DETERMENANTS OF ADOPTION OF IMPROVED BARLEY VARIETIES

BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS: THE CASE OF KELEMMEDA KEBELE.

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE
COLLAGE OF AGRICULTURE
WOLLO UNIVERSITY

BY:

1:ADANE TESFIE

2:BERHANE BEKELE

ADIVISOR: ABDULKERIMM(MA)

FEBRUARY, 2021
DESSIE, ETHIOPIA

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Table of Contents
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVATION........................................................................................................I
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the Study.....................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem....................................................................................................................................2
1.3. Objectives of the Study.......................................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General objective........................................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objectives......................................................................................................................................3
1.5. Significance of the Study.....................................................................................................................................3
1.6. Scope and limitation............................................................................................................................................3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................................................................4
2.1. Definition and Concepts of Adoption..................................................................................................................4
2.2. Concepts of Technological Adoption..................................................................................................................5
2.3. Determinants of Adoption of Technology...........................................................................................................5
2.4. The Nature of Ethiopian Agriculture and Seed systems.....................................................................................6
2.5. Overviews of wheat varieties and Production in Ethiopia..................................................................................7
2.5.1. Wheat consumption in Ethiopia...................................................................................................................9
2.6. Empirical Literatures...........................................................................................................................................9
2.6.1. Empirical studies on the adoption of agricultural technologies.................................................................10
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................................12
3.1. Description of the Study Area...........................................................................................................................12
3.3 Type and source of data......................................................................................................................................14
3.4 method of data collection...................................................................................................................................14
3.5 Method of data analysis......................................................................................................................................14
4. WORKE PLAN AND BUDGET PLAN ..............................................................................................................17
5.REFERENCE.................................................. ..................................................................................................19

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

I
BOPED Bureau of Planning and Economic Development
EARO Ethiopia Agriculture Research Organization
EEA Ethiopian Economics Association
EIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research
ESE Ethiopian Seed Enterprise
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
IPMS Improving Productivity and Market Success of Ethiopian farmers
M.a.s.l Meter above Sea Level
MEDC Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation
MOA Ministry of Agriculture
SARI Southern Agricultural Research Institute

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III
 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study

Agriculture is a core driver of Ethiopia’s economy, supporting 85 percent of the Population’s

livelihoods, and accounting for 46 percent of gross domestic product, and 80 Percent of export
value(IMF, 2016). However, five to seven million people are chronically food insecure. (Dawit,
2010).Increasing agricultural production at the household level is vital to achieve food security
(Degnet and Belay, 2001). Therefore, increasing the production and productivity in a Sustainable
manner could address the problem of food shortage (Habte Mariam, 2004).
As one of the approaches to ensure households food security, the Ethiopian rural development
Policy and strategy document has given weight to follow diversification and specializations in
production systems along with improved access and use of agricultural technologies
(Hailu, 2008).The agricultural production system is mainly rain fed and traditional, which
is Characterized by low input of improved seeds, fertilizer, pesticides and other technologies
(Legesse,2004).
There are different stakeholders participating in the regional improved barley varieties or seed.
Past studies reveal that adoption of improved barley verities has attracted considerable
attention among development economists because the majority of the population of less
developed countries (LDCs) registered less production and productivity in barleyt crops.
system for implementation of farmers based seed/seedling multiplication:, improved barley
verities are being promoted by government. Nevertheless, adoption and intensity of use of
improved barleyt verities are not yet assessed.
Past studies reveal that adoption of improved barley verities has attracted considerable
attention among development economists because the majority of the population of less
developed countries (LDCs) registered less production and productivity in barley verites crops.
In order to solve the less production and productivities of the barley crop, continual
identification of the best and the most suitable to adopt improved barleyt varieties appeared
to be used as essential. Therefore, this research proposal will initiate in identifying
determinates of the adoption of the high yielding varieties with particular reference to
barley crop in kelemmeda.

