DIRECT ENGLISH

BOOK 3 (Part 2)
 Unit 6
10 Unit 6

n. term adj. long-term adj. short-term

In Britain, the school and university year is divided into three terms.
Long-term means for a long period of time, and short-term is for a short
period of time.

Q. How long is a university term in your country ?

A. A university term is about three months in my country.

Q. Do you have any long-term plans ?

A. Yes, I want to move to America and get a good job.

Q. If you have problems with money, what is the short-term answer

?
A. If you have problems with money, the short-term answer is to get a
loan.

adj. certain + that + clause n. certainty

+ about + noun
If you are certain about something, you are 100% sure about it.
eg. I am certain that Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
I am certain that he is here, I saw him five minutes ago.

Q. What is the capital of your country ?

A. Brasilia is the capital of my country.

Q. Are you certain ?

A. Yes, I'm certain.

Q. Is there anyone in your house at the moment ?

A. Yes, my friend's in my house at the moment.

Q. Are you certain ?

A. No, I'm not certain.
Q. Can we ever be certain what the weather will be like ?
A. No, we can never be certain what the weather will be like.

Q. If you practice a lot, is your English certain to improve ?

A. Yes, if I practice a lot, my English is certain to improve.

Q. Is it a certainty that:
a. the sun will rise tomorrow ?
b. I will teach you tomorrow ?

Q. Is it a certainty that the sun will rise tomorrow ?

A. Yes, it's a certainty that the sun will rise tomorrow.

Q. Is it a certainty that I will teach you tomorrow ?

A. No, it isn't a certainty that you will teach me tomorrow.

Q. Do you have any habits that irritate other people ?

A. No, I don't have any habits that irritate other people.

Q. Have you ever suffered from a severe hangover ?

A. Yes, I have suffered from a severe hangover.

Q. What positive effects does regular exercise have on your body ?

A. Regular exercise makes you lose weight and feel healthier.

Q. Do you work better when you have a routine ?

A. Yes, I work better when I have a routine.

modal verbs (3)

Using must and can to express certainty.

We use must and can to say we are certain about something because
we have evidence.
i. We use must to say that something is true.
eg. Peter has been off work for a whole week. He must be quite ill.
(ie. I am certain he is quite ill.)
ii. We use cannot or can’t to say that something isn’t true.
eg. Peter can’t be ill because I saw him playing football this morning.
11 Unit 6

Q. Say something about these sentences using must or can’t.

eg. I haven’t eaten since yesterday evening.

You must be really hungry.
i. I stayed up all night last night.
ii. My brother owns a large successful company.
iii. There is smoke coming from the kitchen.
iv. My father is younger than his.

modal verbs in the past - must / can’t

We can use must and can’t to express certainty about the past.
construction: must + have + past participle
can’t + have + past participle
eg. I haven’t got my wallet. I must have left it at home.
You can’t have left your wallet at home because you had it in the
restaurant.

Q. Use must have or can’t have to explain these situations.

eg. I ate three pizzas last night.

You must have been very hungry.
i. He slept for twelve hours last night.
ii. I left my bike outside the school but it has gone.
iii. This chicken is raw on the inside.

modal verbs in the past – might

Might + have + past participle expresses possibility instead of

certainty.
eg. He is very late. He must have got lost. = I am certain.
He is very late. His car might have broken down. = I am not certain
but it is a possibility.
 Q. Say what you think might have caused these situations.
eg. She is crying. She might have hurt herself.
i. He is sneezing. ii. He is late. iii. I can’t find my wallet.

Q. He is sneezing.
A. He might have caught a cold.

Q. He is late.
A. His train might have been delayed.

Q. I can’t find my wallet.

A. You might have left it at home.

modal verbs in the past – should

When someone did something badly or in the wrong way in the past, we
use
should + have + past participle to tell them a better or correct way to
do it.
eg. I didn’t understand how to do that exercise.
You should have asked your teacher.
I hurt my back lifting that wardrobe.
You shouldn’t have tried to move it on your own.

12 Unit 6

Q. Tell me what I should or shouldn’t have done in the following

stuations.

eg. I am sunburnt. You should have used suntan lotion.

i. I lost £300 at a casino last night.
ii. All my plants have died.
iii. I have to have two bad teeth taken out.
v. to emphasise n. emphasis

If a word or phrase is important we often emphasise it so that the reader

or the listener will pay attention to it.
The easiest way to emphasise something is to say it louder.
eg. I told you to meet me at FOUR o’clock.
(I am angry because you came at five)
Don’t sit THERE.
(That’s the teacher’s chair.)
In written English, we can emphasise words by putting them in :
bold italics CAPITALS or by underlining

Q. Tell me what word or phrase is being emphasised in these

sentences.

i. I can’t read Japanese. (But I can speak it.)

ii. You need to buy a ticket before Friday. ( Friday is too late)

There are some particular words that we use for emphasis.

i. still - When we add still to a sentence or clause, it does not change
the meaning but it emphasises that a situation has not changed.
eg. The photocopier is still broken. (It has not been repaired yet.)

ii. only
eg. I’ve only got £10, it’s not enough.

iii. yet
eg. Haven’t you finished yet?

iv. so/such
eg. Thank you for such a lovely present. I like it so much.
adv. just adv. already

v. just - We use just to emphasise that an action happened very

recently.
eg. I haven’t read the letter yet because I have just received it.

vi. already - We use already to emphasise that something has

happened before now.
eg. I can’t show you the letter because I have already sent it.
We can also use already to show that something has happened
suprisingly quickly.
eg. She only started her business two years ago and she is already a
millionaire.

Q. Which words have you just studied ?

A. I've just studied just and already.
Q. What have I just done ?*
A. You've just asked me a question.

Q. Has anyone just:

a. come into the classroom ?
b. had breakfast/lunch ?

Q. Has anyone just come into the classroom ?

A. Yes, Peter has just come into the classroom.

Q. Has anyone just had lunch ?

A. Yes, I've just had lunch.

13 Unit 6

Q. Who has just answered a question ?

A. I have just answered a question.

Q. Can you think of anyone who is already famous even though

they are very young ?
A. Yes, Leonardo Di Caprio is already famous even though he is very
young.

Q. Why would someone take an exam again even though they had
already passed it ?
A. Someone would take an exam again even though they had already
passed it because they wanted to get a better mark.

Q. What idea am I emphasising when I say :

a. I’ve just done it.
b. I’ve done it already.

Q. What idea am I emphasising when I say 'I’ve just done it' ?

A. You're emphasising the idea that you have done something recently.

Q. What idea am I emphasising when I say 'I’ve done it already' ?

A. You're emphasising the idea that you've done it some time in the past.

v. to compare conj. whereas conj. while

If you compare two things, you think about how they are similar or
different and their advantages or disadvantages.
eg. After comparing the two shirts, I bought the red one because I
preferred the colour.
We often use whereas/while when we compare two things.
eg. When I compare coffee to wine, I think that coffee is better in the
morning because it helps me to wake up, whereas wine is nicer in the
evening because it makes me feel relaxed.

Q. Compare my shoes with your shoes.

A. My shoes are brown whereas yours are black.

Q. Compare your country with England.

A. My country is very hot whereas England is very cold.

Q. If you compare smart shoes to trainers what are their advantages

and disadvantages.
A. If you compare smart shoes to trainers, smart shoes are good with
trousers and are suitable for work whereas trainers aren't suitable for
work but are more comfortable.

Q. If you compare English with your language, what is the biggest

difference ?
A. If you compare English with my language, the biggest difference is the
grammar.

Q. Compared to the past, do you think people treat each other

better or worse ?
A. Compared to the past, I think people treat each other better.

v. to control n. control

Q. Can we control the weather ?

A. We can't control the weather.

Q. Who controls your country ?

A. The Prime Minister controls my country.

Q. In what situations is it hard to control your feelings ?

A. It's hard to control your feelings when you're feeling very angry.

Q. What is a remote control ?

A. A romote control is something we use to change channels or to turn
up the volume on the TV.

expressions with control

to be in control to be out of control

to take control to lose control

Q. Who is in control of a trial ?

A. The judge is in control of a trial.

Q. Do you think that crime is out of control in some cities ?

A. Yes, I think that crime is out of control in some cities.

Q. When did China take control of Hong Kong ?

A. China took control of Hong Kong in August, 1997.

Q. What might happen if you lost control of a car ?

A. If you lost control of a car, you might have an accident.

adj. main adv. mainly

Main means the most important or the biggest.

Q. What is your main reason for learning English ?

A. My main reason for learning English is to get a good job.

Unit 6 55

Q. What is the main meal of the day in your country ?

A. The main meal of the day in my country is dinner.

Q. Do you live on a main road ?

A. No, I don't live on a main road.

Q. What is the name of the main street in your city ?

A. Queen's Road is the main street in my city.

Q. Do you think examinations are mainly a test of memory ?

A. Yes, I think examinations are mainly a test of memory.

Q. When gambling, do you think winning depends mainly on luck or

ability ?
A. When gambling, I think winning depends mainly on luck.

v. to complete adj. complete adv. completely

Q. Have you completed your education yet ?

A. No, I haven't completed my education yet.

Q. Were you a complete beginner in English when you came to this

school ?
A. No, I wasn't a complete beginner in English when I came to this
school.

Q. Would it be a complete waste of time if you tried to learn English

from a dictionary ?
A. No, it wouldn't be a complete waste of time if you tried to learn
English from a dictionary.

Q. Have you ever met a foreigner who was completely fluent in your
language ?
A. Yes, I have met a foreigner who is completely fluent in my language.

Q. When will you complete your course at this school ?

A. I'll complete my course at this school in about 6 months' time.

adv. partly

Q. Are parents completely or partly responsible for what their

children do ?
A. Parents are partly responsible for what their children do.

Q. Do you think teachers are partly to blame if a student doesn’t

make any progress ?
A. Yes, I think think teachers are partly to blame if a student doesn’t
make any progress.

v. to lead n. leader v. to follow

led
led

If you lead someone you go before them.

If you follow someone you go after them.
Q. Who leads the team onto the field in sport ?
A. The captain leads the team onto the field in sport.

Q. Which day follows Monday ?

A. Tuesday follows Monday.

Q. Give me the names of three world leaders.

A. President Clinton, Tony Blair and President Jung are the names of
three world leaders.

Q. Why would the police follow someone ?

A. The police would follow someone if they'd seen them robbing a bank.

Q. What kind of people have to follow orders ?

A. Soldiers have to follow orders.

Q. Have you ever had to follow an order ?

A. No, I've never had to follow an order.

v. to lead to = cause

Q. What can very heavy rain lead to ?

A. Very heavy rain can lead to floods.

Q. Do you believe that hard work leads to success ?

A. Yes, I think that hard work usually leads to success.

Q. What kind of habits often lead to illness ?

A. Smoking often leads to illness.

56 Unit 6

v. to guide n. guide
n. guide book

If you guide someone, you show them where to go or the best way to do
something.

Q. When you visit a foreign country do you buy a guide book ?

A. Yes, when I visit a foreign country I ususally buy a guide book.

Q. If I visited your city, would you be able to guide me around ?

A. Yes, if you visited my city, I would be able to guide you around.
 v. to pass adj. ahead

If something is ahead of you, it is in front of you.

If you pass a car moving slower than you, you move ahead of it.

Q. Why is it dangerous to pass another car on a corner ?

A. It's dangerous to pass another car on a corner because you can't see
what is ahead of you.

Q. Is your country ahead of or behind London time ?

A. My country is behind London time.

Q. Is your English moving ahead fast enough ?

A. Yes, I think my English is moving ahead fast enough.

Q. Do you think that you have a wonderful future ahead of you ?

A. Yes, I think I have a wonderful future ahead of me.

Q. What is the opposite of ahead ?

A. The opposite of ahead is behind.

When you are walking in the street you pass shops and people.

Q. Do you pass a supermarket on your way home ?

A. Yes, I pass a supermarket on my way home.

Q. Have you ever passed someone you knew in the street without
saying hello ?
A. Yes, I've passed someone I knew in the street without saying hello.

Q. When passing a shop, what kind of things make you stop to take
a look ?
A. When passing a shop, interesting windows displays make me stop to
take a look.

Q. Do you always look at yourself when you pass a mirror ?

A. Yes, I always look at yourself when I pass a mirror.

The verb to pass also means to give something to someone.

Q. Did you ever pass notes to your friends at school ?

A. Yes, I sometimes passed notes to my friends at school.
Q. What do football players pass to each other ?
A. Football players pass a ball to each other.

Q. How is information passed around the world ?

A. Information is passed around the world by satellite or on the Internet.

by

The preposition by has many different meanings. You already know

some of them.

1. ways of traveling
eg. You can go to America by plane from England but you can’t go by
train.

2. how to do something
eg. He lost weight by going swimming every day.
You can practise your English by watching TV.

3. passive voice - to introduce the agent

eg. This letter was written by my lawyer.

57 Unit 6

Here are some other uses of the preposition by.

4. next to / near
eg. When they retired they went to live by the sea.

Q. Would you like to live by the sea ?

A. Yes, I'd like to live by the sea.

Q. What about by a main road ?

A. No, I wouldn't like to live by a main road.

Q. What kind of things are often sold by the side of the road ?
A. Flowers are often sold by the side of the road.

Q. What kind of things do people keep by the telephone ?

A. People keep paper and the pen by the telephone.
5. We often use by with verbs of movement with a similar meaning
to pass.
eg. I walked by that old Church yesterday.

Q. Do you walk by any interesting buildings on your way home ?

A. Yes, I walk by a big church on my way home.

Q. Do you like sitting in cafes and watching people rush by ?

A. Yes, I like sitting in cafes and watching people rush by.

6. Talking about the difference in numbers.

eg. Last year my salary went up by 20%.

Q. Would you be happy if your salary went up by 10% ?

A. Yes, I would be very happy if my salary went up by 10%.

Q. Are you younger than me ?

A. Yes, I'm younger that you.

Q. By about how many years ?

A. By about 5 years.

Q. What is the difference between these two sentences ?

a. Unemployment went up to 10%.
b. Unemployment went up by 10%.
A. 'Unemployment went up to 10%' means unemployment is now 10%
whereas 'Unemployment went up by 10%' means unemployment is 10%
more than it was.

the past perfect (1)

construction: subject + had + past participle

We use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened further in
the past than another action.
NB. We always use the past perfect with another tense (usually the
past simple).
We often use the past perfect with time expressions such as before and
already.
eg. When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
second action first action
I knew her name because I had met her before.
second action first action
Q. Had you ever spoken English to an English person before you
came to this school ?
A. Yes, I had spoken English to an English person before I came to this
school.

Q. Give me an example of some grammar you had never studied

before you came to this school.
A. I had never studied the Second Conditional before I came to this
school.

Q. Had you ever heard of this book before you started studying
here?
A. Yes, I had heard of this book before I started studying here.

Q. Do you know anyone who had driven a car before they were
sixteen ?
A. Yes, my sister had driven a car before she was sixteen.

58 Unit 6

exercise
Put the verbs in brackets ( ) into the right tenses.
1. When (to get to) the pub, our friends (to leave) already.
2. I (to be) half an hour late so when I (to get) to the
cinema, the film (to start) already .
3. I (not to want) to go to the cinema because I (to see) the film
twice before.
4. He (to know) the city very well because he (to visit) many
times before.

n. result v. to result in/from = to cause

A result is the effect of an action.

eg. The accident was the result of bad driving.

Q. What kind of natural disasters are the result of bad weather ?

A. Floods and land slides are the result of bad weather.

Q. What would the result be if my country played your country at

football ?
A. If my country played your country at football, the result would be 2:0
(two: nil) to England.

Q. Have you taken any exams recently ?

A. Yes, I've taken an English exam recently.

Q. Have you had the results yet ?

A. No, I haven't had the results yet.

Q. Do you think that hard work always results in success ?

A. Yes, I think that hard work always results in success.

adv. finally

We use finally to show that an action happened after a long period of

time, usually later than we wanted it to happen.
eg. I finally passed my driving test after failing it twice.
The train was delayed, but it finally arrived an hour late.
We can also use finally to show that an action is the last thing to
happen.
eg. First, boil the vegetables and then add pepper and finally put in the
meat.

Q. Who finally became the president of South Africa after being in

prison for over twenty years ?
A. Nelson Mandela finally became the president of South Africa after
being in prison for over twenty years.

Q. Have you ever taken a really long time to choose a present for
someone ?
A. Yes, I really took a really long time to choose a present for my
mother's last birthday.

Q. What did you finally decide to buy ?

A. I finally decided to buy an expensive watch.

Q. Have you ever had to wait for over half an hour for your food in a
restaurant ?
A. Yes, I've had to wait for over half an hour for your food in a restaurant.

