484 GENERAL TENSORS ‘Therfore the Jacobian matrix J ofthe inverse transformation is given by ax! ax! = ax! ax? “2(x?)? ass Helge l= 1Gy Gi ax’ ox ty Now from (a), we get Adj J 1 serio 7 2a requires n numbers called its components . Scalars and ‘object called a tensor of order n , whose specification noes at aide comegat ta ra In ised te ule ortho et wh 8.12 ZEROTH - ORDER TENSORS ( OR Suppose ¢ is a function ofthe coordinates |OF Store tis oad wo eda wt coordinates system (5g? om 7a See ont 4 @ Favation () represents the following neq be, go. gi i! . 2 es A ie TaytA’ +. Sat a? - eee a, AU s agrAl FTA rn EAD A at Pay which may be written in matrix form as si ax! ax! ox! |rat a ax" J =! as! og! Teal i 2: ox, ax! x? ax ao pCa, eee ag | ax’ ax? ox" ax ax’ oF |] ys 2[Note that a superscript is used to indicate contravariant components whereas a subscript is used to indicate ‘covariant components . : Equation (iv) represents the following n equations : which may be written in matrix form as ox! ox? ax! ax! xtFor n = 3, wehave 37 (= 9) quantities in which case the matrix x ze ox. x COVARIANT TENSOR OF ORDER TWO ‘A set of n? quantities Ajj in a coordinate system (x', x7, .. components coordinate system (X!, X? iy ft ax? An An An rd ox’ ax ‘xt axt ax! ax? a ataiaxt oy oe oF 2 ax” Ox" ~ax® form (ii) reduces to ‘ans Al aa x! as? ax? ox* az" tax! ast x mt 2 and x AY am ae ax’ ax’ ox e ex", ox? ax ax | ™ ox’ ub) O85 Ome On at Ea a PL ays ax? xt. +x") is said to form the of a covariant tensor of order two if it is related to another set of n? quantities AP* ina x") by the transformation equationsgz | > = > Ino re XL ox" ox' Ox! ax? ox? lo @ 2 Pe, x ox" ox’ For n= 3, wehave 37(= 9) quantities in which case the matrix form (v) reduces to _ ee A ee Ae Au An Ao Ox Ox Ox afm OR Oe OM ee ck Ay RS ORS ax ax ax a An An x in i ax! x? ax? A: A A. = ie a ee ax ax ag JLAn An As MIXED TENSOR OF ORDER TWO ax ox ax' lo @ Jo le. x [se k ” Ox ax" Sx! ax! ax? ax? Ox? ax? ae 8x" ax? ox? a ex’ ax Asset of n? quantities Aj in a coordinate system (x19 ocx) isd fom te ‘components of a mixed tensor of order two if it is related to another set of n coordinate system (X", x” nie a? an) ax! axa)VECTOR AND TENSOR ANALYSIS Let the c * the coordinate transformation be! = (x! x2, ox") 3212.00 be the: it % nding com, i Ete ing components ofthe covariant vector in the coordinate system ), then the laws of transformation is e @ Differentiating both sides of equation () wt. %%, we get Lee 4 2 * 1 53 Ai ax? 8x axt axfax? ax! ax) aay, _atxl ax? ax4 2%) axPax® oA ‘Due to the presence of the second term on the RLH.S. of equation (ii), “5 7} does not transform according oAy to the transformation law of the contravariant vector . Hence “57 isnot a tensor. 8.19 RANK OF A TENSOR -The rank of a tensor is determined by the number of indices attached to it. As a matter of fact the umber of dimensions ofa tensor wien raised to the power of rank, el the munber of omponsts of the tensor and hence the components ofa matrix that represents the tensor, As uch atesar ofa is four ~ dimensional space has 4" components . Consequently the rank of tensor gives the numberof the mode of changes of physical quantity when passing from one system to aoter Sem rh clear from this discussion that a quamty that does nt ch rank = (dimension ) =(4)' 2 4x4x4x4x4 = 1024 Ans.VECTOR AND TeNsoR ANALYsIs 501 where @%!@2.. Fp NY.. Yr zara, prilaccte Ba Bq 8183... 8, DB ise ae . a amet te hae cpr (p+q) and (15) is again a tensor of contravariant order p +p and covariant order (q +s) EXAMPLE (15): Show that if AJ and By aretwo fensors then their outer product A! By isa tensor of order three . ; SOLUTION: Mek Che artnyy vb AG and B, be the coresponding components ofthe even ; tensors in the coordinate system (', x +X"), then their transformation laws are : which shows that Cj, = A} Bx is a mixed tensor of order 3 i.e. contravariant order 1 and covariant order?2. 