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Y axis [ = f(x) ]
–X X axis
x = x1 x = x2 x = x3 x = 0 x = x4 x = x5
–Y
Here the curve f(x) with f(x = x2) = f(x = x3) = f(x = x4) = 0
x2, x3 and x4 are solutions of f(x).
and f(x) > 0 for x2 < x < x3 and x4 < x < x5
f(x) < 0 for x1 < x < x2 and x3 < x < x4
x3 x 2 100 0
i.e., x 2 x 1 100
10
i.e., x g x , say
x 1
1
10
g x 10 x 1 2
x 1
d
Therefore, g x g x
dx
1 1 3
d 1 1 5
10 x 1 2 10 x 1 2 5 x 1 2 3
dx 2
x 1 2
5 5
g x 3
3
x 1 2 x 1 2
5 5 5 1 1
g x 4 0.57735 1
At x = 4, 4 1 3/ 2
5 3/ 2
5 5 5 2.23606
5 5
g x 5 0.34020 1
At x = 5, 5 1 3/ 2
6 3 / 2
3MA8491 Numerical Methods .
g x 1 in (4,5).
So the fixed point iteration method can be applied.
Let x0 4 ∵ f x 4 f x 5
Use xn 1 g xn
Now, put n = 0 in xn 1 g xn , we get
10 10 10
x1 g x0 4.47214
x0 1 4 1 5 (round off at 5th decimal)
10
x2 g x1 4.27486
4.47214 1
10
x3 g x2 4.35406
4.27486 1
10
x4 g x3 4.32174
4.35406 1
10
x5 g x4 4.33484
4.32174 1
10
x6 g x5 4.32952
4.33484 1
10
x7 g x6 4.33168
4.32952 1
10
x8 g x7 4.33080
4.33168 1
10
x9 g x8 4.33116
4.33080 1
10
x10 g x9 4.33101
4.33116 1
10
x11 g x10 4.33107
4.33101 1
10
x12 g x11 4.33105 these values are same
4.33107 1
at fifth decimal, i.e., x12 x .
13
10
x13 g x12 4.33105 so stop the method
4.33105 1
3 2
The root of the given equation x x 100 0 is 4.33105
3 2
CW.2. Solve the equation x 2 x 10 x 20 by fixed point iteration
method. {Solution : x13 x14 1.36880 }
3
HW.3. Solve the equationx x 1 0 by fixed point iteration method.
{Solution : g x 1 x ; x23 x24 0.682 }
1/3
Use xn 1 g xn
Now, put n = 0 in xn 1 g xn , we get
5MA8491 Numerical Methods
2 cos x0 2 cos 0 2 1
.
x1 g x0 1
3 3 3
2 cos x1 2 cos 1
x2 g x1 0.84677
3 3
2 cos x2 2 cos 0.84677
x3 g x2 0.88747
3 3
2 cos x3 2 cos 0.84747
x4 g x3 0.87713
3 3
2 cos x4 2 cos 0.87713
x5 g x4 0.87979 x5 x6
3 3 rd
at 3 decimal,
2 cos x5 2 cos 0.87979
x6 g x5 0.87910 so stop the method
3 3
The root of the given equation 3 x cos x 2 0 is 0.879
3x e x
ex
i.e., x g x , say
3
d d ex ex
Therefore, g x g x
dx dx 3 3
ex ex
g x
3 3
6 UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
e0 1
g x 0 0.333 1
At x = 0, 3 3
e1
g x 1 0.906 1
At x = 1, 3
g x 1 in (0,1).
So the fixed point iteration method can be applied.
Let x0 0 , use xn 1 g xn
Now, put n = 0 in xn 1 g xn , we get
e x0 e0
x1 g x0 0.33333
3 3 e x6 e0.59983
x7 0.60727
e x1 e0.33333 3 3
x2 0.46520
3 3 e x7 e0.60727
x8 0.61180
e x2 e0.46520 3 3
x3 0.53078
3 3 e x8 e0.61180
x9 0.61458
e x3 e0.53078 3 3
x4 0.56675
3 3 e x9 e0.61458
x10 0.61629
e x4 e0.56675 3 3
x5 0.58751
3 3 e x10 e0.61629
x11 0.61735
e x5 e0.58751 3 3
x6 0.59983
3 3
e x11 e0.61735
x12 g x11 0.61800 x12 x13
3 3 rd
x12 0.61800
at 3 decimal,
e e
x13 g x12 0.61840 so stop the method
3 3
x
The root of the given equation e 3x 0 is 0.618
Eg.8. Solve the equation 2 x log x 7 by iteration method upto 5 decimal.
