Sampling Techniques

ANNA MARIA LOURDES S. LATONIO, Ph.D.

CTEC / Department of Statistics
Central Luzon State University
Contents
• Simple random sampling

• Systematic random sampling

• Stratified random sampling

• Cluster sampling

• Multi-stage sampling

• Determining the Required Sample size

Basic vocabulary

Population – totality of all units under investigation

Population Data

Sample –
representative
cross section of the
population
Sample Data
 Inferential Statistics

•Making decisions / conclusions / inferences,

about the population, based on sample
information.

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 The Inference Problem
Inferences about the population
based on sample information
The Population

𝝁, 𝝈 Description of the sample

parameters
ഥ, 𝒔
𝑿 The Sample
statistics

Sampling from the

population

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What is sampling?

• The process of selecting and observing a number of

individuals for a study in such a way that the
individuals represent the larger group from which
they were selected.

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Some Definitions
Some definition of terms

Sampling units – contain the elements, and are used

for selecting elements into the sample.

Observational units – are the units from which the

observations are obtained. In interview, they are
called the respondents.

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Some Definitions
Some definition of terms

Parameter – is a numerical characteristic of

the population.

Statistic – is a value calculated from a sample

data.

Title of Presentation | 8
What is a good sample?
What is a good sample?

The sample must be:

1. Representative of the population

2. Appropriately sized

3. Unbiased

4. Random

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In Survey Research

•Sampling frame – the list from which the

potential respondents are drawn

•Sampling scheme – method of selecting

sampling units from the sampling frame

•Sample - comprise all selected

respondents
Types of Sampling

•Probability Sampling – a method of sampling

that uses random selection so that all
units/cases in the population have a chance of
being chosen.

•Non-probability Sampling – does not involve

random selection and methods are not based
on the rules of probability; not all the
units/cases has a chance of being chosen.
Probability Sampling

Simple random sampling

Systematic random sampling

Stratified random sampling

Cluster sampling

Multi-stage sampling

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 Simple Random Sampling

- All subsets of the frame are given an equal

chance.

-Applicable when population is small,

homogeneous and readily available.

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 Systematic Sampling

•Selecting every kth sampling unit from a list of

the members of the population.

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 Systematic Sampling

•Selection process:
• If there is a list of subjects / respondents / sampling
frame, the following procedure can be followed:

• N = number of subjects / units in the population

• n = sample size
• k = sampling interval = N/n
• r = random start, selected at random 1<r<k

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 Systematic Sampling

•Example:
N = 600 n = 75 k = 600/75 = 8

Select r at random, 1< r < k.

Suppose r = 3 was obtained.

The sample will consist of the following subjects from the list:

r =3 = 3rd
r + k = 3+8 = 11th
r + 2k = 3 + 16 = 19th
:
:
Thus, every 8th person will be selected after the 3rd person is
selected.
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 Stratified Random Sampling

- Appropriate for heterogenous population.

- The entire population is divided into different

homogenous subgroups called strata, and then
subsamples are selected from each strata.

- The strata are formed according to selected traits

of the population such as age, gender, religion,
socio-economic status, diagnosis, education,
geographical region, type of institution, etc.
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 Stratified Random Sampling

Stratification
-The strata are formed according to
selected traits of the population such as
age, gender, religion, socio-economic
status, diagnosis, education, geographical
region, type of institution, etc.

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Stratified Random Sampling

Geographical
stratification

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 Stratified Random Sampling

-Sample size allocation

- Proportionate stratified sampling – involves
drawing a sample from each stratum in proportion
to the stratum’s share in total population.

- Equal stratified sampling – proportionate

representation is not given to the different strata.

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 Cluster Sampling

•The population consists of non-overlapping

subgroups (clusters), then a simple random
sample of clusters is selected and all the units
in the chosen clusters are included in the
sample.

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 Multi-Stage Sampling

- Characterized by sampling being done in stages

- Usually applied in large scale surveys

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Backyard Livestock and Poultry Survey
(BLPS)
• Adopts the Rice and Corn Production Survey sampling
design which uses three-stage sampling scheme
involving three levels of estimation

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Determining the
Sample Size
 Determining the sample size

The choice of the sample size basically depends on

the following factors:

•the variable of interest - quantitative or qualitative

•level of precision desired
•sampling design
 Sample Size

• Sample size determination is one of the most

essential component of every research study.

• The larger the sample size, the higher the degree of

accuracy, but this is limit by the availability of
resources.