Q. When did it finally arrive ?

A. After about an hour and a half.
 adv. beforehand adv. afterwards

Beforehand and afterwards are similar to the prepositions before and

after.
However, beforehand and afterwards are not followed by a clause and
usually come at the end of a sentence.
compare: I telephoned him before he went on holiday.
He was going on holiday so I telephoned him beforehand.
I found out about his mistake only after he sent the fax.
He sent the fax and I only found out about his mistake afterwards.

Q. When you go on holiday do you always book your hotel

beforehand ?
A. Yes, when I go on holiday I always book my hotel beforehand.

59 Unit 6

Q. When you eat a big meal do you feel sleepy afterwards ?

A. When I eat a big meal do I usuually feel sleepy afterwards.

Q. When doing the shopping, is it a good idea to make a list

beforehand ?
A. Yes, I think when doing the shopping, it's a good idea to make a list
beforehand.

Q. When you take exercise do you feel relaxed afterwards ?

A. When I take exercise, I feel relaxed afterwards.

shall
n. suggestion to make a suggestion

When you make a suggestion, you express an idea or a plan you have.
We often use shall I/we...? when we make a suggestion.
e.g Q. It’s cold. Shall I close the window ?
A. Yes, that’s a good idea.

Q. It is very hot in here. Make a suggestion.

A. Shall I open the window?

Q. We all want to go out for dinner this evening but we don’t know
what kind of restaurant to go to. Make a suggestion.
A. Shall we go a Chinese restaurant?
Q. We don’t know where to meet before dinner. Ask him/her to make
a suggestion.
A. Where shall we meet?

Q. We don’t know what time to meet. Ask him/her to make a

suggestion.
A. What time shall we meet?

will and shall

We use shall I/we to make suggestions when we can influence the

situation.

eg. What time shall we meet this evening ?

(I’m asking you to make a suggestion, however, I can agree or disagree
with you.)

We can only use will I/we when another person is in control and we can’t
influence the situation.
eg. A passenger on a plane might ask: ‘What time will we land in
London?
(The situation is already decided and the passenger has no influence.)
compare these two sentences:
Shall I bring some wine to the party ? - Making a suggestion.
Will I get paid weekly or monthly ? - Asking for information.

phr v. to look forward to + noun/gerund

When we know something will happen in the future and we are happy or
excited
about, we can say I’m looking forward to it.
eg. I’m looking forward to the party next weekend.

Q. Do people usually look forward to the weekend ?

A. Yes, people usually look forward to the weekend.

Q. Do you still look forward to your birthday every year ?

A. Yes, I still look forward to my birthday every year.

Q. Are you looking forward to going back to your country ?

A. No, I'm not looking forward to going back to my country.
Q. Are you looking forward to finishing Book 3 and starting Book 4?
A. Yes, I'm looking forward to finishing Book 3 and starting Book 4.

Q. What kind of things do children look forward to every year ?

A. Children look forward to Christmas and their birthday every year.

Q. Give me an example of something you are:

a. looking forward to.
b. not looking forward to.

Q. Give me an example of something you are looking forward to.

A. I'm looking forward to the weekend.

Q. Give me an example of something you're not looking forward to.

A. I'm not looking forward to traveling on the tube this evening.

A. Choose must, can’t or might(not), depending on how sure you are, to make
judgements from the evidence.
1. It’s 4.00 in the morning in his country.
So, he must be sleeping now. He can't be at work.
2. He’s always completely tired when I see him on the train in the evening.
3. He isn’t answering the phone but I know he’s at home.
4. That book is sold in over one hundred
different countries.
5. Why do they want to look inside my suitcase?
6. It looks like gold, but it can't be made of gold because it’s too light.
7. She has always wanted a son and now she has one.
8. That can't be her husband because he’s on a business trip.
.

B. Must / can’t / might(not) + present

Make judgements about the present using must, can’t or might(not) from the
evidence.
eg. He’s got four houses and ten cars.
He must have lots of money. He can’t be poor.
1. He’s homeless.
2. She isn’t at school today.
3. He’s always in a good mood on his way to work.
4. The streets are dirty when I go home, but they’re always clean when I get up.
5. She’s very quiet today.

C. Use must have, can’t have or might have and put the verb in the right form.
eg. He only got 15% in the exam. He can’t have studied (study) very hard.
Their team won the game 10 - 0. They must have played (play) really well.
1. He didn’t go to the party. He … (be) tired or ill. I’m not sure.
2. My wife didn’t say happy birthday to me this morning. She …
(forget).
3. His car broke down and he had to walk 10 miles. He … (be) very happy.
4. Where is my car? It … (move) by the traffic police. (passive)
5. I saw a dog this morning which looked just like David’s.
It … (be) David’s dog, because it died recently.
6. Where did I leave my keys? - I’m not sure, I … (leave) them in the kitchen.
7. Why is he so late? He left home on time.I don’t know, but his train … delayed (delay)
because of the snow. (passive)

D. Sentence Transformation
Rewrite the first sentence. Use a maximum of five new words, including the word in
brackets, and keep the meaning the same.
e.g. My boss got angry with me for arriving late.
I was told off by my boss for arriving late. (off)
1. A car hit her while she was crossing the road.
(run)
2. I tried calling him at home, so I’m sure he isn’t there.
. (be)
3. There was an advertisement for a teaching job in the newspaper yesterday.
(advertised)
4. All the trains were delayed because the drivers went on strike.
(due)
5. I’m still finding my new timetable a bit strange.
(got)
6. It is possible that the price influenced her choice.
(might)

E. Suggest what should/shouldn’t have been done in these situations.

eg. I’ve got a terrible hangover.
You shouldn’t have drunk so much last night.
1. I’m late for work.
2. I am really sunburnt.
3. I’m really tired.
4. I ran out of petrol on my way to work yesterday.

F. Choose an emphasising word and write put it in the spaces.

such already still only
just yet so
1. Are you …here ? I thought you went home an hour ago.
2. I can’t afford that dress. I … have £150.
3. Haven’t you finished…? You told me it would … take a few minutes.
4. That is … a lovely present. Thank you … much!
5. You should have been here a few minutes ago. He’s … gone out.
6. He started working in the company two months ago but he is … a manager.

G. Choose the right words.

1. No one can say with ..................................... who killed JF Kennedy.
a. sure b. truth c.true d. certainty
2 ...................................... the two wines, I think this one is better.
a. drinking b. opinion c. comparing d. preferring
3. He was driving too fast and ..................................... control of the car.
a. lost b. out of c. took d. couldn’t
4. Dinner is the ..................................... meal of the day for most English families.
a. mainly b. main c. important d. evening
5. The tourists ...................................... the guide around the museum.
a. lead b. asked c. showed d. followed
6. Racing-car drivers try to...................................... each other during the race.
a. pass b. guide c. follow d. lead
7. The government has increased taxes ...................................... 1%.
a. to b. at c. for d. by
8. English university students usually take their exams in June and get their
............................. in August.
a. degrees b. results c. qualifications d. pass

H. Choose the past simple or the past perfect for the verbs in brackets in these
sentences.
1. We … (to not eat) jellyfish before …. (to visit) China.
2. They … (to sell) all the tickets when we … (to get) to the concert.
3. She … (to think) that he … (to be) the most amazing man she … (to meet).
4. I … (to see) such high mountains until I … (to go) to Nepal.
5. He … (to be) a professional boxer for only one year when he … (to win) the
competition.

I. Choose the best word(s)

1. The .......................................... on the front page of the newspaper said ‘Ireland
Wins complete independence.’
a. heading b. title c. headline d. subtitle
2. This one is too strong. I prefer ........................................... cheese.
a. mild b. soft c. weak d. light
3. He had failed his driving test three times when he ................................... passed
last month.
a. already b. finally c. just d. only
4. Our long .......................... plan is to take control of the whole market.
a. time b. future c. term d. distance
5. He came first in the 100m race ........................................... his bad ankle.
a. however b. despite c. although d. even
6. When I take exercise, I feel really relaxed .......................................... .
a. after b. later c. afterwards d. then
7. When children go out alone, they should always tell an adult where they are going
.......................................... .
a. beforehand b. before c. earlier d. early
8. The police said that the accident was the ........................................... of thick fog.
a. due b. because c. cause d. result

J. Sentence Transformations
1. She is very excited about her trip to Thailand.
(forward)
2. Wewereprovidedwithfoodbythelocalpeople.
(us)
3. I am sure he did not pay for the coffee because he didn’t have any money.
(have)
4. It was a bad idea for him to cook sausages for a group of vegetarians.
(have)
5. The fire resulted in $3 million worth of damage.
(was)

K. Make suggestions using shall I / we

1. There is a very good new restaurant near here.
2. We don’t have enough money to get a taxi.
3. This pub is really boring.
4. I don’t know how to use this ticket machine.
5. We have lost our way.
6. We don’t know what time the party starts.

L. Choose one word that can go with the three words.

eg. political ... solar ... nuclear ... power
1. social ... money ... back ... problem
2. ... winter .... cheese ... weather light
3. ... newspaper ... routine ... meal daily
4. transport ... alarm ... education ... system
5. human ... horse ... car ... race
6. in ... out of ... lose ... control
7. ... meal ... road ... course
8. run ... get ... go ... over (phr v.)
M. Look forward to + noun / gerund
eg. I / see you again/summer. I’m looking forward to seeing you again next summer.
1. They / go to France/next month.
2. I not / talk to my bank manager/ this afternoon.
3. We / the party /Saturday.
4. I not / get up/ 6.00am / tomorrow morning.
5. We not / the exam / Friday morning.
 Unit 7
60 Unit 7

adj. fantastic ! adj. wonderful ! adj. amazed/amazing

NB. We never use the word very with these adjectives.

Q. Have you ever had a fantastic holiday ?

A. Yes, I had a fantastic holiday last year.

Q. Where did you go ?

A. I went to Brazil.

Q Would you be amazed if your country won the World Cup ?

A. Yes, I'd be amazed if my country won the World Cup.

Q. Who is the most wonderful person in your life ?

A. My mother is the most wonderful person in my life.

Q. What is the most amazing place you have ever been to ?

A. The most amazing place you have ever been to is the Taj Mahal.

3rd Conditional

construction = if + past perfect + would have + past participle

1. We use the 3rd conditional when we imagine past actions and their
results.

eg. I would have forgotten her birthday, if you hadn’t reminded me.
In this sentence we imagine that the past was different (if you hadn’t
reminded me), and also imagine the result (I would have forgotten).
However, the truth is that I didn’t forget her birthday because you
reminded me.

2. We can use the 3rd conditional to express regret.

eg. If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.

(But I didn’t study hard and I failed the exam.)
3. We can also use it to show that we chose to do one thing instead of
another.
eg. If I hadn’t bought the green dress, I would have bought the red
one.
(I bought the green dress instead of the red dress.)

Q. If you had felt ill this morning, would you have come to school ?
A. If I had felt ill this morning, I wouldn't have come to school.

Q. If you hadn’t studied English, which language would you have

studied instead ?
A. If I hadn’t studied English, I would have studied Spanish instead.

Q. Would your parents have been pleased, if you had failed all your
exams at school ?
A. No, If I had failed all your exams at school, my parents wouldn't have
been pleased.

Q. If you hadn’t come to this school to study English, would you

have met me / him / her ?
A. No, if I hadn’t come to this school to study English, I wouldn't have
met you.

Q. If you had drunk a bottle of whisky last night, how would you
have felt this morning ?
A. If I had drunk a bottle of whisky last night, I would have felt really sick
this morning.

Q. How did you come to school this morning ?

A. I came to school by train this morning.

Q. If there had been a train / bus strike this morning, how would you
have come to school ?
A. If there had been a train strike this morning, I would have come to
school by bus.

61 Unit 7

exercise
Use the information to make a third conditional sentence.
eg. I was late this morning because my car broke down.
I wouldn’t have been late if my car hadn’t broken down.
1. She hit me because I was so rude.
2. We didn’t go on the walk because the weather was awful.
3. The weather was so bad that the plane was delayed.

4. Although I thought about studying Art, I decided to study Geography

instead.
5. There was a break in because we left the window open.

Q. What happens to soldiers who don’t follow orders ?

A. Soldiers who don’t follow orders are punished.

Q. If you were on holiday would you look forward to going back to

work ?
A. No, I wouldn't look forward to going back to work if I were on holiday.

Q. Do you think it would be wonderful if we never grew old or do

you think it might become boring ?
A. I think it might become boring if we never grew old.

Q. If you had to make one prediction about the world in 20 years’

time, what would it be ?
A. If I had to make one prediction about the world in 20 years’ time, it
would be that there would be less crime.

Q. Do you think he/she is optimistic or pessimistic ?

A. I think he is optimistic.

v. to invent* n. invention n. inventor

Q. Can you think of a famous invention ?

A. Yes, the telephone.

Q. Who invented it ?
A. Alexander Bell invented it.

Q. Do you think the computer is the most important invention of the

Twentieth Century ?
A. Yes, I think the computer is the most important invention of the
Twentieth Century.

Q. How did people use to communicate with each other before the
telephone was invented ?
A. People used to communicate with each other by letters before the
telephone was invented.

Q. How would you have traveled very long distances if the

aeroplane had never been invented ?
A. If the aeroplane had never been invented, you'd have traveled very
long distances by ship.

v. to type n. keyboard

Q. What kind of people use a word processor in their job?

A. Secretaries use a word processor in their job.

Q. Is the keyboard in your country the same as the English one ?

A. Yes, the keyboard in my country the same as the English one.

Q. What did people use to type with before computers were

invented ?
A. People used to type with type writers before computers were
invented.

Q. Can you type ?

A. Yes, I can type.

Q. How many words per minute can you type ?

A. I can type about 80 words per minute.

62 Unit 7

v. to store n. hardware / software

Q. What is the difference between hardware and software ?

A. The difference between hardware and software is that hardware is the
machine and software is the information.

Q. Which is the most famous computer software company in the

world ?
A. Microsoft is the most famous computer software company in the
world.

Q. Where does a computer store information ?

A. A computer stores information in its hard-drive.

Q. What kind of animals store food for the winter ?

A. Squirrels store food for the winter.

Q. What kind of things do we store in:

a. a bottle ?
b. a cupboard ?
c. a carboard box ?

Q. What kind of things do we store in a bottle ?

A. We store liquid in a bottle.

Q. What kind of things do we store in a cupboard ?

A. We store food in a cupboard.

Q. What kind of things do we store in a cardboard box ?

A. We store old CD's in a cardboard box.

adv. eventually

Eventually has a similar meaning to finally : we use it to say that an

action happens after a period of time.
eg. After looking for my keys for over 2 hours, I eventually found them
under the sofa.

However, we also use eventually to talk about something that we think

will happen in the future but we aren’t sure when it will happen.
eg. We will have to use different kinds of energy when the world
eventually runs out of oil.
If he keeps coming to work late, he’ll eventually get in trouble with the
boss.
NB. We can’t use eventually in negative sentences.
In the negative we can say‘will never/not ever.’
eg. I do not think doctors will ever find a cure for cancer.
Computers will never be more intelligent than humans.

Q. Will we eventually finish book 3 and start book 4 ?

A. Yes, we'll eventually finish book 3 and start book 4.
Q. Do you think your English will eventually be good enough for
you to become an English teacher ?
A. Yes, I think my English will eventually be good enough for me to
become an English teacher.

Q. What kind of things do you hope you will eventually do in your

life ?
A. I hope I will eventually get married and have children.

Q. Do you think doctors will eventually be able to cure all health

problems ?
A. No, I don't think doctors will ever be able to cure all health problems.

Q. Do you think humans will eventually become extinct ?

A. Yes, I think humans will eventually become extinct.

Q. Will you eventually be rich enough to buy your own private

plane?
A. No, I don't think I will ever be rich enough to buy my own private
plane.

phr v. to keep up with n. technology (uncountable)

If you keep up with a particular subject you know all the most recent
information about it.
eg. I keep up with new fashions by reading all the popular magazines,
such as Vogue and Cosmopolitan.

Q. Give me some examples of modern technology.

A. Mobile phones and the Internet are some examples of modern
technology.

Q. Do you think changes in technology have made our lives better

or worse ?
A. I think changes in technology have made our lives better.

Q. Is it easy for old people to keep up with the changes in

technology ?
A. No, it's difficult for old people to keep up with the changes in
technology.

Q. What kind of things do you try to keep up with ?

A. I try to keep up with the latest international news.

63 Unit 7

Q. Will you keep up with the lesson if you don’t pay attention ?
A. No, I won't keep up with the lesson if I don’t pay attention.

Q. How do people keep up with :

a. the news ?
b. changes in computer technology ?