Sol: Let f x 2 x log x 7 0
f x 0 2 0 log10 0 7 Undefined
f x 1 2 1 log10 1 7 5 0 ' ' ve
f x 2 2 2 log10 2 7 3 0 ' ' ve
f x 3 2 3 log10 3 7 1 0 ' ' ve
f x 4 2 4 log10 4 7 0.39 0 ' ' ve
f x has a root between 3 and 4.
7MA8491 Numerical Methods
i.e, f x has a positive root.
.
By Newton’s formula
f xn x 2 N 2 x 2n x 2n N x 2n N
xn 1 xn xn n
f ' xn 2 xn 2 xn 2 xn
By Newton’s formula
xp N
n
px p x p N
n n
p 1 x np N
xn 1 xn
px p 1 px p 1
px p 1
5. Establish an iteration formula to find the reciprocal of a positive
number N by Newton–Raphson method.
1 1
x ∵ The reciprocal of a positive number N is
Sol: Let N N
1 1
N N 0
x x
1 1
f x N f ' x 2
Let x x
By Newton’s formula ,
9MA8491 Numerical Methods .
1
N
xn 1
xn 1 xn xn N xn2 xn 2 Nxn
1 xn
2
xn
3
6. Locate the negative root of x 2 x 5 0 , approximately.
Let f x x 2 x 5 0
3
Sol:
f 1 1 2 5 6 ve
f 2 8 4 5 1 ve
f 3 27 6 5 16 ve
Root lies between –2 and –3.
and root is closer to –2 since f 2 f 3
7. Evaluate 12 applying Newton formula.
Sol: Let x 12
2 2
x 12 x 12 0
f ' x 2x
Let f x x 12
2
f 3 9 12 3 ve
f 4 16 12 4 ve
Root lies between 3 and 4.
and root is closer to 3 since f 3 f 4
Take x0 3
f xn
xn 1 xn
Newton’s formula is f ' xn
f x0 f 3 32 12
x1 x0 3 3 3.5
f ' x0 f ' 3 2 3
f x1 f 3.5 3.52 12
x2 x1 3.5 3.5 3.4642
f ' x1 f ' 3.5 2 3.5
The root is 3.4642
Part B:
Eg.10. Using Newton–Raphson method, find a ‘+’ve root correct to 3
3
decimal places for the equation x x 2 0 .
Sol: Newton–Raphson method formula is
f xn
xn 1 xn , where n 0,1, 2,...
f ' xn
10 UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
Let f x x x 2
3
f x 3 x 2 1
f x 0 03 0 2 2 0 ' 've
f x 1 1 1 2 2 0
3
' 've
f x 2 23 2 2 4 0 ' ' ve
A root lies between 1 and 2.
Take x0 1
f xn
xn 1 xn ,
Now, put n = 0 in f ' xn we get
f x0 x0 x0 2
3 13 1 2
x1 x0 x0 1 2
f ' x0 3 x 2 1 3 12 1
0
f x1 3
x2 x1 x1 1
x x1 2 2
3 2 2 2
1.63636
f ' x1 3 x 2 1 3 2 2 1
1
f x2 x2 x2 2
3
1.6363631.636362
x3 x2 x2 1.63636 1.53039
f ' x2 3 x 2 1 3 1.63636 2 1
2
f x3 x3 x32
3
1.5303931.530392
x4 x3 x3 1.53039 1.52144
f ' x3 3 x 2 1 3 1.53039 2 1
3
f x4 x4 x4 2
3
1.5214431.52144 2
x5 x4 x4 1.52144 1.52138
f ' x4 3 x 2 1 3 1.52144 2 1
4
f x5 x5 x5 2
3 3
1.52138 1.52138 2
x6 x5 x5 1.52138 1.52138
f ' x5 3 x 2 1 3 1.52138 2 1
5
A root of given equation is 1.521
x3 5 x 3 0 by Newton–Raphson method.
