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Impedance Matching On A Transmission Line
Impedance Matching On A Transmission Line
Chew
ECE 350 Lecture Notes
We note that when the impedance of a load is the same as the character-
istic impedance of the transmission line, there is no reected wave, and all
the forward going power is dissipated in the load. There are various ways to
achieve this impedance matching and we will discuss some of them below.
(a) Quarter-Wave Transformer
A quarter wave transformer, like low-frequency transformers, changes the
impedance of the load to another value so that matching is possible.
Z0 ZT
→ ZL
Z in
λ/4
Zin Z1 ZL
λ/4
1
Example
Given that ZL = (30 + j 40), Z0 = 50, nd the shortest l and ZT so that
the above circuit is matched. Assume that ZT is real and lossless.
We want Z1 to be real and Zin to be Z0 = 50 in order for ZT to be real
and the matching condition satised. We nd that ZnL = 0:6+ j 0:8. In order
to make Zn1 real, the shortest l from the Smith Chart is 8 . Then Zn1 = 3:0,
and Z1 = 150. Since Zin = 50, we need
p p
ZT = ZinZ1 = 50 150 = 86:6
in order for matching condition to be satised.
Note that the quarter wave transformer only matches the circuit at one
frequency. Often time, it has a small bandwidth of operation, i.e., it only
works in the frequencies in a small neighborhood of the matching frequency.
Sometimes, a cascade of two or more quarter-wave transformers are used in
order to broaden the bandwidth of operation of the transformer.
j1
j0.5 j2
Z nL
j0.2 λ
l= 8
0
0.2 0.5 1 2
Z n1
−j0.2
−j0.5 −j2
−j1
–d Shorted
Stub
l, Z0
j0.5 j2
Y(-d)
0.216λ
j0.2 Z nL
0
0.2 0.5 1 2 Yshort
−j0.2
YnL
0.99λ
−j0.5 −j2
−j1 Ystub
Example
3
Let ZL = (100+ j 85), nd the minimum d and l that will reduce the VSWR
of the main line to 1. Assume that Z0 = 50.
We nd that the normalized load ZnL = 2 + 1:7j as shown on the Smith
Chart. Since this problem involves parallel connections, it is more convenient
to work with admittances. YnL = Z1nL is as shown. When we move toward
the generator, Yn(z) traces out a locus on the Smith Chart as shown. It
intersects the G = 1 circle as shown, after moving through 0:216. Therefore,
d = 0:216.
Now, Yn(;d) = 1 + j 1:4. Hence, Ynstub = ;j 1:4. From the Smith Chart,
we note that the admittance for a short is innity, and is at the right end of
the Smith Chart. To get a Ynstub = ;j 1:4, we move toward the generator for
0:099. Hence, l = 0:099.
Both single stub tuning and quarter wave transformer matching require
changing the location of the stub or the transformer. In practice, this is
dicult, and a double stub tuning removes the diculty.
3
Z0 A Z0 B
ZL
Y1 Y2
1, Z 0 2, Z 0
Stub 1 Stub 2
4
All possible values of Yn2
by changing 2.
YnL
Rotation by C2 All possible values of Yn1
3 by changing 1.
C1
Yn2 P
Z o = 50 Ω
VS R L = 25 Ω
= 10 V
z=– z=0
. Find VSWR on the line, and if l is allowed to vary arbitrarily, nd the
maximum voltage on the line.
5
We can nd VSWR from the Smith Chart or by calculator.
P (0) = Pv = 25 ; 50 = ; 1
25 + 50 3
VSWR = 11 ; + jPv j = 43 = 2:
jPv j 23
|V(z)|
λ/2 Vmax
Vs
Vmin
z=– –dmin 0