Q. How do people keep up with the news ?

A. People keep up with the news by reading newspapers.

Q. How do people keeep up with changes in computer technology ?

A. People keep up with changes in computer technology by reading
computer magazines.

the future continuous

construction = will + to be + present participle

We use the future continuous for an action that will be happening at a

particular time in the future.
eg. Shall I ring you at 7 o’clock ?
No, I will be having dinner then, ring me at 9 o’clock instead.
I will be lying on the beach this time next month.

Q. What will you be doing at this time tomorrow ?

A. I will be playing tennis at this time tomorrow.

Q. Do you know what you’ll you be doing at this time next year ?
A. Yes, I will be studying English at this time next year.

Q. What will you be doing at 10 o’ clock tonight ?

A. I will be playing computer games at 10 o'clock tonight.

Q. Will you still be studying English in two years’ time ?

A. Yes, I will still be studying English in two years’ time.

v. to send v. to receive n. message

sent
sent
To receive means the same as to get but it is more formal.

Q. What do people send to their friends and family when they are on
holiday ?
A. People send postcards to their friends and family when they're on
holiday.

Q. What are some of the different ways we can send messages ?

A. We can send messages by email and fax.

Q. What do we call messages that are sent through the internet ?

A. We call messages that are sent through the internet emails.

Q. What do people receive on their birthday ?

A. People receive birthday cards on their birthday.

Q. Have you ever received a card on Valentine’s Day ?

A. Yes, I've received lots of cards on Valentine’s Day.

comparatives using as

1. as + adjective + as
If something is as heavy as something else, they are both the same
weight.
eg. An elephant can be as heavy as a car.

2. as + adverb + as
eg. You should answer questions in an exam as carefully as possible.

Q. Can you think of an animal which is as common as pigeons in

big cities ?
A. Yes, rats are as common as pigeons in big cities.

Q. Do you think that adults sometimes behave as badly as children?

A. Yes, I think that adults sometimes behave as badly as children.

3. However, it is more common to use these constructions in the

negative to show how two things are different.
eg. A Ford is not as fast as a Ferrari.
Lions aren’t as rare as tigers.
64 Unit 7

Q. Is your country as big as China ?

A. No, my country isn't as big as China.

Q. Are you as tall as a basketball player ?

A. No, I'm not as tall as a basketball player.

Q. Is a car as heavy as a lorry ?

A. No, a car isn't as heavy as a lorry.

Q. Can you speak English as well as you speak your own language?
A. No, I can't speak English as well as I speak my own language.

Q. Give me an example of an animal that is not as common as it

used to be.
A. Tigers are not as common as they used to be.

v. to disappoint n. disappointment

If something disappoints you, it is not as good as you had hoped.

If you are disappointed by someone, you are not happy with their
behaviour.

Q. Are children sometimes disappointed by their birthday presents?

A. Yes, children are sometimes disappointed by their birthday presents.

Q. Have you ever really looked forward to something and then been
disappointed by it ?
A. Yes, I really looked forward to the film Star Wars but was disappointed
by it.

Q. Would it be disappointing if you studied really hard for an exam

and then failed ?
A. Yes, it would be really disappointing if you studied really hard for an
exam and then failed.

Q. Have you ever spent a lot of money on a holiday which was a

disappointment ?
A. No, I've never spent a lot of money on a holiday which was a
disappointment.
 adj. suitable adj. unsuitable

If something is suitable, it means it is the right thing to use.

If someone is suitable for a job, it means they have the necessary
qualifications and experience.

Q. What kind of clothes are suitable for a winter holiday in the

mountains ?
A. Warm clothes like coats, jumpers and gloves are suitable for a winter
holiday in the mountains.

Q. What about a summer holiday on the beach ?

A. T-shirts and shorts are suitable for a summer holiday on the beach.

Q. What kind of films are unsuitable for children ?

A. Violent films are unsuitable for children.

Q. What kind of sports are unsuitable for :

a. old people ?
b. children ?

Q. What kind of sports are unsuitable for old people ?

A. Rugby is unsuitable for old people.

Q. What kind of sports are unsuitable for old children ?

A. Formula 1 car racing is unsuitable for children.

Q. What kind of job would be suitable for you ?

A. A policeman would be a suitable job for me.

Q. Are there any jobs that are unsuitable for:

a. men ?
b. women ?

Q. Are there any jobs that are unsuitable for men ?

A. No, I don't think there are any jobs that are unsuitable for men.

Q. Are there any jobs that are unsuitable for women ?

A. No, I don't think there are any jobs unsuitable for women.
 v. to satisfy n. satisfaction n. customer

If you are satisfied with something, you are happy with it because it is
good enough.

Q. Are jobs in factories usually satisfying ?

A. No, jobs in factories aren't usually satisfying.

Q. Are you usually satisfied with just a snack for lunch ?

A. Yes, I'm usually satisfied with just a snack for lunch.

Q. Which do you find more satisfying, a good book or a good film ?

I usually find a good film more satisfying than a good book.

Q. Do you think customer satisfaction is important for all

businesses ?
A. Yes, I think customer satisfaction is important for all businesses.

Q. If a customer is not satisfied with something they have bought,

what do they do ?
A. If a customer isn't satisfied with something they have bought, they
usually take it back to the shop.

65 Unit 7

adj. un/satisfactory adj. excellent adj. perfect

If something is satisfactory, it is good enough.

If something is excellent it is very good.
If something is perfect it is as good as it could possibly be.

Q. Is your English perfect ?

A. No, my English isn't perfect.

Q. Will your English eventually be perfect if you practice enough ?

A. Yes, my English will eventually be perfect if I practice enough.

Q. Can you tell the name of a really excellent film ?

A. Titanic is a really excellent film.

Q. If your exam results were excellent, would you boast about

them?
A. Yes, if my exam results were excellent, I would boast about them.

Q. Have you ever had unsatisfactory service at:

a. a hotel ?
b. a government office ?

Q. Have you ever had unsatisfactory service at a hotel ?

A. No, I've never had unsatisfactory service at a hotel.

Q. Have you ever had unsatisfactory service at a government

office?
A. Yes, I had unsatisfactory service at a government office last week.

n. work (uncountable) n. career

expr. look for work expr. out of work

The difference between a job and work is that a job is the particular
thing you do to earn money, whereas work is the general idea of doing
something to earn money.
Your career is the kind of work you plan to do in your working life.
eg. A career in law or a career in medicine.

Q. Have you planned your career ?

A. Yes, I've planned my career.

Q. What kind of work do you plan to do ?

A. I plan to work in a hospital.

Q. What kind of things can you do if you are looking for work ?
A. If you're looking for work, you can look in newspapers.

Q. Do you have a job ?

A. Yes, I have a job.

Q. Is it hard work ?
A. Yes, it's hard work.

Q. Do you enjoy the work ?

A. Yes, I enjoy the work.

Q. Are a lot of people out of work in your country ?

A. Yes, a lot of people are out of work in my country.

v. to employ adj. self-employed

n. employer n. employee

Q. If you work for a company, are you an employer or an employee?

A. If you work for a company, you're an employee.

Q. Who do you work for if you are self-employed ?

A. If you're self-employed, you work for yourself.

Q. Have you ever been employed in a factory ?

A. No, I've never been employed in a factory.

Q. What kind of companies employ a lot of people ?

A. Big international companies employ a lot of people.

v. to sack (someone) v. to resign (from a job)

If you are sacked, you are forced to leave your job.

If you resign from a job, you choose to leave.

Q. Have you ever resigned from a job ?

A. No, I've never resigned from a job.

Q. For what reasons are people sacked ?

A. People are sacked because they are always late for work.

Q. Is it illegal to sack someone without having a good reason ?

A. Yes, it's illegal to sack someone without having a good reason.

Q. If you were the owner of a company and you caught an employee

stealing, would you sack them ?
A. If I were the owner of a company and I caught an employee stealing, I
would sack them.

66 Unit 7

v. to retire n. retirement n. pension

People retire from work when they get to a particular age, usually about
60 or 65.
A pension is the money you receive from the government or a private
company when you retire.

Q. What is the retirement age for men and women in your country ?
A. The retirement age is 65 both for men and women in my country.

Q. What do you think early retirement means ?

A. I think early retirement means when you retire before the age of 65.

Q. Do you have a government pension ?

A. Yes, I have a government pension.

Q. Is a government pension enough to live on ?

A. No, a government pension isn't enough to live on.

n. voice n. accent
v. to pronounce n. pronunciation

Q. Give me an example of a singer who has a wonderful voice.

A. I think Celine Dion has a wonderful voice.

Q. At about what age does a boy’s voice change ?

A. A boy’s voice changes at about the age of 12.

Q. What accent do you speak English with ?

A. I speak English with a good accent.

Q. Do people from your region have a particular accent ?

A. No, people from my region don't have a particular accent.

Q. Give me an example of an English word you find difficult to

pronounce.
A. I find enthusiastically difficult to pronounce.

Q. Has your pronunciation improved since you came to this

school?
A. Yes, my pronunciation has improved since I came to this school.
 v. to intend (to do something) n. intention

If you intend to do something, you plan to do it.

eg. When I finish university, I intend to travel around the world.

Q. How long have you been studying English ?

A. I've been studying English for 2 years.

Q. How long do you intend to continue ?

A. I intend to continue for another 3 years.

Q. Do you intend to learn English perfectly ?

A. Yes, I intend to learn English perfectly.

Q. What kind of career do you intend to have ?

A. I intend to have a career in law.

Q. What construction do we use to express a future intention ?

A. We use to be going to to express a future intention.

Q. What is the one thing that eventually happens to everyone ?

A. Death is the one thing that eventually happens to everyone.

Q. Is modern technology changing so fast that you can’t keep up

with it ?
A. Yes, modern technology is changing so fast that I can’t keep up with
it.

Q. Are some people never satisfied ?

A. Yes, some people never satisfied.

Q. Why do you think some people decide to change their careers

after many years in the same job ?
A. Some people decide to change their careers after many years in
the same job because they become bored.

67 Unit 7

expr. by accident adv. accidentally

If you do something by accident or accidentally, you don’t intend to do

it.
eg. I took the wrong train by accident.
He accidentally took someone else’s suitcase from the airport.

Q. Have you ever thrown something useful away by accident ?

A. Yes, I've trown a telephone number away by accident.

Q. Have you ever hurt someone’s feelings by accident ?

A. Yes, I've hurt my sister's feelings by accident.

Q. Have you ever accidentally taken the wrong train ?

A. Yes, I accidentally took the wrong train last week.

Q. Where were you trying to go ?

A. I was trying to go to Paris.

Q. Did you get there eventually ?

A. Yes, I got there eventually.

Q. Have you ever accidentally drunk someone else’s drink at a

party?
A. No, I've never accidentally drunk someone else’s drink at a party.

v. to do something on purpose

To do something on purpose is the opposite of to do something by

accident.
eg. I got to work late on purpose in order to miss the meeting.

Q. Have you ever missed a meeting on purpose ?

A. Yes, I've missed a meeting on purpose.

Q. Have you ever made someone angry on purpose ?

A. No, I've never made someone angry on purpose.

Q. Have you ever done something on purpose and then pretended it

was by accident ?
A. No, I've never done something on purpose and then pretended it was
by accident.

adj. clumsy

If you are clumsy, you often drop or break things accidentally.

Q. Are you a clumsy person ?

A. Yes, I'm a clunsy person.

Q. Do clumsy people usually break things on purpose ?

A. No, clumsy people usually break things accidentally.

Q. Would you trust a clumsy person to carry a very valuable vase ?

A. No, I wouldn't trust a clumsy person to carry a very valuable vase.

Q. Do you know anyone who has always been clumsy ?

A. Yes, my father has always been clumsy.

adj. sensible n. common sense (uncountable)

If you are a sensible person it means you make the right decisions and
you can be trusted with important things.
Your common sense is your natural ability to make practical decisions.

Q. Are children always sensible ?

A. No, children are not always sensible.

Q. Are you more sensible now than when you were a teenager ?
A. Yes, I'm more sensible now than when I was a teenager.

Q. What is it sensible to do before:

a. crossing a busy street ?
b. going abroad on holiday ?
c. sunbathing?

Q. What is it sensible to do before crossing a busy street ?

A. It's sensible to look both ways before crossing a busy street.

Q. What is it sensible to do before going abroad on holiday ?

A. It's sensible to buy holiday insurance before going abroad on holiday.

Q. What is it sensible to do before sunbathing ?

A. It's sensible to use suntan lotion before sunbathing.

Q. Could you use your common sense to choose a suitable present

for a very young child ?
A. Yes, I could use my common sense to choose a suitable present for a
very young child.

Q. What would you buy ?

A. I would buy a toy car.

Q. Do you think some people have no common sense ?

A. Yes, I think some people have no common sense.

68 Unit 7

We can also use sensible to describe clothes that are suitable for a
particular situation.

Q. What are the most sensible shoes for:

a. playing tennis ?
b. walking long distances ?

Q. What are the most sensible shoes for playing tennis ?

A. Soft trainers are the most sensible shoes for playing tennis.

Q. What are the most sensible shoes for walking long distances?
A. Thick boots are the most sensible shoes for walking long distances.

Q. What are the most sensible clothes to wear in very cold weather?
A. A thick jumper and a thick coat are the most sensible clothes to wear
in very cold weather.

adj. responsible adj. irresponsible n. responsibility

If you are a responsible person, you are sensible and you can be
trusted with important things.

Q. Are adults more responsible than children ?

A. Yes, adults are usually more responsible than children.

Q. Are you responsible enough to be trusted with a lot of money ?

A. Yes, I'm responsible enough to be trusted with a lot of money.

Q. What kind of people have a lot of responsibility ?

A. Teachers have a lot of responsibility.

Q. Could you cope with the responsibility of looking after a very

young child ?
A. No, I couldn't cope with the responsibility of looking after a very young
child.
Q. Would it be irresponsible to let a young child play with a knife ?
A. Yes, it would be irresponsible to let a young child play with a knife.

v. to be responsible for (someone / something)

(gerund)
If you are responsible for something you are in charge of it.

Q. Who is responsible for running your country ?

A. Tony Blair is responsible for running my country.

Q. Who is responsible for keeping law and order ?

A. The police are responsible for keeping law and order.

Q. Do you think the government should be responsible for helping

the unemployed ?
A. Yes, I think the government should be responsible for helping the
unemployed.

Q. Who do you think is more responsible for a child’s education,

their parents or their teachers ?
A. I think their parents are more responsible for a child's education.

past perfect (2) cause and effect

When we want to show the effects of an action in the past we can usually
use past simple + past simple if the effect happened very quickly after
the cause.

eg. She hit me because I was rude to her.

I cried because the film was very sad.

We often use the past perfect when an action causes or influences

another action but the effect does not happen very quickly and there is a
time gap between the actions.

eg. I broke into my house because I had lost my keys.

second action first action
In the example above, the first action (losing the keys) causes the
second action (breaking into the house) but there is a time gap between
the two actions, so we use past simple + past perfect and not past simple
+ past simple.
compare:
1. My teacher shouted at me because I dropped my coffee.
2. My teacher shouted at me because I hadn’t done my homework
properly.

69 Unit 7

exercise
Choose the past simple or the past perfect for the verbs in brackets.
Remember, each sentence has one verb in the past simple and one in
the past perfect.
1. I wasn't ( not to be) hungry when I got to school because I
(to eat)
breakfast.
2. I (to be) very tired after work yesterday because I (to sleep)
badly the night before.
3. My teacher (to punish) me because I (to not do) my homework.

Q. Have you ever had to break into your house because you had
lost your keys ?
A. No, I've never had to break into my house because I'd lost my keys.

Q. Have you ever bought anything because you had seen it

advertised on television ?
A. Yes, I bought a CD player because I'd seen it advertised on television.

NB. We don’t use the past perfect when actions happen one after
another without influencing each other. Instead, we use the past simple.
eg. Yesterday I finished work at 5 o’clock and then I met my friend at a
restaurant.
After dinner we went for a drink and after that we saw a play at the
theatre,
and later on we went to a nightclub and danced until sunrise.
Compare these sentences :
I ate breakfast before I came to school.
I had eaten breakfast so I wasn’t hungry when I got to school.
We went to the cinema and saw a good film
I didn’t go to the cinema because I had already seen the film.

Q. Would you resign from a well-paid job if you were treated badly
by your employer ?
A. Yes, I would resign from a well-paid job if I were treated badly by my
employer.
Q. Do you think it is worth having a private pension ?
A. Yes, I think it's worth having a private pension.

Q. Why ? / Why not ?

A. Because the government pension might not be enough.

Q. What is the opposite of doing something on purpose ?

A. The opposite of doing something on purpose is accidentally or by
accident.

Q. What do you intend to do when you finish studying English ?

A. I intend to travel around the world when I finish studying English.

Q. Have you ever opened someone else’s letter by accident ?

A. Yes, I opened my sister's letter by accident last week.

Q. Did you read it ?

A. No, I didn't read it.

A. Make sentences with the third conditional, imagining that things were
different
from what really happened.
eg. He didn’t enjoy the party because he didn’t know anyone.
He would have enjoyed the party if he had known someone.
1. He lost his key, so he had to break a window.
2. I missed the start of the film because I didn’t arrive on time.
3. I was very careful, so I didn’t make any mistakes.
4. The police were able to arrest the murderer because they found some important
evidence.
5. She wasn’t allowed to use a calculator, so it took her a really long time.

