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Sachin Kapur
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 Locomotion and
Movement

Lecture 1

Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
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Locomotion and Movement
Locomotion and Movement

Movement It is displacement of a body part.

Locomotion It is displacement of the whole body.

 Locomotion and Movement

Types of Movements

Muscular Movements Non - Muscular movements

 Muscular Movements

Types of Muscles

Cardiac Muscles Smooth Muscles Skeletal Muscles

➢ Striated or striped ➢ Non-striated or ➢ Striated or striped

➢ Involuntary Unstriped ➢ Voluntary
➢ Involuntary
Types of Muscles

Cardiac Muscles

❖ Only the heart contains cardiac muscle tissue, which forms most of the heart
wall.
❖ Cardiac muscle is striated, but its action is involuntary.
❖ The heart beats because it has a pacemaker that initiates each contraction.
❖ Several hormones and neurotransmitters can adjust heart rate by speeding or
slowing the pacemaker.
Cardiac Muscles
Types of Muscles

Smooth Muscles

❖ These are located in the walls of hollow internal structures, such as blood
vessels, airways, and most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
❖ It is also found in the skin, attached to hair follicles.
❖ It looks nonstriated, which is why it is referred to as smooth.
Types of Muscles

Smooth Muscles

❖ The action of smooth muscle is involuntary, and some smooth muscle tissue,
such as the muscles that propel food through your gastrointestinal tract, has
autorhythmicity.
❖ These are of two types:
➢ Single Unit Smooth Muscles.
➢ Multi Unit Smooth Muscles.
 Types of Smooth Muscles

Smooth Muscles

Single Unit Smooth Muscles Multi Unit Smooth Muscles

Smooth Muscles

Single Unit Smooth Muscles

❖ Of the two types of smooth muscle tissue, the more common type is visceral
(single-unit) smooth muscle tissue.
❖ It is found in tubular arrangements that form part of the walls of small arteries
and veins and of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, uterus, and
urinary bladder.
❖ Like cardiac muscle, visceral smooth muscle is autorhythmic.
Types of Smooth Muscles

Single Unit Smooth Muscles

❖ The fibers connect to one another by gap junctions, forming a network through
which muscle action potentials can spread.
❖ Stimulation of one visceral muscle fiber causes contraction of many adjacent
fibers.
❖ When a neurotransmitter, hormone, or autorhythmic signal stimulates one fiber,
the muscle action potential is transmitted to neighboring fibers, which then
contract in unison, as a single unit.
Types of Smooth Muscles
Types of Smooth Muscles

Multi Unit Smooth Muscles

❖ These consist of individual fibers, each with its own motor neuron terminals and
with few gap junctions between neighboring fibers.
❖ Stimulation of one multiunit fiber causes contraction of that fiber only.
Types of Smooth Muscles

Multi Unit Smooth Muscles

❖ These are found in

➢ Walls of large arteries.
➢ Airways to the lungs.
➢ Arrector pili muscles that attach to hair follicles.
➢ Muscles of the iris that adjust pupil diameter.
➢ Ciliary body that adjusts focus of the lens in the eye.
Types of Muscles

Skeletal Muscles

❖ It is so named because most skeletal muscles move bones of the skeleton.

❖ A few skeletal muscles attach to and move the skin or other skeletal muscles.
❖ Skeletal muscle tissue is striated.
❖ Alternating light and dark bands (striations) are seen when the tissue is
examined with a microscope.
Types of Muscles

Skeletal Muscles

❖ It works mainly in a voluntary manner.

❖ Its activity can be consciously controlled by neurons that are part of the somatic
(voluntary) division of the nervous system.
❖ Diaphragm continues to alternately contract and relax without conscious control
so that you don’t stop breathing.
❖ You do not need to consciously think about contracting the skeletal muscles that
maintain your posture or stabilize body positions.
Functions of Muscles

Body Movement

Body Position Stabilization

Storage of Substances

Heat Generation
Properties of Muscular tissue

Excitability

Contractility

Extensibility

Elasticity
 Properties of Muscular tissue

Excitability

❖ It is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called

action potentials.

Contractility

❖ It is the ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated by an

action potential.
 Properties of Muscular tissue

Extensibility

❖ It is the ability of muscular tissue to stretch without being damaged.

❖ It allows a muscle to contract forcefully even if it is already stretched.
❖ Normally, smooth muscle is subject to the greatest amount of stretching.

Elasticity

❖ It is the ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after
contraction or extension.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle

❖ Each skeletal muscle is a separate organ composed of hundreds to thousands of

cells, which are called muscle fibers because of their elongated shapes.
❖ Muscle cell and muscle fiber are two terms for the same structure.
❖ Skeletal muscle also contains connective tissues surrounding muscle fibers and
whole muscles, and blood vessels and nerves.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Structure of Skeletal Muscle

❖ The outermost layer, encircling the entire muscle, is the epimysium.

❖ Perimysium surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating
them into bundles called fascicles.
❖ Many fascicles are large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Structure of Skeletal Muscle

❖ The multiple nuclei of a skeletal muscle fiber are located just beneath the
sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of a muscle cell.
❖ Thousands of tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma, called transverse (T) tubules,
tunnel in from the surface toward the center of each muscle fiber.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle

❖ T tubules are open to the outside of the fiber and thus are filled with interstitial
fluid.
❖ Muscle action potentials travel along the sarcolemma and through the T tubules,
quickly spreading throughout the muscle fiber.
❖ This arrangement ensures that an action potential excites all parts of the muscle
fiber at essentially the same instant.
Development of Skeletal Muscle
 11th Grade
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Subjects Timings
Biology 4 PM
Physics 5 PM
Chemistry 6 PM
 12th Grade
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Subjects Timings
Biology 4 PM
Physics 5 PM
Chemistry 6 PM