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Mathematical Methods and its Applications (Solution of assignment-5)

Solution 1
1 + cos 2t
f (t) = cos2 t + 3t3 = + 3t3
2
1 p 18
L[f (t)] = + + .
2p 2(p2 + 4) p4
Option ‘b’ is correct

Solution 2
1
f (t) = 2t + sin t cos 2t = et log 2 + [sin 3t − sin t]
2
1 1 h 3 1 i
L[f (t)] = + −
p − ln 2 2 p2 + 9 p2 + 1
1 p2 − 3
= + 2 .
(p − ln 2) (p + 9)(p2 + 1)
Option ‘a’ is correct.

Solution 3 We know that if f (t) satisfies the existence theorem for Laplace trans-
forms, then
lim F (p) = 0.
p→∞

Option ‘b’ is correct.

Solution 4
f (t) = sinh 2t + 3e−2t
2 3
L[f (t)] = +
p2
−4 p+2
3p − 4
= 2 .
p −4
So, option ‘d’ is correct

Solution 5
f (t) = sin(2t + 5) = sin 2t cos 5 + cos 2t sin 5
2 cos 5 p sin 5
L[f (t)] = +
p2 + 4 p 2 + 4
2 cos 5 + p sin 5
=
p2 + 4
So, option ‘c’ is correct.

1
Solution 6 The given function is f (t) = t.
We have,
|t| ≤ et , t ≥ 0.
Therefore, the function f (t) is of exponential order 1.
Option ‘d’ is correct.

Solution 7
h 2p + 3 i h p i h 1 i
−1 −1 −1
L = 2L + 3L
p2 + 16 p2 + 16 p2 + 16
3 sin 4t
= 2 cos 4t + .
4
Here, option ‘a’ is correct.

Solution 8
Z 3 Z ∞
−pt
L[f (t)] = e dt − e−pt dt
0 3
 e−pt 3
1  −pt ∞
= + e
−p 0 p 3
−1 −3p 1
= (e − 1) + (0 − e−3p )
p p
1 − 2e−3p
= .
p
So, option ‘c’ is correct.

Solution 9 Using the method partial fractions, we get

−5 6
F (p) = +
(p − 1) p − 2

Taking inverse Laplace transforms on both sides, we have

f (t) = −5et + 6e2t

So, option ‘a’ is correct.

Solution 10 By the sufficient conditions for Laplace transforms, option ‘b’ is cor-
rect.

Solution 11 For the function,

2
f (t) = et .
Now,
2
lim |f (t)e−αt | = lim |et e−αt |
t→∞ t→∞

2
 2 −αt
= lim |et |
t→∞
→ ∞.
Hence, there does not exist any α and K such that

|f (t)| ≤ Keαt .

Therefore, option ‘d’ is correct.

Solution 12 Here,
 3 sin t − sin 3t 
3 3 3
f (t) = t /2 + 4 sin t = t /2 + 4 since sin 3t = 3 sin t − 4 sin3 t
4
Therefore,
3! 3 3
L[f (t)] = 4
+ 2 − 2
2p p +1 p +9
3 24
= 4+ 2 .
p (p + 1)(p2 + 9)
So, option ‘c’ is correct.

Solution 13 The given PDE is

z = px + qy + pq,

which is of Clairaut’s form.

The complete integral is given as

z = ax + by + ab. (1)

For, singular integral we differentiate the complete integral partially with respect to
‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively, we get

0 = x + b i.e. b = −x and 0 = y + a i.e. a = −y.

Putting these values of a and b in (1), we have

z = −xy.

which is the required singular solution.

So, the option ‘b’ is correct.

Solution 14 The given PDE is

p = (z + qy)2

we may write it as (z + qy)2 − p = 0.

Charpit’s auxiliary equations are

3
 dp dq dz dx dy
= = = =
fx + pfz fy + qfz −pfp − qfq −fp −fq
i.e.
dp dq dz dx dy
= = = =
2p(z + qy) 2q(z + qy) + 2q(z + qy) p − 2qy(z + qy) −1 −2y(z + qy)

from (i) and (v) fraction, we have

dp dy
=
p −y
i.e.
p = a/y.
Putting this in given PDE, we get
√ 
1 a
q= √ −z .
y y
So, the required complete integral will be found by integrating the following equation

dz = pdx + qdy

i.e. √ 
1 a
dz = (a/y)dx + √ − z dy
y y
or √
a
ydz + zdy = adx + √ dy
y
or
√
yz = ax + 2 ay + b.
Therefore, option ‘c’ is correct.