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1.2. Statement of the Problem

The major challenges facing most of developing countries such as Ethiopia is improving rural as
well as food security and to stimulate underlying food system development. There is an ever-
increasing concern that it is becoming more and more difficult to achieve and sustain the needed
increase in agricultural production based on extensification, because there are limited
opportunities for area expansion. Hence, the solution to food problem would depend on
measures, which help to increase yield through intensification .One of the reasons why farmers
do not use technologies is the deficiencies of extension approaches used in the study area. A
closer look at the different extension approaches reveals that they have been and implemented
without the participation of the people for whom they have been designed (Belay, 2003).
Majority of Ethiopia’s farmers would be used traditional way of agricultural practices. This has
contributed for low productivity of the agricultural sector. To solve these problems,
governmental and non-governmental bodies have made restless efforts to bring about change in
agricultural production system of farmers. They have introduced improved agricultural
technologies like use of fertilizers, high yielding varieties of seeds, improved farm implements,
etc. This indicates that there are different factors directly or indirectly influencing the
adoption of technologies that are believed to bring change in farmers’ productivity (Endrias,
2003 ).
The adoption decision of farmers is usually determined by various factors. In the study
area, for more than ten years they have prompted the new barley varieties; but farmers did not
adopt the improved barley varieties at full package of practices suggested by the research
organization. Their intensity of adoption as well as the adoption of the new barley varieties
among farmers is not known in the study area .Therefore, this study will propose to analyze
determinants of adoption and intensity of use of improved barley varieties technology to fill the
existing knowledge gap.

1.3. Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General objectives
 To identify Determinants of adoption of improved barley varieties by smallholder farmers
in kelemmeda kebele

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1.3.2 Specific objectives
 To identify factors affecting adoption of improved barley varieties among farmers in the
study area.
 To assess the rate of barley technology adopted by smallholder farmers, in kelemmeda
kebele
1.4. Research Question
 What are determinant factors of adoption of improved barley varieties among
farmers in kelemmeda kebele?
 what seems the rate of improved barley variety technology adoption among farmers
in kelemmeda kebele?

1.5. Significance of the Study

All development partners like extension educators, technical assistants, NGOs and other
development agents involved in agricultural development must be aware and understand the
factors affecting the adoption of a new technology and level of adoption of new technology in
order to target and extend appropriate technologies to farmers. It is also important for policy
makers to know the critical factors that could accelerate their use. This could facilitate allocation
of major resources for research, extension and development programs. Hence, this study will
attempt to find out factors affecting adoption of improved barley varieties and its level of
adoption by smallholder farmers’ in the study area. It is expected that this study will serve as a
spring board (facilitator) to undertake detailed and comprehensive studies in another kebeles.

1.6. Scope and limitation

The scope of this study is limited to cover and analyze only those factors influencing adoption
behavior of farmers such as, family size, education of household head, extension contact, age of
household head, experience of farming of household and availability of fertilizer on time.
consequently; its results will have practical validity mainly to areas having similar features with
the selected kebele.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Definition and Concepts of Adoption
Many authors have defined the term adoption at different times. Rogers (2003) defined adoption
as the mental process through which an individual passes from first hearing about an innovation
to final adoption. With regard to this idea, adoption process includes five stages; such as
awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption.
(i) Awareness: A person first learns about a new idea, product or practice. He/ she have only
general knowledge about it and know nothing of its special qualities or its usefulness;
(ii) Interest: At this stage the person is not satisfied with just knowing that the ideas exist. He/
she want more detailed information about what it’s, what it were do and how it were
work;
(iii) Evaluation: He/ she evaluate all the information he/ she have and decide whether the new
idea is good for him/ her;
(iv)Trial: Once he/ she decide that he/ she like the idea, he/ she were give it a trial. This May be
for a long period of time or on a limited scale; and
(V) Adoption: This is the stage where he/ she firmly adopts the idea and then may even
encourage others to do so. He also defines adoption as a decision to continue use of an
innovation. This definition implies that the adopter is satisfied with the innovation.
According to Dasgupta (1989, as cited in Gezahagn, 2008.), define adoption as a decision to
make full use of new ideas as the best course of action available. As they indicate the adoption or
rejection of an innovation is a decision by an individual. If he adopts, he begins using a new
idea, practice, or object and cease using the idea he was using before the innovation.
The term adoption refers to the continued use by individuals or groups of a
recommended idea or practice over a reasonably long period Dasgupta (1989, as cited in
Gezahagn, 2008)

