1

2
 3

4
 1- Normal (Direct) stress (σ)
2- Shear stress (τ)

6
 𝜎′ = 𝜎 − 𝑢
Where:
𝜎 ≡ Total normal stress (F/A)
𝜎 ′ ≡ Effective normal stress
𝑢 ≡ Pore water pressure
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 semi-
infinite, homogeneous, isotropic mass, with a
linear stress-strain relationship,

5/2
3𝑄 1
Δ𝜎𝑧 =
2𝜋𝑧 2 1 + 𝑟Τ𝑧 2

10

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 5/2
3 1
𝐼𝑝 = 2
2𝜋 1 + 𝑟Τ𝑧
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11

5/2
3 1
𝐼𝑃 = 2
2𝜋 1 + 𝑟Τ𝑧

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 1) The stiff layers are spaced very closely such that the compound
material has the characteristics of an isotropic homogeneous material.
2) The thickness of the stiff layers are negligible compared to that of the
soft materials.
3) The stiff material is inextensible and thus prevents any horizontal
strain in both the soft and stiff layers.
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14

14
 15

15

16

16
 17

17

18

18
 19

19

20

20
 21
21

22

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 • The largest value for the
influence factor (𝐼𝑟 ) is 0.25
right under the corner.

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• If the point is within the rectangular area:

• If the point is outside the rectangular area:

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 25

25

26

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 27

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