CW.11. Solve the equation
{Solution. : x3 x4 0.65662 }
4
x x 9 0 by Newton–Raphson method.
HW.12. Solve the equation
{Solution. : x6 x7 1.813 upto 3rd decimal}
Eg.13. Using Newton–Raphson method, find a ‘+’ve root correct to 5
decimal places for the equation x tan x 1.28
Sol: Newton–Raphson method formula is
MA8491 Numerical Methods
11 .
f xn
xn 1 xn , where n 0,1, 2,...
f ' xn
Let f x e 4 x f x e 4
x x
12 UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
f x 0 e0 4 0 1 0 ' ' ve
f x 1 e1 4 1 1.28272 0 ' 've
A root lies between 0 and 1.
Here f 1 1.28172 f 0 1
Root is nearer to 0.
Take x0 0
f xn
xn 1 xn ,
Now, put n = 0 in f ' xn we get
f x0 e x0 4 x0 e0 4 0
x1 x0 x0 x 0 0.33333
f ' x0 e 0 4 e0 4
f x1 e x1 4 x e0.33333 4 0.33333
x2 x1 x1 x 1 0.33333 0.35725
f ' x1 e 1 4 e0.33333 4
f x2 e x2 4 x2 e0.35725 4 0.35725
x3 x2 x2 x 0.35725 0.35740
f ' x2 e 2 4 e0.35725 4
f x3 e x3 4 x e0.35740 4 0.35740
x4 x3 x3 x 3 0.35740 0.35740
f ' x3 e 3 4 e0.35740 4
A root of given equation is 0.35740
x
CW.17. Solve the equation cos x xe , by x0 0.5 by Newton–Raphson
method. {Solution. : x2 x3 0.51776 }
2 x log10 x 7 by Newton–Raphson method.
HW.18. Solve the equation
{Solution. : x5 x6 3.78928 upto 5th decimal}
1
Eg.19. Find the Newton–Raphson formula to find the value of N where
1
N is a real number, hence evaluate 26 correct to 4 decimal places.
1
x
Sol: Let N
1 1
N N 0
x x
1 1
f x N f ' x 2
Let x x
By Newton’s formula ,
MA8491 Numerical Methods
13 .
1
N
xn 1
xn 1 xn xn N xn2 xn 2 Nxn
1 xn
2
xn
1
This is the Newton’s–Raphson formula to find the value of N .
1
To find :
26
Put N = 26 and n = 0 in xn 1 xn 2 Nxn , we get
x1 x0 2 26 x0 (1)
1 1 1
Take 0.04 as x0 ∵ is nearer to
25 25 26
1 x1 x0 2 26 x0 0.04 2 26 0.04 0.0384
x2 x1 2 26 x1 0.0384 2 26 0.0384 0.03846
x3 x2 2 26 x2 0.03846 2 26 0.03846 0.03846
A root of given equation is 0.03846 or 0.0385
CW.20. Find the Newton–Raphson formula to find the value of N where
N is a real number, hence evaluate 142 correct to 5 decimal
places. {Solution. : x2 x3 11.91638 }
1
p
HW.21. Find the Newton–Raphson formula to find the value of N where
N is a real number, hence evaluate 3 17 correct to 5 decimal
places. {Solution. : x4 x5 2.57128 }
Part B:
Eg.22.Solve the system of equations by (i) Gauss elimination method (ii)
Gauss Jordan method
3 x1 2 x2 3 x3 6
x1 x2 x3 1
2 x1 5 x2 4 x3 5
Sol: The given system of equations can be written as
x1 x2 x3 1
3 x1 2 x2 3 x3 6
2 x1 5 x2 4 x3 5
Given system of the form AX = B
(i) Gauss elimination method:
The augmented matrix form is
1 1 1 1
A | B 3 2 3 6
2 5 4 5
1 1 1 1
R R2 3R1
∼ 3 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 2
R R3 2 R1
2 2 5 2 4 2 5 2 3
1 1 1 1
∼ 0 1 0 3
0 3 2 3
1 1 1 1
∼ 0 1 0 3 R3 R3 3R2
0 3 3 2 0 3 9
1 1 1 1
∼ 0 1 0 3
0 0 2 12
By back substitution to find the solution of the system of equations
2 x3 12 x3 6
x2 3 x2 3
x1 x2 x3 1 x1 2
2, 3, 6 is the solution for the system of equations.
