Polytechnic Institute of Tabaco

100 Panal, Tabaco City, Albay

COURSE TITLE : PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES

COURSE CODE : IT 17
COURSE CREDIT : 3 UNITS
PROGRAM : BSIT
YEAR LEVEL/SEM :
PROFESSOR : MARNEIL ALLEN G. SANCHEZ
TOPIC : COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (Module 3)

I. Introduction

Components of Operating System: An operating system is a complex and vast system. We can
only create the operating system by dividing it into small parts. Each part must be a well-
defined portion of a system that appropriately describes the functions, inputs, and outputs.
There are various operating systems that do not have a similar structure, such as Windows,
Unix, Linux, and Mac. But many operating systems use the same operating system components
such as Memory Management, Process Management, and Input/output device Management.
There are various types of operating system components:
1. Process Management
2. File Management
3. Network Management
4. Main Memory Management
5. Secondary Storage Management
6. I/O Device Management
7. Security Management
8. Command Interpreter System
.
II. Objectives

the objectives of the operating system are −

1. To make the computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner.
2. To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users.
3. To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer system.
4. To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users, making it easier for the
users to access and use other resources.
5. To manage the resources of a computer system.
6. To keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource requests, and
mediating conflicting requests from different programs and users.
7. To provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and programs.
III. Content
What is an Operating System and Its Components

The term OS or operating system is a type of software and it works as an interface between the
user and computer to perform all the tasks like memory management, file management, input
& output handling, security, process management, Job accounting, error detecting, system
performance controlling, peripheral devices controlling like printers & disk drives. The popular
operating systems mainly include Windows, Linux, AIX, VMS, z/OS, etc. This article discusses an
overview of what is an operating system and its components.

What is an Operating System (OS)?

Definition: An operating system can be defined as a system like a large & complex is partitioned
into small pieces using an interface. This system is used to share the different
OS components which include file, input/output device, process memory, etc. All the
partitioned pieces must be well-defined parts of the system with carefully classified i/ps, o/ps &
function. We know that all the systems don’t have a similar structure but several
current operating systems share the components of the system outlined below.
The OS is the most significant program in a computer because every computer works with an
operating system (OS) to run all the programs & applications. The main tasks of the computer
OS are identifying i/p from the keyboard, sending o/p to the screen, tracking files, storage
drives, peripheral devices controlling, like printers, etc.

Components of Operating System

The components of an operating system play a key role to make a variety of computer system
parts work together. The operating components are discussed below.

operating-system-components

Kernel

The kernel in the OS provides the basic level of control on all the computer peripherals. In the
operating system, the kernel is an essential component that loads firstly and remains within the
main memory. So that memory accessibility can be managed for the programs within the RAM,
it creates the programs to get access from the hardware resources. It resets the operating
states of the CPU for the best operation at all times.

Process Execution
The OS gives an interface between the hardware as well as an application program so that the
program can connect through the hardware device by simply following procedures & principles
configured into the OS. The program execution mainly includes a process created through an
OS kernel that uses memory space as well as different types of other resources.
Interrupt

In the operating system, interrupts are essential because they give a reliable technique for the
OS to communicate & react to their surroundings. An interrupt is nothing but one kind of signal
between a device as well as a computer system otherwise from a program in the computer that
requires the OS to leave and decide accurately what to do subsequently. Whenever an interrupt
signal is received, then the hardware of the computer puts on hold automatically whatever
computer program is running presently, keeps its status & runs a computer program which is
connected previously with the interrupt.

Memory Management

The functionality of an OS is nothing but memory management which manages main memory &
moves processes backward and forward between disk & main memory during implementation.
This tracks each & every memory position; until it is assigned to some process otherwise it is
open. It verifies how much memory can be allocated to processes and also makes a decision to
know which process will obtain memory at what time. Whenever memory is unallocated, then
it tracks correspondingly to update the status. Memory management work can be divided into
three important groups like memory management of hardware, OS and application memory
management.

Multitasking

It describes the working of several independent computer programs on a similar computer

system. Multitasking in an OS allows an operator to execute one or more computer tasks at a
time. Since many computers can perform one or two tasks at a time, usually this can be done
with the help of time-sharing, where each program uses the time of a computer to execute.

Networking

Networking can be defined as when the processor interacts with each other through
communication lines. The design of communication-network must consider routing, connection
methods, safety, the problems of opinion & security.

Presently most of the operating systems maintain different networking techniques, hardware,
& applications. This involves that computers that run on different operating systems could be
included in a general network to share resources like data, computing, scanners, printers, which
uses the connections of either wired otherwise wireless.

