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ARTICLE
The effects of strength training and endurance training order on
running economy and performance
Kenji Doma and Glen Bede Deakin
Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by James Cook University on 06/06/13
Abstract: This study examined the acute effect of strength and endurance training sequence on running economy (RE) at 70%
and 90% ventilatory threshold (VT) and on running time to exhaustion (TTE) at 110% VT the following day. Fourteen trained and
moderately trained male runners performed strength training prior to running sessions (SR) and running prior to strength
training sessions (RS) with each mode of training session separated by 6 h. RE tests were conducted at baseline (Base-RE) and the
day following each sequence to examine cost of running (CR), TTE, and lower extremity kinematics. Maximal isometric knee extensor
torque was measured prior to and following each training session and the RE tests. Results showed that CR at 70% and 90% VT for SR-RE
(0.76 ± 0.10 and 0.77 ± 0.07 mL·kg–0.75·m–1) was significantly greater than Base-RE (0.72 ± 0.10 and 0.70 ± 0.11 mL·kg–0.75·m–1) and RS-RE
(0.73 ± 0.09 and 0.72 ± 0.09 mL·kg–0.75·m–1) (P < 0.05). TTE was significantly less for SR-RE (237.8 ± 67.4 s) and RS-RE (275.3 ± 68.0 s)
compared with Base-RE (335.4 ± 92.1 s) (P < 0.01). The torque during the SR sequence was significantly reduced for every time point
following the strength training session (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in torque following the running
session (P > 0.05), although it was significantly reduced following the strength training session (P < 0.05) during the RS sequence. These
findings show that running performance is impaired to a greater degree the day following the SR sequence compared with the RS sequence.
Key words: concurrent training, running gait, maximal voluntary contraction, neuromuscular fatigue.
Résumé : Cette étude analyse l’effet à court terme d’un entraînement séquentiel à la force et à l’endurance sur l’économie de la
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course (RE) réalisée à 70 % et 90 % du seuil ventilatoire (VT) et sur le temps de course jusqu’à épuisement (TTE) à 110 % du VT
observé le lendemain. Quatorze sujets masculins bien entraînés et moyennement entraînés participent aux séances
d’entraînement à la force avant les séances de course (SR) et aux séances de course avant les séances de force (RS); dans chacune
des modalités, 6 h s’écoulent entre les séances d’entraînement. On évalue RE au début de l’expérimentation (Base-RE) et le jour suivant
chacune des séances; on calcule le coût de la course (CR), le TTE et on réalise la cinématique des membres inférieurs. On mesure le
moment de force isométrique maximal des extenseurs du genou avant et après chaque séance d’entraînement et les tests RE. D’après
les observations pour la séquence SR-RE, CR à 70 % et 90 % VT (0,76 ± 0,10 et 0,77 ± 0,07 mL·kg–0,75·m–1) est significativement plus élevée
comparativement à Base-RE (0,72 ± 0,10 et 0,70 ± 0,11 mL·kg–0,75·m–1) et RS-RE (0,73 ± 0,09 et 0,72 ± 0,09 mL·kg–0,75·m–1) (P < 0,05). Le TTE
est significativement inférieur pour SR-RE (237,8 ± 67,4 s) et RS-RE (275,3 ± 68,0 s) comparativement à Base-RE (335,4 ± 92,1 s) (P < 0,01).
Le moment de force durant la séquence SR est significativement plus faible à chaque moment d’évaluation réalisée après la séance
d’entraînement à la force (P < 0,05). Toutefois, on n’observe aucune différence significative des moments de force générés après la
séance de course (P > 0,05), mais ces moments de force sont significativement plus faibles après la séance d’entraînement à la force
(P < 0,05) durant la séquence RS. D’après ces observations, la performance à la course le jour suivant l’entraînement dans la séquence
SR est diminuée comparativement à la séquence RS. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
Mots-clés : entraînement combiné, cinématique de la course, contraction maximale volontaire, fatigue neuromusculaire.
Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 38: 651–656 (2013) dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0362 Published at www.nrcresearchpress.com/apnm on 25 January 2013.
652 Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. Vol. 38, 2013
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram demonstrating the progression of the sessions from the baseline running economy test (Base-RE), the strength session
(ST) and running session (END), and the running economy tests during the strength–running sequence (SR-RE) and running–strength sequence (RS-RE).
Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by James Cook University on 06/06/13
fore, attenuated optimal training stimuli for endurance adapta- trial faster than 37 min during the last 6 months. The moderately
tion. While these findings indicate that endurance adaptation endurance trained runners were undertaking 3 to 4 moderate to
may be influenced by the timing in which modes of exercises are high intensity endurance training sessions per week and had var-
prescribed, the acute effects of strength and endurance training ious sporting backgrounds during the last 6 months. The partici-
sequence on running performance was not examined. pants did not undertake any lower extremity strength training
A study conducted by Deakin (2004) investigated the acute se- exercises for at least 2 months prior to the study. Each participant
quence effect of strength and endurance training on submaximal completed an informed consent before taking part in any testing
cycling performance. In this study, strength and endurance exer- procedures, which were approved by the Institutional Human
cises were performed 3 h apart in randomized order with a sub- Research Ethics Committee and were run in accordance with the
maximal cycling performance test conducted 3 h following the Declaration of Helsinki.
last training session of each exercise sequence. The results
showed that the physiological cost of cycling was greater 3 h after Research design
the sequence of strength–endurance training than after the se- The study was conducted across 5 weeks with the first week
quence of endurance–strength training. These findings suggest consisting of a familiarization session and maximal oxygen con-
that the strength–endurance sequence may have generated cu- sumption (V̇O2max) test. The familiarization session allowed par-
For personal use only.
mulative effects of fatigue. However, Deakin (2004) examined ticipants to familiarize themselves with the protocols and
training sequence on endurance performance on the same day. Fur- equipment and to carry out a 6 repetition maximum (6RM) assess-
thermore, the recovery period between strength and endurance ment. The V̇O2max test was a continuous incremental protocol that
training was only 3 h, with endurance performance measures lim- has been used previously (Doma et al. 2012a). The 6RM assess-
ited to physiological cost of cycling prescribed at a single intensity on ments were conducted as described previously (Baechle and Earle
the same day. It is unknown whether the sequence of strength and 2008) for incline leg press (Maxim MF701, Australia), leg exten-
endurance training sessions would have an impact on subsequent sion, and leg curls (Avanti, B253 Olympic Bench, Australia). Dur-
endurance performance the following day when the recovery period ing the second week, the participants undertook 2 RE tests that
between each mode of training session is greater than 3 h. Such were separated by at least 2 days for familiarization purposes as
investigation would better represent a typical concurrent training well as to provide a baseline for comparisons. The data collected
day where one mode of training session is performed in the morning during the second RE test was used as baseline (Base-RE). During
and the other in the afternoon. Furthermore, examining the se- the third week, 2 strength sessions were conducted as a washout
quence of strength and endurance training sessions the following period to standardize possible early onset of neuromuscular ad-
day will shed light on the inter-day fatigue and recovery dynamics of aptations, since the use of the repeated bout effect (via the use of
a typically prescribed concurrent training program. a second strength training session) has been shown to reduce the
To date, the investigation of strength and endurance training se- negative influence of a single strength training session on run-
quence, separated by 6 h, on submaximal (i.e., RE) and maximal (i.e., ning performance (Burt et al. 2013). During the fourth and fifth
time to exhaustion) running performance the following day has not week, participants undertook a running session 6 h following a
been conducted as far as the authors are aware. Furthermore, the strength session (SR sequence) and a strength session 6 h follow-
impact of strength and endurance training sequence on running ing a running session (RS sequence) in randomized order, with
kinematics has not been examined. Determining the sequence effect 7 days of recovery in between the 2 sequences (Fig. 1). A RE test was
of training on running performance the following day may shed light conducted 24 h following the strength session for the SR sequence
on the recovery dynamics during daily concurrent training sessions. (SR-RE) and 24 h following the running session for the RS se-
The purpose of the current investigation was to systematically quence (RS-RE). The running sessions that were performed either
examine the acute effects of strength and endurance training se- prior to or following the strength sessions were treated as endur-
quence on RE, running time to exhaustion (TTE), and lower extrem- ance training sessions, which were separate from the RE tests and
ity running kinematics the following day. It was hypothesized that were used to examine the acute sequence effect of strength and
running performance will be impaired to a greater degree the fol- endurance (i.e., running session) training on running perfor-
lowing day when strength training precedes endurance training as mance (i.e., RE test). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) tests
opposed to endurance training followed by strength training. were conducted prior to and following the strength sessions, run-
ning sessions, and RE tests for the SR and RS sequences. Technical
Methods and biological variations were controlled by calibrating all mea-
Subjects surement equipment, requiring subjects to maintain their train-
Fourteen trained and moderately trained runners (mean ± standard ing intensity and volume during the course of the study,
deviation: age, 23.3 ± 6.1 years; height, 1.8 ± 0.1 m; body mass, 74.6 ± conducting the RE tests at the same time of day, subjects wearing
8.0 kg; maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), 62.0 ± 6.0 mL·kg–1·min–1) took the same shoes for every test, refraining from high intensity phys-
part in the study. The trained runners were middle to long dis- ical activity for at least 24 h prior to testing, and refraining from
tance runners (1500–10 000 m), and all had run a 10 000 m time caffeine and food intake for at least 2 h prior to testing.
Fig. 2. A schematic demonstrating the protocol of the running session with solid and dashed lines denoting running and rest, respectively.
Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by James Cook University on 06/06/13
Strength session Motion Systems, Oxford, UK). Static calibrations for the optical
The exercises were performed in the order of incline leg press cameras were completed for each testing session and ensured an
with 6 sets of 6 repetitions and leg extension and leg curls with image error of <0.15 pixels. The measuring volume covered 1.5 m ×
4 sets of 6 repetitions for each exercise. The exercises were per- 3 m × 2 m (width, length, height). Body segments that were cap-
formed in an order that would replicate a common procedure tured included the pelvis, thighs, shank, and feet using 16 retro-
during strength training sessions where larger muscle groups are reflective markers (14 mm diameter) that were placed by a single
exercised first. A 3 min recovery period was provided between well-trained investigator (Nexus Plug-in Gait Model, Oxford, UK).
each set and between each of the strength training exercises. Running gait parameters included ankle range of motion (AROM),
maximum knee flexion during swing (KFS), maximum knee flexion
Running session after foot strike (KFAS), and hip range of motion (HROM) in the sagittal
Prior to the running session, a progressive warm-up was con- plane. Raw kinematic data were filtered using Woltring filtering
ducted on the treadmill, walking at 5 km·h–1 and then jogging at routing. The mean-squared error was set to 20 mm2 in accordance
8, 10, and 12 km·h–1 for 1 min, respectively. The running session
with a detailed residual analysis (Winter 2008). Kinematic analysis
was a 3-stage discontinuous incremental protocol, which was con-
during the last stage was not conducted because of its lesser reliabil-
ducted on a treadmill and was similar to the RE test with the first
ity than the first 2 stages (Doma et al. 2012b).
2 stages set at 70% and 90% of VT2 for 10 min. However, the last stage
consisted of intervals with work-to-rest ratios of approximately 1:1 at
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Fig. 3. The cost of running (CR) for baseline running economy (Base- Fig. 4. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for the baseline
RE), running economy for the strength–running sequence (SR-RE), running economy (Base-RE), running economy for the
and running economy for the running–strength sequence (RS-RE) strength–running sequence (SR-RE), and for the running–strength
during Stages 1, 2, and 3. *, significantly greater than Base-RE at sequence (RS-RE) during Stages 1 (RPE 1), 2 (RPE 2), and 3 (RPE 3).
P < 0.05; **, significantly greater than RS-RE at P < 0.05. *, significantly greater than Base-RE at P < 0.05; **, significantly
greater than Base-RE at P < 0.01.
Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by James Cook University on 06/06/13
was set at 0.05. All data were analysed using the Statistical Pack-
age for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 18, Chicago, Illinois).
Fig. 5. The time-to-exhaustion (TTE) recorded for the baseline running
Results economy (Base-RE), running economy for the strength–running
The CR was significantly greater for SR-RE (0.76 ± 0.10 and 0.77 ± sequence (SR-RE), and running economy for the running–strength
0.07 mL·kg–0.75·m–1) compared with Base-RE (0.72 ± 0.10 and 0.70 ± sequence (RS-RE). *, significantly less than Base-RE at P < 0.01.
For personal use only.
Fig. 6. The angular displacements of the hip range of motion (HROM), lower extremity kinematics due to pre-existent local muscle fatigue
knee flexion during swing phase (KFS), knee flexion after foot strike from previous strength and endurance training sessions.
(KFAS), and ankle range of motion (AROM) for the baseline running Given that a 6 h recovery period was incorporated between
economy test (Base-RE) and running economy tests for the strength– strength and endurance training in the current study, the endur-
running sequence (SR-RE) and the running–strength sequence (RS-RE) ance training session may have been performed in a pre-
during Stages 1 (a) and 2 (b). *, significantly less than Base-RE at P < 0.05. exhausted state due to residual fatigue from the preceding
strength training session. This is supported by the significant re-
duction in MVC prior to the running session during the SR se-
quence. However, MVC returned to baseline values 6 h following
the running session during the RS sequence, suggesting that pos-
sible residual effects of fatigue generated from the running ses-
Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by James Cook University on 06/06/13
gesting that the sequence effect of strength and endurance training performed 48 h later. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 90(1–2): 29–34.
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was also present in running kinematics. The current study is the first
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to examine the effect of strength and endurance training sequence squatting exercise on sub-maximal endurance performance. Eur. J. Appl.
on running gait patterns, as far as the authors are aware. Subse- Physiol. 113(2): 285–293. doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2437-2. PMID:22684335.
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studies have shown reductions in lower extremity joint range of
Deakin, G.B. 2004. Concurrent training in endurance athletes: the acute effects
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motion during running as a result of neuromuscular fatigue follow- on muscle recovery capacity, physiological, hormonal and gene expression
ing resistive-type exercises (Chen et al. 2007; Paschalis et al. 2007). It responses post-exercise. Southern Cross University, Lismore.
has been postulated that lower extremity range of motion may be Doherty, M., Smith, P., Hughes, M., and Davidson, R. 2004. Caffeine lowers
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flexor torque due to greater moment of inertia. These biomechanical Doma, K., Deakin, G.B., Sealey, R.M., and Leicht, A.S. 2012a. The reliability of
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