(ii) Gauss–Jordan method:
The augmented matrix form is
16 UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
1 1 1 1
3 2 3 6
A | B
2 5 4 5
1 1 1 1
R R2 3R1
∼ 3 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 2
R R3 2 R1
2 2 5 2 4 2 5 2 3
1 1 1 1
∼ 0 1 0 3
0 3 2 3
1 1 1 1
∼ 0 1 0 3 R2 R2 1
0 3 2 3
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 3
R R1 R2
∼ 0 1 0 3 1
R R3 3R2
0 3 3(1) 2 3(0) 3 3(3) 3
1 0 1 4
∼ 0 1 0 3
0 0 2 12
1 0 1 4
R
∼ 0 1 0 3 R3 3
2
0 0 1 6
1 0 0 2
∼ 0 1 0 3 R1 R1 R3
0 0 1 6
x1 2, x2 3, x3 6 x1 , x2 , x3 2,3,6
CW23. Solve the system of equation by (i) Gauss elimination method (ii)
Gauss Jordan method
28 x 4 y z 32 x, y, z 0.99359,1.50697,1.84855
x 3 y 10 z 24
2 x 17 y 4 z 35 {Sol: }
HW24. Solve the system of equation by (i) Gauss elimination method (ii)
Gauss Jordan method
pqrs2 p, q, r , s 1, 0, 1, 2
p q 3r 2 s 6
2 p 3q r 2 s 7
p 2q r s 2 { Sol: }
MA8491 Numerical Methods
17 .
(1) becomes
x
1
1
a11
0
b1 a12 y a13 z
0
1 0 1
Step4: Using this x in (2), we use z for z and x for x
0
instead of x , we get
(2) becomes
y
1 1
a22
1
b2 a21 x a23 z
0
1 1
Step5: Substitute x , y for x, y in the third equation.
(3) becomes
z
1 1
a33
1
b3 a31 x a32 y
1
18 UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
Step5: To find the values of unknowns, use the latest available
r r r
values on the right side. If x , y , z are the rth iterate
values, then the next iteration will be
x
r 1
1
a11
b1 a12 y a13 z
r r
y r 1
1
a22
b2 a21 x a23 z
r 1 r
z r 1
1
a33
b3 a31 x a32 y
r 1
r 1
Part B:
Eg.25. Solve by Gauss-Seidel iterative method
x y 54 z 110
27 x 6 y z 85
6 x 15 y 2 z 72
Sol: This can be written in diagonally dominant matrix as
27 x 6 y z 85 (1)
6 x 15 y 2 z 72 (2)
x y 54 z 110 (3)
1
(1) x 85 6 y z (4)
27
1
(2) y 72 6 x 2 z (5)
15
1
(3) z 110 x y (6)
54
Iteration 1:
MA8491 Numerical Methods
19 .
