Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris

Tingkat/ : I/II
Semester
Meeting/Teori : 2/T3, T4, T5
Topic : Types of Question, Present Tenses, Building Vocabulary
Day/Date : Wednesday/19 January 2022

Activity 1. English Types of Question

In English, there are four types of questions: general or yes/no questions, special questions
using wh-words, choice questions, and disjunctive or tag/tail questions. Each of these
different types of questions is used commonly in English.
4 Types of Questions in English
In this section, we’ll walk you through each question type and provide real-world examples.
1. General or Yes/No Questions
Common questions that can be answered with a simple “yes” or “no” are logically called
yes/no questions.As a rule, this kind of question relates to the whole sentence, and not to a
separate element of it.
For example:
o Do you like this country?
o Does Jane know about your new job?
o Can I call my sister?
o Is it cold outside?
o Are they ready for the trip?
o Are you hungry?
To ask such general questions, the appropriate rising intonation should be used at the end of
the sentence.
The answer can be a brief “yes” or “no.” Or, a longer answer can be given: “Yes, I do.” “No,
I don’t like this country.” The response to a question depends on the verb used.
Try to remember this formula: answer the question the way it was asked.
If the question begins with a form of the verb “to be” – am, is, are – then answer “Yes, I
am/he is/they are,” or “No, I am not/he isn’t/they aren’t.”
It is similar to auxiliary verbs (do/does, did, will, have/has):
 o Did she clean the room? – Yes, she did/No, she didn’t.
o Have you done your homework? – Yes, I have/ No, I haven’t.
o Will you buy that dress? – Yes, I will/ No, I won’t.

2. Special or Wh-Questions
A special question, as you can guess, uses a certain word at the beginning of the sentence to
ask a specific question. The questions words who, what, where, when, why, how, how many,
etc., are used to begin the question:
o Where is he from?
o When did you come here?
o How did you meet her?
o How many eggs do we need for this cake?
o Whose children are playing in the yard?
Note: that questions about a subject (who? what?) have their own special structure; they do
not require an auxiliary verb, we replace the subject with the question word.
For example:
o We go to the cinema. – Who goes to the cinema?
o The glass is on the table. – What is on the table?
o Most girls here wear skirts. – Who wears skirts here?

You can see that after the question words who and what, the third-person singular form of the
verb should be used.
We use special questions to get specific information. This implies that the answer will be
more detailed.
3. Choice Questions
Choice questions are questions that offer a choice of several options as an answer (you might
recognize them from your exams as multiple-choice questions). They are made up of two
parts, which are connected by the conjunction or.
Choice questions can be either general, open-ended questions or more specific ones. If the
question does not center on the subject of the sentence, a complete answer is needed.
For example:
o Does she like ice cream or sweets? – She likes ice cream.
o Where would you go, to the cinema or the theatre? – I would go to the
cinema.
o Is he a teacher or a student? – He is a student.

However, when the question concerns the subject, the auxiliary verb comes before the second
option. The answer is short:
 o Does she make it or do you? – She does.
o Did they buy that house or did she? – They did

4. Disjunctive or Tag Questions

This type of question is also made up of two parts, where the first part is a positive statement,
and the second part is negative, or vice-versa.
The first part of the sentence defines the expected answer. If the statement is positive, a
positive answer is expected; if the statement is negative, a negative answer is expected.
For example:
o She sent him an invitation, didn’t she? – Yes, she did.
o You aren’t getting married, are you? – No, I am not.
o Jane isn’t in France, is she? – No, she isn’t.
o Our dad will come soon, won’t he? – Yes, he will.
There are also exceptions:
✔ I am going with you, aren’t I? – Yes, you are.
You can’t say, “I am a great person, am I not?” That would be incorrect. Just remember
that when the pronoun “I” is used, the tag is are/aren’t.
Tag questions are only used in conversational speech to clarify information or to confirm or
refute something if there are doubts.

Activity 2. Building Vocabulary.

Practice this conversation!
Nurse : Good morning sir, how are you feeling now?
Patient : Good Morning, I am feeling better than before.
Nurse : That’s really great. You look hale and hearty.
Patient : I just want to know that have you changed my medicine because you gave me only
two medicines in the morning.
Nurse : Yes, seeing the steady improvement in your health, we have reduced your
dosage. And that medicine will be given to you only at night.
Patient : I am a touch relieved after hearing this.
Nurse : You have a blood test right now.
Patient : Blood test for what?
Nurse : To check the level your hemoglobin.
Patient : OK and will that be done empty stomach?
Nurse : Yes, it will done empty stomach.
Patient : What will I get in breakfast after the test?

Nurse : Today you will get oats along with a cup of milk.
Patient : That’s so bland and boring. Can’t you jazz it up a little?
Nurse : Hilarious! Don’t worry you will get a healthy and sumptuous lunch.
Patient : That’s perfect.

VOCABULARY
Words and Phrases 1
▪ Hale and hearty – strong and healthy
▪ Bland – tasteless, uninteresting
▪ Jazz it up – make something more interesting
▪ Sumptuous – good, splendid
▪ how are you feeling now?
▪ I am feeling better than before.
▪ steady improvement in your health
▪ we have reduced your dosage.
▪ I am a touch relieved
▪ To check the level your hemoglobin
▪ empty stomach?
Word and Phrases 2. Say These sentences with correct pronunciation!

1. I’ve got a runny nose today.

2. The broken bone should begin to knit in a few days.
3. I’ve got many little bruises on my hand.
4. A good sun cream will help prevent sunburn.
5. Cold chills moved around her body.
6. Danielle had a backache, but she worked her body hard.
7. Many women experience feelings of nausea during pregnancy.
8. He complained of headaches and dizziness
9. She had about flu over Christmas
10. He had a stomach-ache. He went to the hospital.
11. Aspirin should help reduce the fever.
 12. This was afflicted twice by snakebite.
13. You want to see a doctor about that cough.

Activity 3. Study the rules on Present Tenses!

Present Tenses
There are two tenses in English: past and present. The present tense is used to talk about the
present and to talk about the future.
There are four present tense forms:
Present simple I work
Present continuous I am working
Present perfect I have worked
Present perfect continuous I have been working
1. Present Simple
The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to
describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements. The simple
present tense is simple to form. Just use the base form of the verb: (I take, you take, we take,
they take) The 3rd person singular takes an -s at the end. (he takes, she takes)
The simple present tense is used:
● To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions
and wishes:
✔ I smoke (habit);
✔ I work in London (unchanging situation);
✔ London is a large city (general truth)
● To give instructions or directions:
✔ You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

● To express fixed arrangements, present or future:

✔ Your exam starts at 09.00
● To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as,
until:
✔ He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
NOTE : Be careful! The simple present is not used to express actions happening now.
More Examples:
For habits:
✔ He drinks tea at breakfast.
✔ She only eats fish.
✔ They watch television regularly.

For repeated actions or events

✔ We catch the bus every morning.
✔ It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
✔ They drive to Monaco every summer.
For general truths
✔ Water freezes at zero degrees.
✔ The Earth revolves around the Sun.
✔ Her mother is Peruvian.
For instructions or directions
✔ Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
✔ You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
For fixed arrangements
✔ His mother arrives tomorrow.
✔ Our holiday starts on the 26th March
With future constructions
✔ She'll see you before she leaves.
✔ We'll give it to her when she arrives.
✔ The next train leaves this evening at 17.00.
✔ I'll phone you when I get home.
✔ He is meeting Peter in town this afternoon.
✔ I'll come home as soon as I have finished work.
✔ You will be tired out after you have been working all night.
NOTES: on the simple present, third person singular
In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
✔ he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the
infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
 Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
Example in sentences
✔ He goes to school every morning.
✔ She understands English.
✔ It mixes the sand and the water.
✔ He tries very hard.
✔ She enjoys playing the piano.

2. Progressive Tense
The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to
be + the present participle of the main verb.
(The form of the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)
Affirmative
Subject + to be + base + ing = She is talking.
Negative
Subject + to be + not + base + ing = She is not (isn't) talking
Interrogative
to be + subject + base + ing= Is she talking?
More Examples:
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I am going I am not going Am I going?
You are going You aren't going. Are you going?
He, she, it is going He, she, it isn't going Is he, she, it going?
We are going We aren't going Are we going?
You are going You aren't going Are you going?
They are going They aren't going Are they going?
As with all tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as the time of the action or
event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is
unfinished or incomplete.
The present continuous is used:
 ● to describe an action that is going on at this moment:
✔ You are using the Internet.
✔ You are studying English grammar.
● to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend:
✔ Are you still working for the same company?
● to describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or
prepared:
✔ We're going on holiday tomorrow.
✔ I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight.
✔ Are they visiting you next winter?
● to describe a temporary event or situation:
✔ He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight.
✔ The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.
NOTE: Be careful: Some verbs are not usually used in the continuous form
Verbs that are not usually used in the continuous form
The verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form because they refer to states,
rather than actions or processes.
Senses / perception
to feel*
to hear
to see*
to smell
to taste
Opinion
to assume
to believe
to consider
to doubt
to feel (= to think)
to find (= to consider)
to suppose
to think*
Mental states
to forget
to imagine
to know
to mean
to notice
to recognise
to remember
to understand
Emotions / desires
to envy
to fear
to dislike
to hate
to hope
to like
to love
to mind
to prefer
to regret
to want
to wish
Measurement
to contain
to cost
to hold
to measure
to weigh
Others
to look (=resemble)
 to seem
to be (in most cases)
to have (when it means "to possess")*
Exceptions
Perception verbs (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) are often used with can: I can see... These verbs
may be used in the continuous form but with a different meaning
✔ This coat feels nice and warm. (your perception of the coat's qualities)
✔ John's feeling much better now (his health is improving)
✔ She has three dogs and a cat. (possession)
✔ She's having supper. (She's eating)
✔ I can see Anthony in the garden (perception)
✔ I'm seeing Anthony later (We are planning to meet)
3. Perfect Tense
The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the
action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in
the action itself.
NOTE: BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but
the meaning is probably NOT the same.
The present perfect is used to describe
● An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.
✔ I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
● An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.
✔ She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)
● A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now.
✔ We have visited Portugal several times.
● An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'.
✔ I have just finished my work.
● An action when the time is not important.
✔ He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the result of his reading is important)
NOTE: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple
past. Read more about choosing between the present perfect and the simple past tenses.
● Actions started in the past and continuing in the present
✔ They haven't lived here for years.
✔ She has worked in the bank for five years.
✔ We have had the same car for ten years.
 ✔ Have you played the piano since you were a child?
When the time period referred to has not finished
✔ I have worked hard this week.
✔ It has rained a lot this year.
✔ We haven't seen her today.
● Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.
✔ They have seen that film six times
✔ It has happened several times already.
✔ She has visited them frequently.
✔ We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
● Actions completed in the very recent past (+just)
✔ Have you just finished work?
✔ I have just eaten.
✔ We have just seen her.
✔ Has he just left?
When the precise time of the action is not important or not known
✔ Someone has eaten my soup!
✔ Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
✔ She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.

Read more about using the present perfect with the words "ever", "never", "already", and
"yet", and about using the present perfect with the words "for" and "since".
The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the
auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past
participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see
the
The irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.
Affirmative
Subject +to have +past participle= She has visited.
Negative
Subject +to have + not +past participle= She has not (hasn't) visited.
Interrogative
to have +subject +past participle= Has she visited?
More examples:
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I have walked I haven't walked Have I walked?
You have walked You haven't walked. Have you walked?
He, she, it has walked He, she, hasn't walked Has he, she, it walked?
We have walked We haven't walked Have we walked?
You have walked You haven't walked Have you walked?
They have walked They haven't walked Have they walked?
4. Perfect Progressive
The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before now'
and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in
that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process
may still be going on, or may have just finished.
● Actions that started in the past and continue in the present
✔ She has been waiting for you all day (= and she's still waiting now).
✔ I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (= and I still haven't
finished it).
✔ They have been travelling since last October (= and they're not home yet).
● Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results
✔ She has been cooking since last night (= and the food on the table looks delicious).
✔ It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).
✔ Someone's been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).

Forming the present perfect continuous

The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements:
the present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been), and the present participle of the main
verb (base+ing)
Subject +has/have been +base+ing= She has been swimming
Affirmative:
✔ She has been / She's been running.
Negative:
✔ She hasn't been running.
Interrogative :
✔ Has she been running?
More examples:
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I have been living I haven't been living Have I been living?
You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?
He, she, it has been living He hasn't been living Has she been living?
We have been living We haven't been living Have we been living?
You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?
They have been living They haven't been living Have they been living?
Verbs without continuous forms
With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the simple present perfect instead
(verbs such as: know, hate, hear, understand, want).
✔ I've wanted to visit China for years.
✔ She's known Robert since she was a child.
✔ I've hated that music since I first heard it.
✔ I've heard a lot about you recently.
✔ We've understood everything.

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