02 Shell Canada-Cleaning

SHELL CANADA LIMITED
CLEANING OF ATMOSPHERIC
PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS
- MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS
MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT STANDARD 4-4.01
This entire document is the property of Shell Canada Limited and as such is to be considered confidential and is to be used
on Shell Canada Limited projects only. It shall not be reproduced or otherwise used without prior written consent of Shell
Canada Limited.
REVI SION INDEX
Date Revision
Nov. 02 Original Issue
Feb. 04 Revision #1, Original Issue
Amended Jan. 06
Amended Jan. 07
Amended Apr. 07
Amended Feb. 08
Amended Jan. 09
Feb. 04
Shell Canada Limited, STD. 4-4.01
Amended Jan 09
______________________________CLEANING OF ATMOSPHERIC (PETROLEUM) STORAGE TANKS ___________________________
T A BL E OF CON TENT S
PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 4
1.1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................... 4
1.2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS .......................................................................... 5
1.3 RELATED DOCUMENTS ............................................................................... 6
1.4 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................... 7
2.0 HAZARDS OF TANK CLEANING ................................................................................. 11
2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 11
2.2 BASIC SAFETY MEASURES .......................................................................... 11
2.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING NON VAPOUR-FREE (HAZARDOUS)

ATMOSPHERES (SPECIAL ENTRY) ............................................................... 12
2.4 USE OF LIFELINES ...................................................................................... 13
2.5 SUPERVISION .............................................................................................. 13
2.6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR CHEMICALS .................................................... 13
2.7 EXPLOSION AND FIRES ............................................................................... 13
2.8 SOURCES OF IGNITION .............................................................................. 14
2.9 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ......................................................................... 18
2.10 EXCESS PETROLEUM VAPOURS AND OXYGEN DEFICIENCY ..................... 21
2.11 HIGH VAPOUR CONCENTRATIONS IN TANK VICINITY ................................. 22
3.0 SELECTION, TRAINING AND SUPERVISION OF PERSONNEL................................... 22
4.0 PREPARATION BEFORE TANK CLEANING ................................................................ 24
4.1 ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................. 24
4.2 EXTERNAL/INTERNAL FLOATING ROOFS ................................................... 25
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PAGE
4.3 ISOLATING THE TANK.................................................................................. 26
5.0 PROCEDURES FOR TANK BOTTOM PUMP-OUT........................................................ 27
5.1 PREPARATION FOR TANK OPENING AND TANK BOTTOM PUMP OUT ...... 27
5.2 PUMPING TANK BOTTOM ........................................................................... 29
6.0 VENTILATION AND GAS FREEING............................................................................. 30
6.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 30
6.2 SITE PRECAUTIONS DURING GAS FREEING ............................................... 31
6.3 VENTILATION METHODS FIXED ROOF TANKS .......................................... 31
6.4 VENTILATION METHODS INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS ................. 34
6.5 VENTILATION METHODS EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS ................... 37
6.6 VENTILATION METHODS ............................................................................. 38
6.7 WATER DISPLACEMENT .............................................................................. 40
6.8 VAPOUR TESTING PRIOR TO ENTRY ........................................................... 42
6.9 SAFE LEVELS FOR ENTRY .......................................................................... 43
6.10 TESTING FOR TOXIC VAPOURS INCLUDING LEAD...................................... 43
6.11 PERMIT SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 44
7.0 WORKING IN THE TANK/TANK CLEANING............................................................... 44
7.1 GENERAL SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS .............................................................. 44
7.2 CLEANING TANK FLOORS ............................................................................ 49
7.3 SPECIAL TANKS PROCEDURES ................................................................... 52
7.4 VENTILATION DURING CLEANING ............................................................... 54
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PAGE
8.0 RECOMMISSIONING STORAGE TANKS ..................................................................... 54
8.1 FLOW RATE ................................................................................................. 54
8.2 TIME DELAY ON FEED INTO STORAGE TANKS AFTER DE-BLINDING......... 55
8.3 SUFFICIENT VOLUME TO REFLOAT ROOF .................................................. 55
8.4 PROCEDURES FOR LANDING AND REFLOATING INTERNAL AND

EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOFS ..................................................................... 55
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A ABOVE GROUND TANK CLEANING CHECKLIST (16 pages)
APPENDIX B FLAMMABILITY AND EQUIPMENT (7 pages)
APPENDIX C PROCEDURES FOR USE OF VACUUM TRUCKS IN PETROLEUM

SERVICE (7 pages)
APPENDIX D CONTRACTOR ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (2 pages)
APPENDIX E NOTIFICATION OF TANK OPENING AND CLEANING (5 pages)
APPENDIX F WASTE CONTROL FORM (2 pages)
APPENDIX G INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE GUIDELINES FOR LEAD TESTING OF STORAGE TANKS

(1 page)
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
1.1.1 The purpose of this Document is to provide the standard
for the preparation and cleaning of atmospheric (petroleum)
storage tanks at Shell Canada Limited (Shell).
It is recognized that some products such as asphalt have high

flash points, typically >100 C. The sites may elect to waive
some of the ignition controls in this Standard during the bottom
sludge removal process for these high flash point products.
Regardless of high flash point products, the sites shall still
follow the tank preparation and ventilation sequence and steps
described in this Standard.
general 1.1.2 It is frequently necessary to clean storage tanks in order

to do repairs, install additional equipment and appurtenances,
to change products, to perform internal corrosion inspection, or
to ensure product quality control, and cleanliness.
1.1.3 This Standard is issued to provide methods for vapour

freeing and cleaning of petroleum storage tanks. It is intended
to give a better understanding of the hazards and problems
associated with this work and to describe the steps to follow to
ensure safe, efficient working conditions.
1.1.4 When applying this Standard, the tank cleaner shall fill
in the checklists in Appendix A and have them approved by the
tank cleaning supervisor, after each section is completed (e.g.,
A-1, A-2, etc.).
1.1.5 This Document meets or exceeds the compliance

requirements of Shell Health Safety and Sustainable
Development (HSE) Standards and Guidelines.
1.1.6 This Standard is not intended to cover health hazards,

protective clothing, respiratory protection, waste handling or fall
protection. For specific details on these and other
considerations such as Safe Work Permits and Confined Space
Entry, refer to the Shell Corporate HSE Standards and the
specific business unit Safe Work Practices and Procedures. In
addition, the job supervisor shall be familiar with the relevant
Provincial guidelines and legislation as well as any municipal
requirements.
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frequency of 1.1.7 The site shall establish tank cleaning frequencies for
cleaning maintenance and business reasons. Tanks will be cleaned for
internal integrity inspection as required by API Std. 653, local
regulations, and per IA Standard 23 for Tanks.
aviation 1.1.8 Tanks in aviation service which do not have records and
history from previous cleanings (at least two) shall be cleaned
more frequently per STASCO standards. Tanks in aviation
service with a 'history' and cleaning records may be cleaned on
an "as needed" basis depending on evidence from the annual
bottom sample/product quality inspection and depending on
the result of the established five-year inspection program for
tank bottom sludge and product quality. This revised cleaning
frequency shall be approved by the Head Office Specialist for
Distribution and Storage.
1.2 REFERENCE
DOCUMENTS
The references to be used in conjunction with this Standard are
the latest, or referenced editions, of the following:
ACGIH o American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

(ACGIH), Threshold Limit Values and Biological Expo.
Indices;
API o API Std. 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration and

Reconstruction;
CSA o Canadian Electrical Code, Part 1, CSA C22.1;
o CSA Z94.4, Selection, Use and Care of Respirators;
o CSA Z180.1, Compressed Breathing Air and Systems;
NFPA o Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials;
Shell o HSE Standards and Guidelines - 4.1 Safe Work Permits;
o HSE Standards and Guidelines - 5.1 Confined Space Entry;
o HSSE Standards and Guidelines - 5.3 Working with H2S;
o HSE Standards and Guidelines - 5.10 Isolation of Fluid

Containment Systems;
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o HSE Standards and Guidelines - 6.0 Health and Safety

Protection;
o HSE Standards and Guidelines - 6.4 Respiratory Protection;
o STD. 4-4.02, Entry Into Floating Roof Tanks in Hydrocarbon

Service;
o STD. 15-1.02, Area Classification and Electrical Equipment

Spacing - Design;
o STD. 15-4.01, Electrical Safety;
o IA 23, Physical Integrity of Tank/Storage Equipment; and,
SIEP o Physical and Engineering Data Book, MF 77-500.
1.3 RELATED DOCUMENTS
API o API Std. 2015, Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum

Storage Tanks, Planning and Managing Tank Entry from
Decommissioning Through Recommissioning;
o API Publication 2202, Dismantling and Disposing of Steel

from Above-Ground Leaded Gasoline Storage Tanks;
o API Publication 2207, Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot

Work;
o API Publication 2217A, Guidelines for Work in Inert

Confined Spaces in the Petroleum Industry;
o API Publication 2219, Safe Operating Guidelines for

Vacuum Trucks in Petroleum Service;
Gov't. of Canada o Federal Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act;
OCTEL o OCTEL Booklet 27180, Leaded Gasoline Tank Cleaning and

Disposal Sludge;
PACE o PACE Report 87-6, Waste Management Guidelines for

Petroleum Marketing Operations;
Shell o HSE Standards and Guidelines - 5.2, Entry into Inert

Confined Space; and,
o HSE Standards and Guidelines - 6.1, Vision Conservation.
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1.4 DEFINITIONS
confined space Confined space means an enclosed or partially enclosed space

entry that:
(1) Is not designed or intended for human occupancy except

for the purpose of performing work;
(2) Has restricted means of access and egress, regardless of

its size or depth, above, below, or at ground level; and,
(3) May become hazardous to an worker entering it due to

its:
- design (poor natural ventilation)
- construction (is not constructed for prolonged

human occupancy)
- location
- work activities
- atmosphere (be subject to developing an oxygen

deficient, flammable or toxic atmosphere)
- materials or substances in it (inert gas, IDLH

atmosphere)
- or any other hazards relating to it.
The intent of this definition is to include some but not all

excavations. To be defined as a confined space it must conform
with items (1) and (2) and at least one sub-item of (3).
explosive/flammable This is an atmosphere between Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

atmosphere and the Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) of a flammable gas or
vapour. Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and Upper Explosive Limit
(UEL) are equivalent terms.
exposure limits Provincial governments establish limits on worker exposure to

hazardous atmospheres. The intent is to protect workers from
both short term and long term health impacts. Provincial
requirements must be observed in all tank entry work.
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gas freeing The removal of flammable or toxic vapours and gases from a
(vapour freeing) tank by displacement or the reduction of the percentage of
vapours and gases in the tank's atmosphere to a safe level by
dilution with fresh air.
hazardous This is an atmosphere which contains greater than the

atmosphere Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of a gas, vapour or particulate
established by the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) or the appropriate Occupational
Exposure Standard established within the appropriate
government regulations.
hot work Any work that produces enough energy to be a potential source
of ignition.
Immediately An IDLH atmosphere is one that poses an immediate threat to

Dangerous to life, would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or would
Life and Health (IDLH) impair an individual's ability to escape. An IDLH atmosphere
shall be assumed in any of the following situations:
o structural fire fighting;
o an untested confined space;
o an area where a known hazardous contaminant is present

at or above published IDLH concentrations;
o an area where an known hazardous contaminant is present

at an unknown concentration;
o an area where a reduced oxygen concentration may produce

a level of hypoxia that is IDLH, and,
o an area where, in the opinion of a qualified person, the

condition presents an potential IDLH atmosphere.
job supervisor The functional role responsible to oversee the work activities
within a defined job scope. A job supervisor must ensure that
the workers assigned to the job comply with Shell requirements
in the execution of the job scope. This is the person responsible
for the day-to-day management of the job and Contractors.
Roles and responsibilities include:
o review job specific HSE expectations and requirements,

(i.e., safe work requirements, pre-job HSE meetings, etc.);
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o assist in development of the job specific Contractor Interface

Document if required and review in detail with the
Contractor;
o random verification of HSE related training and

competencies, and;
o participate in HSE inspections, audits and meetings.
LEL free This includes any environment/atmosphere where the

combustible gas concentration in air is less than 1% of LEL.
While the atmosphere may be "gas free" or "vapour free" or LEL
free in terms of explosion or asphyxiatiation, benzene or lead or
other toxic materials may still be at hazardous levels.
lower explosive The lower explosive limit (LEL) or lower flammable limit (LFL) is
limit (LEL) the minimum concentration of gas, vapour or dust or any
combination of these at ambient temperatures in air at which
the propagation of flame occurs on contact with a source of
ignition.
portable gas testing These are usually hand-held instruments used to test an
instrumentation atmosphere by electronic or chemical means for flammability,
toxicity, oxygen content, or particulate contaminant. Some
instruments are capable of detecting more than one type of
contaminant. Some instruments can operate continuously for
several hours and may be placed in or near the working area.
Operators shall know the capabilities and limitations of these
instruments, ensure an instrument is fully functional and
properly calibrated before use and conduct a function or bump
test. Respiratory protection shall be worn when testing an
unknown atmosphere.
occupational 07 This means the maximum allowable concentration of the

exposure limit hazardous substance in air where people will work for extended
(OEL) periods without engineering controls or respiratory protection.
OELs for hydrocarbon vapours are usually expressed in parts
per million (ppm).
operations The Shell operating department under whose area of

responsibility the tank cleaning job resides.
Shell Engineer A registered professional licensed to practice Engineering who

has been delegated responsibility for the job.
Shell Head Office The Shell Canada Limited Head Office Specialist for
Specialist Distribution and Storage.
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safety person A safety person is an individual who:
o is competent (has the knowledge, training, skills and

experience) to perform the duty safely and properly;
o is stationed nearby in a safe position to call for help and

render assistance, but not within the immediate area of the
task;
o is not taking part in work which would distract from the

principle task of safety person, and is ready and capable of
responding;
o is able to readily observe and or communicate at all times

with workers inside the tank, and,
o is able to communicate with other support personnel in the

event a rescue is required.
Short Term Exposure This means the maximum allowable concentration of the
Limit (STEL) hazardous substance in air where people will work for short
periods without respiratory protection. Exposures may be up to
15 minutes duration, to a maximum of four exposures per day,
with a minimum of one hour between exposures.
STASCO Shell International Trading and Shipping Company Limited

(STASCO);
Threshold Limit Value The maximum airborne concentration of substances to which,

(TLV) it is believed, nearly all workers may be exposed day after day
without adverse effect as determined by the responsible
committees of the American Conference of Governments
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
True Vapour Pressure This is the vapour pressure of the stored product at maximum
storage temperature or 20 C (70 F).
Upper Flammable This is the maximum concentration of gas vapour, or dust or

Limit (UFL) or Upper a combination of these at ambient temperature in air at which
Explosive Limit (UEL) the propagation of flame occurs on contact with a source of
ignition.
worker Refers to both Shell Canada Limited (including management)

and contract employees involved in the tank cleaning operation.
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2.0 HAZARDS OF
TANK CLEANING
2.1 GENERAL
The cleaning of storage tanks that have contained petroleum
products can be performed safely, provided adequate
procedures and precautions are followed.
Hazards that shall be assessed and controlled in the cleaning of

storage tanks include:
o fire or explosion;
o oxygen deficiency;
o the presence of toxic liquids, vapours, or dusts; and,
o physical hazards.
Floating roofs 09 Serious incidents have occurred in industry when floating roofs
resting on roof legs collapsed on workers under the floating
roofs.
2.2 BASIC SAFETY

MEASURES
Because of the possibility of fire, explosion, asphyxiation and
poisoning, five basic safety measures shall be adhered to
under all circumstances:
(1) The hazards shall be identified and assessed.
(2) No tank, vessel or liquid space that has contained

flammable or toxic liquids or gases, or is deficient in
oxygen, shall be entered by a worker until authorized,
the written requirements are understood by all
concerned, and all proper equipment is used and in
place.
(3) All lines connected to the tank shall be completely

disconnected and/or blanked, and remain so while
personnel are working inside the tank. Tank valves are
not considered a suitable means of isolation. (Written
records of blanking and blinding isolation points are
required.)
(4) All electrical switches on systems attached to the tank

shall be tagged and locked in the "off" position and
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proven dead (including cathodic protection - see

sub-section 2.8). This includes mixers and motor
operated valves attached directly to the tank and also
motor operated valves remote to the tank on tank
piping.
(5) Before entering any tank or confined space, it shall be

well ventilated with fresh air, contain a minimum of
19.5% by volume oxygen in the air, and be free of any
flammable material per HSE Standard and
Guideline 5.1, Confined Space Entry.
2.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR

ENTERING NON
VAPOUR-FREE
(HAZARDOUS)
ATMOSPHERES
(SPECIAL ENTRY)
Under special circumstances (for cleaning, inspection or gas
testing) tanks and confined spaces which have not been
sufficiently gas-freed may be entered, if the hydrocarbon vapour
concentration does not exceed 20% of the LEL. If the vapour
concentration is between 10-20%, entry shall not be made until
additional ventilation is added to the space to ensure that
<20% LEL is maintained. When entry under such conditions is
necessary, protective equipment, respiratory equipment (SCBA
or SABA), body harnesses and lifelines shall be used and a
permit shall be required. See Appendix B, Table B.1.
The free end of the lifeline shall be secured to a fixed object

outside the tank at all times and be attended by two safety
persons, so that one safety person can enter the tank during
rescue while the other remains outside at the manway as the
safety person. The safety person shall keep the worker in the
tank constantly within sight. The safety person shall be
equipped with respiratory equipment (SCBA or SABA) as they
may be required to have their head and shoulders inside the
tank manway to monitor the worker inside.
In case of emergency, the outside safety person shall NOT enter

the tank until relieved at his post. It is their job to summon
aid, to attempt removing the worker by the use of the lifeline
and to perform necessary rescue functions from the outside.
Rescuers entering the tank shall be protected with lifelines,
harnesses, proper personal protective equipment and breathing
apparatus. This extra equipment shall be available at all times
during this special entry.
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2.4 USE OF LIFELINES

Lifelines should be used for communication as well as for
rescue; however, they can also be a hindrance and may well
prejudice effective emergency action under certain conditions.
Entanglement of a lifeline may make it extremely difficult or
even impossible to extricate an unconscious worker. Therefore,
while as a general principle the use of lifelines shall always be
considered in confined spaces, the decision may be made not to
use them if a risk assessment indicates that a "safer" situation
is created. A lifeline, fitted for quick attachment to a harness,
shall always be available at the tank entry point. Note that the
attached lifeline is never optional for special entry into inert or
non-vapour free (hazardous) atmospheres.
2.5 SUPERVISION
A job supervisor meeting the requirements of the job supervisor
definition shall be selected for each tank cleaning operation.
2.6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES

FOR CHEMICALS
The safety principles involved in gas freeing, cleaning and entry
of tanks that have contained chemicals are basically the same
as for tanks that have contained hydrocarbons.
In the case of chemicals, however, the means of gas-freeing the

tank or the precautions required on entry shall be related to the
particular chemical stored. For this reason, consult the
appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). It should be
noted that the equipment used for detecting flammable
mixtures may not be applicable and suitable alternatives for
chemical testing shall be sued.
2.7 EXPLOSION AND

FIRES
Flammable vapour, oxygen, and an ignition source are
necessary for combustion to occur. Portable gas detectors are
used to determine the LEL of vapours present. The range of
flammability of petroleum products is narrow with combustion
unable to occur above the upper limit or below the lower limit.
If the mixture, however, is above the upper flammable limit,
combustion can occur at points of escape (i.e., tank openings)
to the outside air.
important Gas-freeing by ventilation brings the air-vapour mixture in the

tank through the explosive range and eventually below the
lower explosive limit. As long as traces of liquids remain in the
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tank, however, it is quite possible that, as a result of gradual

evaporation, or of vapours being freed by the cleaning
measures, the explosive zone is re-entered. This is one of the
greatest dangers of tank cleaning, and use of continuous
combustible gas detection (explosimeter) complete with
appropriately set audible alarm(s) is therefore essential. In
order to reduce the risk of vapour concentrations rising to
dangerous levels, good ventilation shall be maintained at all
times while workers are inside the tank. Continuous
monitoring for flammable vapours concentrations shall be made
to ensure safe working conditions.
2.8 SOURCES OF
IGNITION
Because the possibility of an explosive mixture is always
present, tank cleaning techniques shall be based on eliminating
the sources of ignition caused by non-explosion proof lighting
and internal combustion engines. For assistance in selecting
appropriate electrical equipment, contact the site's Chief
Electrical Person or the Head Electrical Engineer.
It is recognized that some products such as asphalt have high

flash points, typically >100 C. The sites may elect to waive
some of the ignition controls in this Standard during the bottom
sludge removal process for these high flash point products.
Any equipment that can provide a source of ignition shall not be

permitted within the vicinity of the tank and tank dike
compound until the area has been tested and found
vapour-free.
No work shall be done if the direction of the wind can carry

vapours into areas where they might produce a hazardous
condition, or when an electrical storm is threatening or in
progress. The direction and velocity of the wind shall be
monitored continuously (and logged, as appropriate).
Before any work is done which may release hazardous vapours,

access roads shall be barricaded, posted and all ignition
sources eliminated from the area where the flammable vapours
may be present or may travel. This area shall be kept free of all
ignition sources from the time tank cleaning starts until the
tank is gas-free and the sludge has been removed.
Hazard Warning Signs shall be posted warning that vehicles

and other sources of ignition shall be kept out of the area.
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Smoking and welding, burning or other work that can create a

source of ignition shall be prohibited.
During tank cleaning operations, water hoses, portable foam,

fire extinguishers and sand shall be available on site.
Attention shall be paid to the following items.
static electricity A static electrical charge is generated by the flow of fluids

through pipelines, by mixing of fluids, pumping, filtering or
agitating of liquids. Water jetting and steaming operations can
also create static charge.
All liquids in motion, independent of their conductivity, are

capable of generating electrostatic charges. Under certain
conditions, non-conducting liquids (e.g., low conductivity
hydrocarbons), can accumulate higher static charges.
Therefore, all equipment used in gas-freeing, pumping, cleaning
and repair work shall be efficiently BONDED AND GROUNDED.
This specifically applies to the lines, hoses and accessories used
for removing tank residual product and residues to mechanical
ventilation exhausters, steam nozzles, and water jetting
equipment. Hose continuity should be verified or an external
bare copper or stainless steel cable connection the length of the
hose shall be bonded to each metal end.
impressed current Cathodic protection on tanks, vessels or pipelines can be a

cathodic protection source of ignition danger. To prevent sparks from bridging
systems insulating flanges or contact with earthed equipment, the power
supply to any tank or pipeline cathodic protection system shall
always be disconnected and locked out by an authorized person
before any work is permitted. In order to allow time for
depolarisation, this shall be done at least 24 hours before any
work is started. The tank, vessel or pipeline shall then be
bonded to earth before the work is started.
electrical equipment When work must be carried out in a non-gas-free atmosphere

inside tanks, only air-operated equipment shall be allowed.
Fans and/or blowers with explosion-proof motors shall not be
used for ventilation due to possible defects, poor maintenance
and the type of electrical connections. Electrical devices such
as tools, handlamps, etc., shall not be used until the tank has
tested out vapour-free (<1%LEL). Only when it is certain that
no explosion or fire hazard exists in the tank shall any other
electrical devices (portable and transportable) be used. Devices
shall be suitable for the electrical classification of the area
(usually Class I, Div. 1 as defined by the Canadian Electrical
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Code and Shell STD. 15-1.02, Area Classification and Electrical

Equipment Spacing – Design).
Portable lights and/or floodlights, suitable for hazardous

locations, can be installed outside the tank away from areas
where flammable vapours may enter or travel. Isolating safety
transformers or rectifiers, subject to the issue of a relevant
permit, should be placed outside the tank or vessel dike
compound.
The condition of electrical devices shall always be checked

before use to ensure they will not be a source of ignition.
electronic equipment Radios, portable flashlights, gas detectors and all other portable
electronic equipment shall be CSA approved or approved by the
Chief Electrical Person at the site or by the Head Electrical
Engineer.
striking of metal Great care is required when handling equipment on tank roofs
objects and spark or when removing manholes from non-gas-free tanks. In order
generation to prevent the occurrence of incendive sparks if articles are
accidentally dropped, damp sacks shall be placed on the roof
and immediately below manholes. These sacks shall be kept
continuously dampened during the work and removed
immediately on completion.
Light metals and steel can produce sparks on impact with other
metals or concrete. While API testing has shown that the
energy levels produced from metal to metal contact and metal to
concrete contact is typically not high enough to ignite
flammable vapours, caution must be used when using manual
tools in potential flammable atmospheres. Aluminium and steel
hand tools are permitted, provided there is no forcible use or
impact work performed while there is a possibility of flammable
atmosphere. Once the tank has been declared LEL free and the
remaining sludge cleaned up, metal tools may be used for
forcible and impact activities.
Liquid extraction devices such as suction wands or skimmers,

which are made of aluminium, are approved provided that there
is no danger of severe impact, and provided proper bonding
procedures are followed.
Steel is preferred for the casing and connecting flanges of air

blowers and extractors.
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smoking Smoking on the job site is prohibited and workers shall not be
permitted to carry matches or lighters in the tank farm area.
internal combustion Vacuum trucks or other vehicles and equipment, used to

engines remove sludge and/or residual products from the tanks, shall
be located outside the dyke and a minimum of 15 m (50 ft) from
the tank. Wind direction shall be checked to ensure flammable
vapours cannot reach internal combustion engines or their
electrical systems (see Appendix C).
pyrophoric Pyrophoric deposits may occur when a tank has stored oil,
iron deposits liquid gas or a water bottom which contained hydrogen
sulphide or other sulphur compounds. Reaction between the
hydrogen sulphide and/or sulphur compounds and rust from
corrosion of steel surfaces may produce iron sulphides. The
subsequent reaction between the oxygen in the air and the iron
sulphides is exothermic and SO2/H2S can be emitted. The heat
generated as the reaction proceeds can act as an ignition source
leading to a fire or explosion. In the case of inert gas blanketed
tanks where the inerting gas contains oxygen or a low level of
oxygen, but which is subsequently consumed or displaced, a
build-up of pyrophoric deposits can occur. Where pyrophoric
iron deposits are likely to be the sludge, deposit should be kept
wetted with H2O.
If a tank has been in contact with any material containing

hydrogen sulphide or other sulphur compounds, there is the
possibility that pyrophoric scale is present on the roof and
walls. Also, the accumulated tank bottom sediment may
contain such pyrophoric constituents. This applies in
particular to tanks that have been held under oxygen-depleted
atmospheres with a very low (less than three to four percent)
oxygen content.
To avoid the possibility that suspected pyrophoric deposits will

heat sufficiently (by rapid exothermic oxidation); and become a
source of ignition in the presence of a flammable atmosphere,
gas-freeing shall proceed with particular care.
It is difficult to predict the presence of pyrophic deposits;

however, reference can be made to any cleaning and corrosion
records of tanks in similar service and to those showing the
history of the materials stored in the tank in question.
Wherever the presence of pyrophoric deposits in the tank is

suspected, the lower part of the tank, which normally remained
liquid covered whilst in operation, should be emptied very
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slowly during decommissioning. During the entire gas-freeing

period, water flooding or water spraying of the tank bottom
sediments is recommended.
When air ventilation is used for gas-freeing tanks that were

inerted in service, natural draft is preferred. It should proceed
at a restricted rate to let the oxygen level in the tank rise slowly,
thus allowing any pyrophoric material in contact with air to
re-oxidize at a harmless rate.
Where tanks have been blanketed with a flammable product

such as methane, gas-freeing with air is not normally
recommended when there is also any risk of pyrophoric
material being present. In such cases, other methods such as
water-displacement are preferable or, alternatively, temporary
use of a truly inert gas should be considered to reduce the
possibility of ignition.
After the tank has been entered, the wetting of deposits shall
continue until they have been removed from the vicinity of the
tank for safe disposal.
2.9 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
benzene hazard Benzene is a normal component in hydrocarbon fuels, such as

management gasoline and some aviation fuels. When vapours from these
fuels are inhaled, workers are exposed to some level of benzene
vapours as well.
07 Benzene is recognised as a cancer-causing substance and has

been specifically linked to leukaemia, a blood related form of
cancer. In recent years, provincial health authorities have
implemented strict limits on benzene exposure. An OEL of
0.5 ppm, and STEL of 2.5 ppm are common requirements and
are the standard for Shell.
Typically, benzene makes up only a small percentage of total

hydrocarbon vapours. However, because of potential health
impacts, the regulated limits on benzene exposure are
extremely low. Benzene exposure is therefore the governing
factor regarding the need to use Respiratory Protective
Equipment (RPE).
07 The common field measurement device used by Shell and its

Contractors is the Portable Gas Detector (PGM). This device
measures total hydrocarbon vapours, in parts per million (ppm),
or in percentage of the Lower Explosive Limit (%LEL). It does
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not differentiate between benzene and other types of vapour.

There are other instruments that specifically measure benzene
levels.
Colour metric tubes or appropriate detectors for the specific

chemicals must be used to determine the concentration level of
chemicals. Contact Shell Canada Limited Corporate Industrial
Hygiene for the measurement and safety precautions for
benzene and other chemicals.
Because of the probability of encountering vapours, benzene

protection requirements must be considered in tank entry and
cleaning operations.
hydrogen sulphide 2.9.1 Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a colourless and extremely

toxic gas encountered in the production and processing of
crude oil and natural gas liquids. All tanks that have contained
sour stocks shall be considered toxic.
07 A concentration of not more than 10 ppm volume of H2S is the

limit for safe exposure for an eight-hour working day; however,
industry practice is to target for zero exposure to H2S. A
concentration of 15 ppm H2S cannot be exceeded at any point
in time without implementation of exposure control measures.
Before any work is started on tanks that have contained sour

stocks, tests for H2S shall be made and repeated at frequent
intervals during work. See HSE Standards and Guidelines 5.3,
Working with H2S.
lead anti-knock 2.9.2 A tank which has been used for the storing of gasoline,
compounds or aviation gasoline to which lead anti-knock compounds have
been added, is a potential source of organic lead poisoning.
Lead anti-knock compounds are toxic and volatile and may be
inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
07 Entering a tank that has contained leaded gasoline or aviation

gasoline may be hazardous because of the presence of lead
compounds in the sludge and in the scale of the tank shell.
Organic lead may have possibly absorbed onto the metal of the
tanks, and may be released over time, particularly through hot
work practices. Any tank which has at some time contained
leaded gasoline, and has been used to store other products
without prior cleaning, shall always be considered lead
hazardous (unless the entire wetted surfaces have at one time
been sandblasted or hydroblasted to white metal and/or tested
clean).
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NOTE: Any worker who enters a tank that has contained

leaded gasoline or aviation gasoline, shall wear protective
respiratory equipment until such time as the tank is tested and
found to be lead free. Protective clothing shall be worn for entry
into tanks that contained leaded products.
Light-coloured outer clothing is recommended so that personnel

working inside the tank may be more readily observed and
contamination of clothes can be immediately recognised. At the
end of each shift, such clothing shall be removed and laundered
before reuse or disposed of.
Sludge from tanks that have contained leaded gasoline shall be

kept wet until disposed of.
A tank shall not be considered lead-hazard-free until:
o it has been cleaned and all sludge removed;
o the loose material has been scraped from all tank surfaces
which have been in contact with the sludge and removed
from the tank;
o it is essentially dry; and,
o it has been thoroughly ventilated after cleaning and the air

analysed (with a lead-in-air analyzer) to determine that the
tank is lead-hazard-free.
CAUTION: Concrete tanks or tanks that contain absorbent

materials cannot be rendered lead-hazard-free.
inorganic lead 07 Inorganic lead compounds can be present as dusts, fumes and
mists when performing work on or inside tanks (and other
equipment). Inorganic lead is very different from organic lead.
Inorganic lead can be present in sludge, construction materials
including paints, coatings, mortar, concrete, solder and sheet
metal. It can also be a part of existing structures, building
components, electrical components including wiring, and where
lead was previously used in a manufacturing process.
Typically, paint with more than 0.06% (or 600 ppm) lead
content is considered as lead paint.
08 Any worker who handles tank materials and other equipment

suspected or unknown to contain leaded materials, including
lead paint, shall practice good work practices and wear personal
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protective equipment (including respirators) until such time as

the material is tested and confirmed non-leaded. Refer to
Appendix G, Industrial Hygiene Guidelines for Lead Testing of
Storage Tanks.
nitrogen 2.9.3 When purging equipment with nitrogen, the exhausted

nitrogen shall be vented to a safe location. When opening
equipment under nitrogen purge, special precautions shall be
taken (i.e., fresh air equipment) regardless of the line size.
dusts 2.9.4 Where dusts are present, an approved respirator and

proper protective equipment and clothing shall be worn which
are appropriate for the type of exposure hazards. See the HSE
Standards and Guidelines, 6.4, Respiratory Protection.
2.10 EXCESS PETROLEUM

VAPOURS AND
OXYGEN DEFICIENCY
entry with no 2.10.1 For entry into a petroleum tank without the use of
respiratory respiratory protective equipment, the following approach is
equipment required:
o confirmation of the safe oxygen content inside the tank