Put y z 0 in (4)
1
(4) x 85 6 0 0 3.14815
27
1
(5) y 72 6 3.14815 2 0 3.54074
15
1
(6) z 110 3.14815 3.54074 1.91317
54
Iteration 2: [Substitute the latest values of x, y, z in (4), (5), (6)]
1
x 85 6 3.54074 1.91317 2.43218
27
1
y 72 6 2.43218 2 1.91317 3.57204
15
1
z 110 2.43218 3.57204 1.92585
54
1
Iteration 3: x 85 6 3.57204 1.92585 2.42569
27
1
y 72 6 2.42569 2 1.92585 3.57294
15
1
z 110 2.42569 3.57294 1.92595
54
1
Iteration 4: x 85 6 3.57294 1.92595 2.42549
27
1
y 72 6 2.42549 2 1.92595 3.57301
15
1
z 110 2.42549 3.57301 1.92595
54
1
Iteration 5: x 85 6 3.57301 1.92595 2.42548
27
1
y 72 6 2.42548 2 1.92595 3.57301
15
1
z 110 2.42548 3.57301 1.92595
54
Solution is x, y, z 2.42548, 3.57301, 1.92595
Note : Iterations of the above given problem are given as follows:
Iteration x y z
1 3.14815 3.54074 1.91317
2 2.43218 3.57204 1.92585
3 2.42569 3.57294 1.92595
4 2.42549 3.57301 1.92595
5 2.42548 3.57301 1.92595
CW.26. Solve by Gauss-Seidel iterative method
20 UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
8 x 3 y 2 z 20
6 x 3 y 12 z 35
4 x 11 y z 33
Sol: x, y, z 3.016,1.985, 0.911
HW.27. Apply Gauss–Seidel method to solve the system of equations
20 x y 2 z 17,3x 20 y z 18, 2 x 3 y 20 z 25
Sol: x, y, z 0.999969 1, 1.0000064 1,1.000002 1
AU9. Solve the following system by Gauss- Seidal method :
28x + 4y − z = 32; x + 3y + 10z = 24; 2x + 17y + 4z = 35
(May./June, 2007)Ans: x=0.9936,y=1.507,z=1.8486
AU10.By using Gauss-Seidel method, solve the system of equations
6x + 3y + 12z = 35; 8x − 3y + 2z = 20; 4x + 11y − z = 33.
(May./June, 2007(EEE))
AU11.By using Gauss-Seidel iteration method, solve the following
system of equations upto four decimals.
10x − 2y − z − w = 3; −2x + 10y − z − w = 15;
−x − y + 10z − 2w = 27; − x − y − 2z + 10w = −9.
(Nov./Dec, 2009(IT))Ans: x = 3.017, y = 1.986, z = 0.91
11.
1 3
Find the inverse of a matrix 2 7 by Gauss–Jordan method.
1 3:1 0
Sol: Consider [A | I] = 2 7:0 1
∼ 1 3: 1 0 R2 R2 2 R1
0 1: 2 1
∼ 1 0: 7 3 R1 R1 3R2
0 1: 2 1
A1 7 3
2 1
Part B:
Eg.28.Using Gauss–Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix
1 0 1
3 4 5
0 6 7
MA8491 Numerical Methods
21 .
1 0 1
A 3 4 5
Sol: Let 0 6 7
1 0 1 1 0 0
Consider A | I 3 4 5 0 1 0 Apply R2 R2 3R1
0 6 7 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
∼ 3 3 1 4 3 0 5 3 1 0 3 1 1 3 0 0 3 0
0 6 7 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
R
∼ 0 4 8 3 1 0 R2 2
4
0 6 7 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
∼ 0 1 2 3 / 4 1 / 4 0 R3 R3 6 R2
0 6 7 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
∼ 0 1 2 3 / 4 1/ 4 0
0 6 6 1 7 6 2 0 6 3 / 4 0 6 1 / 4 1 6 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
R
∼ 0 1 2 3 / 4 1 / 4 0 R3 3
5
0 0 5 9 / 2 3 / 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
R1 R1 R3
∼ 0 1 2 3 / 4 1 / 4 0
R R2 2 R3
0 0 1 9 / 10 3 / 10 1 / 5 2
1 0 00 1 1 1 9 / 10 0 3 / 10 01 / 5
∼ 02 0 12 0 22 1 3 / 4 2 9 / 10 1 / 4 2 3 / 10 02 1 / 5
0 0 1 9 / 10 3 / 10 1 / 5
1 0 0 1 / 10 3 / 10 1 / 5
∼ 0 1 0 21 / 20 7 / 20 2 / 5 I | A1
0 0 1 9 / 10 3 / 10 1 / 5
1 3 1
1
A1 21/ 2 7 / 2 4
10
9 3 2
22 UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
1 1 3
1 3 3
CW.29. Find the inverse of a matrix 2 4 4 by Gauss–Jordan