B. Complete these sentences in the third conditional.

1. I …(not know) about the party if my sister … (not tell) me.
2. If no one … (tell) me about the party, I … (stay) at home.
3. Our team … (win), if we … (play) better.
4. We … (miss) the train, if we … ( not run).
5. She … (not be) so angry if you …(apologise).
C. Choose the right words.
1. One of Eddison’s most famous .......................................... was the electric light.
a. inventions b. inventor c. invent d. invents
2. Some scientists are optimistic that they will ....................................... find a cure for
AIDS.
a. finally b. eventually c. final d. in the future
3. I don’t think doctors will .......................................... find a cure for cancer.
a. finally b. eventually c. never d. ever
4. The best way to ......................................... with new fashions is to read fashion
magazines.
a. keep up b. get up c. stay up d. move up
5. I .................................. dinner a six o’clock tonight.
a. will be having b. will have c. have d. going to have
6. A lion cannot run as fast ................................... a cheetah.
a. than b. as c. that d. of
7. If you ................................... that computer last year it would have cost you twice as
much.
a. have bought b. would buy c. bought d. had bought
8 ................................... we go and see a film tonight ?
a. will b. shall c. why not d. won’t
D. Choose either the future simple, the future intention (be going to) or the
future continuous for these sentences.
1. I think that we … (have to) use solar power when the oil runs out.
2. This product is excellent. It … (make) a lot of money for the company.
3. I … (start) my new job this time next week.
4. It’s not worth going to the cinema. The film … (start) about now.
5. Most people don’t really know what they … (do) in a year’s time.

E. Sentence transformations.
1. A Ferrari is faster than a Jaguar.
(as) A Jaguar is not as fast as a Ferrari.
2. Britain is not as big as France.
(than).
3. Nuclear power is more dangerous than people used to think.
(as)
4. English is not as difficult as most other European languages.
(than)
5. It is quicker to send messages by e-mail than by fax.
(as).

F. Write an example of ...

1. suitable shoes for walking in the mountains. boots
2. a suitable place to store old furniture. basement
3. new technology. iPods
4. a perfect job for you. tourist guide
5. something you intend to do when you finish studying. find a well-paid job
6. a synonym of ‘by accident’.
7. an antonym of ‘by accident’.
8. a word you find difficult to pronounce in English. immediately
9. a famous book or film you found disappointing. War And Peace

G. Write the right word in the space.

1. He looked for work for six months … he found a job in a hotel.
2. … he was out of work he learnt Chinese.
3. He resigned from his job … his boss treated him so badly.
4. He planned his career carefully … by the time he was 45 he had become a
famous doctor.
5. … of the workers/emplyees decided to strike.
6. At the age of fifty, he decided to retire early … spend time with his family.
7. He was late … often that his boss finally decided to sack him.
8. … my father retired, he received a monthly pension from his old company.

I. Choose the right words.

1. I was really looking forward to that film but when I finally saw it I found it really
.................. .
a. disappointed b. disappoint c. disappointing d. disappointment
2. Skiing is not a ................................sport for old people.
a. satisfactory b. suitable c. perfect d. satisfying
3. My brother planned to have a ................................ in law but failed the exams.
a. job b. work c. employment d. career
4. When I finish studying, I................................ to travel around the world.
a. wish b. going c. intend d. am looking forward
5. People from Scotland have got a very strong ............................... .
a. voice b. arms c. accent d. pronunciation
6. If you are................................ you often drop or break things accidentally.
a. idiot b. silly c. clumsy d. sensible
7. If you are going on holiday, it is ................................to get insurance before you
go.
a. stupid b. sensible c. responsible d. irresponsible
8. In my new job, I am responsible ................................advertising.
a. of b. for c. to d. the

J. Use the Past Perfect to show causes/influences of later actions.

eg. He failed the exam because he hadn’t studied very hard.
She had invited so many people to the party that there wasn’t anywhere to sit down.
1. I… (sleep) really well the night before, so I felt fine the next day.
2. She knew my name because she… (see) me many times on TV.
3. I … (never/fly) before, so I was quite frightened.
4. We didn’t see the concert because they … (already/sell) all the tickets when
we arrived at the concert hall.
5. When I met him after work he was tired, because he … (be) busy all day.
6. I had trouble understanding how to use his camera, because I …
(always/use) an automatic one before.
7. She was angry with me, because I … (behave) stupidly the night before.

K. Complete these sentences with the Present Perfect or Past Perfect.

eg. We rushed to the station, but the train had left (leave) when we got there.
He doesn’t feel hungry any more because he … (eat) three bowls of soup.
1. She’s an old friend. I …. (know) her for a really long time.
2. They couldn’t get into the concert because they … (lose) their tickets.
3. I … (see) the film before, so I didn’t enjoy it very much.
4. I won’t go with you to the cinema tonight, because I … (see) that film before.
5. They … (be) in the café for an hour and a half when I arrived.
6. I … (never/meet) you before, but I remember your face from a magazine.
7. No! I’m not lending you my car to drive home! You …(drink) more than ten beers
!

L. (not) as + adjective/adverb + as
eg. He usually drives more slowly than me.
He doesn’t usually drive as quickly as me.
1. I’m younger than her.
2. I cook worse than him.
3. This restaurant is cheaper than that one.
4. I danced better than everybody.
5. Your backpack is lighter than mine.
6. I’m more pessimistic than him.

M. Sentence Transformation. Use the word in brackets to rewrite these

sentences.
eg. The disaster killed hundreds of people.
There were hundreds of deaths due to the disaster. (deaths)
1. I’m sure she wasn’t ill because I saw her dancing at a nightclub.
(can’t)
2. The guide led us across the mountains.
(were)
3. I missed the beginning of the film at the cinema last night.
(already)
4. He burnt the cat with his cigarette because he wasn’t paying attention.
. (would)
6. I find this hot weather really amazing because it’s normally quite cold at this time of
year.
(by)
7. His careless driving nearly caused a serious accident.
(result)
8. We’re very exited about the party on Saturday.
(forward)
 Unit 8
70 Unit 7
v. to amuse v. to amuse yourself

If something amuses you it makes you want to laugh or smile.

If you amuse yourself, you do something to stop yourself getting bored.
eg. On a long flight I amuse myself by reading.

Q. What kind of films amuse you ?

A. Comedies amuse me.

Q. If you were looking after a young child what could you do to

amuse them ?
A. If you were looking after a young child, you could read them a story to
amuse them.

Q. What kind of things do people do to amuse themselves on long

journeys ?
A. People read magazines and listen to music to amuse themselves on
long journeys.

Q. Would you be amused if I fell off my chair ?

A. Yes, I would be amused if you fell off your chair.

adj. amusing adj. hilarious n. comedian

If something is amusing it is quite funny.

If something is hilarious it is very funny.

Q. Give me an example of an amusing film ?

A. Bean The Movie is an example of an amusing film.

Q. Are comedians always amusing ?

A. No, comedians are not always amusing.

Q. Who is one of the most famous comedians in your country ?

A. Benny Hill is one of the most famous comedians in my country.

Q. Do you think he/she is funny ?

A. Yes, I think he's very funny.
Q. Do they sometimes have an amusing story at the end of the news
?
A. Yes, they sometimes have an amusing story at the end of the news.

Q. Have you ever seen a hilarious film ?

A. Yes, I've seen a hilarious film.

Q. What would you do if someone told you a hilarious joke ?

A. I would laugh if someone told me a hilarious joke.

n. programme n. documentary n. reality TV

n. current affairs n. sit-com
n. soap opera

Q. What kind of television programmes do you like watching ?

A. I like watching soap operas.

Q. Does television in your country show a lot of foreign

programmes ?
A. Yes, television in my country shows a lot of foreign programmes.

Q. What is the main subject of current affairs programmes ?

A. The main subject of current affairs programmes is recent news.

Q. What kind of documentaries are shown on television ?

A. Documentaries about wildlife are often shown on television.

n. channel

Q. How many channels are there in your country ?

A. There are 5 channels in my country.

Q. Which is your favourite ?

A. BBC1 is my favourite.

Q. Are there any channels which only show cartoons ?

A. No, there aren't any channels which only show cartoons.

Q. What do we use to change channel ?

A. We use a remote control to change channel.
n. sight n. sound

A sight is something you see.

A sound is something you hear.

Q. Do you think the sun rising over the mountains is a beautiful

sight ?
A. Yes, I think the sun rising over the mountains is a beautiful sight.

Q. Do all birds make a nice sound ?

A. No, not all birds make a nice sound.

Q. Do you like the sound of your alarm clock in the morning ?

A. No, I don't like the sound of my alarm clock in the morning.

Q. What sound does a dog make ?

A. A dog goes woof.

adj. blind adj. deaf

A blind person cannot see.

A deaf person cannot hear.

Q. What can’t a blind person do ?

A. A blind person can't see.

Q. What can’t a deaf person do ?

A. A deaf person can't hear.

Q. How do deaf people communicate ?

A. Deaf people communicate by using sign language.

Q. What kind of animals are often used to guide blind people ?

A. Dogs are often used to guide blind people.

v. to rhyme n. rhyme

When two words rhyme, they end with the same sound.
life - wife cough - off
law - bore chair - wear
paid - made through - shoe
Q. Do lyrics usually rhyme ?
A. Yes, lyrics ususally rhyme.

Q. What about poems ?

A. No, poems don't always rhyme.

Q. Do these words rhyme ?

a. her – hair
A. No.
b. said – paid
A. No.
c. beer – here
A. Yes.
d. food – stood
A. No.
e. angry – hungry
A. No.
f. feet – fit
A. No.
g. zoo – through
A. Yes.
h. eyes – size
A. Yes.

exercise
Write words which rhyme with :
1. fill – 2. – shook
3. sheep – 4. law –
5. walk – 6.– bird
7. cough – 8. through –

n. rhythm

Q. What kind of music usually has a fast rhythm ?

A. Dance music usually has a fast rhythm.

Q. Do you have to have rhythm to be a good dancer ?

A. Yes, you have to have rhythm to be a good dancer.

Q. Does the rhythm of a train make you sleepy ?

A. Yes, the rhythm of a train makes me sleepy.
72 Unit 8

v. to beat n. score

beat
beaten
The verb to beat has three meanings.
1. to win
eg. England usually beat Scotland at football.

Q. Which was the last country to beat yours in football ?

A. Brazil was the last country to beat mine in football.

Q. What was the score ?

A. 3:0 (three: nil) to Brazil.

2. to hit someone / something very hard

Q. Is it legal for teachers to beat children at school in your country

?
A. No, it's illegal for teachers to beat children at school in my country.

Q. Which musical instruments are beaten ?

A. The drums are beaten.

n. heart n. lungs

3. the action of the heart

Q. What parts of the body get damaged by smoking ?*

A. The lungs get damaged by smoking.

Q. What kind of things make your heart beat faster ?

A. Running makes your heart beat faster.

Q. How many times does the heart beat in a minute ?*

A. The heart beats about 60 times in a minute.

phr v. to beat up

If someone beats you up they hit and punch you a lot.

Q. What kind of children beat up smaller children ?

A. Bullies beat up smaller children.

Q. In what kind of sports are people paid to beat each other up ?

A. People are paid to beat each other up in boxing.

n./adj. paranormal n. ghost/spirit

n. monster n. U.F.O.

If we talk about the paranormal or describe something as paranormal

we mean
ideas or things that might exist but which can’t be explained or proved by
science.

Q. Do you believe in the paranormal ?

A. Yes, I believe in the paranormal.

Q. Do you think people are more interested in the paranormal than

they used to be ?
A. Yes, I think people are more interested in the paranormal than they
used to be.

Q. Are children afraid of monsters ?

A. Yes, most children are afraid of monsters.

Q. Give me an example of a famous monster ?

A. King Kong is an example of a famous monster.

Q. Do you believe that it really exists ?

A. No, I don't believe that it really exists.

Q. Have you ever seen a ghost ?

A. No, I've never seen a ghost.

Q. Would you like to see one ?

A. Yes, I would like to see one.

Q. What is a UFO ?
A. A UFO is an Unidentified Flying Object.

Q. Do you think people who say they have seen a UFO are telling
the truth ?
A. No, I don't think people who say they've seen a UFO are telling the
truth.
Unit 8 73

n. the media (uncountable)

Q. What are the different areas of the media ?

A. The different areas of the media are newspapers, television and radio.

Q. Would you like to work in the media ?

A. Yes, I would like to work in the media.

Q. In what area ?
A. In television.

Q. Are any parts of the media controlled by the government in your

country ?
A. Yes, newspapers are controlled by the government in my country.

Q. Which part of the media do you think has the most influence ?
A. I think newspapers and television have the most influence.

v. to criticise n. criticism

If you criticise someone, you make a negative judgement about them.

A criticism is usually a negative judgement.

Q. Do you think criticism is good for children ?

A. No, I don't think criticism is good for children.

Q. Who is often criticised in the newspapers ?

A. Politicians are often criticised in the newspapers.

Q. Why is it worth listening to criticism ?

A. It's worth listening to criticism because you might learn something.

Q. Can criticism sometimes be really useful ?

A. Yes, criticism can sometimes be really useful.

v. to review n. critic / reviewer

To review means to give a professional judgement about a book film or

play.
A critic writes reviews.

Q. Do you read film reviews ?

A. Yes, I sometimes read film reviews.

Q. Do they influence your choice of films ?

A. Yes, they influence my choice of films.

Q. If you could be a critic, what kind of things would you review ?

A. If I could be a critic, I would review new films.

Q. Do you know any films which have been successful despite bad
reviews ?
A. Yes, Titanic has been successful despite bad reviews.

Q. Do you prefer sensible or fashionable clothes ?

A. I prefer sensible clothes.

Q. What are the basic responsibilities of parents ?

A. The basic responsibilities of parents are to look after their children.

Q. Which kind of television programmes amuse you the most ?

A. Sit-coms amuse me the most.

Q. Can your radio receive foreign language programmes ?

A. Yes, my radio can receive foreign language programmes.

adv. even + subject / object

+ verb
We use even for emphasis. It often expresses the fact that something is
unusual or a surprise.
eg. Even English teachers sometimes make spelling mistakes.
All the children got a prize in the spelling competition, even Mark who
didn’t get any right.
Nobody likes my cooking, not even my dog.
He is so rude. He didn’t even say thank you when I gave him his
present.

Q. Which games are so simple that even children can play them ?
A. Board games are so simple that even children can play them.

Q. Do even rich people want to win the lottery ?

A. Yes, even rich people want to win the lottery.

74 Unit 8

Q. Do you think that even computers sometimes make mistakes ?

A. Yes, I think that even computers sometimes make mistakes.

even + comparative

London is a very big city, but some Asian and South American cities are
even bigger.

Q. Can you think of anyone who is even richer than the Queen of
England ?
A. Yes, Bill Gates is even richer than the Queen of England.

Q. What is the hottest country you have ever been t o ?

A. Brazil is the hottest country I've ever been to.

Q. Can you think of a country that is even hotter ?

A. Yes, Egypt is even hotter than Brazil.

Q. Are you worried that there will be even more unemployment and
crime in the future ?
A. Yes, I'm worried that there will be even more unemployment and
crime in the future.

even if

We use even with conditional constructions to show that we will do

something despite having a reason not to do it.

eg. We will go on a picnic even if it is cold and wet.

I would always help my friends even if they were in trouble with the
police.

We usually use even if with negative conditions to show that we won’t do

something despite having a reason to do it.

We can use even if with all the conditional constructions you have
studied.

eg. 0 conditional: I never drink alcohol even if it’s my birthday.

1st conditional: I won’t pass the exam even if I study all night.
2nd conditional: I wouldn’t buy a Rolls-Royce even if I could afford one.
3rd conditional: I wouldn’t have hit him even if he had hit me.

Q. Do you think it is better not to criticise your friends’ taste in

clothes even if it is really bad ?
A. Yes, I think it is better not to criticise your friends’ taste in clothes even
if it's really bad.

Q. Can you have a good time at a party even if you don’t know
anyone ?
A. Yes, you can have a good time at a party even if you don’t know
anyone.

Q. Would you go to your best friend’s wedding even if you felt really
ill ?
A. Yes, I would go to your best friend’s wedding even if I felt really ill.

Q. Do you try to keep up with the news from your country even if
you are living abroad ?
A. Yes, even if I'm living abroad, I try to keep up with the news from your
country.