(19.5%-23.0%);
o continuous monitoring of atmosphere for adequate oxygen

and LEL levels; and,
o limiting of the toxic vapours to the established OEL listed in

ACGIH for most vapours, or to Shell or provincial
requirements, whichever is lower.
To obtain a safe tank atmosphere, mechanical ventilation shall

be continued in the space until the vapour concentration in the
interior spaces, as well as near the opening of the tank, have
reached the appropriate levels for oxygen and vapours.
Air within a tank that has been closed for an extended period
may become deficient in oxygen due to oxidation (rusting) of the
tank metal.
If the oxygen content of the tank cannot be increased to at least

19.5% by volume, entry shall not be permitted. The percentage
of oxygen must be determined using an oxygen analyzer
calibrated for the location at which the instrument is being
used.
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caution Refer to HSE Standards and Guidelines 5.1, Confined Space

Entry. If the oxygen content of confined spaces is deficient
(<19.5%), it is not safe to use oxygen to increase the oxygen
level. Such an action can increase the oxygen content to a level
significantly above that found in air, and hence, increase the
combustion potential.
continuous 07 The oxygen analyzer only measures the presence of oxygen at

monitoring the very moment and at the precise location at which the
atmosphere is checked and cannot indicate that an extensive
area is safe for breathing. Therefore, regular and frequent
testing of the atmosphere in many places throughout the area
where work is being carried out. Additionally, continuous
monitoring with an approved and properly calibrated analyzer
with an audible alarm may be required for certain situations
where the O2 levels can fluctuate.
2.11 HIGH VAPOUR

CONCENTRATIONS
IN TANK VICINITY
Hydrocarbon vapours are generally heavier than air and
although they can sometimes be easily and safely dispersed by
a light breeze, they can travel a considerable distance. Thus,
when a tank, vessel, or confined space, which has contained a
volatile hydrocarbon, is being ventilated prior to cleaning or
repair, the large volume of vapour/air mixture which is released
may travel beyond the limits of the usually safe distances.
Continuous checks shall be made on wind direction and speed,
and volume of discharge. Flags made of safety warning ribbon,
located around the tank area and across manholes, are useful
indicators. Barriers should be established and hazard warning
signs located at the perimeter of the Hazardous area.
On-going gas monitoring is essential during the gas-freeing

operation to ensure safety of personnel and equipment. The job
supervisor shall stop the operation during very stagnant/calm
air conditions or during electrical storms.
3.0 SELECTION, TRAINING

AND SUPERVISION
OF PERSONNEL
07 The Contractor shall confirm that each worker is sufficiently fit
and healthy to work while wearing RPE. Contractors should
certify that they have specifically passed recent medical
assessments for respirator usage.
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physical disorders Physical ability must be appropriate to the confined space entry
to be conducted. No person with any of the following should
work in confined spaces:
o epilepsy;
o fainting and blackout;
o diabetes (insulin dependent);
o heart disease or disorders;
o asthma;
o bronchitis;
o shortness of breath;
o dizzy spells;
o lack of balance;
o claustrophobia;
o back troubles;
o skin diseases;
o seriously defective eyesight;
o no sense of smell;
o medication affecting physical or mental ability; or,
o obesity.
All personnel, including Shell supervisors and Contractors, who

are employed to enter or clean storage tanks shall be
adequately trained and thoroughly familiar with HSE
precautions, procedures, and hazards associated with tank
cleaning. They shall be trained or certified and competent in
confined space entry in a manner approved by a Shell
authority, and which meets the requirements of provincial
regulations.
The training shall be specific to the hazards associated with the

product stored in the tank and shall have been completed
within the past five years. In addition, the Contractor's training
program must be in compliance with HSE Standards and
Guidelines - 6.4 Respiratory Protection, and CSA Z94.4.
All tank-cleaning operations shall be managed by a trained and

competent job supervisor, aware of the hazards of the operation
and fully conversant with this tank cleaning Standard and with
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the use and fitting of protective equipment, who shall be in

attendance throughout the operation.
The tank cleaning is the responsibility of the Shell-designated

job supervisor. This person shall ensure that qualified
Contractors are used, that the tanks are safe for entry, that
proper HSE requirements and procedures are being followed,
and that appropriate records are kept.
4.0 PREPARATION BEFORE

TANK CLEANING
4.1 ASSESSMENT
The job supervisor shall determine the type of product that the
tank last contained, as well as the amount of sludge disposal
requirements within the tank (if possible) and the physical
condition of the tank itself.
Hazards encountered in the cleaning of petroleum storage tanks

can be controlled by proper planning, inspection and training.
The Contractor must be involved in the initial HSE Hazard
Assessment and all stages of planning for tasks which the
Contractor is involved with. Tank cleaning involves the various
major steps as follows:
o The job supervisor shall ensure that "all workers" (Shell and
contract employees) are trained and oriented;
o The job supervisor shall inspect the work area for hazard
assessment and ensure that all equipment is in good
working order;
o preliminary preparation and inspection of equipment;
o assessment of the hazards and identification of required

PPE, see Appendix B;
o emergency response and rescue plan;
o pre-job HSE meeting;
o control of ignition sources;
o isolation of the fluid containing systems (tank, piping and

periperhal equipment);
o product removal and isolation of tank;
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o vapour-freeing, purging;
o ventilation requirements for maintaining safe atmosphere;
07 o testing the tank for lead (organic and inorganic),

hydrocarbon vapours and toxic gases;
o illumination requirements;
o entry of tank for cleaning and removal/disposal of sludge;
o communication requirements;
o recommissioning tank; and,
o signs and barriers.
4.2 EXTERNAL/INTERNAL
FLOATING ROOFS
Floating roof legs should be pinned at the maintenance level.
Plan this to coincide with the tank being full, to reduce the
depth of the confined space. This requires a confined space
(hazardous) entry inside the cone roof onto the top of the
floating roof. Special procedures as outlined in Shell
STD. 4-4.02, Entry into Internal Floating Roof Tanks in
Hydrocarbon Services and shall be followed for this work.
The site may elect to forego entry into an “in-service” tank to set
roof legs and conduct the tank cleaning at the lower “operating”
roof height.
07 4.2.1 The floating roof integrity must be proven before

entering under a floating roof. Steps required to prove the
floating roof integrity are:
07 o Visual inspection through shell manways to determine if

floating roof legs are plumb and that all legs are in contact
with the floor.
07 o If floating roof is cable supported a visual check from the

fixed roof manways to ensure that all cables are taunt and
carrying load. As well a visual inspection of the cable
anchor supports on the fixed roof. (Correct fall protection
will be required prior to anyone walking on the fixed roof).
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07 o Entry under floating roof to nearest floating roof manway for

access above floating roof. (If the floating roof has no
internal manways the access will have to be made from the
fixed roof. Correct fall protection measures and job hazard
analysis is required prior to anyone climbing down from the
fixed roof.) Once entry is gained above the floating roof the
following visual inspections are required:
07 - verify condition of leg supports and leg bolts
07 - verify that the roof has not rotated
07 - verify that the seal is generally in contact with the shell

all around the perimeter of floating roof . (A significant
gap in the seal, i.e. > 2” over an extended length can
allow the floating roof to move sideways and potentially
fall.).
07 - verify that the anti-rotation cables (if provided) are taunt
07 - verify that the floating roof deck is full thickness and

has no localized corroded areas.
09 If the condition of the floating roof cannot be ascertained or if

the floating roof integrity is suspect, consideration must be
given to the use of approved means for temporarily supporting
the floating roof from underneath.
4.3 ISOLATING
THE TANK
4.3.1 Refer to HSE Standards and Guidelines 5.10, Isolation
of Fluid Containment Systems, for assessment information and
isolation requirements
4.3.2 After all possible residual oil has been pumped out, all
piping connected to the tank - including steam, foam and
similar lines - shall be blinded off as close to the tank as
possible (tank side of tank valves) to prevent the entrance of
hydrocarbon vapours or liquids into the tank. Isolation is
accomplished by first closing all the valves nearest the tank,
then breaking the connections and placing blinds in all the
flanged lines. All unblinded piping connected to the tank shall
be disconnected from the tank and left physically separated
(including small threaded lines).
4.3.3 Electrical power sources to apparatus such as mixers

and other electrical shall be locked out at the MCC breaker and
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proven dead. Where the power source cannot be permanently

isolated at the breaker because of shared power supply, the
electrical apparatus must be physically disconnected, tagged,
and proven dead.
4.3.4 Impressed current cathodic protection systems shall be

disconnected 24 hours prior to commencement of tank work.
5.0 PROCEDURES FOR TANK

BOTTOM PUMP-OUT
5.1 PREPARATION FOR

TANK OPENING AND
TANK BOTTOM PUMP
OUT
Ensure the following:
o If the tank is cathodically protected, disconnect the power

24 hours minimum before starting to work.
o As much liquid as possible shall be removed through floor

sump drains and water draw-off piping.
o The storage tank shall be properly grounded, (<10 ohms

resistance, tank to ground).
NOTE: Bond the equipment to the tank (clean metal

surface). Do not start ventilation immediately.
o For tanks with fixed roofs, open the roof manhole and
install air eductor(s)/extractor(s). This is necessary to
ensure control of vapours at ground level when shell
manholes are opened.
o For Internal Floating Roof (IFR) tanks, an eductor must be

installed on a pressure vacuum breaker. This requires a
confined space entry onto the floating roof.
o For EFR tanks, an eductor must be install on a floating roof

manhole, or on the pressure/vacuum breaker if there are no
manholes. This requires entry onto the floating roof under
full confined space entry controls.
o If internal combustion engines are used, position the

pumping equipment upwind away from the source of
flammable vapours outside the tank dyke and a minimum of
15 m (50 ft.) from the tank being cleaned.
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NOTE: If vacuum truck is used, see Appendix C. If

air-operated pumping equipment is used, locate the air
compressor at the same distance as for a vacuum truck.
o Inspect the pumping equipment ground.
NOTE: The air-operated pump should be bonded to the

tank.
o Ground any tank/container/tank truck if used for

temporary storage or transportation of product.
o Ensure that all hoses used for product transfer are visually
inspected and in good condition and pressure tested within
the past year. Hose material must be compatible with the
application. Hoses must be conductive, bond/ground all
exposed metallic hose components.
NOTE: Bond all metallic components of hoses together and

to the vessel/tank being emptied or filled.
o Do not ground onto the manhole flange of the tank opening

used for the pumping operation.
o No open flame, welding, burning or other hot work is

allowed inside the tank farm area during this activity.
o Restrict access around the tank/tank farm area for the

entire work. Anyone not directly involved in the work shall
not access the area.
o Ensure that appropriate fire protection equipment is in

place and readily available.
o Start ventilation at a slow rate before opening the shell

manhole in order to establish a pressure differential and
avoid release of flammable vapours at ground level when
shell manways are removed.
o Remove/open the shell manhole.
o After opening the shell manhole, maintain a continuous

ventilation (at normal rate). This allows fresh air to enter
the tank and minimises the concentration of flammable
vapours in the vicinity of the manhole opening.
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NOTE: If a vacuum truck is used, see Appendix C.
5.2 PUMPING TANK

BOTTOM
Ensure the following:
o The pumping rate in the suction pipe shall not exceed one
meter/second for 'dirty'/contaminated liquid and three
meters/second for clean/pure products. If there is any
doubt as to the liquid product quality, consider the liquid
'dirty'.
o Before inserting hose and/or suction wand into the tank,

bond all exposed metallic and/or conductive components to
the tank.
o Insert the suction hose and/or wand inside the tank.
o Do not insert any unbonded metallic and/or unbonded

conductive object (i.e., tool) inside the tank during the
pumping operation.
o Do not allow anybody to stand in front of the manhole

opening. If required for inspection, always approach the
opening from the side.
o Continuously observe the operation and remain in

attendance at all times while manway is open.
o To remove last residuals, it is acceptable to slowly introduce

water into the tank through the existing water drawoff or
low pump out lines. Never pump water into the tank
through roof and avoid shell manholes, if possible (avoid
splashing). Introduce only enough water to float the
petroleum and vacuum or skim it off through a manhole.
o At the end of the shift, if the pump-out operation is not

completed, remove suction hose and close all tank openings.
(Where possible continue the manned ventilation process.
Stoppages in ventilation usually result in delays in the gas
freeing process.)
o At the subsequent start of work, follow all the previously

mentioned requirements.
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6.0 VENTILATION AND

GAS FREEING
6.1 GENERAL
The method for gas-freeing tanks to make them safe for
pumping, entry, cleaning, repairs, or alterations, varies
according to the size and type of tank. For ventilation
purposes, only blank shell manholes shall be used. Manholes
containing mixers of other heavy equipment shall not be opened
until ventilation is completed.
Gas-freeing does not ensure safety for workers entering

tanks which have contained leaded gasoline unless
protective clothing, including breathing apparatus, is worn.
Within the definition of "LEL free" it is also possible for
benzene exposure limits to be exceeded.
Gas-freeing and cleaning of tanks are inter-related. No work,

either gas-freeing or cleaning of tanks, shall be started without
consideration of the requirements and sequence of operations
for both.
Before allowing workers without respiratory protection to enter

a tank, the tank shall be freed from flammable/toxic vapours,
and the oxygen level raised to at least 19.5% by volume.
Gas-freeing is usually done by either natural ventilation,
mechanical ventilation, or, water displacement methods are
used. Raising the oxygen level can of course only be achieved
by either natural or forced ventilation and cleaning operations.
Flexible trunks may be required to ensure that vapours are

discharged at sufficient height for safe dispersion. Any metal
components must be properly bonded or grounded. Operations
and a Shell engineer or Shell Head Office Specialist must
approve discharging the vapours at ground level only where
access is tightly controlled and there are no concerns regarding
ground level vapour impacts or ignition sources.
The use of vapour suppression techniques may be considered

when cleaning gasoline tanks and other light products.
Suppression fluids such as the commercially available
Zyme-Flow or even diesel can be flooded around the tank
perimeter to provide both a barrier and absorption fluid which
helps to reduce vapourization of light ends. When using
suppression fluids to reduce ventilation time, the same care
and procedures must be followed in the flooding of the tank
floor as were used in the pump-out of the tank floor.
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6.2 SITE PRECAUTIONS

DURING GAS FREEING
During the gas-freeing operation, hydrocarbon vapours are
gradually discharged to the environment outside the tank where
it disperses. Roads shall be closed, areas roped off and warning
signs posted, as appropriate. Special consideration shall be
given to low areas where hydrocarbon vapours may collect.
Admission of personnel and equipment to the affected area

shall be minimised and strictly controlled. It is however
necessary that controlled and regular inspections are carried
out by a competent person, who shall have the resources and
authority for quick intervention.
Potential sources of ignition shall be prohibited in the affected

area. Close liaison should be maintained with neighbouring
operational departments. In cases where tanks being gas-freed
are located close to a site boundary, the required liaison and
recommended precautions may have to extend to third parties.
It is strongly recommended that a windsock or other means of

wind direction indication shall be installed close to the tank to
check on wind direction and strength.
During thunderstorms, in very calm conditions, or during

periods of substantial fog in the area, work shall be stopped.
Where practicable (i.e., time permitting), all large tank openings
should be temporarily covered or closed, except those that are
essential for normal tank breathing.
Ventilation must be controlled and or supervised at all times

until the vapour concentration inside the tank has been
reduced to not more than 50% LEL.
Consideration should be given to providing lightweight non-

metallic covers of the proper size to allow fast and easy covering
of tank openings.
6.3 VENTILATION
METHODS FIXED
ROOF TANKS
6.3.1 There are several methods of ventilation; however, the
following is recommended:
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air extractor o Install an air eductor (venturi-type) in one of the roof