1 12 4 6
A1 5 1 3
4 1 1 1
method. Soln. :
HW.30. Using Gauss–Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix
2 2 6 12 4 6
2 6 6 1
1
A 1 5 3
56
4 8 8 Soln. : 5 3 1
1 2 1
4 1 0
AU12.Find the inverse of the matrix 2 1 3 by using Gauss–Jordan
1/ 5 1/ 3 1/ 15
A1 4 / 5 1/ 3 4 / 15
method. (M/J,'07(EEE)) Ans: 2 / 5 1/ 3 7 / 15
4 5 1 4 1 5 0 4 1
AX1 4 4 X 2 , say
1 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 0.25
AX 2
4 5 1 41 5 0.25 2.75 2.75 1 2.75 X
1 2 0.25 1 1 2 0.25 0.5 0.18182 3
4 5 1 3.0909 1
AX 3 3.0909 3.0909 X 4
1 2 0.18182 0.63636 0.20588
4 5 1 2.9706 1
AX 4 2.9706 2.9706 X 5
1 2 0.20588 0.58824 0.06666
4 5 1 3.6667 1
AX 5 0.06666 0.86668 3.6667 0.23637 3.6667 X 6
1 2
4 5 1 2.81815 1
AX 6 2.81815 2.81815 X 7
1 2 0.23637 0.52726 0.18709
4 5 1 3.06455 1
AX 7 3.06455 3.06455 X 8
1 2 0.18709 0.62582 0.19579
4 5 1 3.02105 1
AX 8 3.022105 3.022105 X 9
1 2 0.19579 0.60842 0.20133
Dominant Eigen value = = –3 and the corresponding
1 1
Eigen vector = X = 0.19529 0.2
MA8491 Numerical Methods
25 .
CW.32. Find by power method, the largest eigen value and the
1 3 1
3 2 4
corresponding eigen vector of the matrix 1 4 10 .
0.02404
0.42582
Sol: Dom. Eigen value = = 11.72 and Eigen vector = X = 1
1 6 1
1 2 0
Eg.33. Find all the eigen values of the matrix 0 0 3 by power method.
Sol: Dominant Eigen value = = 4
Smallest Eigen value = X = –1
Other Eigen value = 3
AU14. Obtain by power method the numerically largest eigen value of the
15 4 3
10 12 6
matrix 20 4 21 (N/D., 2007) Ans: = −19.977 −20
1 2 3
0 4 2
AU15. Find the all eigen values of the matrix by power method 0 0 7
(Nov./Dec., 2007(EEE)) Ans: = −4, 1, 7
AU16. Find the dominant Eigen value and the corresponding Eigen vector
1 6 1
1 2 0
of the matrix 0 0 3 (May./June, 07)Ans: = −1, 3, 4
AU17. Find, by power method, the largest eigen value and the eigen vector
25 1 2
1 3 0
of the matrix 2 0 4 (May./June, 2007(EEE))
Ans: = 25.1821 ; X = (1, 0.0451, 0.0685)T
AU18. Solve by power method, to find the dominant Eigen value for the
1 1 3
1 5 1
following matrix 3 1 1 (Nov./Dec., 2009(ECE)) Ans: =
AU19. Determine, by power method, the largest eigenvalue of the matrix
2 1 0
1 2 1
0 1 2 (Nov./Dec., 2009(IT)) Ans: =
S1 cos sin
The rotation matrix sin cos
a11 a22
Since , we have 4
cos 4 sin 4 1/ 2 1/ 2
S1
1/ 2 1/ 2
sin cos
4 4
Then the transformation gives
B1 S1 A S1 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 3 0
T
1/ 2 1/ 2
2 1
1 / 2 1/ 2 0 1
This is a diagonal matrix. So, the eigen values are 3, –1 and the
corresponding eigen vectors are the columns of S1 i.e.,
1/ 2 1/ 2
1/ 2 , 1/ 2
.
1 5 2
5 4 7
16. Using Jacobi’s method find the rotation matrix of 2 7 4 .
1 5 2
5 4 7
Sol: Let A = 2 7 4
The numerically largest off–diagonal element a23 a32 7
1 0 0
S1 0 cos sin
The rotation matrix 0 sin cos
Part B:
Eg.34.Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
1 2 2
A 2 3 2
2 2 1
by Jacobi method.
Sol: Given matrix is symmetric matrix.
Numerically largest element in off diagonal element is 2 in a13 &
in a31 so multiply with sin & sin and other elements
a11 & a33 are both multiplied by cos remaining diagonal a22
with ‘1’ and a12 , a21 , a23 , a32 with ‘0’.