If you answer negatively to these questions, use even if in your answer.

Q. Would you pay more for your lessons if the furniture were more
comfortable ?
A. No, I wouldn't pay more for my lessons even if the furniture were more
comfortable.

Q. Would you clean my shoes if I paid you ?

A. Even if you paid me, I wouldn't clean your shoes.

Q. Would you dye your hair if you started going grey ?

A. Yes, I would dye my hair if I started going grey.

adj. ordinary adj. special

If something is special it is different, more important or better than usual.

If something is ordinary, it is normal and no different from usual.
eg. English people eat special food at Christmas.
An ordinary English house has two floors and a small garden.
Q. Which days of the year are special ?
A. Christmas Day and my birthday are special days of the year.

Q. What kind of people need special care and attention ?

A. Young children need special care and attention.

Unit 8 75

Q. Are you doing anything special this weekend ?

A. No, I'm not doing anything special this weekend.

Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to :

a. a party ?
b. school ?
c. a job interview ?

Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to a party ?

A. No, I don't wear ordinary clothes to a party.

Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to school ?

A. Yes, I wear ordinary clothes to a school.

Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to a job interview ?

A. No, I don't wear ordinary clothes to a job interview.

Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have:

a. a garage ?
b. an attic ?
c. more than one bathroom ?

Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have a garage ?

A. Yes, ordinary houses in my country have a garage.

Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have an attic ?

A. Yes, ordinary houses in my country have an attic.

Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have more than one

bathroom ?
A. No, ordinary houses in my country don't have more than one
bathroom.

adj. complicated adj. simple

If something is simple it is easy to understand or do.
Complicated is the opposite.

Q. Are computers complicated machines ?

A. Yes, computers are complicated machines.

Q. Do you think they are simple to use ?

A. Yes, I think they're quite simple to use.

Q. Give me an example of:

a. a game with complicated rules
b. a complicated construction in English

Q. Give me an example of a game with complicated rules.

A. Chess is an example of a game with complicated rules.

Q. Give me an example of a complicated construction in English.

A. The Tird Conditional is an example of a complicated construction in
English.

Q. Give me an example of a simple meal.

A. Cheese on toast an example of a simple meal.

Q. Do you agree that the best ideas are often the most simple ?
A. Yes, I agree that the best ideas are often the most simple.

Q. Is running a business more complicated in practice than in

theory ?
A. Yes, running a business is more complicated in practice than in
theory.

Q. Can you think of a game that is so simple that even young

children can play it ?
A. Yes, noughts and crosses is a game that's so simple that even young
children can play it.

n. film industry n. director

n. plot n. special effects

Q. Which place in the USA is famous for its film industry ?

A. Hollywood is famous for its film industry.

Q. Give me an example of:

a. a famous film director.
b. a film director from your country

Q. Give me an example of a famous film director.

A. Steven Spielberg is an example of a famous film director.

Q. Give me an example of a film director from your country.

A. Luc Besson is an example of a film director from my coutry.

Q. What kind of films have a lot of special effects ?

A. Action ans sceince-fiction films have a lot of special effects.

Q. Do action films usually have a complicated plot ?

A. No, action films don't usually have a complicated plot.

Q. Give me an example of a film with :

a. a complicated plot.
b. a simple plot.

Q. Give me an example of a film with a complicated plot.

A. The Usual Suspects is an example of a film with a complicated plot.

Q. Give me an example of a film with a simple plot.

A. Rocky is an example of a film with a simple plot.

Q. If they made a film of your life, would it have a simple or a

complicated plot ?
A. If they made a film of my life, it would have a complicated plot.

v./n. plant n. crop n. lawn n. pitch

Q. What sports are played on a pitch ?

A. Football and cricket are played on a pitch.

Q. Do most gardens have lawns in your country ?

A. Yes, most gardens have lawns in my country.

Q. Have you ever planted any trees or flowers ?

A. Yes, I've planted some flowers.

Q. In what season do farmers plant their crops ?

A. Farmers plant their crops in spring.
Q. What are some common crops in your country ?
A. Carrots and onions are common crops in my country.

76 Unit 8

n. floor n. ground n. ground floor

Q. Where do potatoes grow ?

A. Potatoes grow in the ground.

Q. Which animals live under the ground ?

A. Moles live under the ground.

Q. What is the difference between the floor and the ground ?

A. The difference between the floor and the ground is that the floor is
inside and the ground is outside.

Q. How many floors does this building have ?

A. This building has 3 floors.

Q. Which one are we on ?

A. We are on the second floor.

Q. What can usually be found on the ground floor of a hotel ?

A. The reception can usually be found on the ground floor of a hotel.

v. to lift n. lift n. escalator

Q. Are you strong enough to lift this table ?

A. Yes, I'm strong enough to lift that table.

Q. What kind of animal is strong enough to lift a tree ?

A. An elephant is strong enough to lift a tree.

Q. Is it worth using a lift to go up one floor ?

A. No, it isn't worth using a lift to go up one floor.

Q. Do you wish this building had a lift ?

A. Yes, I wish this building had a lift.

Q. What kind of buildings have escalators ?

A. Department stores often have escalators.
Q. If I asked you for a lift, what would I want ?
A. If you asked me for a lift, you would want me to take you somewhere
in my car.

n. barbecue n. picnic = outdoor meal

upstairs downstairs
indoor(s) outdoor(s)

Q. Are we upstairs or downstairs ?

A. We're upstairs.

Q. What do we call a meal we eat outdoors ?

A. We call a meal we eat outdoors a picnic.

Q. What do we call a meal we cook outdoors ?

A. We call a meal we eat outdoors a barbecue.

Q. What kind of rooms are usually found upstairs in a house ?

A. Bedrooms are usually found upstairs in a house.

Q. Do you know a good place for a picnic near here ?

A. No, I don't know a good place for a picnic near here.

v. to slip* adj. slippery v. to slide n. slide

Q. What is the difference between slip and slide ?

A. The difference between slip and slide is that slip is by accident and
slide is on purpose.

Q. Have you ever slipped over in the street ?

A. No, I've never slipped over in the street.

Q. What kind of animals feel slippery ?

A. Frogs feel slippery.

Q. When is the ground slippery ?

A. The ground is slippery when it's very icy.

Q. What kind of animals slide along the ground ?

A. Snakes slide along the ground.

Q. Where would you find a children’s slide ?

A. You would find a children’s slide in the playground.

77 Unit 8

n. position v. to position

A position is the place where someone or something is.

If you position something, you put it in a particular place.

Q. Why might someone be in a kneeling position ?

A. Someone might be in a kneeling position if they were praying.

Q. If you won a silver medal in a race, what position would you have
finished in ?
A. If you won a silver medal in a race, you would've finished in the
second position.

Q. In what sport do you position the ball carefully before hitting it

with a club ?
A. You position the ball carefully before hitting it with a club in golf.

Q. When you have a dinner party, do you position your guests

carefully ?
A. Yes, when I have a dinner party, I position my guests carefully.

n. level

We use the word level to describe the measurement of something.

eg. You are studying intermediate level English.
The police can check the level of alcohol in your blood.

Q. What level of English are you studying ?

A. I'm studying intermediate level English.

Q. Has your level of English improved since you started studying at

this school ?
A. Yes, my level of English has improved since I started studying at this
school.

Q. Are there any cities in your country that have dangerous levels
of air pollution ?
A. Yes, Rome has dangerous levels of air pollution.
 adj. level

As an adjective, level means at the same height or position.

Q. Who wins if the scores are level at the end of a football match ?
A. Noone wins if the scores are level at the end of a football match.

Q. Are pavements usually level with the road ?

A. No, pavements aren't usually level with the road.

Q. What do these expressions mean ?

a. sea level
A. Sea level means the average level of the sea.
b. eye-level
A. Eye-level means the level of the eyes.
c. level-headed
A. Level-headed means sensible or calm.
by (2)

When we say that an action happened by a particular time, it will happen

no later
than that time.
eg. If you send the letter today, it will get there by Monday. (It might get
there
before Monday, but not later.)
By the age of ten, Mozart was a famous musician. (When he was ten he
was
already famous.)

Q. Are you usually in bed by midnight ?

A. Yes, I'm usually in bed by midnight.

Q. Are you usually awake by 8 o’clock ?

A. Yes, I'm usually awake by 8 o'clock.

Q. Have most people stopped growing by the age of twenty ?

A. Yes, most people have stopped growing by the age of twenty.

Q. Can you think of anyone who was already rich by the age of
twenty ?
A. Yes, Michael Jackson was already rich by the age of twenty.
 by the time + clause

eg. By the time you finish your homework, dinner will be ready.
(Your dinner will be ready at about the same time you finish your
homework.)
We were late so by the time we got to the cinema, the film had already
started.

Q. Will it be dark by the time you get home ?

A. Yes, it'll be dark by the time I get home.

Q. Are most people married by the time they are forty ?

A. Yes, most people are married by the time they are forty.

78 Unit 8

Q. Have most babies learnt to talk by the time they are two ?
A. Yes, most babies have learnt to talk by the time they are two.

Q. Do you think that by the time they retire, most people are too old
to enjoy their freedom ?
A. Yes, I think that by the time they retire, most people are too old to
enjoy their freedom.

the future perfect

construction : subject + will + have + past participle

We use the the future perfect to say an action will finish or happen
before a particular time in the future.

We normally use by or by the time with this tense.

eg. If you don’t hurry up the film will have started by the time we get to
the cinema.

I haven’t finished that letter yet but I will have posted it by this evening
so they will have received it by this time next week.

Q. Give me an example of something most people will have done by

the time they are :
a. 18
b. 30
c. 70.

Q. Give me an example of something most people will have done by

the time they are 18.
A. Most people will have tried alcohol by the time they are 18.

Q. Give me an example of something most people will have done by

the time they are 30.
A. Most people will have had a job by the time they are 30.

Q. Give me an example of something most people will have done by

the time they are 70.
A. Most people will have retired by the time they are 70.

Q. Will we have finished this book by the end of the week ?

A. No, we won't have finished this book by the end of the week.

Q. What about by the end of next month ?

A. Yes, I think we will have finished this book by the end of next month.

Q. Will you have completed your course by the end of the year ?
A. I will have completed my course by the end of the year.

exercise
Fill in the gaps using the future perfect.
1. We are planning a big party in July because Paul
(to finish)
his exams by then.
2. The company is doing very well. We (to make) a large profit
by the end of the year.
3. I’m sending the information tonight, so they (to receive) it by
early next week.
4. If we don’t leave now, the film (to start) by the time we get there.

phr v. to be made out of n. iron n. brick

n. concrete n. steel

Q. What kind of things are made out of:

a. bricks ?
b. concrete ?
c. steel ?

Q. What kind of things are made out of bricks ?

A. Houses are made out of bricks.

Q. What kind of things are made out of concrete ?

A. Roads are made out of concrete.

Q. What kind of things are made out of steel ?

A. Bridges are made out of steel.

Q. Do you find that most concrete buildings are ugly ?

A. I find that most concrete buildings are ugly.

Q. What are traditional houses in your country made out of ?

A. Traditional houses in my country are made out of bricks.

Q. What is this building made out of ?

A. This building is made out of bricks.

n. fence n. gate n. lock n. bar

Q. How many locks do you have on your front door ?

A. I have two locks on my front door.

Q. What is the difference between a wall and a fence ?

A. The difference between a wall and a fence is that a wall is usually
made of bricks or concrete and a fence is usually made of wood or
metal.

79 Unit 8

Q. What kind of buildings are protected by a high fence ?

A. Prisons are usually protected by a high fence.

Q. What is the difference between a door and a gate ?

A. The difference between a door and a gate is that a door is usually in a
wall and a gate is usually in a fence.

Q. What kind of buildings have bars across their windows ?

A. Prisons have bars across their windows.
 v. to chase phr v. to run away v. to jump

Q. What kind of animals chase cats ?

A. Dogs chase cats.

Q. What kind of animals are chased by cats ?

A. Mice are chased by cats.

Q. Would you run away from :

a. a cat ?
b. a tiger ?

Q. Would you run away from a cat ?

A. No, I wouldn't run away from a cat.

Q. Would you run away from a tiger ?

A. Yes, I would run away from a tiger.

Q. In which sports is the ability to jump an advantage ?

A. The ability to jump is an advantage in basketball.

Q. In what kind of films are there often car chases ?

A. There are often car chases in action films.

Q. If I said that a loud noise made me jump, what would I mean ?

A. If you said that a loud noise made you jump, you would mean it
frightened you.

v. to block n. block n. hole

If you block a hole up, you put something in it to close it.

eg. They blocked up the hole in the wall with concrete.

Q. In which sport do you hit a ball into a hole in the ground ?

A. You hit a ball into a hole in the ground in golf.

Q. What kind of food has holes in it ?

A. Ring doughnuts and cheese have holes in them.

Q. What can cause:

a. a blocked up sink ?
b. a blocked up nose ?
Q. What can cause a blocked up sink ?
A. Hair and pieces of food can cause a blocked up sink.

Q. What can cause a blocked up nose ?

A. The flu can cause a blocked up nose.

Q. Why would someone block out a bad experience or memory ?

A. Someone would want to block out a bad experience or memory
because they don't want to remember it.

Q. What are the following:

a. an office block ?
A. An office block is a building full of offices.
b. a block of flats ?
A. A block of flats is a building full of flats.
c. a mental block ?
A. A mental block is when you can't remember something for a short
time.

A. Word transformations
Change the word at the end to fit the sentence.
1. You got an excellent mark in your exam ? That’s…! WONDER
2. I can’t understand people who kill animals for…. AMUSE
3. She handed in her … the day after the meeting. RESIGN
4. This work is not…. It will have to be done again. SATISFY
5. There is no problem with your work. It is …. satisfactory. PERFECT
6. In an interview, they are trying to judge your …. for the job. SUITABLE
7. We found the film very….. DISAPPOINT
8. After looking for her flat for two hours, we …. went to a hotel. EVENT

B. Choose the right words.

1. In the UK there are five normal .......................... and more than forty on satellite
television.
a. channels b. programmes c. documentaries d. media
2. The word.......................... rhymes with shoe.
a. though b. through c. goes d. thorough
3. Yesterday, I ..................... * early because I had to go to the station to pick up my
daughter.
a. have got up b. got up c. had got up d. was got up
4. The police are ................................. for keeping law and order.
a. responsible b. sensible c. responsibility d. purpose
5. England were.................................. by Germany in the European Cup semifinal.
a. lost b. scored c. won d. beaten
6. The heart ......................................between 60 and 80 times in a minute.
a. hits b. beats c. rhythms d. scores
7. Ghosts and spirits are examples of the ..................................... .
a. paranormal b. strange c. unusual d. monster
8. If you are on a backpacking holiday, it is best to wear .....................................
shoes.
a. fashionable b. sensible c. silly d. responsible

C. Some of these sentences need the verb ‘to be’.

Make sure you use the right tense where necessary.
1. The police …aware of the problem.
2. I’m sure it…– rain tonight.
3. We … allowed to take two weeks holiday last year.
4. They … often late for school.
5. Two brothers – own the company.
6. If you put the ladder there, it…– fall down.
7. We …. irritated because we had to wait a long time.
8. There …. a man who came to the party – wearing a green suit.
9. We …. disappointed by the students’ results in the exam.
10. People …. often influenced by the media.

D. Complete these conditional sentences with even using the words in

brackets.
eg. I won’t forgive her ......................................... (apologise).
I won’t forgive her even if she apologises.
1. I never wear gloves, even if … (cold).
2. I wouldn’t buy a Rolls-Royce, even if I … it (afford).
3. They still want to go to the park, even if … (rain).
4. You’ll never pass the exam, even if you … (study).
5. I wouldn’t have gone to the party, even if he … me (invite).

E. Give two examples of ...

1. special food people eat at Christmas/New Year. fish, barszcz
2. occasions when you wear special clothes. fancy-dress party, job interview
3. ordinary food from your country. scrambled eggs, toast on becon
4. complicated grammatical constructions. The Third Conditional, Past Perfect
Continuous
5. simple games noughts and crosses, hangman
6. common birds pigeon, sparrow
7. films with a lot of special effects Armageddon, Next

F. Choose the right words.

1. The rules of chess are very ................................... .
a. complicated b. simple c. ordinary d. special
2. Tennis is sometimes played on a ................................... .
a. lawn b. grass c. pitch d. plant
3. The main.................................... on my farm is corn.
a. plant b. plot c. crop d. food
4. A barbecue is a meal cooked ................................... .
a. idoors b. indoor c. outdoors d. outdoor
5. The roads can be very .................................... when it’s cold.
a. slide b. slippery c. ice d. slip
6. The exam was so easy that .................................... the worst students passed.
a. some b. even c. so d. although
7. I ................................... hit anyone, even if they hit me first.
a. would b. will c. won’t d. wouldn’t
8. We went to the cinema and ....................................a good film.
a. have seen b. had seen c. saw d. were seeing

G. Put the verbs below into the correct tense.

1. He usually …(look) forward to his birthday but he isn't ….
(look forward) to it this year because he will be (be) 40.
2. She … (work) here since last February and I …
(think) she … (be) here for the next two or three years.
3. When I …. (travel) home yesterday, I …(meet) an old school friend on the bus. I
…. (see) him again tonight for a chat.
4. The train … (already/leave) when we … (get) to the station and while … (wait)
for the next one, we … (have) dinner in a nearby restaurant.
5. ‘How long have you … (you/wait) to see the doctor ?’ ‘I … (sit)
here for an hour and a half.’
6. While I … (sleep), someone … (break) into the house and
… (steal) my stereo. I … (only live) here for three days.