21 CONTRACTION , 4 aii ne ee i as is two indie i called contraction. By such procs esr is fomed wow nk tie alfa ch ass fac anag A Lae than the rank . com indices ) cannot be contracted .GENERAL ‘TENSORS 510 ax" ‘Multiplying both sides of this equation by ox wrt vax?s ax? axt axis Beh oe oe aah oF ule ty, Bat Ox. _ Ok Ox d a Gt oxk ax” Ox! Ox?” Ox" xt ax axe oxi axis axis ox® iris a a ida ax? ax? oat ox! axl: axis ax* inianir “Ox an ORT aEH axe” ORY Ox™ P, ax? zPiPanPr gt ox sk yaya, t Om” BRM |xT “Ox ag ax’ ax" Replacing the index m by t, we get ax ax) axis st Bx Oxt Ox" oe axe which shows tat A 2" ju k i Attar ofthe indicated type and oder hae 824 SYMMETRIC AND SKEW - SYMMETRIC TENSORS SYMMETRIC TENSOR A tensor is called symmetric w.r. two contravariant or two covariant indices if its components remain unaltered upon interchange of the indices . Thus the tensor Ase + epee as ton im and ip if Me altace Imi “ipa ode byt edd For example, if AUER a Jit the tensor is symmetric wat.t, Similarly if AUK = 15 did ec nalts J symmetric wr. all pairs of contravarant indices oral pairs of SKEW - SYMMETRIC TENSOR A tensor is called skew ~ symmetric wrt, twoVECTOR AND TENSOR ANALYSIS ijk ik me Ad For example, if A bie the tensor is skew — symmetrie w.r. the contravariant indices i and j. Similarly, if Ajgn = — AUX , the tensor is skew — symmetric wart. the covariant indices m and n Ifa tensor is skew — symmetric ws. all pairs of contravariant indices or all pars of covariant indices , itis called skew — symmetric . THEOREM (8.19): Show that every tensor can be expressed as the sum of two tensors , one of which is symmetric and the other skew — symmetric in a pair of contravariant or covariant indices . PROOF: We prove this result for the contravariant tensor A‘). We have eee Leatealy statically = Busch put BY = (a+ as!) = 5c al +A4) = Bil issymmenic, and cl = 2¢A Ad! = 3 as! aH) = cil in skew — symmenic. By similar reasoning the result is seen to be true for any tensor . THEOREM (8.20): Prove that in an n— dimensional space , a symmetric second order tensor Ai has atmost *2*1) gitterent components. OCR MON Since Ajj isa covariant tensor of order 2, it hasGENERAL TENSORS S12 (A pstnla Manes TAny Abt An, An 7 Any Since Ajj is symmetric, therefore A wz ‘Thus the number of independent components of A, |; with unequal indices Is tensor Aj) has atmost ae 1) itterent components. Ajj is a covariant tensor of order 2 It has the followifig * eomponents we Ain PROOF: Since Au Ais Ay Anw Ant Anges. Since A jj is skew ~symmettie ; we have AUS Aji, i.) =1,2,3,.. Hence Ajj = — or 2Ai;=.0 of Ai = 0. forall =1,2,. Thus Ay) = An =.= Ann =0 So the number of independent components on the leading diagonal is zero. Thus the number of n-n components of distinct indices is n?-n. But due to skew ~ symmetry , this number is reduced to z Hence maximum number of independent components of Ajj is 0+ 8.25 INVARIANCE OF SYMMETRIC AND eee ecy PROPERTIES OF A TENSOR THEOREM (8.22): If.a tensor is symmetric ( skew ~ symmetric ) two covariant indices in Sne coordinate (skew ~ symmetric) w.r.t, these indices in PROOF: Lawl te (x59 at xk Ba: apBae EPR ac qritaw te = aeVECTOR AND TENSOR ANALYsis 515 @ Gi) Cy (iv) From equations (ii), (ii) , and ™, we get As z J x? axl APBg:-302, = 2 oR? 41 ax! ont ax? ax) 7 qi ax" ax 8 xt e 39° 2x? axi ax or 7 (A'Bjx-3C Ox" gg ggt (ABU 3Cjx) = 0 [using equation () } or APBg, = 37, which shows that the form of the tensor equation remains the same in all coordinate systems . 8.27 THE LINE ELEMENT AND METRIC TENSOR ‘We know that in a three ~ dimensional rectangular coordinate system (x,y,z), the square of the line element ds? is given by ds? = dx?