28 UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
cos 0 sin
Suitable orthogonal matrix is S1 0 1 0
sin 0 cos
1 2a13 1 1 2 2 1
tan 1 tan
2 a11 a33 2 11 2 2 4
cos / 4 0 sin / 4 1 / 2 0 1 / 2
S1 0 1 0 0 1 0
sin / 4 0 cos / 4 1 / 2 0 1 / 2
1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1 2 2 1/ 2 0 1/ 2
Now B1 S1T AS1 0 1 0 2 3 2 0 1 0
1/ 2 0 1/ 2 2 2 1
1/ 2 0 1/ 2
3 2 0
2 3 0
0 0 1
cos sin 0
Here S2 sin cos 0
0 0 1
1 2a12 1 1 2 2 1 1
Now tan 1 tan
1
tan
2 a a
11 22 2 3 3 2 2 2 4
1/ 2 1/ 2 0
S2 1/ 2 1/ 2 0
0 0 1
1/ 2 1/ 2 0 3 2 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 0
B2 S2T B1S2 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 2 3 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
5 0 0
0 1 0 , a diagonal matrix with 5,1, 1 as eigen values
0 0 1
CW.35. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
1/ 2 1 2
A 1 3/ 2 1
2 1 1/ 2
by Jacobi method.
Sol: Eigen values = 5 / 2, 1/ 2, 1/ 2 and
1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 0
1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
Eigen vectors =
HW.36. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
2 1 1
A 1 2 1
1 1 2 by Jacobi method.
Sol: Eigen
Corresponding eigen vectors
Values
1,4,1 1/ 6 1 1/ 3 1 1 1/ 2 1
2 / 6 or 2 , 1/ 3 or 1 ∼ 1 , 0 or 0
1/ 6 1 1/ 3 1 1 1/ 2 1
30 UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
Sol: x1 , x2 , x3 2,3,6
6. Solve the given system of equations by (i) Gauss elimination
method (ii) Gauss Jordan method
x1 x2 10 x3 35.61,10 x1 x2 x3 11.19, x1 10 x2 x3 20.08
7. Solve the following system by Gauss- Seidal method :
28x + 4y − z = 32; x + 3y + 10z = 24; 2x + 17y + 4z = 35
Ans: x=0.9936,y=1.507,z=1.8486
8. By using Gauss-Seidel method, solve the system of equations
6x + 3y + 12z = 35; 8x − 3y + 2z = 20; 4x + 11y − z = 33.
1 2 1
4 1 0
9. Find the inverse of the matrix 2 1 3 by using Gauss–Jordan
1/ 5 1/ 3 1/ 15
A1 4 / 5 1/ 3 4 / 15
method. Ans: 2 / 5 1/ 3 7 / 15
10. Find the inverse of the matrix by Gauss-Jordan method:
4 1 2 4 / 3 2 7/3
A 2 3 1 A1 5 / 3 2 8 / 3
1 2 2 Ans: 7 / 3 3 10 / 3
11. Obtain by power method the numerically largest eigen value of the
≃
15 4 3
10 12 6
matrix 20 4 21 Ans: = −19.977 −20
MA8491 Numerical Methods
31 .
12. Find the all eigen values of the matrix by power method
1 2 3
0 4 2
0 0 7 Ans: = −4, 1, 7
13. Find the dominant Eigen value and the corresponding Eigen vector
1 6 1
1 2 0
of the matrix 0 0 3 Ans: = −1, 3, 4
14. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
1 2 2
A 2 3 2
2 2 1
by Jacobi method.
Sol: Eigen values = 5, 1, –1 and
1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 0
1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
Eigen vectors =
15. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
1/ 2 1 2
A 1 3/ 2 1
2 1 1/ 2
by Jacobi method.
Sol: Eigen values = 5 / 2, 1/ 2, 1/ 2 and
1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 0
1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
Eigen vectors =
16. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
2 1 1
A 1 2 1
1 1 2 by Jacobi method.
Sol: Eigen values = 1, 4, 1 and
1/ 6 1/ 3 1/ 2
2 / 6 , 1/ 3 , 0
1/ 6 1/ 3 1/ 2
Eigen vectors =