I. Word Transformations.
1. Sometimes … is good for people. CRITIC
2. Ghosts and UFO’s are examples of the… . NORMAL
3. Snakes are very … animals. SLIP
4. The comedian was so …. that the audience were all laughing. AMUSE
5. A picnic is a meal you eat…. DOOR
6. Margaret Thatcher wrote her … soon after she lost power.
BIOGRAPHY
7. The President of the USA is the most …. person in the world. POWER
8. He was very ….. with the money he won and he spent it in a year.
RESPONSIBLE

J. Use one of the time expressions below to make these sentences make
sense.
by by the time when
1. If I post this letter today, it should arrive by Monday.
2. Mozart was famous all over Europe … the age of ten.
3. Mozart was famous all over Europe …. he was ten.
4. We were so late for dinner that … we got there they were already eating
dessert.
5. I will tell her … I see her tomorrow.
6. …. I am forty, I will be a millionaire.
7. I will have finished this job … next week.

K. Future Perfect Will + have + Past Participle

Put the verbs into the Future Perfect and add a time expression where necessary.
eg. He / be / married / 25 years / next Wednesday.
They will have been married for 25 years by next Wednesday.
1. The film / finish / we / arrive.
2. They / not / finish / the work / Sunday.
3. She / be / here / a year / this December.
4. He / save / over £10,000 / the end of the year.

M. Rewrite the underlined sentences using the word ‘even’.

eg. His dog ate everything in the kitchen. It ate the plants, too.
His dog ate everything in the kitchen, even the plants.
1. Everybody danced at the party. My grandfather danced, too.
2. Nobody liked the dinner. My dog didn’t like it either.
3. The thieves took everything. They took the carpets, too.
4. Everybody helped to clean the car. My two-year-old son helped, too.
5. Nobody in the classroom knows the answer. The teacher doesn’t know, either.
6. When we were on holiday he used a lot of my things. He used my toothbrush too.
 Unit 9
80 Unit 9

n. agreement n. contract

An agreement is a decision made between two people, companies or

countries.
A contract is a written agreement which has to be signed.

Q. Has your country made any agreements with other countries ?

A. No, my country hasn't made any agreements with other countries.

Q. Have you ever made an agreement that you regretted

afterwards?
A. No, I've never made an agreement that I regretted afterwards.

Q. Do people usually sign a contract when they start a new job ?

A. Yes, people usually sign a contract when they start a new job.

Q. Do you always read a contract carefully before you sign it ?

A. Yes, I always read a contract carefully before I sign it.

v. to deal in n. dealer
dealt
dealt
If you deal in something, you buy and sell it.
Some people deal drugs or arms illegally.

Q. Which famous computer company deals in software ?

A. Microsoft deals in software.

Q. What would be a good thing to deal in if you wanted to make

money fast ?
A. If you wanted to make money fast, stocks and shares would be a
good thing to deal in.

Q. Do you think drug dealing is a serious crime ?

A. Yes, I think drug dealing is a serious crime.

Q. What is suitable punishment for drug dealers ?

A. I think imprisonment is a suitable punishment for drug dealers.
Q. What do people deal in at a stock exchange ?
A. People deal in stocks and shares at a stock exchange.

n. deal v. to make a deal

v. to do a deal

Q. Do you think all business deals are honest ?

A. No, I don't think all business deals are honest.

Q. What do business people sign after doing a deal ?

A. Business people sign a contract after doing a deal.

Q. If you paid £10,000 for an old computer, would it be a good deal

or a bad deal ?
A. If you paid £10,000 for an old computer, it would be a bad deal.

phr v. to deal with

If a situation needs attention and you give it your attention, you deal with
it.
eg. A lawyer deals with legal problems.

Q. Who would deal with your legal problems ?

A. A lawyer would deal with your legal problems.

Q. Would you enjoy a job where you had to deal with the public all
day ?
A. No, I wouldn't enjoy a job where I had to deal with the public all day.

Q. How would you deal with:

a. a baby that wouldn’t stop crying ?
A. I would deal with a baby that wouldn’t stop crying by singing to it.
b. a friend who was depressed ?
A. I would deal with a friend who was depressed by buying them a drink.
c. a person who suddenly felt ill ?
A. I would deal with a person who suddenly felt ill by phoning for an
ambulance.

81 Unit 9

Q. Are you good at dealing with problems when you are in a bad
mood ?
A. No, I'm not good at dealing with problems when I'm in a bad mood.

Q. Is it better to deal with bad experiences instead of blocking them

out ?
A. Yes, it's better to deal with bad experiences instead of blocking them
out.

n. speech n. lecture

Q. Have you ever made a speech ?

A. Yes, I have made a speech.

Q. What was it about ?

A. American history.

Q. How many people were listening ?

A. About 50 people were listening.

Q. Who traditionally makes a wedding speech in your country ?

A. The best man and the father of the bride traditionally make a wedding
speech in my country.

Q. Where would you go to hear a lecture ?

A. I would go to university to hear a lecture.

Q. Have you ever fallen asleep during a boring lecture ?

A. Yes, I have fallen asleep during a boring lecture.

n. subject

The subject of a conversation or an article is the thing we are talking or

writing about.

Q. What kind of subjects are popular in women’s magazines ?

A. Fashion and relationships are popular in women’s magazines.

Q. Have you ever written an article ?

A. Yes, I've written an article.

Q. On what subject ?
A. On the problem of homeless people in London.
Q. Do you prefer amusing articles or ones that deal with serious
subjects ?
A. I prefer amusing articles.

Q. Why might someone change the subject of a conversation ?

A. Someone might change the subject of a conversation because they
are very bored.

v. to discuss n. discussion
n. debate

A discussion is talking or writing about a particular subject.

A debate is like a formal argument about a particular subject, often
ending in a vote or a decision.

Q. What kind of subjects are discussed in teenage magazines ?

A. Fashion and relationships are discussed in teenage magazines.

Q. Who do you discuss your most private problems with ?

A. I discuss my most private problems with my best friend.

Q. Do they have political discussions on television ?

A. Yes, they have political discussions on television.

Q. Did you ever have debates at school ?

A. Yes, we often had debates at school.

Q. Do you think political debates are boring ?

A. No, I don't think political debates are boring.

adj. enthusiastic n. enthusiasm

If someone is enthusiastic about something, they show that they find it

very interesting and enjoyable.

Q. Do you think that students learn faster if they have enthusiasm

for the subject ?
A. Yes, I think that students learn faster if they have enthusiasm for the
subject.

Q. Are you as enthusiastic now as you used to be about your

birthday ?
A. No, I'm not as enthusiastic now as I used to be about my birthday.

Q. What do we call someone who follows a particular team or sport

with enthusiasm ?
A. We call someone who follows a particular team or sport with
enthusiasm a fan.

82 Unit 9

adj. keen expr. to be keen on something

expr. to be keen to do something

If you are keen on something, you really enjoy doing it.

If you are keen to do something, you want to do it as quickly as
possible.

Q. What kind of books are you keen on reading ?

A. I'm keen on reading biographies.

Q. What kind of television programmes are children keen on ?

A. Childen are keen on cartoons.

Q. What places in your country are tourists usually keen to visit ?

A. Tourists are usually keen to visit the Eiffel Tower.

Q. Which country are you most keen to visit ?

A. I'm most keen to visit Australia.

Q. Are you keen to finish this book ?

A. Yes, I'm keen to finish this book.

n. addiction n. addict adj. addicted (to)

eg. If you are addicted to smoking you can’t give it up even if you really
try.

Q. Which drugs and medicines can people become addicted to ?

A. People can become addicted to alcohol and nicotine.

Q. What is an alcoholic addicted to ?

A. An alcoholic is addicted to alcohol.
Q. Do you think drug addiction causes serious social problems ?
A. Yes, I think drug addiction causes serious social problems.

Q. If you found out that someone you knew was a drug addict,
would you try to help them ?
A. Yes, if I found out that someone I knew was a drug addict, I would try
to help them.

If someone is very enthusiastic and keen on something we can say they

are addicted.

Q. Do you know anyone who is addicted to :

a. chocolate
A. Yes, my young sister is addicted to chocolate.
b. television
A. Yes, my brother is addicted to television.
c. computer games
A. Yes, I'm addicted to computer games.

n. obsession adj. obsessed (with)

If you are obsessed with something, you can’t stop thinking about it.

Q. What kind of things are teenagers obsessed with ?

A. Teenagers obsessed with relationships and fashion.

Q. What idea is a very jealous person obsessed with in a

relationship?
A. A very jealous person is obsessed with an idea that their girlfriend or
boyfriend is having an affair.

Q. Do you know anyone who is obsessed with money ?

A. No, I don't know anyone who is obsessed with money.

Q. What do we call someone who is obsessed with their

appearance?
A. We call someone who is obsessed with their appearance vain.

v. to wish (2)

Remember, we use wish + subject + past tense to express a regret

about a present situation.
eg. I wish I had enough time to go on holiday.
I will miss you when I move to America. I wish you were coming with
me.
To talk about situations in the past that you regret, we use :
wish + had + past participle
eg. I wish I hadn’t bought this watch, it is always stopping.
I wish I had studied French instead of German at school.

Q. What does someone who has failed an exam wish ?

A. Someone who has failed an exam wishes that they had studied
harder.

Q. Which team do you wish had won the last world cup ?
A. I wish Brazil had won the last world cup.

83 Unit 9

Q. Is there anyone you wish you had never met ?

A. No, there isn't anyone I wish I had never met.

Q. Is there anything you wish you had done when you were
younger?
A. Yes, I wish I had studied harder at school when I was younger.

wish + subject + would

We use this construction when we want something to change but we

know it probably won’t soon.
eg. I wish you would clean the bath after you use it.
I wish it would stop raining.

Q. Do you wish your teachers would speak more slowly ?

A. Yes, I wish my teachers would speak more slowly.

Q. Do you wish your friends would call you more often ?

A. Yes, I wish my friends would call me more often.

Q. Tell us about someone’s annoying habit using the construction

‘wish + would’.
A. I wish my father would stop smoking.

Q. What is the difference between these two sentences :

a. I hope my boss will give me a pay rise.
b. I wish my boss would give me a pay rise.
A. 'I hope my boss will give me a pay rise' means that there is a chance
that he will but 'I wish my boss would give me a pay rise' means it
probably won't happen.

adj. aware to be aware of something

to be aware that + clause

If you are aware of something, you know that it is happening.
eg. He was aware that driving without a seat belt was illegal.
The government is aware of the problem of unemployment.

Q. Are you aware of the rules of this school ?

A. Yes, I'm aware of the rules of this school.

Q. Are young people aware of your country’s traditions ?

A. Yes, young people are aware of my country’s traditions.

Q. Why do people smoke even though they are aware of the

dangers ?
A. People smoke even though they are aware of the dangers because
they are addicted.

Q. Do you think that English people are aware of how difficult

English is for foreigners ?
A. No, I don't think English people are aware of how difficult English is for
foreigners.

Q. Should a computer screen be positioned above the level of your

eyes ?
A. No, a computer screen should be positioned at eye-level.

Q. What kind of buildings have large gates outside ?

A. Famous people's houses have large gates outside.

Q. What kind of animals run away when people go near them ?

A. Foxes and rabbits run away when people go near them.

Q. What kind of people have to get used to making regular

speeches ?
A. Politicians have to get used to making regular speeches.
 v. to represent n. ambassador

eg. An ambassador represents his/her country abroad.

Our company was represented by Andrew Forbes at the meeting.
NB. to represent is often used in the passive voice.

Q. Who represents your country abroad ?

A. An ambassador represents my country abroad.

Q. Have you ever represented your school or university in a

competition ?
A. Yes, I represented my school at cricket.

Q. Who would represent your country at a very high-level

international meeting ?
A. The President would represent my country at a very high-level
international meeting.

84 Unit 9

n. symbol n. sign

A symbol is a simple picture which represents a word, an idea, an

organization or a religion.

eg. The Olympic symbol is five colored circles linked together.

A sign can be found in the street or on a wall in a building. It gives us
information.

eg. A no-smoking sign is usually a cigarette in a red circle with a line

through it.

A sign can also be anything that shows us something is going to

happen.

eg. Dark clouds are usually a sign of rain.

New leaves on trees is usually the first sign of spring.

Q. Can you describe the road sign which tells you that you must
stop at a main road ?
A. Yes, it's a red hexagon with STOP written in white letters.
Q. What are the first signs of :
a. flu ?
A. The first signs of flu are a sore throat and a blocked nose.
b. spring ?
A. The first signs of spring are blossom on the trees and the weather
getting warmer.
c. someone getting angry ?
A. The first signs of someone getting angry are a read face and a loud
voice.

Q. What is the symbol of:

a. the Christian religion ?
A. A cross is the symbol of the Christian religion.
b. peace ?
A. A dove is the symbol of peace.
c. love ?
A. A heart is the symbol of love.

Q. What is the chemical symbol for water ?

A. The chemical symbol for water H2 O.

Q. What kind of people communicate using sign language ?

A. Deaf people communicate using sign language.

n. trademark n. brand name

A trademark is a symbol or words that represent a company.

A brand name is a particular company name such as Levis, Ford or
Coca-Cola.

Q. Which companies have famous trademarks ?

A. MacDonald's and Mercedes Benz have famous trademarks.

Q. Do you prefer any particular brand name when buying:

a. clothes
A. Yes, I prefer Levis when buying clothes.
b. perfume
A. Yes, I prefer Calvin Klein when buying perfume.
c. beer
A. Yes, I prefer Budweiser when buying beer.

Q. Do you think it is worth paying more for famous brand names ?

A. Yes, I think it's worth paying more for famous brand names.
Q. Does this school have a trade mark ?
A. Yes, this school has a trade mark. It's a big letter A.

adv. hardly

Hardly is a negative adverb. We use it to mean almost not or almost

nothing.
eg. The film was so boring that I hardly remember anything. (almost
nothing)
We hardly ever eat in restaurants. (almost never)
Hardly anyone bought a ticket for the party. (almost no one)
NB. Hardly is not the adverb of the adjective hard.
compare: He works hard. (He works a lot.)
He hardly works. (He almost never works.)

Q. Do some people try to lose weight by hardly eating anything ?

A. Yes, some people try to lose weight by hardly eating anything.

Q. Is that the best way ?

A. No, it isn't the best way.

Q. Have you got any clothes you hardly ever wear ?

A. No, I haven't got any clothes that I hardly ever wear.

Q. Have you got any CD’s you hardly ever play ?

A. Yes, I hardly ever play my Celine Dion CD.

Q. If you went to a party and there was hardly anyone there, would
you stay ?
A. No, if I went to a party and there was hardly anyone there, I wouldn't
stay.

85 Unit 9

Q. Would you lend money to someone you hardly knew ?

A. No, I wouldn't lend money to someone I hardly knew.

Q. Give me an example of a place where it hardly ever rains.

A. It hardly ever rains in Africa.
 adj. absolute adj. total
adv. absolutely adv. totally

These words are synonyms of complete and completely.

Q. Do you know anyone whose kitchen is an absolute mess ?

A. Yes, my best friend's kitchen is an absolute mess.

Q. Do you think that it is absolutely necessary to know how to use a

computer in an office job ?
A. Yes, I think it's absolutely necessary to know how to use a computer
in an office job.

Q. If a total stranger smiled at you on a bus, would you smile back ?

A. Yes, if a total stranger smiled at me on a bus, I would smile back.

Q. Have you ever promised to do something and then totally

forgotten about it ?
A. No, I've never promised to do something and then totally forgotten
about it.

perfect continuous tenses

1. You have already studied the present perfect continuous

construction : have + been + present participle

We use this tense to talk about a continuous action that starts sometime
in the past and continues to the present.
eg. They have been waiting for ten minutes.
I’m really tired because I have been playing football all afternoon.

