CH INESE

GRAMMAR
MADE
EASY

A PRACTICAL AND EFFECTIVE GUIDE FOR TEACHERS

Jianhua Bai
Chinese Grammar Made Easy
xt 71' i51ifif1; ,~,;.ft~ 150 11'J
Chinese Grammar Made Easy
A Practical and Effective Guide for Teachers
){t 71' ~51-ffl--ffl- 1; ,*,.ft ~ 150 111j

Jianhua Bai
Kenyon College
Chinese School, Middlebury College

Yale University Press

New Haven and London
Copyright © 2009 by Yale University.
All rights reserved.
This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form
(beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and
except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers.

Publisher: Mary Jane Peluso

Project Editor: Timothy Shea
Production Editor: Ann-Marie Imbomoni
Production Controller: Karen Stickler

Printed in the United States of America.

ISBN: 978-0-300-12279-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007942529

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the
Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library
Resources.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Contents
~~AJJ!J. IX
AcknowledgIllents .. X

M~ Xl
Introduction XIV

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115
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VI
PJ+~/1~; PJ+/G~//G~~/jjIJ 153
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~l3. 159
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j! t~ltE,·· .. ·· .. 165
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it······ . 169
1)t~Jl~U . 171
:§E1~ . 173
sJ! sJ! . 174
xl:l1!' ..... (n!?T) ? . 176
s OO~)L VP (n~) . 178
xl:§E . 180
xl~ . 182
~~ . 184
TPJ IT};!····· .t!1/G . 186
:% . 188
~~ . 190
(/'1) ~m . 192
($JiRJ) + ~* . 194
(11:) '11-'li5tT . 196
1'1:1'i1J ·t~······ . 198
1JJ1~ . 200
~~ . 202
~'1~ . 204
;@·· .. ··a~ (1) . 206
;@ 'a~ (2) . 208
}IIDr1l! . 210
IlJ1[w . 212
( [Z;] /'1 ) , Jiff ~ ...... . . 215
ZJiff ~ ;@ [Z;] /'1' ..... . . 217
7575 . 219
{itt . 221
75- . 223
/'17·· .. ·· . 225
7Ci't······ t~······ . 227
)t ~J§l...... . . 229
rPJ* . 231

VB
- Ji}(:...... 233
!J. 7>J. 235
-i!1 -i!1...... 237
-BJL (t~/tEJ /Fn9: .. ·.. · 239
!J.* 241
!J.gfy , J§*.. .. .. 243
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!J.{±' , ~O~/ffO~· 247
!J.7>J . 249
!J.~T······ 252
:fi'l3g· " (:fi'I3g)· ..... ...................................................... 254
}l. 256
}l. }l....... 258
EET . 261
~Jt"""/F~O""" 263
T;@ " '" 266
~A ~B 268
~*~...... 271
~ 273
~ Ji}(:...... 275
~ ·t!.!./kt;@······ 277
~ill/F VP T 279
~ill~9: v:i1 0 281
~i)l 283
)2;:*$ 285
11i:1~ 287
;=t~J 289
;=t~ Ji}(:...... 291
J~:fi""" ./t...... .. 293
~T 295
§ ».. !J.J§/!J.* 297
t!!,Z······ 299
f¥1~tD: fEa~tEf¥I~tD (1) 302
f¥1~tD: m~tEf¥I~tD (2) . 304
f¥1~tD: #~j£tEf¥I~tD (3) 306
B1.*~i.g (1) 308
B11:*~* (2) . 310
B1;:*~i.g (3) 312
~~)(i¥Ift 314

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IX
 Acknowledgements
With the publication of this book my co-authors and I want to thank many people who

have supported and encouraged us during the past few years when we worked on the

project. We would like to thank the following colleagues for reading the manuscript and

offering their valuable comments and suggestions: Juyu Sung and her students of Chung

Yuan Christian University, Jian Guan of Nan Kai University, Ling Ding, Xue Li, and Li

Xu of Beijing Normal University, and Amy Shen of the Chinese School of Middlebury

College. Our thanks also go to Kun Feng, Fang Liu, Mengfei Qi, and Pengyu Zhao for

their typing, formatting, and other editorial assistance. We would also like to thank

Xiaoxia Hu, Jing Wang, Wu Lan, and many other teachers of the Chinese School of

Middlebury College for their contribution at the early stage of this project. Our special

thanks go to the reviewers of our book: Comelius Kubler of Williams College, Carolyn

Lee of Duke University, Shou-Hsin Teng of National Taiwan Normal University and

Scott McGinnis of the Defense Language Institute for their encouragement and insightful

comments. Last, but not least, we express our sincere gratitude to Mary Jane Peluso, Brie

Kluytenaar, Elise Panza and Ann-Marie Imbomoni of Yale University Press for their

valuable comments, strong support, and constant encouragement and professional

guidance.

Jianhua Bai

Professor of Chinese, Kenyon College

Director, Chinese School, Middlebury College

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XIII
 Introduction

Recent developments in the pedagogical grammar of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL)

have played an important role in facilitating the teaching and learning of CFL grammar.

Pedagogical grammar is based on the findings of theoretical grammar. It not only deals

with the formal analysis of the structural properties but also describes the functional and

pragmatic aspects of language use. Furthermore, it considers leamer-related factors. Yet,

in order to provide the optimal learning conditions for students to develop grammatical

awareness, teachers of Chinese must move their research agenda forward from

pedagogical grammar to grammar pedagogy, that is, consider the pedagogical issues

more systematically. This book addresses the following curricular and pedagogical

questions: what are the best techniques to present grammar patterns clearly and

effectively to learners at different stages of their learning process? What techniques

should be employed to help learners practice grammar and word usage so that they can be

effectively learned? How can teachers scaffold to engage learners to apply grammar rules

meaningfully in communicative contexts? When and where should these grammar items

be introduced and spiraled in a course of study? In the past four years we have led a team

of teacher-researchers at the Chinese School of Middlebury College working on the

above issues in a process-oriented action-research project, a systematic process of inquiry

that helps CFL teachers understand more about the teaching and learning of Chinese

grammar in a communicative context. This book came out of the three-year research

project. According to the feedback that we have received, we are confident that this book

is very useful for teachers of Chinese as a foreign language. It is a research-based and

user-friendly reference book. It also helps teachers reflect on the effectiveness of their

XIV
teaching of grammar and make informed instructional decisions guided by sound

pedagogical principles.

There are a number of exceptional characteristics of this book. For instance, the grammar

items (i.:g.-EL~) in this book were selected carefully. We use the term "grammar item"

loosely to refer to a grammatical pattern or a word usage. We identified 150 items from 1)

our many years ofCFL teaching experience, 2) an analysis of the most commonly used

CFL textbooks, and 3) recent studies on pedagogical grammar and curricular design such

as the «X1jr~J.i.:g.q&~fJJ&;!Uf)-~i.:g.~zt*:~IXJ)) . The items we identified are the most

fundamental and most frequently used grammar items that students need to learn in order

to communicate successfully and effectively.

Another unique characteristic of the book is its principle of 'ffiiJt~f-*. Instead of

explaining the many meanings of a particular grammar item, we focus on one or two of

the most important meanings of an item (~* 5<.Jm) and give various learning activities

for the students to practice it in a number of ways and learn it effectively. We believe that

effective instruction should involve a lot of practice of the language: we learn a foreign

language by doing it! Research has shown that repeated practice not only leads to

quantitative change but also results in qualitative change, that is, students develop both

fluency and mastery of language rules.