Security

If a computer has numerous individuals to allow the immediate process of various processes,
then the many processes have to be protected from other activities. This system security mainly
depends upon a variety of technologies that work effectively. Current operating systems give an
entrée to a number of resources, which are obtainable to work the software on the system, and
to external devices like networks by means of the kernel. The operating system should be
capable of distinguishing between demands which have to be allowed for progressing & others
that don’t need to be processed. Additionally, to permit or prohibit a security version, a
computer system with a high level of protection also provides auditing options. So this will
allow monitoring the requests from accessibility to resources

User Interface

A GUI or user interface (UI) is the part of an OS that permits an operator to get the information.
A user interface based on text displays the text as well as its commands which are typed over a
command line with the help of a keyboard.

The OS-based applications mainly provide a specific user interface for efficient communication.
The main function of a user interface of an application is to get the inputs from the operator &
to provide o/ps to the operator. But, the sorts of inputs received from the user interface as well
as the o/p types offered by the user interface may change from application to application. The
UI of any application can be classified into two types namely GUI (graphical UI) & CLI (command
line user interface).

Thus, this is all about an overview of an operating system. The main components of an OS
mainly include kernel, API or application program interface, user interface & file system,
hardware devices and device drivers. Here is a question for you, what are the different types of
an OS?

What is an Operating System and Its Components

The term OS or operating system is a type of software and it works as an interface between the
user and computer to perform all the tasks like memory management, file management, input
& output handling, security, process management, Job accounting, error detecting, system
performance controlling, peripheral devices controlling like printers & disk drives. The popular
operating systems mainly include Windows, Linux, AIX, VMS, z/OS, etc. This article discusses an
overview of what is an operating system and its components.

What is an Operating System (OS)?

Definition: An operating system can be defined as a system like a large & complex is partitioned
into small pieces using an interface. This system is used to share the different
OS components which include file, input/output device, process memory, etc. All the
partitioned pieces must be well-defined parts of the system with carefully classified i/ps, o/ps &
function. We know that all the systems don’t have a similar structure but several
current operating systems share the components of the system outlined below.
The OS is the most significant program in a computer because every computer works with an
operating system (OS) to run all the programs & applications. The main tasks of the computer
OS are identifying i/p from the keyboard, sending o/p to the screen, tracking files, storage
drives, peripheral devices controlling, like printers, etc.

Components of Operating System

The components of an operating system play a key role to make a variety of computer system
parts work together. The operating components are discussed below.
 operating-system-components

Kernel

The kernel in the OS provides the basic level of control on all the computer peripherals. In the
operating system, the kernel is an essential component that loads firstly and remains within the
main memory. So that memory accessibility can be managed for the programs within the RAM,
it creates the programs to get access from the hardware resources. It resets the operating
states of the CPU for the best operation at all times.

Process Execution

The OS gives an interface between the hardware as well as an application program so that the
program can connect through the hardware device by simply following procedures & principles
configured into the OS. The program execution mainly includes a process created through an
OS kernel that uses memory space as well as different types of other resources.
Interrupt

In the operating system, interrupts are essential because they give a reliable technique for the
OS to communicate & react to their surroundings. An interrupt is nothing but one kind of signal
between a device as well as a computer system otherwise from a program in the computer that
requires the OS to leave and decide accurately what to do subsequently. Whenever an interrupt
signal is received, then the hardware of the computer puts on hold automatically whatever
computer program is running presently, keeps its status & runs a computer program which is
connected previously with the interrupt.

Memory Management

The functionality of an OS is nothing but memory management which manages main memory &
moves processes backward and forward between disk & main memory during implementation.
This tracks each & every memory position; until it is assigned to some process otherwise it is
open. It verifies how much memory can be allocated to processes and also makes a decision to
know which process will obtain memory at what time. Whenever memory is unallocated, then
it tracks correspondingly to update the status. Memory management work can be divided into
three important groups like memory management of hardware, OS and application memory
management.

Multitasking
It describes the working of several independent computer programs on a similar computer
system. Multitasking in an OS allows an operator to execute one or more computer tasks at a
time. Since many computers can perform one or two tasks at a time, usually this can be done
with the help of time-sharing, where each program uses the time of a computer to execute.

Networking

Networking can be defined as when the processor interacts with each other through
communication lines. The design of communication-network must consider routing, connection
methods, safety, the problems of opinion & security.

Presently most of the operating systems maintain different networking techniques, hardware,
& applications. This involves that computers that run on different operating systems could be
included in a general network to share resources like data, computing, scanners, printers, which
uses the connections of either wired otherwise wireless.

Security

If a computer has numerous individuals to allow the immediate process of various processes,
then the many processes have to be protected from other activities. This system security mainly
depends upon a variety of technologies that work effectively. Current operating systems give an
entrée to a number of resources, which are obtainable to work the software on the system, and
to external devices like networks by means of the kernel. The operating system should be
capable of distinguishing between demands which have to be allowed for progressing & others
that don’t need to be processed. Additionally, to permit or prohibit a security version, a
computer system with a high level of protection also provides auditing options. So this will
allow monitoring the requests from accessibility to resources

User Interface

A GUI or user interface (UI) is the part of an OS that permits an operator to get the information.
A user interface based on text displays the text as well as its commands which are typed over a
command line with the help of a keyboard.