(eductor) method manholes. As an option to increase efficiency, a flexible
trunk can be extended to near the tank bottom inside the
tank. Eductor equipment will often be in place from the
tank bottom pump-out phase. The shell manholes are
initially kept closed, but the other roof manholes shall be
opened to allow air entry. Because air enters at the top of
the tank and the heavier hydrocarbon vapours leave from
the bottom, this is normally the quickest and most efficient
method. Refer to Fig. 6-1, (upper) Fixed Roof Tank
Ventilation.
o Great care is necessary, when attaching the equipment to

the roof. Wet sacking shall be used to avoid creation of
sparks, and the roof shall be confirmed structurally safe
prior to walking on it. It may also be necessary to take
special precautions for residual fluids with high H2S
contents, in which case respiratory protection (SCBA or
SABA) shall be worn.
o Ensure that the eductor is bonded to the tank and the bond
wire and clamp are in good condition and electrically
continuous.
o Once air flow is established and vapour testing at the vent

shows LEL below 50%, a shell manway should be 'cracked'
to check for air inflow. Once the inflow is observed, the
shell manway can be set ajar to allow a steady air inflow at
grade.
o Inflow shall be maintained when the manway is opened to

avoid release of vapour at ground level.
or
blower method o Install an air/steam-operated blower in a shell manhole

blowing into the tank and discharge the vapours out of an
opened roof manhole. As an option to increase efficiency, a
flexible trunk can be extended to near the tank bottom. A
trunk must be installed in the roof manhole see Fig. 6-1
(lower).
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o As an alternate, a second shell manhole may be used for

vapour discharge. A trunk shall be connected to the
manhole and the discharge end shell be elevated to achieve
adequate dispersion. Operations and a Shell engineer or
Shell Head Office Specialist must approve discharging the
vapours at ground level provided access is tightly controlled
and there are no concerns regarding ground level vapour
impacts or ignition sources.
Ensure that the blower is bonded to the tank and the bond
wire and clamp are in good condition and electrically
continuous.
o CAUTION: In all cases, the air mover shall be electrically

bonded to the tank. Electrically operated air blowers or
extractors shall not be used. Start ventilation at a slow rate
(to avoid vacuum/pressure surges in the tank).
6.4 VENTILATION
METHODS INTERNAL
FLOATING ROOF
TANKS
6.4.1 After product has been pumped out, the floating roof
shall be standing on its legs, at maintenance height, 1-2 m
(3-6 ft) above the tank floor. Refer to Fig. 6-2.
Stage 1 Open one fixed roof manholes and install eductor in one
manhole. This eductor equipment will often be in place from
the tank bottom pump-out phase. Activate eductor. This will
create a mild negative pressure inside the tank, both above and
below the floating roof. This will assist in controlling ground
level vapours when shell manholes are opened in Stage 2.
Stage 2a With roof-mounted eductor operating, open down-wind shell

eductor/extractor manhole and install eductor with elevated discharge. Do not
method activate. Remove opposite shell manhole, then activate shell
eductor. Remove other shell manholes. Roof-mounted eductor
should continue in operation throughout ventilation process.
Operations and the Shell engineer or Shell Head Office

Specialist may approve discharging the vapours at ground level
only where access is tightly controlled and there are no
concerns regarding ground level vapour impacts or ignition
sources.
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Stage 2b With roof-mounted eductor operating, open up-wind shell

blower method manhole and install blower. Do not activate. Open opposite
shell manhole and install elevated discharge trunk. Activate
blower. Roof-mounted eductor should continue in operation
throughout ventilation process.
Operations and the Shell engineer or Shell Head Office

Specialist may approve discharging the vapours at ground level
sources.
CAUTION: In all cases, the air mover shall be electrically

bonded to the tank. Electrically operated air blowers or
extractors shall not be used. Start ventilation at a slow rate (to
avoid vacuum/pressure surges in the tank).
After gas-freeing the area beneath the floating roof, the

manholes of the floating roof cover shall be opened.
CAUTION: When air is being forced into the space below the
roof, vapours will be forced into the space above the roof
through the open pressure/vacuum breaker. Maintain
ventilation in the vapour space above the floating roof.
The roof legs may also contain liquid and/or sludge. All
plugged drain holes shall be cleared and the legs emptied as
soon as workers are allowed to enter the tank. Steam clean roof
legs if any hot work must be made on them.
09 The roof pontoons may also contain flammable vapour;

therefore each pontoon shall be individually checked and
ventilated if necessary. Where pontoons do not have adequate
provisions for checking, this shall be brought to the attention of
the Shell project representative.
NOTE: The floating roof is a very light structure, and cannot be

subjected to heavy loads. When there is some doubt regarding
the load carrying capacity of floating roofs, contact the Shell
Engineer or the Shell Head Office Specialist.
6.4.2 After product has been pumped out, the floating roof
shall be standing on its legs, at maintenance height, 1-2 m
(3-6 ft.) above the tank floor.
An eductor trunk should still be in place in either a floating roof

manhole or a pressure vacuum breaker, from the tank bottom
Page 36 of 55
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pump-out phase. If it is not in place, the top of the floating roof

must be entered. Where it is necessary to access the top side of
the roof, respiratory protection (SCBA or SABA) shall be worn
by every worker going on to the roof to open a manhole, or for
any other reason. Two safety persons, both equipped with
respiratory protection (SCBA or SABA) shall always be in
attendance. Confined space entry requirements apply. Refer to
Fig. 6-2.
6.5 VENTILATION
METHODS
EXTERNAL FLOATING
ROOF TANKS
Stage 1 Loosen the bolts on the upwind shell manhole. Activate the
floating roof eductor at a reduced rate. This will create a mild
negative pressure, below the floating roof. This will assist in
controlling ground-level vapours when shell manholes are
opened. Immediately open upwind shell manhole and increase
power to eductor. Open down-wind manhole.
Stage 2a An educator shall be mounted on the down-wind shell

eductor method manhole, using an elevated discharge. Activate eductor and
open other shell manholes. Deactivate the eductor on the
floating roof. Operations and the Shell engineer or Shell
Canada Head Office Specialist may approve discharging the
vapours at ground level only where access is tightly controlled
and there are no concerns regarding ground level vapour
impacts or ignition sources.
Stage 2b Install elevated trunk on down-wind manhole. Install blower

blower method on up-wind manhole, and activate.
Operations and the Shell engineer or Shell Canada Head Office

Specialist must approve discharging the vapours at ground level
sources.
After gas-freeing the area beneath the floating roof, the

manholes of the floating roof cover shall be opened.
CAUTION: When air is being forced into the space below the
roof, vapours will be forced into the space above the roof
through the open pressure/vacuum breaker. Maintain
ventilation in the vapour space above the floating roof.
Page 37 of 55
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The roof legs may also contain liquid and/or sludge. All
plugged drain holes shall be cleared and the legs emptied as
soon as personnel are allowed to enter the tank. Steam clean
roof legs if any hot work must be made on them.
The roof pontoons may also contain flammable vapour. These

shall be checked and ventilated, if necessary.
An eductor trunk should still be in place in either a floating roof

manhole or a pressure vacuum breaker, from the tank bottom
pump-out phase. If it is not in place, the top of the floating roof
must be entered. Where it is necessary to access the top side of
the roof, respiratory protection (SCBA or SABA) shall be worn
by every worker going on to the roof to open a manhole, or for
any other reason. Two Safety persons, both equipped with
respiratory protection (SCBA or SABA) shall always be in
attendance. Confined space entry requirements apply. Refer to
Fig. 6-3.
6.6 VENTILATION
METHODS
small aboveground 6.6.1 Usually, only one shell manhole is fitted to agency
(AGENCY) tanks tanks. This shall be used for the ventilation air inlet, as access
for personnel and equipment, etc. and for sludge removal. An
air eductor shall be used and fitted to the most suitable (largest)
tank roof connection, usually the vent connection.
underground 6.6.2 There are several different piping configurations

(RETAIL) tanks possible on underground tanks. The ventilation methods
described in 6.6.3 through 6.6.9 should be followed. Additional
information is available from Marketing Engineering, HSE
Manual, Critical Task Procedures.
safe vapour 6.6.3 Vapours shall be discharged at sufficient height and in

dispersion a suitable location and at a suitable rate to ensure proper
dispersion. Given that marketing tanks are usually installed in
populated areas, vapour clouds can be hazardous to adjacent
properties and roadways as well as on the site. In general, the
vent stack location can serve as a guide for locating the vapour
discharge (both height and location).
flow within the tank 6.6.4 It is important that the air inlet and the vapour outlet be
as far apart as possible to maximize the flow of fresh air
through the length of the tank. Ensure the following:
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Page 39 of 55
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steps (1) Assess the potential vapour hazards in the area. Choose
a vapour discharge location which minimises the
hazards. This may be the existing vent, or a hose may
be connected to the vent to lead the discharge to an
alternative location at similar height.
(2) Block any roof connections that are not used in the
venting process.
(3) Establish air flow by either placing an air-operated

eductor at the discharge point, or by connecting a
blower to the fill pipe furthest from the vent.
NOTE: Only the air-operated type of eductor shall be

permitted. Electrically operated blowers or extractors
may not be used. Power sources such as compressor
motors shall always be located upwind and as far as
possible from the vapour discharge point.
(4) Airflow shall be held to approximately 40 cfm

(1.1 m3/m), which approximates the speed of venting
during a product receipt.
(5) Monitor wind and vapour conditions throughout the

ventilation process. Stop venting and re-assess hazards
when conditions change significantly. Venting shall be
directly and continuously supervised until the vapour
concentration inside the tank is reduced to not more
than 50% LEL.
(6) Continue ventilation cycle until a vapour-free condition

is established. This means that a vapour reading at the
bottom of the tank shall be less than 1% LEL when
measured 30 minutes after the venting has been turned
off.
6.7 WATER
DISPLACEMENT
6.7.1 Using this method the tank vapours are displaced via
open manholes or other vent openings on the roof by filling the
tank with water, after which the water is drained so that air can
enter.
In general, this method is comparatively safe but often less

practical for large tanks owing to the quantities of water
required and subsequent disposal requirements.
Page 40 of 55
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When the water is approximately 15 cm deep, any residual

floating product and debris can be removed by vacuum truck.
The roof must then be floated with water to displace all vapours
from the under side.
The tank should be filled from a connection near the bottom or

via a top connection with an internal downpipe near the tank
bottom.
To avoid generation of static charges, the initial filling rate

should be slow until the inlet nozzle has been completely
covered.
Free fall, splashing and jetting shall be avoided during the

whole filling period.
The water level in the tank shall be limited to the safe fill height
and consequently vapours remaining in the roof cone space
may still cause the tank atmosphere to be unsafe after drainage
of the water.
If the tank is to be filled with water the design and condition of

the tank and its foundation shall be checked as to their
suitability to withstand the forces exerted by the completely
water-filled tank. Water is significantly heavier than the
hydrocarbons for which the tank was designed. In certain
cases, the water level may have to be limited to less than a
completely filled tank. Also the venting capacity shall be
checked to prevent exceeding internal and external design
pressures during filling and emptying.
It shall be ensured that the local drainage system can deal with
the amount of potentially contaminated water released from the
tank and that the capacity of treating facilities will not be
exceeded. It is essential to ensure that during drainage, the
openings available for ingress of air are clear and sufficient to
prevent the tank from collapsing inward.
Precautions shall be taken to prevent backflow of water from

the tank into the supply system in the event of a reduction in
the supply pressure.
Valves or other means must be installed at the water

connection to the tank to enable the flow of water to be stopped
and to avoid uncontrolled outflow by draining or siphoning in
Page 41 of 55
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case of failure of any flexible hose or pipe, etc. used for the
water supply.
6.8 VAPOUR TESTING

PRIOR TO ENTRY
Portable gas detectors for measuring LEL require normal levels
of oxygen to measure concentrations accurately. Before testing
for LEL, it is essential to first confirm that oxygen is between
19.5 and 23%.
07 Test the progress of the gas-freeing operation frequently by

measuring the vapour content of the atmosphere inside the
tank and the surrounding area with an intrinsically safe gas
detector (i.e., portable gas detector, explosimeter or vapour
indicator). Take samples of vapour, preferably at the tank
venting/exhaust outlet or close to the potential workers'
breathing zone.
Restrict workers from around the tank until the vapour

concentration in the tank has been reduced to at least 50% LEL
and air is entering the shell manways.
Petroleum products in the high flash-point range, such as

diesel oil, fuel oil and lubricating oil are not volatile at normal
ambient temperatures and therefore are unlikely, unless
heated, to produce flammable vapour/air mixtures.
The gas detection instrument shall be approved for use in

environments contaminated with lead.
NOTE: The combustible gas detector readings give the vapour

concentration percentage (%) of the LEL. See Table 6.1, which
provides the flammability data of air/vapour mixtures for
various hydrocarbon products.
EXAMPLE:
MOTOR GASOLINE: (UFL)
1.4% 7.6%
A 50% reading on the combustible gas detector means that the

percentage of gasoline vapour concentration by volume in air is
equal to 0.7% (i.e., 50% of 1.4).
A 1% reading means 0.014% of gasoline vapour concentration

by volume in air present in the tank.
Page 42 of 55
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See Fig. 6-4 for the approximate relationship between

temperature, RVP and explosive limits of petroleum products
6.9 SAFE LEVELS
FOR ENTRY
Refer to Appendix B, Table B-1 for permissible vapour
concentrations and allowable work activities.
6.10 TESTING FOR

TOXIC VAPOURS
INCLUDING LEAD
6.10.1 Most hydrocarbon vapours are toxic. Tests shall be
made to ensure that vapour concentrations are within
established TLV.
Tanks that have contained leaded gasoline may contain lead

antiknock compounds in sufficient quantity to present a serious
health hazard even though the tank may be vapour-free and
safe from explosion and asphyxiation hazards. Before entry
without protective equipment, take lead-in-air tests to ensure
that the tank is considered lead hazard free.
07 Before a lead in-air test is made to determine the organic lead-

in-air concentration, the tank shall be cleaned, dried, and
ventilated. This test is not used to determine whether a tank
has been in leaded service. Any tank with an unknown history
shall be considered a potential organic lead hazard.
07 To obtain samples for the lead-in-air test, samples shall be

collected around the inside perimeter of the tank and diagonally
across the tank. Colourimetric-based lead-in-air kits are no
longer recommended for this testing.
07 If there is sludge or deposits in the tank remaining after

cleaning, lead-in-sludge testing shall be done. Contact your
Environmental or Waste Coordinator.
07 If working on tank surfaces externally, inorganic lead testing

(e.g. bulk paint samples sent to qualified lab) shall be done if
any hot-work activities are performed. If working internal tank
surfaces which have been coated, , inorganic lead testing shall
be done. Paints with more than 0.06% (or 600 ppm) lead
content is considered to be leaded paints.
07 Personnel exposure to the organic lead compounds (tetraethyl

and tetramethyllead) shall be limited to a time-weighted average
of 0.05 mg/m3 on any 8-hour shift in a 40-hour week; however,
contact Industrial Hygiene for updates or local regulations.
Page 43 of 55
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07 Personnel exposure to inorganic lead shall be limited to a time-

weighted average of 0.05 mg/m3 on any 8-hour shift in a
40-hour week; however, contact Industrial Hygiene for updates
or local regulations.
07 Contact Industrial Hygiene for approved test methodologies for

organic and inorganic lead, laboratories and interpretation of
results.
6.11 PERMIT SYSTEM

See HSE Standards and Guidelines, 4.1, Safe Work Permits.
7.0 WORKING IN THE

TANK/TANK CLEANING
7.1 GENERAL SAFETY

INSTRUCTIONS
The following applies for all tank cleaning operations:
o The tank condition shall be determined and classified per

Appendix B, Table B.1 and B.4 (fully certified by testing
prior to entering). Appendix B, Table B.1 and B.4 define the
criteria for the work permit conditions and requirements.
Prohibit all tank entry when the level of vapour
concentration exceeds 20% of the LEL.
o Before entering the tank, a safe work permit, signed by job

supervisor, shall be issued. On the work permit, list all
safety measures and the necessary protective clothing and
equipment. All rules and requirements listed on the permit
shall apply as well as the requirements in the appropriate
HSE standard.
o During a thunderstorm, no one shall be allowed on the roof,

inside the tank, or in the tank compound. If an explosive
mixture can still be present, stop venting, and if there is
time before the storm, close all the tank's openings.
o If very calm air conditions develop, close the tank

temporarily to prevent the vapour/air mixture from flowing
into a restricted area.
Page 44 of 55
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TABLE 6.1 FLAMMABILITY DATA OF AIR/VAPOUR MIXTURES (Page 1 of 1)
Explosive Limits in
Explosion Temp. Flash-point Auto-ignition
Air
Range in Air (C) Closed-Cup (C) Temp. (C)
(% V)
Hydrogen 4.1 - 74.0 572
Methane 4.3 - 14.0 537
Ethylene 2.8 - 34.0 450
Ethane 3.2 - 12.5 472
Acetylene 2.5 - 81.0 304
Propylene 2.2 - 9.5 443
Propane 2.4 - 9.5 466
Isobutane 1.9 - 8.5 507
n-Butane 1.6 - 8.5 -60 405
Isopentane 1.5 - 7.5 420†
n-Pentane 1.5 - 7.5 -40 287
n-Hexane 1.2 - 6.9 -26 234
Methylcyclopentane 329
Benzene 1.4 - 8.0 -13/18 -11 538
Cyclohexane 1.3 - 8.3 -17 260
n-Heptane 1.0 - 6.0 -4 223
Methylcyclohexane 1.2 - -4 285
Toluene 1.3 - 7 4.4/38 4 536
n-Octane 0.95 - 13 220
Ethylbenzene 1.0 - 6.7 15 432
para-Xylene 1.1 - 7.0 529
meta-Xylene 1.0 - 6.0 26/60 19 528
ortho-Xylene 1.0 - 6.0 17 463
n-Nonane 0.8 - 31 206
n-Decane 0.7 - 46 208
Motor gasoline 1.4 - 7.6 -57/-7 -46 280
Aviation gasoline 1.1 - 7.2 -40/-1 -34 454
Diesel ? ? ? ?
Shell Sol ? ? ? ?
Kerosene 0.7 - 6.0 38/99 49 229
Jet A 0.7 - 6.0 43/99 43 228
Jet B 1.0 - 7.0 -23/27 <-18 242
Crude oil 1.0 - 10.0* -18/4 <-18
CO 12.5 - 74.0 610
H2 S 4.3 - 46.0 260
NH3 15.5 - 27.0 656
(methanol) (7.3 - 36.0) (10) (435)
Source: Physical and Engineering Data Book - MF 77-500.
* In the source document this is quoted as 1%-6.0% V; however, other tests have shown that
UEL may be substantially higher depending on the type, nature and degree of weathering of
the crude oil. For practical purposes, it is reasonable to assume that the range is 1%-10%.
† Source: Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials (NFPA).
Page 45 of 55
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o If entry must be made into non-gas/vapour-free

(>1% <20% LEL) tanks, there shall always be two people
present outside the tank for control of the air source, the air
supply to the respirators, and for any emergency assistance
to personnel in the tank. There shall also be two
independent air supply respirators, preferably
self-contained, ready for immediate use in an emergency.
One of the persons outside the tank shall wear one set
ready for immediate entry and be stationed at a tank
manhole, keeping personnel in the tank under observation.
If the personnel inside cannot remain within view of the
outside safety person, they shall be joined inside by another
person.
o One person acting as the safety watch/safety person shall

always be present at the access/egress manway when work
is done inside a tank/vessel or other confined space, which
is gas-free and well ventilated and where entry is permitted
without breathing apparatus.
o SCBA and SABA bottles should not be filled at the worksite.