2. the past perfect continuous

construction : had + been + present participle

This tense is used in the past in the same way as the present perfect
continuous is used for the present.
eg. They had been waiting ten minutes when the bus finally arrived.
I had been looking for a job for 6 months when I finally found that job
at MacDonald’s.
NB. Remember, we always use past perfect tenses with another action
in the past.
exercise
Finish these sentences using the past perfect continuous.
1. The streets were wet because
2. I was very late and my friend for an hour when I arrived.
3. He was sacked because he money from his
company.
4. They out/ together for a month when they got
married.

86 Unit 9

Answer these questions using the past perfect continuous.

Q. How long had you been studying English before you came to this
school ?
A. I had been studying English for about 2 years before I came to this
school.

Q. How did you come to school today ?

A. I came to school by bus today.

Q. How long had you been waiting when your bus/train arrived ?
A. I had been waiting for about 10 minutes when my bus arrived.

Q. How long had you been looking for a school when you found this
one ?
A. I had been looking for a school for 2 weeks when I found this one.

3. the future perfect continuous

Construction : will + have + been + verb + ing

We use this tense for an action that continues until a time in the future.
We use the future perfect continuous with time expressions such as
when or by the time + clause.
eg. I’ve been here since 9 o’clock so I will have been working for 8
hours by the time I leave tonight.

exercise
Give some information using the future perfect continuous.
1. My son is getting a lot of good experience at the factory, he …
2. My grandmother … for her operation for two years when she finally
goes into hospital next week.
3. I hope he is not tired, he … for ten hours by the time he arrives.

Q. How long will you have been studying at this school when your
course finally finishes ?
A. I will have been studying at this school for 2 years when my course
finally finishes.

Q. My sister has been working in Japan for 11 months, so how long

will she have been working there by this time next month ?
A. She will have been working there for 1 year by this time next month.

v. to spoil adj. spoilt n. appetite

spoilt
spoilt

If you spoil something you make it unsatisfying or unsuccessful.

eg. The argument between Glen and Paul spoilt the party.
Spoilt children are selfish and impatient because their parents give them
everything they want.

Q. Have you ever spoilt a meal by putting too much salt on it ?

A. Yes, I have spoilt a meal by putting too much salt on it.

Q. What kind of things can spoil a :

a. picnic ?
A. Bad weather can spoil a picnic.
b. holiday ?
A. Bad service at a hotel can spoil a holiday.
c. party ?
A. A fight can spoil a party.

Q. Do you think rich children are more likely to be spoilt than

ordinary ones ?
A. Yes, I think rich children are more likely to be spoilt than ordinary
ones.

Q. Do you usually have a big appetite or a small one ?

A. I usually have a big appetite.
Q. What kind of things can you eat between meals without spoiling
your appetite ?
A. I think you can eat fruit between meals without spoiling your appetite.

87 Unit 9

adj. mature n./adj. grown-up v. to sulk

adj. immature adj. childish

A mature or grown-up person always behaves like an adult.

An immature or childish person behaves like a child sometimes.
To sulk means to behave like an angry child because you can’t get what
you want.

Q. Give me a synonym for adult.

A. Grown-up is a synonym for adult.

Q. What kind of things do children ask grown-ups to help them

with?
A. Children ask grown-ups to help them with their homework.

Q. Do you think sulking is immature ?

A. Yes, I think sulking is immature.

Q. Do grown-ups ever sulk ?

A. Yes, grown-ups sometimes sulk.

Q. Do you ever sulk when you lose an argument ?

A. No, I never sulk when I lose an argument.

Q. Do you think that teenage girls are more mature than teenage
boys ?
A. Yes, I think that teenage girls are more mature than teenage boys.

phr v. to fall out with someone phr v. to make up with

someone

Q. Have you ever fallen out with a good friend ?

A. No, I've never fallen out with a good friend.

Q. Do children often fall out with each other and then make up
again?
A. Yes, children often fall out with each other and then make up again.

Q. Have you ever helped two friends make up after they had had an
argument ?
A. Yes, I've helped two friends make up after they'd had an argument.

Q. Have any famous couples fallen out recently ?

A. Yes, Mick Jagger and Jerry Hall have fallen out recently.

Q. Have they made up yet ?

A. No, I don't think they've made up yet.

v. to serve n. service

Q. Who serves food in a restaurant ?

A. Waiters and waitresses serve food in a restaurant.

Q. What kind of food is often served with hamburgers ?

A. Chips are often served with hamburgers.

Q. If you were unsatisfied with the service in a restaurant who

would you complain to ?
A. If I were unsatisfied with the service in a restaurant, I would complain
to the manager.

Q. What do we mean by:

a. room service ?
A. Room service means food and drinks brought to your hotel room.
b. motorway services ?
A. Motorway services mean places on a motorway where you stop, have
a rest and also get something to eat.

v. to include adj. included adj. including

eg. The price of your hotel room includes breakfast.

When I went to the USA, I visited a lot of famous places including
Disneyland
and the Grand Canyon.

Q. Do prices in supermarkets include tax ?

A. Yes, prices in supermarkets include tax.

Q. What is usually included in the price of a package holiday ?

A. Accommodation and travel are usually included in the price of a
package holiday.

Q. Are batteries usually included when you buy children’s toys ?

A. No, batteries aren't usually included when you buy children’s toys.

adv. immediately

If you do something immediately, you do it without delay.

Q. When you go to bed, do you always fall asleep immediately ?

A. No, when I go to bed, I don't always fall asleep immediately.

Q. When you wake up in the morning do you get out of bed

immediately ?
A. No, when I wake up in the morning, I don't get out of bed
immediately.

Q. Have you ever done something then immediately wished you

hadn’t ?
A. Yes, I kissed my best friend's girlfriend last week.

88 Unit 9

expr. as soon as

As soon as is an expression we use to link two clauses together.

It means ‘immediately after’ or ‘without delay’.

Q. Do you always pay bills as soon as you get them ?

A. No, I don't always pay bills as soon as I get them.

Q. Tell me something you would like to do as soon as possible ?

A. I'd like to go on holiday as soon as possible.

Q. What should you do as soon as you hear a fire alarm ?

A. As soon as you hear a fire alarm, you should look for the nearest exit.

phrasal verbs and expressions with leave

phr v. to leave behind

If you leave something behind, you forget to take it.

Q. What kind of things are often left behind on buses and trains ?
A. Umbrellas and wallets are often left behind on buses and trains.

Q. What would you do if you left your wallet behind in a restaurant ?

A. If I left my wallet behind in a restaurant, I would phone them and ask
them if anyone has found it.

to be left behind sometimes means to be slower or less able than

someone else.

Q. Were there any classes at school where you were left behind by
the other students ?
A. No, there weren't classes at school where I was left behind by the
other students.

Q. What should a student do at this school if they are being left

behind by the rest of the class ?
A. If a student is being left behind by the rest of the class, they should
change their level.

phr v. to leave out expr. to feel left out

When someone or something is left out, it is not included.

Q. If you were planning a trip around the world, which countries

would you include and which would you leave out ?
A. If I were planning a trip around the world, I would include Brazil, China
and Italy and leave out France, Australia and Argentina.

Q. If all your friends had a party and didn’t invite you, would you
feel left out ?
A. If all your friends had a party and didn’t invite me, I would feel left out.

expr. to leave (something/someone) alone n. company

If someone is in a bad mood it is better to leave them alone.

Q. What do people want when they are feeling lonely ?

A. People want company when they're feeling lonely.

Q. If you were feeling depressed, would you prefer to have some

company or to be left alone ?
A. If I were feeling depressed, I would prefer to have some company.

Q. What about if you were in a bad mood ?

A. If I were in a bad mood, I would prefer to be left alone.

Q. In what kind of situation do people like to have company ?

A. People like to have company when they go to the pub.

adj. left expr. to be left (over) n. leftovers

If something is left, it is not used.

If you make too much food for dinner, the extra food is left over.

Q. If you make 10 cakes and 7 are eaten, how many are left ?
A. If you make 10 cakes and 7 are eaten, 3 are left.

Q. If you go on holiday abroad, do you usually have some foreign

currency left over afterwards ?
A. Yes, if I go on holiday abroad, I usually have some foreign currency
left over afterwards.

Q. Is there usually food left over from a dinner party ?

A. Yes, there is usually food left over from a dinner party.

Q. Do you usually throw away leftover food ?

A. Yes, I usually throw away leftover food.

A. Choose the right words.

1. Most tall buildings are made out of ....................................... .
a. brick b. iron c. steel d. concrete
2. There was a wooden .................................. around the garden.
a. wall b. gate c. fence d. bar
3. She used to live in a ................................... of flats but she has moved to a cottage
in the country.
a. group b. building c. block d. floor
4. Cats love to.................................... mice.
a. run away from b. jump c. chase d. fight
5. We have agreed on the deal but we haven’t signed the .......................................
yet.
a. agreement b. dealer c. contract d. paper
6. I had to make a ........................................ at the wedding.
a. speak b. talk c. lecture d. speech
7. After the ........................................ on the new law, the MP’s voted.
a. discussion b. talk c. agreement d. debate
8. They were very keen ................................ sign the contract.
a. on b. to c. for d. when

B. Write two examples of ...

1. things you are keen on doing. riding a bicycle, listening to classical music
2. something you are keen to do in the future. to visit Portugal, to climb Rysy
mountain
3. sports you are enthusiastic about. football, volleyball
4. things people are often addicted to. alcohol, drugs
5. things that people deal in. cars, furniture
6. problems politicians have to deal with. strikes, unemployment
7. things teenagers are often obsessed with. fashion, relationships

C. Use the correct tense after the verb ‘wish’ in these sentences.
1. I wish I … (have) more money, then I could afford that holiday.
2. I wish I … (buy) this watch, it doesn’t work properly.
3. I wish you … (told) yesterday, I could have helped you then.
4. I wish I … (study) harder for the exam, I only got 10%.
5. I wish I … (be) taller.
6. I wish you … (clean up) after you use the kitchen.
7. I wish it …. (stop) raining, then we could go for a picnic.
8. I wish I …. (to book) that holiday earlier, all the hotels are full now.

D. Write a sentence with ‘wish’ to express a regret about the following

situations.
eg. I spent too much money on holiday last month.
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money on holiday last month.
1. He left his wallet on the train.
2. We really didn’t like Sanya, it was a horrible place for a holiday.
3. He signed the contract without reading it.
4. They are very unhappy about their new school but they have already paid for a full
term.
5. They didn’t know that they weren’t allowed to park in that road and they got a fine.
6. A mother is annoyed with her son becuase he keeps throwing dirty clothes on the
floor.
(What does she say to him?)

E. Write the answer to these questions.

1. Describe the symbol of the Olympic Games ? .
2. What do we call the person who represents your country abroad ?
3. What are the first signs of spring ?
4. Describe a no-smoking sign.
5. What is the chemical symbol for water ?
6. What is the symbol for the Christian religion ?
7. What kind of people might use sign language?
8. Give three examples of companies with world-famous trademarks.

F. Choose the right words.

1. He became ........................................to heroin and lost his job.
a. obsessed b. enthusiastic c. keen d. addicted
2. I wish I ....................................... that speech more carefully, it was awful.
a. planned b. have planned c. had planned d. plan
3. He is still ........................................with her even though their relationship finished
two
years ago.
a. obsessed b. enthusiastic c. keen d. addicted
4. The lambs weren’t ....................................... of the wolf as it hid in the grass licking
its lips.
a. known b. sure c. aware d. seeing
5. A star is the........................................ of the Jewish religion.
a. sign b. trademark c. symbol d. represent
6. Levis, Coca-Cola and MacDonald’s are famous ....................................... .
a. symbols b. signs c. brand names d. shops
7. The lecture was so boring that I ........................................ remember anything.
a. almost b. hardly c. nearly d. never
8. The smell of burnt food ........................................ my appetite.
a. cut b. spoilt c. gave d. took

G. Perfect continuous tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the right tenses.
1. I … (wait) for 45 minutes when the dentist finally …(tell) me to come in.
2. My eyes are really hurting because I … (work) at a computer all day.
3. Simon … (live) in Tooting for three years by this time next year.
4. The leaders of the two countries … (discuss) the problem for ten hours when
they finally … (decide) to sign the agreement.
5. We … (write) this book for over a year by the time we …
(finish) it.

I. From the first sentence, write a sentence using wish to express regret and
then another sentence in the third conditional.
eg. He failed all his exams.
(study) He wishes he had studied harder.
If he had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exams.
1. She missed her job interview.
i. (wake up) She wishes she had woken up earlier.
2. He is addicted to smoking.
i. (start) He wishes he hadn't started smoking.
3. She spoilt her appetite.
i. (eat a bar of chocolate) She wishes she hadn't eaten a bar of chocolate.

J. Choose one of the right time clauses below for these sentences.
as soon as by by the time
1. He was totally drunk … he left the pub.
2. Call me … you get home.
3. Most people are quite mature … the age of twenty.
4. … he was 30, he had already been to prison twice.
5. I want this fax sent to the ambassador … possible.
6. He will have been dealing in antique furniture for 40 years … he retires next
year.
7. If you post the letter immediately, it should arrive … next Wednesday.

K. Choose the right words.

1. They.......................................... because Simon was so selfish.
a. fell off b. fell over c. fell out d. fell down
2. Breakfast is .......................................... in the price of the room.
a. included b. including c. free d. served
3. Angela always ......................................... when her parents tell her off.
a. childish b. immature c. spoils d. sulks
4. Simon, take off that stupid hat ..........................................!
a. as soon as b. immediately c. quickly d. already
5. Peter, I wish you .......................................... stop sulking.
a. could b. would c. to d. were
6. Captain Aubrey .................................... sailing for three weeks when he dicovered
the Island.
a. had been b. has been c. will have been d. was
7. When I went to China I saw many beautiful places, ....................................... the
Great Wall and the Forbidden City.
a. as b. included c. such d. including
8. After the fight they made .......................................... with each other.
a. out b. up c. in d. of

L. Complete the sentences with an expression or phrasal verb using the verb to
leave.
1. Everyone was suprised that David Beckman was … of the football team.
2. There is some beer … the party last night.
3. Umbrellas are often … on buses and trains.
4. Some people want to … alone when they are in a bad mood.
5. You will be … by the other students unless you come to school more
regularly.
6. Don’t throw away that … food, I’m going to give it to the rat.
7. Simon always feels … at parties because nobody talks to him.
 Unit 10
89 Unit 10

other another, (the) other and the others

We can use these words before a noun or instead of a noun (ie. as a

pronoun).

1. another is usually used with singular nouns

a. before a noun eg. Q. Would you like another piece of cake ?
b. pronoun A. No thank you, I don’t think I could eat another.

Q. Can you speak another foreign language ?

A. Yes, I can speak Japanese.

Q. Have you ever studied at another English school ?

A. No, I've never studies at another English school.

Q. If you lost your book, would you buy another ?

A. Yes, if I lost my book, I would buy another.

2. the other is used when there is only one more choice or

possibility.

a. before a noun (after the or a possessive adjective)

eg. There are ten English players in the team, the other player is
Swedish.
b. pronoun (after the or a possessive adjective )
eg. Use this phone, the other isn’t working.

Q. Which countries are on the other side of the world from your
country ?
A. Australia and New Zeland are on the other side of the world from my
country.

Q. Are you left-handed or right-handed ?

A. I'm left-handed.

Q. Can you write with the other hand ?

A. No, I can't write with the other hand.
Q. Is one of your feet bigger than the other ?
A. No, myfeet are the same size.

3. others
plural pronoun only (after the or possessive adjective)
eg. I only answered three questions in the exam, the others were too
difficult.

Q. I am one of your teachers, who are the others ?

A. The others are Helen and Martin.

Q. England is a European country, tell me some of the others.

A. Some of the others are Italy, France, Belgium and Germany.

NB. We can say ‘the others’ when we are a talking about the other
people in a group.
eg. I have met Michael and Angela but I don’t know the others.

n. mortgage n. interest n. deposit

A loan for a house is called a mortgage.

Q. Do you own your own house ?

A. No, I don't own my own house.

Q. Can you buy a house with a mortgage in your country ?

A. Yes, you buy a house with a mortgage in my country.

Q. Do you have to pay interest when you borrow money from a bank
?
A. Yes, you have to pay interest when you borrow money from a bank.

Q. In what other situations do you have to pay interest ?

A. You also have to pay interest when you have a credit card.

90 Unit 10

Q. Do you have to pay a deposit before you rent a flat ?

A. Yes, you have to pay a deposit before you rent a flat.

Q. Is it cheaper in the long term to rent or buy a house with a

mortgage ?
A. It's cheaper in the long term to buy a house with a mortgage.
 n. superstition adj. superstitious

If you are superstitious, you believe that certain things happen that
cannot be explained by science or that certain things are lucky or
unlucky.
eg. The number 13 is unlucky.
If you break a mirror it will bring you seven years bad luck.