• It can be determined using formulas, readymade

table, nomogram or computer software.
How to determine sample size

Common Approaches:
• Sampling Fraction
• Subjective Approach
• Precision / Reliability point of view
Requirements for the
Precision/Reliability point of view

1. Level of confidence – the desired measure of degree of

confidence of the estimate.
2. Maximum tolerable error – the margin of error one is willing
to tolerate. This is the desired maximum difference between
the parameter to be estimated and the to be obtained estimate
of the parameter.
3. Population variance – variation of the target population.
4. Perceived value of P – needed when the objective is to
estimate a population proportion.
 Determining the sample size

•For estimating the population mean

•The variable of interest is quantitative.

Determining the Required Sample size
for Estimating the Mean

2
𝑍𝜎 𝑍2𝜎 2
𝑛= = Formula 1
𝑒 𝑒2

Where: 𝜎 = standard deviation of the

population (or its estimate S)
e = maximum error deemed acceptable
Z = standard normal variable for the specified
degree of confidence interval (1-𝛼)100%

N> 100,000

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 Critical Values of Z
for common values of 𝜶
𝜶 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005
𝒁 1.282 1.645 1.96 2.326 2.576

𝜶/𝟐 𝜶/𝟐

-1.96 1.96

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Determining the Required Sample size
for Estimating the Mean

𝑁𝑍 2 𝑆 2
𝑛= Formula 2
𝑁𝑒 2 + 𝑍 2 𝑆 2

Where:
N = population size
S = standard deviation of the population
e = maximum error deemed acceptable
Z = standard normal variable for the specified degree of
confidence interval (1-𝛼)100%

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 Determining the Required Sample size
for Estimating the Mean

• Example: It is necessary to estimate the average

amount of money for a hospital’s accounts receivable.
It is known that from prior data that the standard
deviation of these accounts is about P1250. If there are
N = 1000 open accounts, find the sample size needed to
estimate the mean with a margin of error of only P150.
Use a 95% confidence interval.

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 Given:
Solution: S = P1250
N = 1000 open accounts
𝑁𝑍 2 𝑆 2 e = P150
𝑛= Use a 95% confidence interval.
𝑁𝑒 2 +𝑍 2 𝑆 2

1000(1.96)2 (1250)2
=
1000(150)2 +(1.96)2 (1250)2

= 210.596 ≅ 211
Critical Values of Z
for common values of 𝜶
𝜶 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005
𝒁 1.282 1.645 1.96 2.326 2.576
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 Determining the sample size

•For estimating the population proportion

•The variable of interest is qualitative.

Determining the Required Sample size
for Estimating the Proportion

𝑍 2 𝑃(1 − 𝑃) Formula 3
𝑛=
𝑒2

Where: 𝑃 = initial estimate of the population proportion

e = maximum error deemed acceptable
Z = standard normal variable for the specified
degree of confidence interval

N> 10,000
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 Determining the Required Sample size
for Estimating the Proportion
• Remark: If an initial estimate of P is not possible, then it should be
estimated as being 0.50. Such an estimate is conservative.

2
𝑍 0.25 𝑍 2
𝑛= =
2𝑒 𝑒2

Formula 4

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Determining the Required Sample size
for Estimating the Proportion

𝑁𝑍 2 𝑃(1 − 𝑃)
𝑛= Formula 5
𝑁𝑒 2 + 𝑍 2 𝑃(1 − 𝑃)

Where:
N = population size
𝑃 = initial estimate of the population
proportion (usually set at P = 0.5)
e = maximum error deemed acceptable
Z = standard normal variable for the
specified degree of confidence
interval

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Determining the Required Sample size
for Estimating the Proportion

• Example: It is necessary to estimate the proportion of clients with

balances who will pay their bill within a month. If there are N = 1000
open accounts, find the sample size needed to estimate the
proportion with a margin of error of only 0.10. Use a 90%
confidence level.

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 Solution:

Given: n for estimating proportion

N = 1000 open accounts
0.10/2 = 0.05
error = 0.10
90% confidence level --> 𝜶 = 0.10, Z0.05 = 1.645

𝑁𝑍 2 𝑃(1−𝑃) 1000 1.645 2 (0.5)(0.5)

𝑛= = = 63.36
𝑁𝑒 2 +𝑍 2 𝑃(1−𝑃) (1000)(0.10)2 + 1.645 2 (0.5)(0.5)

≅ 64 always round up

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Mazel Tov