Refer to CSA Z180.1-00, Compressed Breathing Air and
Systems for information.
o Locate the air compressor upwind of the tank being cleaned

and continuously monitor the direction of the wind.
o If the sludge is potentially of pyrophoric nature (as could be

the case in blanketed sour stock and crude tanks), the
sludge shall be kept wet. Remove sludge to a safe disposal
site, as soon as possible.
o The maximum working temperature inside a tank shall be

below 40 C (105 F) unless special precautions are
prescribed in the permit. Decrease the temperature by
ventilation. It should be noted that the readings of
combustible gas detectors tend to be low at high
temperatures 40 C (105 F) and caution is required in the
interpretation of results in hot weather. Check the
Manufacturer's literature for specifications.
o Until a tank is declared gas-free, only natural light,

explosion-proof flashlights and air-operated ventilation and
pumping equipment are permitted.
o Place ventilation and pumping equipment outside the tanks,

away from possible flammable vapour travel. All lights shall
Page 47 of 55
Feb. 04
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be of an explosion-proof type, connected to extension cords

equipped with connectors or switches approved for
hazardous locations. Inspect such equipment thoroughly
prior to its use.
o Use only tools that are specifically covered by the work

permit in tanks that are not gas-free. See Appendix B,
Table B.3.
o Tank workers shall wear appropriate protective clothing

while working inside and outside the tank. This could
include plastic gloves, boots, facemask with helmet and
PVC-coated clothing for wet and/or chemical environments.
In the presence of flammable atmosphere/vapours, tank
cleaners shall wear fire-retardant outer clothing with non-
fusible inner (next to the skin) garments, underwear and
socks. See Appendix B, Table B.2.
NOTE: Personal "street" clothing made of fusible-type

material, (i.e., nylons, polyesters) shall not be worn. State
the requirements on the work permit.
o Fire fighting equipment shall always be on site during

cleaning in accordance with the permit. Personnel shall be
trained in handling the type of equipment prescribed.
o Use air-driven pumping equipment only.
o Smoking shall never be permitted inside a tank or tank

area, even when the tank is declared gas-free and clean.
o If a tank which is being cleaned remains unattended,

(e.g., during lunchtime, at night or during the weekend),
warning signs shall be posted. Tank openings shall be
covered by barriers bolted onto the manways. The following
notice/sign shall be prominently displayed at each entrance
to the tank.
CAUTION
Authorized entry only
o After each work stoppage and prior to entering the tank, the
level of toxic/flammable vapour concentration and oxygen
level shall be tested. Unless the tank has been certified
lead-free, a lead test shall also be conducted.
Page 48 of 55
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o Before closing the last manhole of a tank, the supervisor

shall inspect the tank and ascertain that no tools, objects or
other materials have been left inside and the work that has
been satisfactorily completed.
o The following notice/sign shall be painted or mounted

permanently on the tank shell above one of the manholes on
tank which has ever contained leaded gasolines and has
NOT been proved lead free.
DANGER
THIS TANK HAS CONTAIN E D LEADED GASOLINE.
DO NOT ENT E R W ITHOU T O BSERVIN G
A L L N EC ES S A RY P RE C AU T I O N S.
The storage of unleaded product in a tank which has contained

leaded gasoline does not make the tank safe/lead free A tank
shall not be certified as lead free until it has been thoroughly
cleaned and tank has been tested and found to be lead free.
07 o The above sign or else the following notice/sign should also

be posted visibly in each work area where lead work is being
carried out. In addition, chemical barricade tape should be
used to help isolate the lead work area.
WARNING: LEAD WORK AREA

AUTHORIZED PERSONS ONLY
RESPIRATORS REQUIRED
7.2 CLEANING TANK

FLOORS
general 7.2.1 Tank entry for cleaning is not permitted until all
residual product has been removed, the vapour concentration
brought as low as reasonably achievable below 20% of LEL and
a work permit issued. Ventilation shall continue to maintain
inflow of air. If the vapour concentration goes above 20% of
LEL, withdraw workers immediately and increase the
ventilation until the safe (<20% LEL) concentration is
re-established. There are various cleaning methods possible,
and a selection or combination of methods may be used
depending on each particular case. Possibly the simplest
method is to wash, brush or sweep the sludge into piles and
Page 49 of 55
Feb. 04
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shovel it into buckets or wheelbarrows to remove it from the

tank. Remove remaining moisture from the tank by using an
absorbent such as sawdust, spent clay rags, peat moss or
commercially available absorbent. When removing sludge by
such a method, take care to minimise release of flammable
vapours from the sludge. If the tank cannot be maintained gas-
free, (e.g., it still contains a large quantity of sludge), the use of
cleaning jets may be considered but shall be governed by the
following rules:
NOTE: All absorbent material is to be treated as contaminated

material and must be disposed off appropriately.
water washing o CAUTION: DO NOT recirculate water.

fixed roof tanks
o Water cleaning with hand-held utility hoses using water
pressure (80 psig max.) may be unsafe if the tank contains
crude, gas oil, or lighter fractions. This is because high
electrostatic space charges may be created by water getting
into the product remnants, which could lead to incentive
discharges.
Space charges are high only if oil is present in the mist

created by the jet. Hoses, therefore, may only be used if
there are definitely no pools of oil present in the tank. This
may be difficult to ensure if large quantities of sludge are
present; however, by filling the bottom of the tank with
water, it may effectively float off any oil present.
water washing o Water cleaning with hand-held utility hoses using water
floating roof tanks pressure (80 psig max.) is safe, provided the roof is settled
on its legs, and the leg settings do not exceed 2 m (6 ft.).
The flat pancake shape of the vapour space does not allow
space charges to build up to dangerous voltage levels.
if complete 7.2.2 Do not start to use water hoses for jetting until the
oil removal tank is pronounced gas-free. Once gas-free, continue forced
is difficult ventilation while water jetting, preferably using an air-eductor
on a roof manhole with a flexible trunk extending to the bottom
part of the tank. The forced ventilation may prevent explosive
levels being reached, but vapour concentrations shall be
continuously monitored at several different places. If vapour
concentrations rise to 10% LEL, jetting shall stop until the
atmosphere is again gas-free.
Page 50 of 55
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if forced 7.2.3 Provided no pools of oil are present, the mist formed by
ventilation water jetting (use of a nozzle) are unlikely to create an
is difficult explosion hazard. Close attention shall be paid to the
appearance of the tank floor, and jetting stopped if oil pools re-
form. Continuous monitoring of the tank vapour space is still a
necessary safety measure, and cleaning work shall stop
immediately if vapour concentrations rise above 20% LEL.
Finally, the tank cleaners should enter the tank with

respiratory protection as designated in Appendix B and using
squeegees to push the remaining sludge to the drain, pump
suction, or tank manhole. Ventilation shall continue during
this period and frequent gas tests shall be taken. If the
concentration exceeds 10% LEL, consideration shall be given to
stopping the work because higher concentrations can be
present elsewhere in the tank. In any case, personnel shall
leave the tank immediately if the concentration exceeds
20% LEL.
Because of the difficulties in measuring vapour concentrations

in such a large space, the proceeding levels recommended shall
be interpreted with caution. In practice, any sign of gas shall
be considered a hazard and the source investigated.
product washing o Consult the Head Specialist Storage prior to the use of
fixed roof tanks product washing for cleaning tank floors.
o Jetting product such as gas oil/distillate through the

vapour space of a non-gas-free fixed roof tank shall be
avoided. The use of product for washing is safe only if no
water is present in the gas oil, and if the conductivity of the
gas/oil is greater than 50 pico-Siemens/metre. Often gas
oil is recirculated from the tank bottom, which could
contain water, particularly in crude oil tanks. When such a
mixture is pumped through a nozzle, the emulsion so
formed could create dangerously high electrostatic space
charges. Thus, if there is a possibility that water could be
present in a tank-bottoms sludge, gas/oil mixed with this
shall not be re-circulated, by jetting, through the tank
vapour space.
It is also not permitted to circulate emulsions below the

liquid level of a non-gas-free fixed roof tank, unless the
hydrocarbon has a conductivity of at least
50 pico-Siemens/metre.
Page 51 of 55
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This is normally easily reached in tank cleaning operations

because of the high conductivity of the tank sludge, but
nevertheless it should be checked. In cases of doubt,
anti-static additive shall be used.
product washing o The jetting of the gas oil/water emulsions through the
floating roof tanks vapour space, with the roof standing on its legs, is generally
considered safe because of the geometrical shape of floating
roof tanks.
Furthermore, as there is no vapour space when the roof is

floating, there are no static electricity hazards in circulating
emulsions below the liquid level.
It is essential that, in all instances where jets are used, they

shall be efficiently bonded and earthed.
7.3 SPECIAL TANKS

PROCEDURES
kerosene, gas oil 7.3.3 Empty and gas-free the tank in the manner described in
and diesel fuel tanks the previous sub-sections. Thereafter, use water, but take great
care to ensure that the equipment is properly bonded and
earthed and that a flammable atmosphere is not re-created.
For fixed roof tanks containing kerosene, a flammable

atmosphere is possible. For these tanks, it is recommended to
remove all free liquid by filling the tank bottom with water and
pumping off the surface oil layer before using any water jet. For
gas oil and diesel oil, flammable vapour spaces are unlikely,
and therefore, water hoses can be used even if some liquid
hydrocarbon is present. In all cases, frequent monitoring of the
tank atmosphere shall be required. Jetting shall cease when
the vapour concentration exceeds 10% LEL.
gasoline tanks 7.3.4 Empty and gas-free the tanks in the manner described
previously. Take necessary precautions against pyrophoric iron
and drain all floating roof legs, where applicable. For fixed roof
tanks, pump out any pools of gasoline using water to float it, if
necessary. Water jets can then be used, providing no pools of
gasoline re-form as a consequence of disturbing the sludge and
providing the atmosphere is frequently monitored. (Jetting
shall cease if the vapour concentration exceeds 10% LEL.)
The jetting procedure dislodges loose rust and scale from the
tank walls and roof, which accumulates on the tank floor. This
solid material then must be collected manually while applying
Page 52 of 55
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frequent gas testing and shall be removed as quickly as possible

for final disposal, while being kept wet (danger of pyrophoric
iron).
If fixed roof tanks contain internal floating roofs:
o study the floating roof structure drawing closely and

determine the positions of the supporting members;
o place planks on top of the floating roof across the supports

so that personnel can stand on the upper surface without
causing damage;
o check all floating roof drain holes to ensure that they are
open and not blocked and that any water from hosing the
internal tank surfaces does not collect on the cover; and,
o never aim the water jets directly at the cover when hoses are
used because of the lightness of the cover.
lubricating 7.3.5 Pump all tank bottoms over to another tank and drain
oil tanks the tank as far as possible. Use a vacuum truck to take out the
remaining oil.
Cleaners can clean the tank bottom manually with squeegees,

etc., and collect the sludge in containers for disposal.
If necessary, carry out further cleaning with gas/oil and,

thereafter, with water jets.
slop tanks 7.3.6 Because of the variable nature of the contents of slop
tanks, a single method cannot be specified/recommended and
any of the foregoing methods should be adopted, as
appropriate.
lined tanks 7.3.7 Some aviation fuel and chemical tanks may have an
interior coating of epoxy resin paint. Cleaning of such tanks is
usually simple as there is no rust generation. Use squeegees
rather than brooms, where necessary. Be careful not to damage
the surface with buckets, shovels or tools. For the same
reason, socks shall be worn over any footwear for after-cleaning
checks and inspection.
Welding, even on the tank exterior, damages the lining, which

then requires field patching. Check for rust streaks, which
indicate lining failure. Obtain specific lining repair advice from
a coating expert prior to commencement of the work.
Page 53 of 55
Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
7.4 VENTILATION
DURING CLEANING
Flammable and toxic vapours may be present as long as oil or
sludge remains within the tank. For this reason, continue
forced ventilation, regardless of test results for flammable
vapours, until removal of oil and sludge and continuous gas
testing shows oxygen and LEL measurements remain safe
without ventilation.
8.0 RECOMMISSIONING
STORAGE TANKS
8.1 FLOW RATE

06 Feed should be slowly re-introduced to storage tanks.
Maximum inlet velocity should be kept to less than 1 m/sec
until the inlet nozzle is covered and or the floating roof is off its
legs and floating. (See maximum hydrocarbon loading rate
calculation tool on the Shell Net/Technology-
Engineering/Disciplines/Storage Systems (Tanks), Terminal
Engineering and Product Pipelines web site.
06 Excessive velocity can create static electricity as well as upset

floating roofs. A Tank with an internal or external floating roof
is most at risk when it is initially refloated. As product is
introduced into the tank, hydrocarbon vapours evolve off the
liquid surface. The space between the liquid level and
underside of the floating roof will go through the flammable
zone. As the liquid continues to flow, vapours below the
floating roof are pushed into the vapour space above the
floating roof. The area above the roof then passes from a lean
atmosphere into the flammable zone. On external floating roofs
the time required to dissipate the high LELs above the floating
roof is typically shorter than for internal floating roofs. In either
case, extreme caution must be used to prevent excessive
build-up of static electricity or to refrain from refloating the
tank during any electrical storm activity. As well, external
sources of ignition must be eliminated. Once the tank roof is
refloated, it will typically take a 24-hour wait time to ensure
LELs above the floating roof have dissipated. In periods of very
calm weather, the wait time may be longer.
Page 54 of 55
Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
8.2 TIME DELAY ON

FEED INTO
STORAGE TANKS
AFTER DE-BLINDING
06 There is some risk associated with a delay between removal of
tank isolation blinds and introduction of feed. If the tank inlet
valve were to leak, a small amount of hydrocarbon could enter
the tank. This hydrocarbon would create a flammable
atmosphere under the floating roof. An external ignition source
such as electrical storm activity could ignite the flammable
atmosphere under the floating roof.
06 NOTE: If there is to be a delay between the time that the

isolation blinds are removed and the floating roof is to be re-
floated, consideration should be given to keeping the fill/inlet
blind in place up to just prior to refloating the roof. If the
blinds are removed some time before expected feed return to the
tank, the site should check the tightness of feed valves or use
double block valve arrangements to lessen the likelihood of a
passing valve allowing hydrocarbon to enter the tank.
06 NOTE: There is a known incident (tank fire/explosion) where

the piping blind was removed and the isolation valve leaked into
the tank. Electrical storm activity ignited the vapour generated
inside the tank from the leaking isolation valve.
8.3 SUFFICIENT VOLUME

TO REFLOAT ROOF
06 It is also critical to ensure there is sufficient volume to refloat
the roof. If the next tender or shipment will not float the roof,
then the refill must be delayed until a tender of sufficient
volume is available. As well, there should be sufficient volume
to refloat the roof to as high a level as possible. This will help
push hydrocarbon vapours from above the floating roof to the
outside.
8.4 PROCEDURES FOR