Q. Are you superstitious ?

A. Yes, I'm very superstitious.

Q. What animals or numbers are people superstitious about in your

country ?
A. People are superstitious about the number 13 and black cats in my
country.

Q. Give me an example of a popular superstition from your

country?
A. An example of a popular superstition from my country is that it's
unlucky to walk under a ladder.

adj. conscious n. consciousness

adj. unconscious

Conscious means awake.

Unconscious means asleep or unaware of what is happening around
you.
If you are conscious of something, you are aware of it.

Q. Are you conscious or unconscious ?

A. I'm conscious.

Q. Have you ever hit your head so hard that you lost
consciousness?
A. No, I've never hit my head so hard that I lost consciousness.

Q. Are you conscious of the danger every time you fly ?

A. Yes, I'm conscious of the danger every time I fly.

Q. Are people usaully conscious or unconscious when they have an

operation ?
A. People are usaully unconscious when they have an operation.

adj. self-conscious

If someone feels self-conscious they feel embarrassed or nervous in

front of other people.

Q. What kind of things make you feel self-conscious ?

A. A spot on my nose makes me self-conscious.

Q. Do you feel self-conscious when you have just had your hair cut
?
A. Yes, I feel self-conscious when I've just had my hair cut.

Q. Would you feel self-conscious if you had to make a speech ?

A. Yes, I would feel self-conscious if I had to make a speech.

n. brain n. the mind adj. mental

The brain is a physical part of your body.

The mind is the conscious part of your brain.

Q. Do you think that the brain is the most complicated part of the
body ?
A. Yes, I think the brain is the most complicated part of the body.

Q. Do you have an artistic or a scientific mind ?

A. I have an artistic mind.

Q. Do you think we completely understand how the mind works ?

A. No, I don't think we completely understand how the mind works.

Q. What kind of things can cause mental problems ?

A. Drugs can cause mental problems.

91 Unit 10

Here are some expressions with the word mind:

expr. to make up your mind = to make a decision

expr. to change your mind = to make a decision then to change it.
Q. Have you made up your mind about what career you want ?
A. No, I haven't made up my mind about what career I want.

Q. Have you ever made an important decision and then changed

your mind afterwards ?
A. No, I've never made an important decision and changed my mind
afterwards.

v. to mind

1. to mind if

We use to mind if to ask someone if a particular situation is a problem

for them.
eg. Do you mind if people smoke while you are eating ?
Would you mind if your teacher was late for class every day ?
NB. If someone asks you a question using to mind, you must answer:
‘No, I don’t mind,’ if you agree.
‘Yes, I (do) mind,’ if you disagree.

Q. Do you mind if people smoke while you are eating ?

A. Yes, I mind if people smoke while I'm eating.

Q. Would your parents mind if you married a foreigner ?

A. No, my parents wouldn't mind if I married a foreigner.

Q. Do you think the public would mind if the government put taxes
up by 10% ? A. Yes, I think the public would mind if the government put
taxes up by 10%.

2. to mind if (polite question)

We use the verb to mind if when we ask someone politely if we can do

something.
eg. Would you mind if I opened the window ?
Do you mind if I smoke ?

Q. Ask me a polite question using to mind + if.

A. Do you mind if I open the window?

3. to mind doing (polite question)

We use to mind + gerund to ask someone to do something in a polite
way.
eg. Would you mind opening the window? (Could you open the window,
please ?)
Would you mind smoking outside?

Q. Ask me a polite question using to mind + gerund.

A. Would you mind helping me with my homework?

expr. I don’t mind. expr. I don’t care.

eg. What would you like to do tomorrow ?

I don’t mind. polite (I am happy to let you choose.)
I don’t care. impolite (I’m not interested in doing anything.)
n. psychology n. psychologist adj. Psychological

Psychology is the study of the mind.

A psychologist studies the mind.

Q. What do we call someone who studies the human mind ?

A. We call someone who studies the human mind a psychologist.

Q. Tell me the name of a famous psychologist.

A. Sigmund Freud is a famous psychologist.

Q. What kind of psychological problems do people suffer from ?

A. People suffer from paranoia and depression.

92 Unit 10

n. conscience

Your conscience is the part of your mind that tells you if what you are
doing is right or wrong.
If someone has a guilty conscience, they feel guilty about something
they have done.

Q. Have you got a guilty conscience at the moment ?

A. No, I haven't got a guilty conscience at the moment.

Q. If you stole something, would you suffer from a guilty

conscience ?
A. Yes, if I stole something, I would suffer from a guilty conscience.
Q. What kind of things give you a guilty conscience ?
A. Breaking other people's things can give you a guilty conscience.

reported speech (2)

We have already studied reported speech. However, it is worth looking

again at the rules for how to change direct speech into reported speech.
Remember: ♦.we use said or told as reporting verbs.

♦.we do not use speech marks (“ ”)

♦.we often change the tense of the sentence
♦.pronouns (I, she etc.) often have to change
♦.expressions of time often have to change

eg. “No one has spoken to me today.” she said.

She told me that no one had spoken to her that day.

Exercise

To practise reported speech again, change these sentences from direct

to reported speech.
1. “I am very angry.” he said.
2. “I will be here tomorrow.” the girl told her mother.
3. “She has eaten all the food again!” he
said.

When we are reporting questions we have to make other changes.

1. to ask

we use this verb instead of to say or tell

2. word order

Some questions begin with verbs (eg. are you ..., have they ...).
When we report questions, the subject goes before the verb, as in a
normal sentence.
eg. “Where are the keys?” she asked.
She asked me where the keys were. (not: where were the keys.)
 “Where would you like to sit?” he asked.
He asked me where I would like to sit.

93 Unit 10

3. do/did

We do not use do or did

eg. “Where do you live?”
He asked me where I lived.

4. if

When there is no question word (such as when, how, what, where, etc.),
we use if.
eg. “Is the photocopier working ?” he asked.
He asked if the photocopier was working.
“Do you like tomato soup?” he asked.
He asked me if I liked tomato soup.

exercise

Report these questions.

1. “What are you doing?” asked Roger.
2. “Is John in?” the man asked..
3. “Do you want to dance?” she asked.
4. “Are you going to San Francisco?” he asked.
5. “What is the time?” she asked them.
6. “Have you read the newspaper?” his mother asked him.

Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with the word what.

A. What is your name?

Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ?

A. He asked me what my name was.
Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with the word where.
A. Where is you bag?

Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ?

A. He asked me where my bag was.

Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with Do you...

A. Do you like French films?

Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ?

A. He asked me if I liked French films.

Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with Are you ...

A. Are you going back to your country soon?

Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ?

A. He asked me if I was going back to my country soon.

n. fear (of something) adj. terrified adj. terrifying

Fear is the noun of afraid

If you are terrified of something, you are really frightened of it.

Q. What is your greatest fear ?

A. My greatest fear is the dark.

Q. What kind of animals are people often terrified of ?

A. People are often terrified of spiders and snakes.

Q. Have you ever had a terrifying experience ?

A. No, I've never had a terrifying experience.

94 Unit 10

n. terror n. terrorist n. terrorism

Terror means great fear.

A terrorist is a person who uses violence and terror, especially for
political reasons.

Q. Have you ever felt real terror ?

A. No, I've never felt real terror.
Q. Are there any terrorist organisations in your country ?
A. Yes, there are some terrorist organisations in my country.

Q. What are they fighting for ?

A. They are fighting for their freedom.

Q. Do you know the names of any foreign terrorist organisations ?

A. Yes, ETA and the Tamil Tigers are the names of some foreign
terrorist organisations.

Q. What would be a mature way to deal with criticism of your work ?

A. A mature way to deal with criticism of my work would be to listen to
the criticism and then try to do better.

Q. And an immature way ?

A. An immature way would be to ignore the criticism.

Q. Do you think that the people from the countryside are more
superstitious than the people from the city ?
A. Yes, I think that the people from the countryside are more
superstitious than the people from the city.

Q. How would you feel if the person you were going to marry
changed their mind ?
A. If the person I was going to marry changed their mind, I would feel
really sad and disappointed.

v. to explode phr v. to blow up n. explosion

To explode is intransitive.
eg. The bomb exploded at 9 o’clock.
To blow up is transitive.
eg. The bomb blew up the building it was hidden in.

Q. What do terrorists use to get what they want ?

A. Terrorists use bombs to get what they want.

Q. Why do old buildings get blown up in a city ?

A. Old buildings get blown up in a city because they are unsafe.

Q. What is the difference between to blow up and to explode ?

A. The difference between to blow up and to explode is that blow up is a
transitive verb and explode is an intransitive verb.
 v. to scream v. to shake
shook
shaken

Q. When do people scream ?

A. People scream when they are really frightened.

Q. Have you ever woken up screaming from a nightmare ?

A. Yes, I have woken up screaming from a nightmare.

Q. When do people’s hands shake ?

A. People’s hands shake when they are frightened or nervous.

Q. When does a dog shake itself ?

A. A dog shakes itself when it's wet.

Q. When does the ground shake ?

A. The ground shakes when there's an earthquake.

v. to shake your head v. to shake hands

Q. What does it mean when someone shakes their head ?

A. It means 'no' when someone shakes their head.

Q. Is it normal to shake hands when you meet someone new in your

country ?
A. Yes, it's normal to shake hands when you meet someone new in my
country.

Q. When doing a business deal, is it better to shake hands or sign a

contract ?
A. When doing a business deal, I think it's better to sign a contract.

95 Unit 10

n. peace adj. peaceful

Q. What is the opposite of war ?

A. The opposite of war is peace.
Q. What organisation tries to find peaceful answers to international
problems ?
A. The United Nations tries to find peaceful answers to international
problems.

Q. Do you know a place that is really peaceful ?

A. Yes, a quiet park is really peaceful.

Q. Do you think there will ever be a time when the whole world will
be at peace ?
A. No, I don't think there will ever be a time when the whole world will be
at peace.

Q. In which cities have terrorists exploded bombs ?

A. Terrorists have exploded bombs in London.

Q. Have you ever screamed during a film at the cinema ?

A. No, I've never screamed during a film at the cinema.

Q. Do you shake your head to say “no” in your country ?

A. Yes, we shake our head to say “no” in my country.

Q. Which is more difficult, to go to war or to make peace ?

A. To make peace is more difficult than to go to war.

A. other/another/the other/the others

1. Don’t sit on that chair, it’s broken. There is … one next to the table.
2. My … teacher said that you were ill.
3. There are no …words you can use, only this one.
4. There will be … train in 10 minutes.
5. There is a newsagent on … side of the street.
6. One of the men was tall, and … one was quite fat.
7. You are nicer than … people in this office.
8. This one is better than all… .
9. Our … car is not as big as this, but it’s more comfortable.
10. We can win this match, so don’t be frightened of … team.

B. Write an example of ...

1. something you need a mortgage to buy. a house
2. a superstition from your country. a black cat, walking under a ladder
3. a country even bigger than the USA. Russia
4. a place even colder than Alaska. The North Pole
5. a reason why someone might feel self-conscious. job interview
6. something you hardly ever do. read car magazines
7. meat often served cold. beef
8. a synonym of the word immature childish

C. Transformation exercises.
Rewrite the sentence using a construction with make.
1. I was angry because the teacher shouted at me.
2. It was such a sad film that I cried.
3. The criminal was forced into the car by the policeman.
4. I was really happy when I got your message.
5. I tidied up my room because my mother told me to.
6. The river has become polluted due to factory waste.

D. Use the right linking word in the following sentences.

1. Captain Aubrey shouted the order … the sailors fired the big guns.
2. I ordered a pizza … I wasn’t hungry.
3. I rang the bell many times, … , nobody answered the door.
4. I’m on a diet…, I’m going to eat this chocolate cake …of the calories.*
5. He stayed up to watch the film even …he had seen it twice before.
6. They had been waiting all day to see the President drive by … of the freezing cold.
7. You are not allowed inside a mosque … you take off your shoes.
E. Complete the following sentences with an expression using the word ‘mind’.
1. He took a long time to …. his … but finally he decided to study German.
2. I am hot. …… if I opened the window?
3. It’s very cold in here, ……closing the window?
4. He knew he had made a bad decision but it was too late ….. his…...
5. ….. if I smoke ? No, I
don't.

F. Rewrite these sentences in reported speech.

1. “You will never pass the exam unless you work hard.”
2. “I have never been to Scotland.”
3. “We are going to discuss the subject of drug addiction.”
4. “I was talking with my friends when my mobile phone started to ring.”
5. ‘I still haven’t made up my mind what job to do.’

G. Rewrite these questions in reported speech.

1. “Where are the keys?” asked the manager.
2. “What are you doing tonight?”
3. “Does this photocopier work ?” the young man asked ?
4. “Is this the way to get to London ?” the tourist asked.
5. “Do you know the way to Liverpool street?” the taxi driver asked me.

I. Choose ‘used to’, ‘to be used+noun/gerund’ or ‘to get used to+noun/gerund’

and put them in the right tense.
1. It took me a long time to ….Chinese food when I lived Hong Kong.
2. I have been doing this job for only a week so I haven't … to it yet.
3. When I was a child, I ….(go) fishing with my father.
4. She …. (drive) on the left when she worked as a taxi driver in London.
5. My father has been a farmer all his life so he ….(get up) early every day.
6. My mother …. (be) a secretary before she got married.
7. Although the secretaries have been using the new computer software for over a
month, they still haven't ….it.

J. Modal verbs in the past.

Complete the following sentences by using a suitable modal verb in the past.
1. This chicken is still raw inside, you ……..(cook) it properly.
2. She’s got a fear of heights so ………(terrific) when you took her up the Eiffel
Tower.
3. I ….. (speak) to Simon at the party, but I can’t remember because I was so drunk.
4. It’s too late now, you … (tell) me earlier.
5. Dinosaurs …(die) because the world’s weather completely changed, or something
else might have killed them.
6. I had my wallet just now so I can't have left it at home, someone …(steal)
it.

K. Choose the right word

1. You usually have to pay a 10% ...................................before you rent
accomodation.
a. loan b. interest c. deposit d. level
2. My sister has always had a.................................. of spiders.
a. fear b. frightened c. scream d. terrorist
3. He lost .................................. after the accident.
a. self-conscious b. conscious c. unconscious d. consciousness
4. People don’t feel pain during an operation because they are
.................................... .
a. self-conscious b. conscious c. unconscious d. consciousness
5. The huge bomb went off in the basement and.............................. the building.
a. exploded b. explosion c. shook d. blew up
6. The word ‘brought’ rhymes with ...................................... .
a. coughed b. through c. sport d. though
7. I was treated by a ......................................... for my fear of heights.
a. psychology b. psychologist c. psychological d. surgeon.
8. After our huge argument, she told me she didn’t ............................ if I lived or died.
a. care b. know c. mind d. think
Modal Verbs Expressing Certainty

Modal verbs to express certainty in the present - must and can.

We use must and can to say we are certain about something because we have
evidence.
i. We use must to say that something is true.
eg. Peter has been off work for a whole week. He must be quite ill.
(I am certain he is quite ill.)
ii. We use cannot or can’t to say that something isn’t true.
eg. Peter can’t be ill because I saw him playing football this morning. (I
am certain he is not ill.)
Modal verbs to express certainty in the past - must and can’t.
We can use must and can’t to express certainty about the past.
construction: must + have + past participle
can’t + have + past participle
eg. I haven’t got my wallet. I must have left it at home.
You can’t have left your wallet at home because you had it in the restaurant.
Modal verbs to express possibility in the past - might.
Might + have + past participle expresses possibility instead of certainty.
eg. He is very late. He must have got lost. = I am certain.
He is very late. His car might have broken down.
(I am not certain but it is a possibility.)
Modal verbs to express obligation in the past - should.
When someone did something badly or in the wrong way in the past, we use
construction should + have + past participle to tell them a better or correct way to do
it.
eg. I didn’t understand how to do that exercise.
You should have asked your teacher.
I hurt my back lifting that wardrobe.
You shouldn’t have tried to move it on your own.

Embedded Questions

Questions after ‘Do you know … ?’

When we ask a question that begins ‘Do you know what/where/how many etc. … ?’,
the
rest of the sentence follows the rules for reported questions:
eg. Q. Do you know where the library is ?
NOT: Do you know where is the library ?
A. Yes, I know where the library is.
No, I don’t know where the library is.
There are other verbs that follow these rules:
understand
eg. Q. Do you understand why we are studying this grammar ?
A. Yes, I understand why we are studying grammar.
find out
eg. Q. How can you find out what someone’s phone number is ?
hear
eg. Q. Did you hear what he just said ?
A. Yes, I heard what he just said.
see
eg. Q. Can you see what is in her bag ?
A. No, I can’t see what is in her bag.
explain
eg. Q. Can you explain what the difference between the past simple and the present
perfect is ?
A. Yes, I can explain what the difference between the past simple and the present
perfect is.