Solution 15 The given PDE is

p2 q 2 + x2 y 2 = x2 y 2 (x2 + y 2 )

we may re-write it as

p2 y2 2 2 p2 2 2 y2
= = x + y or − x = y − .
x2 q2 x2 q2

This is the special form (f (p, x) = g(q, y) type), of the Charpit’s equations,

p2 2 2 2 y2
− x = a and y − = a2
x2 q2

4
i.e.
1 y
p = x(x2 + a2 ) 2 and q = p .
y 2 − a2
Putting these values of p and q in the equation

dz = p dx + q dy

we have
1 y
dz = x(x2 + a2 ) 2 dx + p dy
y − a2
2

Integrating it, we get the complete integral as

1 3 p
z = (x2 + a2 ) 2 + y 2 − a2 + b.
3
So the option ‘a’ is correct.

Solution 16 The given PDE is

r
pq
z = px + qy + .
p+q

This is the Clairaut’s form.

So the complete integral is
r
ab
z = ax + by + ,
a+b
where a and b are arbitrary constants.
So, the option ‘a’ is correct.

Solution 17 The given PDE is

(x2 − y 2 )pq − xy(p2 − q 2 ) − 1 = 0.

Charpit’s auxiliary equations are

dp dq dz dx dy
= = = =
fx + pfz fy + qfz −pfp − qfq −fp −fq
i.e.
dp dq dx
2 2
= 2 2
= 2 2
=
2pqx − y(p − q ) −2pqy − x(p − q ) −(x − y )q + 2pqxy
dy dz
=
−(x2 − y 2 )p − 2pqxy −p(x2 q − y 2 q − 2pxy) − q(px2 − y 2 p + 2xyq)
Using x, y, p, q, 0 as multiplier, then each fraction is
xdp + ydq + pdx + qdy d(xp + qy)
= =
0 0
5
 a − qy
⇒ d(xp + qy) = 0 ⇒ xp + yq = a ⇒ p = .
x
Putting this value of p in given PDE, and solving for q, we get

a2 y + x
q= .
a(x2 + y 2 )
Now substituting the values of p and q in the equation

dz = pdx + qdy

we get
(a2 x − y)dx + (a2 y + x)dy
dz =
a(x2 + y 2 )
or
xdx + ydy xdy − ydx
dz = a + .
(x2 + y 2 ) a(x2 + y 2 )
Integrating above equation, we get the required complete integral as following
a 1 y
z = ln(x2 + y 2 ) + tan−1 + b.
2 a x
So, the option ‘b’ is correct answer.

Solution 18 The given PDE is

z 2 = pqxy.

Charpit’s auxiliary equations are

dp dq dz dx dy
= = = =
fx + pfz fy + qfz −pfp − qfq −fp −fq
i.e.
dp dq dx dy dz
= = = =
−pqy + 2pz −pqx + 2qz qxy pxy 2pqxy
From the fraction (i),(iii) and(ii), (iv), we can get
xdp + pdx ydq + qdy
=
x(−pqy + 2pz) + pqxy y(−pqx + 2qz) + pqxy
or
xdp + pdx ydq + qdy
=
2pxz 2qyz
d(xp) d(yq)
⇒ =
xp yq
Integrating we get
ln(xp) = ln(yq) + ln a2

6
or
xp = a2 yq
or
a2 yq
p=
x
Putting the value of p in the given PDE and solving for q, we get
z az
q= and hence p = .
ay x
Now substituting these value of p and q in the equation

dz = pdx + qdy

we get
az z
dz = dx + dy
x ay
or
1 a 1
dz = dx + dy
z x ay
Integrating, we get
1 1
ln z = a ln x + ln y + ln b ⇒ z = xa y a b.
a
So, the option ‘d’ is correct.