LANDING AND
REFLOATING INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL
FLOATING ROOFS
06 Procedures covering the landing and re-floating of Internal and
External Floating Roofs are posted on the Shell Net/Technology-
Engineering/Disciplines/Storage Systems (Tanks), Terminal
Engineering and Product Pipelines web site.
Page 55 of 55
Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
APPENDIX A
ABOVE GROUND TANK CLEANING CHECKLISTS
Page A-1 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 2
1.1 SCOPE ...................................................................................................... 2
L IS T OF T ABL ES
TABLE A.1 GENERAL TANK REQUIREMENTS (1 page)
TABLE A.2 PREPARATION FOR TANK OPENING (3 pages)
TABLE A.3 TANK OPENING, VENTING AND PUMPING (3 pages)
TABLE A.4 TANK ENTRY AND CLEANING (4 pages)
TABLE A.5 DESIGN AND OPERATION OF VACCUUM TRUCKS (1 page)
TABLE A.6 TANK CLOSURE AND RECOMMISSIONING (1 page)
Page A-2 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
1.1.1 This Appendix contains the step by step critical tasks
for tank cleaning at Shell Canada from planning through
cleaning to recommissioning.
1.1.2 This Checklist shall be filled out in every instance where

cleaning occurs.
1.1.3 This Checklist or an equivalent approved by the local

Shell facility shall be part of any contractual arrangements for
tank cleaning at Shell.
1.1.4 Once completed, this Checklist or its equivalent shall be

filed at the facility as part of the completion requirements for
each tank cleaning job.
1.1.5 The Checklist shall be considered complete when signed

by the Tank Cleaning Supervisor (Shell or Contract).
Page A-3 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE A.1 GENERAL TANK REQUIREMENTS (Page 1 of 1)
Location: Plant No.:

Tank No.: Product Name: Product Code:
Tank Capacity: m3 Tank Size m dia.: X m height
Date Last Cleaned: Product(s) in Tank After Last Cleaning:
TASK Done
o Notification of Tank Opening and Cleaning Form
o Contractor Acknowledgement Form (see Appendix F)
o MSDS Sheets Consult/Provide
o Shell Standards, Policies and Procedures (see sub-sections 1.3 and 1.4 of this document)
o Contractor(s) Procedures Submit/Review
o Pre-Work Health and Safety Meeting Conducted
o Disclaimer: This Checklist is not intended to replace or supersede the Shell and
American Petroleum Institute (API) Standards.
REMARKS/SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Page A-4 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE A.2 PREPARATION FOR TANK OPENING (Page 1 of 3)
SET UP Done
Determine the approximate amount of sludge within the tank and the physical condition of the
tank.
Review the product MSDS sheets for compliance with WHMIS.
Disconnect the tank cathodic protection 24 hours before tank opening.
Ensure that the tank is properly grounded.
Ensure that the contractor and/or personnel chosen to perform the work are competent,
qualified and familiar with safety precautions, work procedures and hazards associated with
tank cleaning and confined space entry.
Ensure that competent standby and rescue personnel are present at the tank on a full-time
basis.
Ensure that full-time supervision is provided by a competent foreman/technician.
Inspect work area.
Obtain and install necessary warning/caution signs on the tank and visibly in the work area:
o "Do not enter unless protected by breathing apparatus".
o "Danger": This tank has contained leaded gasoline. Do not enter without observing
necessary precautions.
o "Danger": Open tank, keep away all sources of ignition.
o "Authorized personnel allowed only. Keep away from this area".
Restrict personnel from around the tank/tank farm area to those directly involved with the tank
cleaning operations.
Provide and install all necessary fire protection equipment. Ensure that all equipment is ready
for immediate use (e.g., water hoses, fire extinguishers, foam, sand, etc.).
Inspect and ensure proper installation and use of all ventilation, pumping, cleaning equipment
and tools supplied and to be used by the contractor.
Review and ensure that contractor provides all necessary personnel protective equipment to
protect the health and safety of all workers.
List and review project health and safety precautions.
List and review preparatory conditions. Implement and verify all hazard mitigation measures.
Ensure that the authorization to proceed with the work is given via a safe work permit.
Page A-5 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
REMOVAL OF PRODUCT AND ISOLATION OF TANK Done

If applicable, adjust floating roof legs at working height. This is done:
o ahead of time when the tank is full of product; and,
o using the applicable confined space entry procedures.
Remove as much product as possible through existing pumping system (i.e., suction line and
low pump out line) until loss of suction.
Remove as much residual product as possible through existing water drawoff line(s) using
proper pumping equipment (air operated or suitable for Class I, Div. 1) or a vacuum truck
bonded to the tank and grounded (see pumping of tank bottoms).
Record the volume (in litres) of the residual product pumps.
Isolate, dismount and lock-out all electrical equipment attached to the tank mixers, motor-
operated valves, cathodic protection, gauging system and lighting. Also, lock out electrical
operating equipment associated with the tank such as remote (modified) motor-operated valves
and pumps.
Disconnect and blank off all connecting lines to the tank including pressure and thermal relief
lines.
Remove all tank valves for inspection/repair and testing, as required.
Disconnect and blank off foam and vapour lines, as required.
Drain all product sample lines.
CONTROL OF IGNITION SOURCES (WITHIN TANK DYKE)
Ensure that the tank farm area is free of:
o open flame work (welding, burning, cutting, etc.);
o unauthorized vehicles; and,
o portable electrical equipment and tools.
Do not allow any work to start (including tank ventilation) if thunder/electrical storm is
threatening or in progress. Close all tank openings if the tank is not gas free.
Do not allow any work to start and/or shut down tank cleaning operations during very calm air
conditions.
Monitor wind direction. Note: Wind sock is the preferred method but a flag is acceptable.
Stop tank cleaning work during receipt and/or transfer of gasoline products into adjacent tanks
(without internal floating roofs) within the same tank farm.
Ensure that only intrinsically safe testing equipment (including gas detectors) is used. Testing
equipment is properly calibrated and suitable for a Class I, Div. 1 area.
Page A-6 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
CONTROL OF IGNITION SOURCES (WITHIN TANK DYKE) (con't.) Done

Barricade and post area entrances and roads until tank is gas free and sludge is removed.
Locate/position internal combustion engines (vacuum truck, air compressor, etc.) up wind and
preferably outside the tank farm area at a minimum distance of 15 m from the tank being
cleaned to ensure that no flammable vapours could reach the engines.
Use only air-operated fans and/or blowers, eductors or extractors for ventilation.
Note: The ventilation equipment shall preferably be made out of steel instead of aluminium
and be bonded to the tank.
Until the tank is tested gas free, do not allow any electrical appliances, equipment, tools to be
used inside.
Until the tank is tested gas free, only natural lighting and explosion proof flashlights will be
used.
Hand tools can be aluminium or steel but while the possibility of a flammable atmosphere
exists the activities shall not include forcible use or impact type activities.
Ensure that hoses used to pump out residual product and to wash tank bottom/floor have all
exposed metallic and/or conductive components bonded together by means of an external wire
running the full length of the hose(s) and bonded to the tank. Ensure that pumping and
secondary storage equipment is bonded to the tank or grounded.
Use grounded metallic wand (made of steel) at the end of the suction hose. Do not use
aluminium, PVC or fibreglass wands.
Do not allow bonding or grounding at the manhole flange that is used for the pumping
operation.
Ensure that flexible ducting/hoses used for venting has built-in continuous conductive wire
bonded to the tank.
Ensure that the vacuum truck meets the requirements of and is operated according to
API 2219.
Signed:
Tank Cleaning Supervisor
Date:
Page A-7 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE A.3 TANK OPENING, VENTING AND PUMPING (Page 1 of 3)
TANK OPENING AND VENTING Done
Open downwind roof manhole and install forced ventilation equipment (i.e., air eductor/
extractor or air-operated blower) complete with flexible ducting extending tank bottom. Ensure
that ventilation equipment is bonded to the tank.
Avoid the release of flammable vapours near ground level during ventilation and cleaning
operations.
For a fixed roof tank without internal floating roof:
o Open a second roof manhole and start ventilation at slow air flow rate to create a slight
negative pressure inside the tank before opening any of the shell manhole. (This prevents
the release of vapours at ground level).
o Open the windward shell manhole.
o Increase ventilation flow rate and maintained it continuously.
o Ensure no standing/loitering in front of shell manhole openings.
For a fixed roof tank with internal floating roof:
o Consider the spaces above and under the internal roof separately for gas-freeing.
o Open all fixed roof vent openings to ventilate the air space between the fixed and internal
roof.
o Open the downwind side shell manhole, install flexible ducting vertically outside the tank
shell and the air eductor/extractor in order to release the vapours as high up the tank as
possible.
Note: If vapours are to be released in large volume and at low level, ensure that it can be
done safely.
o Open the upwind shell manhole.
o Start ventilation slowly during the opening of the other shell manholes.
o Increase the ventilation flow rate and maintained it continuously.
o Ensure no standing/loitering in front of shell manhole openings.
Check the wind continuously for direction and velocity.
Take special care to ensure that nobody enters the hazardous area during the ventilation
operation.
Provide continuous supervision during the venting/gas-freeing operation to ensure safety of
personnel and equipment.
Stop ventilation during stagnant/calm air conditions and during electrical/thunder storms.
Page A-8 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TANK OPENING AND VENTING (con't) Done

Restrict personnel from around the tank until the exhausting vapour concentration has been
reduced to at least 50% LFL.
Vapour concentrations are measured by competent personnel using a gas detector, calibrated
for the product in the tank.
The rate of vapour expulsion from the tank is reduced or stopped, when judged necessary, due
to the tank environment, the high concentration of vapours or weather conditions.
Pumping of tank bottom.
As much product as possible is removed through the water draw off and low pump out lines
using positive displacement or a vacuum pump which is properly bonded to the tank.
Note: To float remaining product, if required, introduce water through the water draw off
and/or low pump-out line. Avoid pumping through a manhole.
Ensure that the pumping flow rate in the transfer hose does not exceed 1 m/s (39 in./s).
Pumping volume vs. flow velocity per pipe diameter:
Pipe Flow velocity
Diameter 1 m/s
mm (in.) L/min m3/h
25 (1) 30 1.8
50 (2) 125 7.5
75 (3) 280 17.0
100 (4) 480 29.0
Filters (of any type) are not used during tank bottom pumping of hydrocarbons.
While working at a shell manhole:
o No introduction of unbounded metallic and/or conductive objects inside the tank.
o No standing or loitering in front of the manhole opening.
o Manholes always approached from the side.
o Hose-end accessories and hose components (couplings) are metal and properly bonded to
each other and to the tank.
o PVC or other non-conductive pipe/suction wands are not used.
o Grounded metallic wand is not used at the end of suction hose.
Continuously monitor the operation and remained in full attendance.
Page A-9 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
GENERAL Done
Working on tank roofs is avoided during venting/gas-freeing operation.

Monitor vapour concentration, direction and location.
Note: Most hydrocarbon vapours are heavier than air and tend to concentrate near the ground
both inside and around the tank.
At the end of each day, until the tank is declared gas-free:
o stop ventilation process, if LEL >50%; and,
o close all manholes.
At the subsequent restart of work, follow all previously mentioned procedures or restrictions.
Signed:
Date:
Page A-10 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE A.4 TANK ENTRY AND CLEANING (Page 1 of 4)
PREPARATION Done
Conduct in-air gaseous readings at shell manholes using a calibrated gas detector with a
remote sensing probe.
Record the results in the safe work permit.
o % oxygen ________%;
o % LFL ________ %; and,
o air/vapour mixture temperature ________ C.
Compare readings to permissible values/guidelines:
o % oxygen = 19.5% minimum, 23% maximum (see Table A.7);
o % LFL 20 maximum (see Table B.1 and B.4.); and,
o air/vapour mixture temperature 40 C maximum.
When % LFL is greater than 20%, continue ventilation, do not allow anybody to enter the tank
or start cleaning work until a safe air/vapour concentration has been re-established.
When % LFL is lower than 20%, enter tank with appropriate personal protective equipment
(fire-retardant clothing, self-breathing apparatus, safety boots, gloves, harness and lifeline).
Conduct additional air/gaseous readings to ensure that the LFL% remains below 20% LFL
inside the tank. If so, scheduled tank cleaning operation. If not, continue ventilation.
Ensure that fire protection equipment is on site and ready for use.
Always test the level of flammable vapour/air concentration. Levels are tested prior to work
commencement, after every break and before entering the tank.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT, STANDBY AND RESCUE PERSONNEL
Provide one standby man in continuous visual contact with the men inside the tank and within
shouting distance or radio contact with a second man outside the tank or with the Plant
Operator.
If the man inside the tank can not remain within view of the outside standby man/observer, he
will be joined inside by another man positioned within view of the outside man.
The standby man is equipped with self-contained breathing apparatus (having a separate air
supplied source) and the appropriate personal protective equipment (i.e., safety harness on, life
line, fire retardant clothing).
Standby rescue personnel are fully trained in confined space entry and rescue techniques.
When breathing air is supplied from high-pressure breathing air cylinders, arrange to have one
additional man assigned to operate the equipment or to connect, regulate and watch over the
cylinder supplies and to provide emergency assistance.
Page A-11 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT, STANDBY AND RESCUE PERSONNEL (con't.) Done

Locate fresh air supply cylinders away from tank manhole.
Inspect all air-supply hoses daily.
Air-supply hoses are not twisted, and are installed to avoid personnel and equipment crossing
over them.
Each air hose connection is properly made up (tight and washer in place).
Personal protective equipment and tools are cleaned daily.
Winch and tripod for roof and/or vertical entry are available on site and ready to use when
entry into the internal floating roof is necessary prior to gas-freeing the entire tank.
Continuous gas monitor equipped with audible alarm is provided inside the tank.
Warning signs are posted at each opened manhole when the tank being cleaned remains
unattended (during work stoppages).
All full-face piece masks are cleaned with soap and water after each use and at the end of each
day.
Clothing is kept away from any source of ignition and pressurized air is never used to dry
contaminated clothing.
Workers handling lead should not wear regular street clothing underneath work coveralls.
Contaminated clothing are not kept in lockers and do not launder/clean them at an industrial
dry cleaning facility.
Decontamination area with soap, water, towels and dedicated eating area is provided for
workers handling lead materials.
CLEANING OPERATION
Forced or natural ventilation and flammable vapour/gas monitoring operations are maintained
as long as someone is in the tank and until all of the sludge, scale and oil film is removed.
If, during the cleaning process, the vapour concentration approaches or goes above 20% LFL,
cleaning work is stopped and ventilation continues until a safe concentration is re-established.
Comply with the permissible levels of LFL for working in tanks. (See Table B.1 and B.4)
Only tools and equipment specified in Table B.3 at the end are used for tank cleaning.
Do not use spark-producing tools/equipment to remove sludge present in the tank even when
the % LFL is below 4% LFL. (Possible trapped pockets of liquid can give rise to high localized
flammable vapour concentrations.)
Sludge of pyrophoric nature (gasoline, crude and sour stock tanks) is wetted down and kept wet
and then removed for disposal as soon as possible. Always prepare written records for
transportation and disposal.
Page A-12 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
CLEANING OPERATION (con't.) Done

Do not water wash the inside of the tank using water hose or fire hose when the flammable
vapour concentration exceeded 10% LFL or, when there are pools of flammable liquid
hydrocarbons present.
Note: Mist formed by water washing/jetting can create an explosion hazard if flammable
vapours are present.
Sludge removal by hand:
o Wash, brush or sweep the sludge into piles, shovel it into buckets and remove it from the
tank.
o Keep sludge of a pyrophoric nature wet at all times.
o Remove moisture from tank using absorbent material, sawdust or spent clay.
o Exercise care to minimize release of flammable vapours from the sludge.
o If the tank can not be maintained gas free, use a water wash (low pressure hand-held fire
hose) following the above-mentioned restrictions.
o Avoid all skin contact with the sludge.
Unplug, drain and gas-free floating roof pontoons, legs, internal piping (low pump out, water
draw off, floating suction, etc.) and hollowed section columns.
Do not clean tanks at night time.
Do not allow high pressure water washing (i.e., >125 psi) unless all of the following conditions
are meet:
o All residual product and sludge are removed.
o The flammable vapour concentration is less than 1% LFL.
o Ensure continuous ventilation and LFL monitoring.
o Inform personnel that work must be stopped if the flammable vapour concentration reaches
20% LFL.
o Ensure that all nozzles and exposed metal fittings on hoses are externally bonded together
and to the tank directly or through ground.
o Locate (preferably) all mobile equipment outside tank dyke area.
Inform personnel that they must wash before eating, change clothing and bath/shower at the
end of each work day.
SLUDGE DISPOSAL
A written record of sludge transportation and disposal is completed and processed.
Complete appropriate Ministry of Environment/TDG form and keep in file.
Note: For Québec, use the form "Manifeste de circulation de déchets dangereux".
Page A-13 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
LEADED AND PREVIOUSLY LEADED GASOLINE TANKS Done

