weight falls is 9 om only. “Hines tho extension in the ar, i comparaon tothe height through which weight fale, not negligible. 2 Using equation (4.7), we getwe rr genres rem orrente 1 (10000) (2) =1 (222s (2) wasn = ‘mim = 226500 N mr ati) ‘When the chain gets jammed suddenly, the whole of the KLE. of the crane is absorbed in the chain, But the energy stored or absorbed in the chain ot = Spann = Sa ey ipe * 625 «10,0008 men | Problem 4.19. A cage weighing 60 AN is attached to the end of a steel wire rope. kis | lowered down a mine shaft with a constant velocity of 1 mle. What is the maximum stress reduced in the rope when its supporting drum i suddenly jammed ? The free length of the “epe at the moment of jamming is 18 m, its net cross-sectional area is 26 cm? and B + 2x 108 Nimm®, The self weight of the wire rope may be neglected. {AMIB, Winter 1900) Sol. Given : Wight, We 60 kN = 60,000 N Velocity, Valais ree length, L245 m= 15,000 mm Area, Value of KE. of tho cage 60,000) 510 yy = 20000 5, a(n) m= San = Nem O ‘This energy isto bo al stared) by the rope. Let o= Maximum stress precuced in the rope when ite supporting drum is suddenly Jammed. sata TRAN ENERGY AND IMPACT LOADING 105 yr rere Lt But the maximum energy stored oe oe AKL = 52600 x 15000 N mum gy *4 X= Oy % 2500 x 15000. 8) But KE, of the cage = Energy stored in the rope 30000 x 1000 ‘881 (C= Modulus Now shear stress, Iethe shear foree Pis app! Deax ior * 2500 «16000 ety. int rt hn args wil gato, ++ Work done by gradually applied shear force Aearage ad Diana 2 cooje3 texted) (63.0 ( pevxtxband ot, = 02.9 anes 0 -m vexgatabada} oc xViheotak (¢ ¢-smranin- Sten) xv Gs Vereb sh)168 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS —— TT ens ‘But the work done is equal ta the strain energy stored. ‘Strain energy stored = 3 x V 4.9) Problem 4.20. The shear stress in a material at a point is given as 50 Nima. Deter- ‘mine the local strain energy per unit volume stored in the material dus to shear stress. Take C= 8% 10! Nin’. Sol. Given Shear etress, ¥=50Nimt Modulus of rigidity, C= 8 x 10¢ N/mm? Using equation (4.8), Strain eneray = 3 xvolume= 9" Volume ca BeBe = 0.015626 x Volume Strain energy per unit volume 0.015625 « Volume me = 0.018625 Nimm?, Ans, HIGHLIGHTS ‘he cnr aren rd angela own in rey. "ean tht tran ny rds. beh cape of {into yt ag tal olen ceo ‘le min sine sorena ty kno ope tese Tp ree etn Prt valine « Vane wir oS et deni ‘Th remedy por ot ale a news moda elec, 5 Tnastnom ctv intend nbotyinaieate on Fn ifthlod Picante peuay ee dus to suddenly applied loa is twice the stress induced 0 704 due to impact lea is very small in commpariaon with the height ‘then the maximum straas induced in body given by SEP AL TRAN ENERGY AND IMPACT LOADING 67 ‘hore P = Impact nad ‘b= Height nous whieh oad fle . oe ‘Tosind the or the stress indvced in body other by suddenly applied lond or by aa, 5 mc! ond the sun nuny tre ody in eguttod tot work Soe by te ond. 2, ‘The eneray stored in a bndy dust shor tre is gen by 2 vee where = Volume of the body, and (C= Mola of riety Derive an eresin fr these inde andy Go to oueny applied ned end Bence = find the value of extension produced in the body. where P= Load applisd with impact, __ A = Craae-seetional aroa ofthe body, ‘a= height through which lad fll, = Length ofthe body, and 2B = Maso eaity Wik extension pada ard doe to inpt lod ivory sali compaien withthe bleh Grou wish te led al prove at ses nae ate dy wl fe gv by faa o- PEE. 10, Prove thatthe strain energy sored ina body due to shear stress ia given by,168 7H Replat allowing tran: (i) Prost atces i) Pret reales and if Modula of eionce Bhounagar University, Fob. 1992) re 169 smart ars eres mo nmerioions . flange ct ol and brass. = ipsa hina be ans een ea Se ie ne a Sree egal ‘dust auddenly 510° Nina (Ans. 67.5 Nim, 38.75 kN] and a lengthof 14 m. Ifthe stress atthe * ogi has a cross-sectional area of 25 tm. An ail load of «fatal strain enerzy produced in the bar and compare thie value with that obtained in a uniform ber af the: same lngth and having tho under the sare load, Take ° & z 3 3 2 E 7 The maximum inetentancous, produced by an in vertical bar of length 5 m and of crosy action (Ana. 29 3 1M. A vertical compound te member fxd rigidly ‘tite upper end, covsste ran 33% 20 mm diameter, placed within an equally loug orase tdbe 50 naa nema te imsles The rod aad tho tube ae feed topsite a ike ane Tee meee ‘mens shen sndenly loaded in tanalon by & welght of 100 ligt hile ores wa