2.2. Concepts of Technological Adoption

Various authors define the term “technology” in a variety of ways. Rogers (2003) uses the words
‘technology’ defines technology as the design for instrumental action that reduces the
uncertainty in the cause-effect relationship involved in achieving a desired outcome.
Technology is assumed to mean a new, scientifically derived, often complex input supplied to
farmers by organizations with deep technical expertise. A more meaningful definition may be

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that a technology is a set of ‘new ideas’. New ideas are associated with some degree of
uncertainty and hence a lack of predictability on their outcome. For a technology to impact on
the economic system, blending into the normal routine of the intended economic system
without upsetting the system’s state of affairs is required. This entails overcoming the
uncertainty associated with the new technologies. It therefore comes as no surprise that several
studies set out to establish what these factors are, and how they can be eliminated (if constraints)
or promoted (if enhancers) to achieve technology adoption.
The technology adoption is defined as the percentage of farmers who have adopted a given
technology. On the other hand, the intensity of adoption is defined as the level of adoption of a
given technological package. Put it in a different way, the number of hectares planted with
improved seed also tested as (the percentage of each farm planted to improved seed) or the
amount of input applied per hectare represent the intensity of adoption of the respective
technologies (Nkonya et al., 1997, cited as Alemitu, 2011). According to Augustine and
Mulugeta, (2005), the importance of adoption study is to quantify the number of
technology users over time and to assess impacts or determine extension requirements that
would help us in monitoring and feedback in technology generation. It also provides further
insights into the effectiveness of technology transfer

2.3. Determinants of Adoption of Technology

Factors determining technology adoption differ from one sector to the other and from one region
to the other in the same sector. Especially, dealing with agricultural technologies where the
sector has its own peculiar characteristics like seasonality of production and its high
dependence on the vagaries of nature’s makes it different from the other sectors.
Moreover, there is a significant difference in terms of the characteristics of agriculture in
developing and developed countries. In developing countries, the agricultural sector is
characterized by its high dependence on natural phenomenon, highly constrained by
Shortage of resources and undertaken by less educated farmers. Adoption levels of improved
technology were measured by the proportion of farmers who adopted such technology in
different areas. While the recommended levels of some technology components, were easily
identified for estimating adoption levels (Ashenafi, 2006).

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A variety of studies are aimed at establishing factors underlying adoption of various
technologies. As such, there is an extensive body of literature on the economic theory of
technology adoption. Several factors have been found to affect technological adoption.
These include government policies, technological change, market forces, environmental
Concerns, demographic factors, institutional factors and delivery mechanism. These can be
categories in to four forces, Such as Market forces:- availability of labor, technology
Resource requirements, cultivated land size, level of expected benefits, and level of effort
required to implement the technology; Social factors:- Age of potential adopter, social
Status of farmers, education level and gender-related aspects, household size, and farming
experience; Management factors:- membership to organizations, the capacity to borrow,
and concerns about environmental degradation and human health of farmers; and
Institutional/technology delivery mechanisms:- information access, extension services, and prior
participation in, and training in pest control practice (Daniel,2002).

2.4. The Nature of Ethiopian Agriculture and Seed systems

The informal seed system under Ethiopian context is defined as seed production and
distribution along with the different actors where there is no legal certification in the
Process. This includes retained seed by farmers, farmer-to-farm seed exchange, cooperative
based seed multiplication and distribution, NGO based seed multiplication and distribution etc.
The formal seed system on the other hand is a system that involves the production and
distribution of basic seed mainly by the research system or certified multipliers (like ESE,
the regional seed Enterprises and also recently licensed private seed companies like ANO and
Agri-Ceft Ethiopia) and the production and distribution of certified seed along with all actors
involved in the production, marketing and regulation DawitAlemu, (2010).
During the 2008 main Maher growing season, it is estimated that at least 95 percent of all Seeds
used were local seeds carried over from the previous harvest either by the farmers Themselves
(through the traditional on-farm selection process whereby the farmer identifies Next year’s seed
stock while it is still maturing in the field and gives it special protection) or by buying from
preferred seed stock kept by other farmers in the same locality (FAO and WFP 2009). The
average contribution of the formal seed sector as a percentage of land covered by seeds from
the formal sector is 4.31 percent with considerable variability among different crops in
2008.