Do not enter the tank without wearing self-contained breathing apparatus.
Perform lead-in-air (organic) testing only after completion of tank cleaning. This is done on all
tanks that have contained leaded gasoline. Ensure that the tank is cleaned, dry and properly
ventilated before performing the test. The lead-in-air test is conducted at least 15 minutes after
ventilation is turned off.
Ensure that lead-in-air concentration is less than 0.05 mg/m3 . If more than the allowed limit,
arrange to re-water wash the inside of the tank before taking other tests.
Work inside the tank is only done without wearing self-contained breathing apparatus when the
lead-in-air concentration is less than allowed.
Note: Mechanical or hot work on scale containing lead can release lead into the air. Personnel
inside the tank must wear self-contained breathing apparatus during this type of work, unless
the heated areas are cleaned using approved procedures and the area re-tested by swabbing the
metal surface or a lead-in-air test is conducted during heating.
Perform lead-in-sludge testing if there is residual sludge after tank cleaning. Check with
Environmental and Waste coordinators for intepretation of test results.
Perform inorganic lead identification testing of paint or other construction or structural
materials if suspected or unknown. Contact Industrial Hygiene for interpretation of test
results (should be < 0.06% or < 600 ppm lead content in paints).
If inorganic lead is confirmed, also conduct lead-in-air (inorganic) tests when hot work is being
done externally and when any work is being done internally. These test results should be
< 0.05 mg/m3.
NOTE: Personnel must wear proper respiratory protection depending on type of work (typically
at least a half-mask respirator with P-100 (HEPA) cartridges). Self-contained breathing
apparatus may be required for specific tasks or tasks with unknown lead-in-air concentrations,
or until lead-in-air test levels demonstrate otherwise.
Ensure that tank is labelled with proper lead or lead-free identification (labels) as per the test
identification results.
Other gas and toxic gas tests are completed and under allowed limits. (e.g. LEL, benzene, H2S)
Signed:
Date:
Page A-14 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE A.5 DESIGN AND OPERATION OF VACCUUM TRUCKS (Page 1 of 1)
TRUCK DESIGN Done

The truck is powered by a diesel engine equipped with an air intake shutdown device.
The engine exhaust stack is vertically mounted and extended above the truck cab. The engine
is equipped with a positive air intake shut-off valve for emergency shutdown.
The vacuum pump drive is powered from the truck power take-off engine and not from a
separate engine.
The vacuum pump exhaust discharges all flammable vapours downwind, away from the work
area and in a hazard-free area. Install flexible hoses, as required, on exhaust line.
The vacuum truck is equipped with grounding/bonding cables.
The vacuum truck either carries a fire extinguisher (at least one) or, if not, one is provided for
the duration of the pumping work.
Inspect the equipment before use.
GENERAL OPERATING REQUIREMENTS
The vacuum truck is positioned at the maximum distance possible upwind, away from any
flammable vapour source and on solid ground.
Note: The minimum allowable distance is 15 m (49 ft.)/m.
The vacuum truck is not positioned in a confined area that has poor ventilation or air
movement or is difficult to exit.
Check previous product handled by the vacuum truck to ensure compatibility with water or
hydrocarbons and to prevent any chemical reaction.
Vacuum truck operator is made fully aware of the potential hazards when dealing with
flammable liquids.
Vacuum truck operator wears proper personal protective equipment.
Personnel remain in the vacuum truck cab during the pumping operations.
The vacuum truck operator always connects and opens the suction valve immediately after
engaging the vacuum pump.
Vacuum pump flammable and combustible liquids are kept at low flow rate (1 to 3 m/s).
The vacuum truck operator monitors the pumping operation at all times and remains at his
truck outside the cab close to the emergency shutdown truck and/or vacuum system.
Safe work procedures are established for the product pick up before the safe work permit is
issued.
The wind direction is monitored during the pumping operation. All work is carried out from an
upwind position.
The concentration of flammable vapours is monitored regularly using a calibrated gas detector.
Signed:
Date:
Page A-15 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE A.6 TANK CLOSURE AND RECOMMISSIONING (Page 1 of 1)
RECOMMISSIONING Done
A final inspection is performed by contractor and Shell Maintenance/Operations inside the tank
to ensure that any loose objects, tools or other materials that are left inside the tank are
removed and to certify that the tank ready for operation. Jointly conduct final tank cleaning
inspection with Shell representative.
All removed valves are checked/re-conditioned and re-installed.
Tank appurtenances and valves are checked to ensure good working order.
All block plates/blind flanges are removed and new gaskets installed.
Manhole covers are installed on shell and roof with new gaskets.
Remove electrical and valve lock outs.
Post date of tank cleaning on one of the shell manholes.
"Warning" - tank has contained leaded gasoline - do not enter without observing all necessary
precautions. Install warning sign on leaded tanks as follows:
Note: Leaded tanks are all tanks that are not proved lead free.
For gasoline tanks conduct testing to monitor possible impact on product quality due to silver
wool corrosion
Slowly float floating roof with product at time of filling. Tank inlet velocity is restricted to
1 meter/second until floating roof is floating.
Note: The vapour above the floating roof may be flammable until the level is raised to allow
adequate ventilation
Pin legs of floating roof at operating height using all appropriate vessel entry procedures (done
only at tank full volume.).
Note: See Shell STD. 4-4.02 for entry onto internal floating roofs in service.
Re-activate the cathodic protection system.
Contaminated tank bottom sludge and tank cleaning materials and equipment (if material is
still in the tank area) are removed from the area. (Ensure proper clean up around tank.)
Signed:
Date:
Page A-16 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
Page A-17 of A-16

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
APPENDIX B
FLAMMABILITY AND EQUIPMENT
Page B-1 of B-3

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE B.1 PERMISSIBLE VAPOUR CONCENTRATIONS FOR HOT AND COLD WORK
(Page 1 of 1)
Maximum Combustible Gas Work Conditions

Indicator Scale Reading (% of LFL) (Permitted Only Under Full Work Permit Control)
Under 1%* Hot or cold work is allowed. No restrictions on spark

producing equipment.
Between 1 and 20%* Cold work only. No spark-producing equipment or activities.
Above 10% No use of water jets for cleaning.
Above 10% but below 20% Safe for personnel to enter tank and perform inspection and
non-sparking cleaning work only. No other cold work, and no
hot work shall be allowed. Breathing apparatus shall be worn
and maximum ventilation shall be maintained. Full confined
space entry and safe work permit controls must be in effect.
20% or above Ventilation shall continue; no tank entry shall be allowed.
* Also see Table B.4 regarding required respiratory protection.
Page B-2 of B-3

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE B.2 CLOTHING FOR TANK CLEANING (Page 1 of 1)
Description Remarks
Underclothes - Wool or cotton only - according In very hot weather, none may be necessary. Also,
to temperature (no synthetic clothing). workers handling lead are encouraged not to wear
street clothing underneath their work coveralls to
minimize the spread of lead-contaminated dusts.
WORKING CLOTHES
(1.) Where required by HSSD Standards, only

fire-retardant clothing shall be worn.
Nomostat, Nomex III, Flamex,
Proban-impregnated cotton or equivalent
with wool or cotton inner clothing only (e.g.,
next to the skin).
(2.) Where non-flammable atmosphere/vapours

are present. Only non-fusible outer and
inner clothing/garments (i.e., cotton, high-
percentage cotton blends or wool shirt,
jersey, trousers and socks) shall be worn.
NOTE: No synthetic clothing (nylon,
polyester) shall be worn.
Overalls - These shall be neoprene or These give good body protection from wet sludge:
PVC-proofed cotton or wool either as a boilersuit One-piece proofed boiler-suit shall only be used in
or as jacket and trousers. cool weather unless supplied with air; separate
jacket and trousers in warmer weather, proofed
trousers and cotton shirt may be preferable.
Overalls - These shall be cotton or wool. Do not give as good protection against sludge and
so should only be worn for jobs where air-supplied
suit not justified and weather is too warm for
proofed overalls.
Hood or cap - These shall be PVC-proofed cotton These keep sludge and scale off head and hair. In
or wool. warm weather, ordinary cotton is suitable. Not
required if air-supplied hood is worn.
Gloves - These shall be PVC or other “resistant” None are completely resistant but will dry out; it
materials. will be necessary to have several pairs available.
Boots - These shall be knee, neoprene or natural Boots shall be replaced when worn or holed.
rubber, with safety toes.
Page B-3 of B-3

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE B.3 MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT FOR TANK CLEANING (Page 1 of 3)
Description Remarks
Air mover - Air-driven type only shall be used. For drawing toxic and/or flammable vapour from
tank; should be used with flexible trunking to
extract from low level in tank. Shall be carefully
bonded to tank. If steam is used, there is a risk
of static electricity. Approximate air moving
capacity should be 8 400 m3/h (5 000 ft3/min).
Air blower - Air-driven type only shall be used. For injecting fresh air into tank preferably at 2 m
(6 ft) level, diluting toxic and flammable vapours,
which are forced from the tank through other
exists downwind. Shall be used with flexible
trunking.
Water pump - This shall be medium pressure, For use with hoses to remove sludge and scale.
such as a fire-fighting trailer pump - Water jets shall in any case not be used until the
450 litres/min. at 7 kg/cm2 (100 USG/min. at tank is completely free of toxic or flammable
100 lb./in.2. vapour. Nozzles shall be carefully bonded to the
tank.
Water pump - This shall be high pressure - Effective for removing scale and thoroughly
54 litres/min. at 63 kg/cm2 (12 USG/min. at cleaning tank plates.
900 lb./in.2) minimum.
Sludge pump - Air-driven complete with Canvas hoses should be avoided as far as
necessary suction and delivery lines. possible as they cannot be decontaminated
completely. Plastic hoses are preferable;
temporary steel lines are best. Any isolated
conductive components shall be bonded to the
tank.
Page B-4 of B-4

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
Description Remarks
Compressor - Diesel driven, preferably oil-free, A lower supply rate may be acceptable based on
with air reservoir, air intake and discharge filters the following approximate quantities for each
to supply 171 m3/h at 5.6-7 kg/cm2 man:
(120 ft3/min at 80-100 b/in.2).
Cool Climates
m3/h ft3/min
Air-supplied suit and 14 10

helmet
Air-supplied helmet 5.7 4

alone
Airline respirator 5 3.5
The compressor should be sited upwind of the job

and of any contaminated sludge or equipment;
exhaust fumes shall not be allowed to enter the
compressor’s air intake, exhaust pipes shall be
extended upward where necessary.
Lighting Shall be certified explosion-proof for use in

atmospheres likely to contain petroleum vapour.
Cleaning tools - This includes brooms and Use wood, brass, fibreglass/plastic or PVC and
squeegees, scrapers, shovels, and wire brushes. steel cleaning tools. Wood used shall not be
decontaminated and shall be burned after each
job.
Buckets, bins or drums - These shall have lids, For handling sludge where pumping is not
two side handles, and top-lifting handles for possible.
hoisting.
Bins or drums with lids For contaminated clothing.
Sinks or bins For washing contaminated clothing.
Page B-5 of B-5

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
Description Remarks
Clean rags - This includes scrubbing brushes, For cleaning clothing and equipment.
kerosene (preferably odourless), detergent, Disinfectant is for respirator face pieces.
disinfectant.
Clean towels - This includes nail brushes and For washroom, where bath and/or showers and
soap. hot water should be available.
Explosimeter Shall be used with nylon sampling tube.
Wind Indicator To assist with site preparation.
Hoses May be conductive or non-conductive type. Since

both types can be used, each exposed metallic
and/or conductive components (i.e., couplings
couplers/adapters, etc.) installed within the full
length of the hoses shall be bonded together and
to the tank either directly or through ground.
Vacuum Trucks Refer to Appendix D or equivalent for

design/requirements, positioning and operations.
NOTE: Any equivalent notification shall be
approved by the site superintendent.
Suction Wand A steel wand shall be used. Do not use

aluminum, PVC or any other non-conductive
type.
Page B-6 of B-6

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE B.4 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR TANK ENTRY AND

CLEANING (Page 1 of 2)
Notes:
o Unless the tank has been certified as lead free (for organic lead), supplied air breathing
apparatus (SABA or SCBA) must be worn at all times inside the tank.
o At minimum, half-mask respirators with P-100 (HEPA) filter cartridges must be worn at all
times during medium risk activities (e.g., hot-working outside) on lead or lead-coated
materials (inorganic lead such as leaded paints). Full-facepiece respirators with P-100
(HEPA) filter cartridges, or supplied air breathing apparatus (SABA or SCBA) must be worn
for all high risk activities (e.g., hot work inside).
o The terms half mask, full mask, SABA, and SCBA have the meanings as defined by
CSA Z94.4 Selection, Care and Use of Respirators.
o The requirements stated in this table are intended for the protection of workers from fire
hazards and respiratory hazards including lead, asphyxiation, and benzene exposure.
Recent reductions in allowable benzene exposures result in benzene being the governing
factor, relative to other hazards.
BENZENE Vapour LEAD Vapour concentration Respiratory Protection

Concentration ppm (as mg/m3 (organic or inorganic) Requirement
component of
Gasoline/Hydrocarbons)
0 to 5 ppm 0 to 0.05 Half mask with organic vapour

mg/m3 cartridges (for benzene) and with
P-100 (HEPA) cartridges (if lead).
Change out cartridges at end of
workshift.
5 to 50 ppm 0.05 to 0.5 Full mask with above cartridges.

mg/m3 Change out cartridges at end of
workshift or every two hours.
Consult with Industrial Hygiene.
> 50 ppm > 0.5 mg/m

3 SABA/SCBA.
Page B-7 of B-7

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE B.4 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR TANK ENTRY AND

CLEANING (Page 2 of 2)
HYDROCARBON Vapour Concentration (% LEL)
10 to 20% LEL (total hydrocarbons only) Entry allowed, only if continuous

ventilation reduces vapours to as
low as reasonably achievable
Workers must exit immediately.

OVER 20% LEL No re-entry until vapours have
been reduced by re-ventilation.
NOTE: Consult with Industrial Hygiene if there are any questions about respiratory protection
selection, cartridge change-out, limitations of use, etc.. There is no recommended respiratory
protection for H2S other than full-face respirators with supplied/fresh air.
Page B-8 of B-8

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
______________________________ CLEANING OF ATMOSPHERIC (PETROLEUM) STORAGE TANKS ___________________________
APPENDIX C
PROCEDURES FOR USE OF VACUUM TRUCKS IN PETROLEUM SERVICE
Page C-1 of C-7

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 3
1.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 3
2.0 VACUUM TRUCK - DESIGN AND REQUIREMENTS ................................................... 3
2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 3
3.0 VACUUM TRUCK - POSITIONING AND/OR AREA ENTRY ......................................... 4
3.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 4
4.0 VACUUM TRUCK - OPERATIONS ............................................................................... 5
4.1 PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS ................................................................... 5
5.0 GENERAL OPERATIONS SAFETY RULES .................................................................. 6
5.1 PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS ................................................................... 6
Page C-2 of C-7

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
1.1.1 Ignitions have occurred during the removal of flammable
hydrocarbons via vacuum trucks.
1.1.2 Ensure that the vacuum truck you will use is designed/
constructed or equipped to safely handle flammable liquids.
2.0 VACUUM TRUCK

DESIGN AND
REQUIREMENTS
2.1 GENERAL
The following are the requirements for the safe operation of
vacuum trucks.
o Ensure that the truck has a diesel engine equipped with an

intake air shutdown device.
NOTE: Diesel engines on trucks are not free from ignition

sources.
o Ensure that the engine exhaust stack is vertically mounted.