+dy?#d77 @ : Let us transform equation (i) in a general curvilinear coordinate system (u',u?,u?), in which the position vector of the point is given by ¥ = 7 (u',u?,u’). ~*~ Ee eae then dt = SFrau's Saute Saw? ‘ * |B yduleGadul+ asd? og ant where = 2 eth tangent et tthe corns eres wis varie = ee = (a :du'+@,du?+a5du’). (Grange ju - 3 cau" Badetaate By. Fal eee Bravran'+as sea ae aioe‘GENERAL TENSORS is called the fundamental quadratic form or metric form . The quantities g ; are called metric coefficients . The space in which ds? is given by equation (ii) is called three ~ dimensional Euclidean space and is denoted by E?. Ifthe curvilinear coordinate system is orthogonal , then Bi 70 for ij. Generalizing this concept , the square of the line element ds® in an n ~ dimensional coordinate system (x!',x?, ....,x") is given by the fundamental or metric form non ds?= YD aiydx'axd i=t je ( , using the summation convention ds? = gyjdx'de, (i,j =1,2,....0) Gi), As this extension is due to Riemann , the equation (iii) is called Riemannian metric and any space in which d s? is given by equation (ii) is called an n — dimensional Riemannian space and is denoted by R" .-Note that the square of the line element ds? in equation (ii) isa scalar invariant . In the particular case of unit tangent vectors , we have is Bonen i. Thus equation (ii) takes the form E ds? = (dx!)?+(dx?)?4....+(dx")? = dx'ax! (iv) Equation i is aed an Euctalan metre and such pace i called an n~ dimensional Euclidean sp 4 wished E”. 2 U) opa ariett 20 METRIC TENSOR — ‘The quantities g ,; are the components of a covariant fundamental tensor . THEOREM (8.25): If ds? = g,, dx'dx! isan tensor of rank 2. PROO! Since ds? is an invariant, adxPdx! = gidxlaxdVECTOR AND TENSOR ANALYSIS 517 NOTE: Since the metic tensor is symmetric ie. g,, = g;. therefore the number of independent eee ay ean aca THEOREM (8.26): Prove that for an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system , Bu-8u- 0 By= en 9, 8,78, = 0. PROOF: By definition diy" Bik 0) Thus 8, = By, = @1.2=|@,||a2|c0s90° = 0 Similarly, g,, = 8 = @2-a3=|@2||a3]cos90° = 0 and 8) = By = &s- 1 =| a3] |@,|cos90°= 0 8.28 METRIC TENSOR IN CYLINDERICAL AND SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES ‘We know that in Cartesian coordinates the square of the differential of arc length s is given by ds? = dx?+dy?+dz2? Ge CYLINDERICAL POLAR COORDINATES In cylinderical polar coordinates , this becomes ds? = dr?+17do?+dz? Ix'=r, x7=0, az then ds? = (dx!)?+17(dx?)?+(dx?)? @ Also ds? = gijdx'dx! = By (dx')? +8, (dx?)?+g,,(dx?)? +g, dx'dx? +B ydx'dx?+g,,dx7dx'+g,,dx?7dx? ‘ oe +85dx?dx!+g,.dx?dx? Gi Comparing equstions (fi) and (ili) , we get 3 . Bun pool Fy fey = 1 = Ba 781% By=Bn=~0, By = By = 0. In matrix form , the metric tensor can be written (ei e629) ee eee SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES _ ds? = dr2+r7d674r7sin270d6?518 ae 3 =p, then ‘i Be ca Mere ax’)? (iv) ast = (axt)? 4282?) +r?sin?6 (dx ‘Comparing equations sot we get eit ee | By 7 esin?@, een a= en 7 Or oe Gta s! st tie or ne merits cnbe wen Bu Sn Sa Nene et wo hee oS By 82 Bx. o 0 r?sin?@. In general for orthogonal coordinates, 8 =0 for i#j. Sy Bn Ss : vr be. f + EXAMPLE (23): (i) Express the determinant gle | ea ee, gy Bn Bx ae in terms ofthe elements in the second row and their corresponding cofactors - Gi) Show that g,, Gl = g where c'l is the cofactor of g,, in g and where the summation is over j only. SOLUTION: ( The cofactor of gij is the determinant obtained from g vena which gj appears and (i) associating the sign (— 1)! ‘ i. Cofactor of g,, = (-1)?*" conceinig =(-1)%3| Su 82 ae fal Denote these cofactors by G", G™ and determinants £6" +8074," = g