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2.5. Overviews of wheat varieties and Production in Ethiopia

One of the most important inputs in agriculture is seed. Seeds form the foundation of all
agriculture. Without seeds there is no next season’s crop. The genetic traits embodied within
seeds reflect and determine the nature of farming systems dependent on them. The genetic and
physical characteristics of seed determine the productivity in line with the use of other
agricultural inputs and improved cultural practices within the farming system. Trigger yield
increase and lead to improvement in the agricultural production and food security. In order for
seed to act as a catalyst in agricultural transformation, however improved seed has to be made
available to a broad base of farmers on continuing base. Many released varieties have never
been widely disseminated (Rohrbach et al., 2002 as cited in Gezahagn, 2008).
The use of good quality seed of adopted and improved varieties is widely recognized as
productivity. This is even more important in SSA in the view of increasingly available land,
declining soil fertility and ever growing population; those facts increase the importance of
promotion and use of good quality seed as a means to intensify food production.
The potential benefits from the distribution of good quality seed of improved varieties are
enormous, and the availability of quality seed of wide range of varieties and crops to the farmers
is the key to achieve food security in SSA. Enhanced productivity, higher harvest index, reduced
risks from pest and disease pressure, and higher incomes are some of the direct benefits
potentially accrued to the farmers (FAO, 2004).
Basic seed for cereals are produced by respective research centers of EIAR and RARIs, the ESE,
OSE and ASE, and licensed private seed companies. Seed producers are both public and private.
The public seed production is dominated by Ethiopian Seed Enterprise (ESE) and since
2008 regional seed enterprises (RSEs) have come into the picture, at present there are two
RSEs, Oromia Seed Enterprise (OSE) and Amhara Seed Enterprise (ASE). There are about 30
licensed private seed companies mainly involved in the production of seed (Dawit, 2010).
The agricultural research system has been engaged in adaptation and generation of
different improved varieties for most of the cereal crops. Since the start of formal crop
improvement program in early 1950s, there has been strong exchange of cereal germ plasma
especially through a close collaboration with International Agricultural Research Institutes
(CGIAR centers). For example, the Ethiopian wheat and maize improvement programme has

7
been collaborating with the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT),
which has resulted in release of considerable number of varieties.
Direct linkages with National Research Organizations like KARI have also helped the
Germplasma exchange. The emphasis given in the Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable
Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) for importation and adaptation of technologies is in
line with the long ago started effort in the crop improvement programs (MoFED2006)
Wheat is one of the major cereal crops grown in Ethiopia. It is grown in the highlands at
altitudes ranging from 1500 masl to 3000 masl, situated between 6-160 N and 35-420Ehowever,
the most suitable agro-ecological zones for wheat production fall between 1900 and 2700 masl
where the annual rainfall ranges between 600 and 2000 mm. Small-scale farmers who rely on
rainfall and traditional methods of production are the main wheat producers in Ethiopia
(Yealembirhan, 2006).
It is grown successfully under a wide range of soil conditions, but it is best adapted to
fertile, well-drained silt and clay loam soils. It can be also grown successfully under a wide range
of rainfall and temperature conditions. In addition, it can withstand areas quite well; yet it grows
successfully in hot climates if the humidity is not too high. In Ethiopia, there are two types of
wheat grown: bread wheat (Triticumaestivum) and durum wheat (Triticum durum). Durum
wheat is indigenous and the most dominant type of wheat Portuguese explorers in the 18th
century (Hailu et al., 1991, as cited in Getahun, 2003).