It shall not lead under the truck. This is important since
the truck engine might easily ignite grade level discharges.
Discharge of exhaust stack shall be above the truck cab.
o The entire exhaust system shall be in good operating

condition and free of leaks.
o Ensure that alternators are used in place of generators for

the truck electrical system.
o Preferably, the vacuum pump drive should be powered from

the power take-off from the truck engine rather than from a
separate engine.
o Ensure that the truck is equipped with grounding and

bonding cables for use during loading and unloading
operations.
o Ensure that the truck is equipped with at least 15 m (50 ft.)

of conductive or non-conductive (insulating) suction hoses.
Page C-3 of C-7

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
NOTE: Since either type of hose may be used and it is

difficult to distinguish between the two without verifying the
electrical continuity, all exposed metallic and/or
conductive components (i.e., camlock couplings, evertite
couplers/adaptors, etc.) on hoses shall be bonded together
and to the storage tank/container either directly or
through ground.
o Avoid the presence of unbonded charge collectors on the

entire suction or discharge hose/line that can accumulate
static charges and become a possible source of ignition if
the conductive part touches or comes close to a grounded
surface/object.
o For proper operations, the vacuum truck shall be equipped

with:
- proper pressure/vacuum gauges in good condition and

in services
- proper safety valves (pressure and vacuum)
- an external level gauge and automatic high level cut-off
- flood lights for night work
- manway(s)
- internal baffles for liquid /vapour separation.
o Ensure that the vacuum truck carries at least a 20-BC

Class fire extinguisher.
o Equipment shall be in good electrical and mechanical

condition.
o Inspect equipment before use and/or issuing safe work

permit.
3.0 VACUUM TRUCK -

POSITIONING AND/OR
AREA ENTRY
3.1 GENERAL
3.1.1 The following are the requirements for vacuum truck
positioning and/or area entry:
Page C-4 of C-7

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
o Position the vacuum truck at the maximum distance

possible [i.e., at least 15 m (50 ft. radius)] upwind and away
from any flammable vapour source, and/or pick-up point or
other hazardous condition(s).
NOTE: A gas test using a combustible-gas indicator shall

always be performed before any operation is started. If little
or no wind is blowing, no pickup of flammable liquid shall
be made unless gas tests indicate no flammable vapours
exist within 15 m (50 ft.) from the vacuum truck.
o Whenever possible, the vacuum truck should not leave

established roadways. Use hoses to reach the pick-up area.
o Do not position/park the vacuum truck in a confined area

having poor ventilation/air movement.
o Do not park the vacuum truck within tank fire walls (dykes)
unless the area is free from liquid hydrocarbons and
flammable vapours.
NOTE: Perform continuous gas testing to monitor/detect

any possible release of flammable vapours.
4.0 VACUUM TRUCK -
OPERATIONS
4.1 PRELIMINARY
REQUIREMENTS
4.1.1 Ensure the following:
o Prior to using a contract vacuum truck, verify the previous

product in the tank. If unknown, or if previous product is
not compatible with product to be removed/pumped, have
the vacuum truck steam cleaned.
NOTE: The presence of some chemical products is not

compatible with water or hydrocarbons and may create a
chemical reaction that can produce toxic vapours, heat, or a
fire or explosion. Always verify product with the vacuum
truck operator.
o Establish safe work procedures for the product pickup

before issuing the safe work permit and before the starting
of the work.
NOTE: Refer to and follow the Material Safety Data Sheet

for the product.
Page C-5 of C-7

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
o Ensure that the vacuum truck operator is fully trained and

aware of the potential hazards when dealing with flammable
liquids.
o Ensure that the vacuum truck operator wears the proper

personal protective equipment (e.g., safety shoes, hard hat,
gloves and non-fusible clothing/coveralls).
NOTE: No synthetic clothing (nylon, polyester, etc.) shall be

allowed.
o Ensure that the vacuum truck operator is aware and

follows/conforms to local Plant rules and regulations.
o Avoid operating or using a vacuum truck at night except in

emergency situations and only with proper supervision.
o Ensure that the gas testing equipment is available during

vacuum truck operations.
5.0 GENERAL OPERATIONS

SAFETY RULES
5.1 PRELIMINARY
REQUIREMENTS
5.1.1 Ensure the following:
o Ground the vacuum truck before any loading and/or

unloading operations.
o Allow no personnel to remain in the truck cab during

loading and unloading operations.
o No smoking shall be permitted within the Plant property.

Outside of the Plant property, smoking is not permitted
within 30 m (100 ft.) of the vacuum truck, the equipment
being cleaned, the discharge of the vacuum pump or any
other vapour source.
o Set a portable fire extinguisher (20-BC min.) near the

vacuum truck and upwind 6 - 8 m from the truck whenever
loading or unloading flammable liquids.
o Operating personnel shall monitor the operation constantly

from a position clear of the loading and/or unloading hose
or line.
Page C-6 of C-7

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
o Monitor the wind direction during the entire operation.

Ensure that all work is carried out from an upwind position
relative to the pickup site.
o When handling either toxic or flammable vapours/gases,

ensure that the vacuum pump is piped away from the
vacuum truck (use stack or hose).
NOTE: Always ensure that the vacuum pump exhaust is

located so that it can vent to a hazard-free area. Vapours
shall not be discharged in the truck area. The minimum
recommended distance is 15 m (50 ft.). Monitor all
discharge areas to ensure that the vapours are not
discharged/released adjacent to or near sources of ignition.
o The truck engine shall remain running during the entire

operation. Should the engine stop, ensure that the area is
vapour/gas free before restart. Test as required.
o Shut off all electrical switches and accessories on the

vacuum truck before starting any loading and/or unloading
operations.
o Use the minimum vacuum possible when loading

hydrocarbons in order to reduce the amount of vapours
being produced/discharged to the atmosphere.
NOTE: Building up a vacuum before pumping volatile

hydrocarbons increases the amount of exhaust vapours.
The suction valve must be opened immediately after
engaging the vacuum pump.
o Materials or flammable liquids having a true vapour

pressure over 100 kPa (14 psi) shall not be picked up.
o Always load flammable and combustible liquids at a low

flow rate (function of the vacuum pump and control) to
reduce static build up and minimize splash loading.
o Unload the vacuum truck by gravity or by regular pumping

procedures. Do not use air to pressurize the hydrocarbon
out of the tank. (This is done to avoid air mixing with the
flammable vapours inside the tank and creating a
pressurized flammable mixture.)
o During loading and/or unloading, all spill products shall be

cleaned up and reported immediately.
Page C-7 of C-7

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
APPENDIX D
CONTRACTOR ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Page D-1 of D-2

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
FIG. D-1 SAMPLE CONTRACTOR ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FOR TANK CLEANING FOR

TANK CLEANING (Page 1 of 1)
Distribution: (A) Contractor

(B) Plant File (Signed Copy)
I, __________________________________ acknowledge that I am aware of the hazards of pumping, gas

freeing and cleaning tanks which contain hydrocarbon leaded, flammable and combustible fuels
along with the restrictions and/or regulations covering the safe handling and removal of residues
and sludge.
I am familiar with the contents of the following API and Shell Standards and shall ensure that the
procedures outlined shall be followed for the entire cleaning and sludge removal operation.
Identify Your Familiarity

API DESCRIPTION YES NO
2015 Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks
2217 Guidelines for Confined Space Work in the Petroleum

Industry
2219 Safe Operation of Vacuum Trucks in Petroleum Service
2026 Safe Descent Onto Floating Roofs of Tanks in

Petroleum Service
Shell
STD. 4-4.01 Cleaning of Atmospheric (Petroleum) Storage Tanks
- Maintenance and Operations
STD. 4-4.02 Entry into Internal Floating Roofs
HSE Std. HSE Standards, Section 5.1 - Confined Space Entry
HSE Std. HSE Standards, Section 6.0 - Health and

Safety Protection
I understand that sludge transportation and removal must be in accordance with government
regulations and cannot be disposed into the environment onsite or offsite without approval in
writing from the appropriate regulatory authority.
Contractor’s Name Date
Page D-2 of D-2

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
APPENDIX E
NOTIFICATION OF TANK OPENING AND CLEANING
Page E-1 of E-1

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE E-1 NOTIFICATION OF TANK OPENING AND CLEANING AT DISTRIBUTION

TERMINALS (Page 1 of 2)
LOCATION: DATE:
1. Intent is to Open Tank No.: on:
2. Tank Size: Present Service: Last Cleaned:
3. Reasons(s) for Opening Tank:
4. All work shall be completed in accordance with the requirements of SCAN STD. 4-4.01, Cleaning
of Atmospheric Storage Tanks.
5. The following requirements are clearly understood:
(a) No one shall enter the tank without a fresh air mask until it has been found gas free.
(b) TEL tanks require special cleaning/handling procedures, and a gas free tank is not
necessarily lead free.
(c) Sludge/rust from a TEL tank is particularly hazardous.
Sludge shall be disposed of by (method):
The disposal site is located:
6. The Contractor for this work is:
The Contractor shall sign a duplicate copy of the form “Contractor Acknowledgement” as per
Appendix C of this Document before the tank is opened.
7. We understand that it is our responsibility to ensure that qualified contractors are used, and that
the tank is safe for entry, the proper procedures are being followed, and the appropriate records
are kept.
TERMINAL SUPERINTENDENT DISTRIBUTION ENGINEER
Date Date
Page E-2 of E-2

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE E-1.2 NOTIFICATION OF TANK OPENING AND CLEANING AT REFINERIES/GAS PLANTS

(Page 2 of 2)
LOCATION: DATE:
1. Intent is to Open Tank No.: on:
2. Tank Size: Present Service: Last Cleaned:
3. Reasons(s) for Opening Tank:
4. All work shall be completed in accordance with the requirements of SCAN STD. 4-4.01, Cleaning of
Atmospheric Storage Tanks.
5. The following requirements are clearly understood:
(a) No one shall enter the tank without a fresh air mask until it has been found gas free.
(b) TEL tanks require special cleaning/handling procedures, and a gas free tank is not necessarily
lead free.
(c) Sludge/rust from a TEL tank is particularly hazardous.
Sludge shall be disposed of by (method):
The disposal site is located:
6. The Contractor for this work is:
The Contractor shall sign a duplicate copy of the form “Contractor Acknowledgement” as per
Appendix C of this Document before the tank is opened.
7. I understand that it is my responsibility to ensure that qualified contractors are used, and that the
tank is safe for entry, the proper procedures are being followed, and the appropriate records are
kept.
OPERATIONS COORDINATOR DATE
Page E-3 of E-3

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE E1.3 FINAL TANK CLEANING INSPECTION CHECKLIST

(Page 1 of 2)
DATE OF FINAL INSPECTION
TERMINAL TANK #
TANK CLEANING CONTRACTOR
TANK CLEANING SUPERVISOR
SHELL PROJECT
REPRESENTATIVE
The Shell Project Representative and the Tank Cleaning Supervisor shall jointly conduct the
final inspection and against each item signoff to confirm satisfactory completion.
Description of Item Tank Shell Comments

Cleaning Representative (if any)
Supervisor
All manways & nozzles are clean and
free of all hydrocarbons
Tank floor and sumps are clean and
free of all hydrocarbons. All standing
liquid has been mopped dry.
Tank shell has been checked and free of
any residual hydrocarbon
Suction / Fill Lines / Roof Drains &
Inlet Diffuser are clean and free of any
hydrocarbon.
Internal tank fixtures including
internal piping, water draw offs have
been drained and checked and are free
of all hydrocarbons.
Column internals, base and striker
plate have been checked and are free
hydrocarbon & debris.
Stilling Well has been checked and is
free of any hydrocarbons.
Tank mixers and re-circulation systems
have been checked and are free of any
hydrocarbons.
Tank sample system have been
checked and free of any hydrocarbons
Page E-4 of E-4
Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
TABLE E1.3 FINAL TANK CLEANING INSPECTION CHECKLIST

(Page 2 of 2)
Description of Item Tank Shell Comments

Cleaning Representative (if any)
Supervisor
Floating roof pontoons and roof support
legs have been checked and are free of
hydrocarbon.
Floating roof seals have been checked
and are free of all hydrocarbons
Floating roof deck surface has been
checked and are free of all
hydrocarbons & debris
The atmosphere inside the tank has
been tested and the results conform to
permissible requirements.
The completed checklist must be handed in to the Terminal Superintendent and the
Distribution Engineer before the Cleaning Contractor is permitted to de-mobilize from site.
Page E-5 of E-5

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
APPENDIX F
WASTE CONTROL FORM
Page F-1 of F-2

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
FIG. F-1 TANK CLEANING WASTE CONTROL FORM

Refinery/Terminal/Plant Location:
Date:
Company Environmental/Maintenance Representative Consulted:
Source of Waste (Tank #) (e.g., diesel tank bottoms.):
Volume of Waste (bbls., m3, cubic yards):
Storage/Disposal Mechanism:
Storage/Disposal Location:
Transported by:
Manifest #:
Comments: (e.g., Regional Environmental Personnel Consulted)
Form Completed By:
Page F-2 of F-2

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
Date:
Page F-3 of F-2

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09
-
APPENDIX G
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE GUIDELINES FOR LEAD TESTING OF STORAGE TANKS
Page G-1 of G-1

Feb. 04
Amended Jan 09

02 Shell Canada-Cleaning

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02 Shell Canada-Cleaning

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SHELL CANADA LIMITED

MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT STANDARD 4-4.01

REVI SION INDEX

Nov. 02 Original Issue

Feb. 04 Revision #1, Original Issue

1.1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................... 4

1.2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS .......................................................................... 5

1.3 RELATED DOCUMENTS ............................................................................... 6

1.4 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................... 7

2.0 HAZARDS OF TANK CLEANING ................................................................................. 11

2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 11

2.2 BASIC SAFETY MEASURES .......................................................................... 11

2.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING NON VAPOUR-FREE (HAZARDOUS)

2.4 USE OF LIFELINES ...................................................................................... 13

2.5 SUPERVISION .............................................................................................. 13

2.6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR CHEMICALS .................................................... 13

2.7 EXPLOSION AND FIRES ............................................................................... 13

2.8 SOURCES OF IGNITION .............................................................................. 14

2.9 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ......................................................................... 18

2.10 EXCESS PETROLEUM VAPOURS AND OXYGEN DEFICIENCY ..................... 21

2.11 HIGH VAPOUR CONCENTRATIONS IN TANK VICINITY ................................. 22

3.0 SELECTION, TRAINING AND SUPERVISION OF PERSONNEL................................... 22

4.0 PREPARATION BEFORE TANK CLEANING ................................................................ 24

4.1 ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................. 24

4.2 EXTERNAL/INTERNAL FLOATING ROOFS ................................................... 25

4.3 ISOLATING THE TANK.................................................................................. 26

5.0 PROCEDURES FOR TANK BOTTOM PUMP-OUT........................................................ 27

5.2 PUMPING TANK BOTTOM ........................................................................... 29

6.0 VENTILATION AND GAS FREEING............................................................................. 30

6.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 30

6.2 SITE PRECAUTIONS DURING GAS FREEING ............................................... 31

6.3 VENTILATION METHODS FIXED ROOF TANKS .......................................... 31

6.4 VENTILATION METHODS INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS ................. 34

6.5 VENTILATION METHODS EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS ................... 37

6.6 VENTILATION METHODS ............................................................................. 38

6.7 WATER DISPLACEMENT .............................................................................. 40

6.8 VAPOUR TESTING PRIOR TO ENTRY ........................................................... 42

6.9 SAFE LEVELS FOR ENTRY .......................................................................... 43

6.10 TESTING FOR TOXIC VAPOURS INCLUDING LEAD...................................... 43

6.11 PERMIT SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 44

7.0 WORKING IN THE TANK/TANK CLEANING............................................................... 44

7.1 GENERAL SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS .............................................................. 44

7.2 CLEANING TANK FLOORS ............................................................................ 49

7.3 SPECIAL TANKS PROCEDURES ................................................................... 52

7.4 VENTILATION DURING CLEANING ............................................................... 54

8.0 RECOMMISSIONING STORAGE TANKS ..................................................................... 54

8.1 FLOW RATE ................................................................................................. 54

8.2 TIME DELAY ON FEED INTO STORAGE TANKS AFTER DE-BLINDING......... 55

8.3 SUFFICIENT VOLUME TO REFLOAT ROOF .................................................. 55

8.4 PROCEDURES FOR LANDING AND REFLOATING INTERNAL AND

APPENDIX A ABOVE GROUND TANK CLEANING CHECKLIST (16 pages)

APPENDIX B FLAMMABILITY AND EQUIPMENT (7 pages)

APPENDIX C PROCEDURES FOR USE OF VACUUM TRUCKS IN PETROLEUM

APPENDIX D CONTRACTOR ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (2 pages)

APPENDIX E NOTIFICATION OF TANK OPENING AND CLEANING (5 pages)

APPENDIX F WASTE CONTROL FORM (2 pages)

APPENDIX G INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE GUIDELINES FOR LEAD TESTING OF STORAGE TANKS

It is recognized that some products such as asphalt have high

general 1.1.2 It is frequently necessary to clean storage tanks in order

1.1.3 This Standard is issued to provide methods for vapour

1.1.5 This Document meets or exceeds the compliance

1.1.6 This Standard is not intended to cover health hazards,

ACGIH o American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

API o API Std. 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration and