© HAESE MATHEMATICS

Example: Horizontal translation 2 units to the right Example: Vertical translation 3 units up
y y

y = f (x) y = f (x − 2) A0 (−2, 3)

A(−1, 1) A0 (1, 1) y = f (x) + 3

 
x a x
Through vector A(−2, 0)
b
y = f (x − a) + b
y = f (x)

Horizontal Vertical
y = f (x − a) y = f (x) + b

Example: Vertical stretch with scale factor 2

Translations y

y = f (x)
x

Example: Reflection in y = x A(180,

A(180,
A(180,−1)
A(180,
A(180,
A(180, −1)
−1)
−1)
−1)
−1)
y = 2f (x)
y y=x A0 (180, −2)
Transformations of
graphs y = f (x) Vertical
y = f (x) y = pf (x), p > 0

x
Stretches
−1
y=f (x)
Horizontal
y = f (qx), q > 0
In the line y = x Example: Horizontal stretch with scale factor 2
y = f −1 (x) Reflection
(inverse) y

y = f (x)

y = f ( 12 x) A0 (360, −1)

In the y-axis In the x-axis A(180, −1)

y = f (−x) y = −f (x)

Example: Reflection in the y-axis Example: Reflection in the x-axis

y y
A(1, e)

A0 (−1, e) A(1, e) y = f (x)

x
y = −f (x)
y = f (x) y = f (−x)

x A0 (1, −e)