2.5.1. Wheat consumption in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, most of wheat grown is made into flour. At household level, the wheat flour is used
for making homemade bread, injera, tella (local bear) and araki (local sprit).
Commercially, it is also used for such products as bread, cakes, and macaroni. Wheat is also
important cash crop, and its straw is used to feed livestock and to construct houses. Wheat is an
important crop commodity in Ethiopia, which could contribute a major part in achieving the
millennium goal of the country, food grain self-sufficiency.
Wheat is one of the chief cereal crops grown in the Ethiopia. It used as a most important source
of carbohydrate in a majority of countries. It contains minerals, vitamins and fats. With a small
amount of animal or legume protein added is highly nitrous. Worldwide, consumption of
wheat has increased rapidly since the early 1960s. For instance, wheat consumption in
developing countries rose by 35% during the period 1963-1976. This is primarily resulted

8
from increased urbanization and an associated shift in tastes and preferences to wheat over
rice and coarse grains, such as maize and sorghum Cereal crops are of great agricultural
importance because they provide the staple food of a large proportion of the world's
population. Wheat is one of the chief cereal crops grown in the Ethiopia. Although their
chemical composition varies widely, cereals are characterized by their high starch content (over
90%), low protein content and low nitrogen extract. Cereals can be ground into flour, processed
into nutritious cereal food or cooked whole. Wheat as a cereal crop is the most important
source of carbohydrate in a majority of countries. It contains minerals, vitamins and fats.
With a small amount of animal or legume protein added is highly nitrous (Curtis, 2002).

2.6. Empirical Literatures

Hence review of empirical studies is important for various reasons. First, it helps to assess the
present state of knowledge of the adoption process. Second, it helps to enhance the interpretation
of empirical models and their results and its implications as against the conceptual or
theoretical models .Adoption is the behavioral choice at a particular time and space while
diffusion is the adoption pattern over time. Agricultural technology adoption has been of
interest to social scientist because of its importance in increasing productivity and
efficiency. The agricultural sector in developing countries has its own special characteristics
(seasonality of production and heavy dependence of production on natural phenomena).It
Summarized the vast amount of empirical literature on adoption and indicated that the
constraints to adoption of a new technology may arise from many sources, such as lack of
credit, inadequate cultivated land size, unstable supply of complementary inputs, limited
access to information, uncertainty and so on (Feder et al., 1999).
As a result, the empirical literature part covered in this paper emphasizes only on adoption
studies undertaken in agricultural sector. This part has two parts; the first deals with
empirical Studies on the adoption agricultural technologies and the second empirical
studies on adoption of improved Barley varieties in Ethiopia.

2.6.1. Empirical studies on the adoption of agricultural technologies

Different authors have emphasized on different factors as a significant determinant of
adoption decision in agricultural technology. Age of the household is usually considered
with the assumption that older farmers were have more knowledge, skill and attitudes

9
with farming which enables them to easily understand and be familiar with the benefits of the
technology better than others. However, with regard to age different studies report different
results. The study conducted on, Mulugeta (1999), on his study on smallholder wheat
technology adoption in Southerner wheat technologies. Similarly, Kidane (2001) factors
influencing adoption of improved wheat varieties in Hawzien woreda of Tigray found that
age is negatively related with farmers’ adoption of improved wheat variety. Also it is
assumed that as farmer age increases the probability of adoption is expected to decrease
because as the farmer’s age increases, it is expected that the farmer becomes conservative
(Techane et al., 2006).
Contrary to this Hailu (2008) reported positive relationship between age and adoption
which enables easy adoption of new technologies. Gender differentials are one of the most
important factors influencing adoption of improved agricultural technologies. Due to long
lasted cultural and social grounds in many societies of developing countries, women have less
access to household resources and also have less access to institutional services. Regarding the
relationship of household’s sex with adoption of agricultural technologies, many previous
studies reported that household’s gender has positive effect on adoption in favour of
males. For example, Mulugeta et al. (2001) reported that gender differentials among the farm a
household was positively influenced adoption and intensity of adoption of fertilizer use.
Similarly, Techane (2002), in his study on determinants of fertilizer adoption in Ethiopia found
that male headed households are more likely to adopt fertilizer than female headed households.
With regard to education, there is a general agreement that education is associated with
adoption because education is believed to increase farmers’ ability to obtain, and analyze
information that helps him to make appropriate judgment and application. The Studies
Conducted Tesfaye et al. (2001) have reported that education had positive relationship with
adoption. Family size is one of the other important household demographic variables
which have influence on farmers’ adoption behavior. Large family size usually implies
availability of labor and information provided that majority or all of the family members are
within the age range of active labor force (15-64 years). In most studies family size had
positive relationship with adoption of improved agricultural technologies.
The study conducted by, Kidane (2001) on the study he conducted on factors influencing
adoption of new wheat varieties in Tigray reported positive and significant relationship of