Another guiding principle of this book is that, instead of focusing too much on the formal

aspects of grammar, we scaffold for students to learn the semantic, functional, and

xv
pragmatic aspects of the grammar items. At every stage of instruction, from input

enhancement to output practice, we make sure that our students learn the grammar in

meaningful and communicative contexts. Recent research has shown that effective

processing instruction during the initial stage of instruction helps not only understanding

of the grammar but also long-term memory of the grammar patterns. Instead of the

conventional way of introducing grammar points through bilingual explanation, we have

followed the principle of professing instruction, that is, we help students understand the

items by engaging them in interactive and meaningful dialogues. We have designed our

instruction in such a way that the learners' primary attention is on communication while

they practice using the new i.g. "§-lJ. We strongly believe that we need to help our students

develop their grammatical awareness by engaging them in interactive and communicative

tasks.

The attention paid to instructional sequencing is another distinguishing feature of this

book. Research findings from cognitive psychology have informed us that learners go

from controlled to automatic processing. Learners' processing capacity at the initial stage

of acquiring any new grammatical pattern or word usage is limited. Through practice,

students' sub-skills of the language become automatic and their teachers can engage them

in more holistic tasks that lead to higher level oflanguage proficiency. Our grammar

pedagogy is based on our belief that learning should be EE ;I~A:i'*, from more controlled,

contextualized rapid-fire practice to more open-ended task-based communicative learning

activities.

XVI
For each grammatical item (i.g.~-A), we have designed effective instructional techniques

that teachers can use to facilitate the students' understanding of the item and to help

students develop the ability to use the grammar item correctly and appropriately. We

divide each item into two main sections. The first section (~yfjl~g[9;n) explains the

grammar item and the second section (i*~~11:) describes the instructional procedures

for teaching and learning.

In the first section we present the explanation of the i.g. R,8 in clear, concise, and user-

friendly terms. We consider not only the structural properties of the grammar point but

also its semantic, functional, and pragmatic properties. The explanation is based both on

prior research findings of pedagogical grammar and on our own recent analysis of the

items as well. The information presented in this section is for teachers' reference, to help

them achieve a better understanding of the item in question. Teachers should not simply

present the explanation to the students word by word. Instead the teacher should follow

the procedures of the i*~md1::f£ff section.

The i*~md1:Ulff section provides step-by-step instructions to help teachers help

students learn to use the grammar item meaningfully and communicatively. The

introduction of the grammar item is always done meaningfully and interactively. The

purpose of the introduction ( .£if A.) phase is to help students understand the structural as

well as the semantic and pragmatic meanings in a holistic communicative context. For

each item we give an example to illustrate how the introduction and explanation of the

item can be done meaningfully and interactively (~U*1iHjt, JilfrlJJ.1I¥J't.~wl±l/pJID.).

XVll
Teachers should feel free to use the illustrative example to create their own instructional

tasks and learning activities that best fit their own students. When we developed the ~A

procedures, the students in our mind were mostly the undergraduate and graduate

students in the Middlebury Chinese School total immersion context. Users of this book

should make necessary adjustments in accordance with their own context. For instance, if

your students are younger or in a different learning context, you may need to adjust the

procedure and the content of the questions to fit your own students' learning styles and

characteristics.

We strongly believe that it takes repeated and effective practice for our students to learn

grammar well. In order to reinforce the students' understanding and control of a grammar

item, we have designed subsequent learning activities, ranging from controlled fast-paced

practice to more open-ended task-based and communicative learning activities. Learners'

needs and interests were considered carefully when we designed the content, the teaching

techniques, and the learning activities. For each i.g B,~ we developed practice activities

for students of different proficiency levels, ranging from first-year to third- or fourth-year

Chinese in a university program. Teachers need to decide which partes) of the practice

activities are most appropriate for their own students. For instance, if the students are at

the intermediate level, questions regarding daily routine or current events may be

appropriate, but advanced questions that deal with abstract thinking or specialized topics,

such as a discussion about economic issues and their impact on environmental protection,

may be too difficult for the students at this proficiency level.

XVlll
This book contains proven teaching techniques that we have found useful and effective

for the teaching and learning of grammar in a meaningful and communicative context.

We hope it will be a useful resource for other teachers and lead to further exploration of

innovative and effective methods of grammar pedagogy, an important task in teaching

Chinese as a foreign language.

XIX
This page intentionally left blank
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