10
family size with adoption. Contrary to this, Million and Belay (2004) reported that family size
negatively affected adoption of physical soil conservation measures.
Farming experience is another important household related variable that has relationship with
adoption. Longer farming experience implies accumulated farming knowledge and skill which
has contribution for adoption. Many studies supported this argument. Endrias (2003) reported
positive relationship of farming experience in sweet potato production with adoption of
sweet potato varieties. Contrary to this, (Gockowski and Ndoumbe, 2004, cited as in Bayissa,
2010) reported negative relationship of farming experience with adoption of intensive
monocarp, horticulture in southern Cameroon.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of the study area

Kelemmeda is found in Dessie town administrat of Amhara regional state at the south Wollo and
near to wollo university. It is located at latitude of 13 o to north 11 to 41o north and longitudinal
38 o 38 north 40o. 0.55South. Dessie townzuriawereda is located 401km from Addis Ababa. The
study area which is Kelemmedaurkurkebele is bordered by nfaso agerDessie town in the south,
Albero04 ruga in the west, Bormedaorusilase in the north and kurkur Haik in the east
( Kelemmeda urkurkebele office agricultural office, 2021).

3.1.1 Climate

According to the kelemmedaDessie zuriawereda agricultural office in Kurkurkebele office the

average annual temperature is 12-14oc. The maximum temperature occurs during May and the
minimum temperature occurs during October. Rain fall is the most important element of climate
which determines the socioeconomic activities of farmers. Generally according to the
kelemmedaDessie zuriawereda agricultural office , Kurkurkebele has annual rain fall ranging
from 900mm up to 1100mm, the maximum rain fall occurs during August. The minimum rain
fall occurs during May.

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3.1.2 Population

According to Kelemmeda kebele chair man the total population are 5069, male 2463 and female
2605. The population is living in rural areas and dega agro climatic zones (kelemmeda kebele
2021).

3.1.3 Topography

The topography of kelemmeda kebele is characterizes more flat or according to the data
obtained from Kelemmeda kebele office, the elevation of the kebele ranges from 2485-3020
a.s.l.

3.1.4 Soils

According to information obtained from the kelemmedakebele office agricultural office, there
are three types of soils. These are clay, loam and clay loam soils.

3.1.5 Socio economic characteristics

In the kelemmeda kebele , agriculture is the major economic activities that more than 75% of a
kebele Peoples depends. The major characteristic of agriculture in this area is mixed farming
system. Crop production is one of the farming practices that are carried out in the kebele. The
major crop in the area are; barely, peas, wheat, oat, maize and beans. From this barely, wheat
and maize are the dominant ones additionally; livestock production practiced in the area as
agriculture. (kelemmeda kebele office 2021).

3.2 Sample size and sampling technique

This sampling is the one of methods which allows the researcher to study relatively small
number of units representing the whole populations (Sarantnakos, 1998).

12
Kelemmeda kebele wase selected purposively based on barley production potential and
accessibility. This kebele have both adopter and non- adopter farmers. In kelemmeda kebele
sample of adopter farmers are 36 and sample of non-adopter farmers are 58.
Sample size were determined using the formula.

 The sample size for this research proposal were determined using the formula, as
indicated in ( yaman's formula, 2001).
 This study uses the following formula to calculate sample size: n=N/1+N(e) 2

N= Designates the total number of households in that Kebele =1450

e= 0.1 was taken as margin error

n=1450/1+1450(0.1)2 =94.

The above formula shows that the actual sample size for this study is 94, due to time and
budget; the sample size was reduced to 54 respondents.

3.3 Type and source of data

This study uses both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data is obtain by preparing
question and secondary data is take from the woreda agriculture and rural development office,
annual report and record. Once again the reason for using secondary data is to make the study an
integral part of large research and fill the need for specific reference on point in time.

3.4 method of data collection

To achieve the objectives of this study both primary and secondary data are collected .The
primary data is collected from primary data sources such as; focus group discussion, semi
structured interview schedule and closed and open end questions and secondary data is reviewed
from secondary sources such as: published books, journals, unpublished materials, and by review
of literature.

3.5 Method of data analysis

Both qualitative and quantitative types of data analysis techniques will be used through Excel
spreadsheet software. The qualitative data will be analyze through interpretation, discussion, and

13
conceptual generalization. The quantitative data will be analyze by using simple description
statistics such as percentage and frequency distribution.
4. BUDGET
Items Quantity Cost/item Total cost(birr)
Stationary

Paper 1desta 100 100

Pen 4 10 40
Flash (4GB) 180 180
CD 2 20 40
photo Copy and 100
print
Binding 10 10 100
Enumerators 2peoplefor 2days 100 400
payment

Transportation 100
Contingency 120

Total 1170

5.work plan
Activities Jan(15- Jan(21- Jan(29- Feb(01- Feb(12- Feb(22-
20) 25) 30) 05) 16)
Title selection
Sample selection
Questionnaire
preparation

Pretesting
Data collection
Data processing
Data analysis
Submission of 1stdraft
Submission of 2nddraft
Submission of final

14
draft
Presentation

6 .REFFRENCES
AshenafiGebru, 2006. The Determinants of Modern Agricultural Inputs Adoption andTheir
Productivity in Ethiopia
Augustine.L and Mulugeta.M. 2005. Modeling Agricultural technology adoption using the
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byCIMMYTALP Harare Zimbabwe.
Bekele, Hailu, H. Verkuuiji, W. Mwangi, and Tanner D. 2000.Adoption of Improved Wheat
Technologies in Adaba and DodolaWoredas of the Bale highlands, Ethiopia.
Belay Kassa. 2003. Agricultural extension in Ethiopia: The Case of participatory Demonstration
and training extension system. Journal of Social Development in Africa;Harare, 18(1).
BezabihEmana. 2001. Determinants of Multiple Technology Adoption: Defining Adoptersand
Empirical analysis. Eth. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 5(1&2): 23-39.
BezabihEmana and Hadera G/medhin. 2007. “Constraints and Opportunities ofHorticulture
Production and Marketing in Eastern Ethiopia”. DCG Report No.46.BOPED (Bureau of
Planning and Economic Development), 2006. Socioeconomic ProfileOROMIA
REGIONS.Awasa, Ethiopia.
Curtis B.C. 2002.Wheat in the World. In Curtis Rajarm B.C.S. and Gomez H. McPherson,
(Edits), Improvement and Production, FAO, Rome
DawitAlemu. 2010. The Political Economy of Ethiopian Cereal Seed Systems: StateControl,
Market Liberalisation and Decentralisation

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DegnetAbebaw and Belay Kasa. 2001. ‘Factors Influencing Adoption of High Yielding Maize
Varieties in South West Ethiopia:
An Application of Logit Analysis’,DegnetAbebaw, B. Kassa, and A.Waktola, 2001. Adoption of
High Yielding Varieties of Maize in Jimma Zone. Evidence from Farm Level Data
EndriasGeta, 2003. Adoption of Improved Sweet Potato Varieties in Boloso Sore Woreda,
Sothern Ethiopia. An M. Sc. Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate
StudiesofAlemaya University.
FAO, 2004.Seed Multiplication by resource poor farmers. Food and Agricultural Organization of
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