The OS-based applications mainly provide a specific user interface for efficient communication.
The main function of a user interface of an application is to get the inputs from the operator &
to provide o/ps to the operator. But, the sorts of inputs received from the user interface as well
as the o/p types offered by the user interface may change from application to application. The
UI of any application can be classified into two types namely GUI (graphical UI) & CLI (command
line user interface).

Thus, this is all about an overview of an operating system. The main components of an OS
mainly include kernel, API or application program interface, user interface & file system,
hardware devices and device drivers. Here is a question for you, what are the different types of
an OS?

IV. Activities

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of Operating Systems,
in their respective environment.

V. References
 “Tolerating File-System Mistakes with EnvyFS” by L. Bairavasundaram, S. Sundararaman,Arpaci-
Dusseau, R. Arpaci-Dusseau. USENIX ’09, San Diego, CA, June 2009. A fun paper about using multiple file
systems at once to tolerate a mistake in any one of them

“The Evolution of Operating Systems” by P. Brinch Hansen. In ’Classic Operating Systems: From Batch
Processing to Distributed Systems.’ Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000. This essay provides an intro to a
wonderful collection of papers about historically significant systems.

“TENEX, A Paged Time Sharing System for the PDP-10” by D. Bobrow, J. Burchfiel, D. Murphy, R.
Tomlinson. CACM, Volume 15, Number 3, March 1972. TENEX has much of the machinery found in
modern operating systems; read more about it to see how much innovation was already in place in the
early 1970’s.

“The Mythical Man-Month” by F. Brooks. Addison-Wesley, 1975. A classic text on software engineering;
well worth the read.

“Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective” by R. Bryant and D. O’Hallaron. Addison-Wesley,

2010. Another great intro to how computer systems work. Has a little bit of overlap with this book — so
if you’d like, you can skip the last few chapters of that book, or simply read them to get a different
perspective on some of the same material. After all, one good way to build up your own knowledge is to
hear as many other perspectives as possible, and then develop your own opinion and thoughts on the
matter. You know, by thinking!

“The GNU Manifesto” by R. Stallman. 1985. www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html. A huge part of Linux’s

success was no doubt the presence of an excellent compiler, gcc, and other relevant pieces of open
software, thanks to the GNU effort headed by Stallman. Stallman is a visionary when it comes to open
source, and this manifesto lays out his thoughts as to why.

“One-Level Storage System” by T. Kilburn, D.B.G. Edwards, M.J. Lanigan, F.H. Sumner. IRE Transactions
on Electronic Computers, April 1962. The Atlas pioneered much of what you see in modern systems.
However, this paper is not the best read. If you were to only read one, you might try the historical
perspective below

“The Manchester Mark I and Atlas: A Historical Perspective” by S. H. Lavington. Communications of the
ACM, Volume 21:1, January 1978. A nice piece of history on the early development of computer systems
and the pioneering efforts of the Atlas. Of course, one could go back and read the Atlas papers
themselves, but this paper provides a great overview and adds some historical perspective.

“The Multics System: An Examination of its Structure” by Elliott Organick. MIT Press, 1972. A great
overview of Multics. So many good ideas, and yet it was an over-designed system, shooting for too
much, and thus never really worked. A classic example of what Fred Brooks would call the “second-
system effect”

“Introduction to Computing Systems: From Bits and Gates to C and Beyond” by Yale N. Patt, Sanjay J.
Patel. McGraw-Hill, 2003. One of our favorite intro to computing systems books. Starts at transistors and
gets you all the way up to C; the early material is particularly great.

“The UNIX Time-Sharing System” by Dennis M. Ritchie, Ken Thompson. CACM, Volume 17: 7, July 1974.
A great summary of UNIX written as it was taking over the world of computing, by the people who wrote
it.

“SDS 940 Time-Sharing System” by Scientific Data Systems. TECHNICAL MANUAL, SDS 90 11168, August
1968. Yes, a technical manual was the best we could find. But it is fascinating to read these old system
documents, and see how much was already in place in the late 1960’s. One of the minds behind the
Berkeley Time-Sharing System (which eventually became the SDS system) was Butler Lampson, who
later won a Turing award for his contributions in systems.

“Membrane: Operating System Support for Restartable File Systems” by S. Sundararaman, S.

Subramanian, A. Rajimwale, A. Arpaci-Dusseau, R. Arpaci-Dusseau, M. Swift. FAST ’10, San Jose, CA,
February 2010. The great thing about writing your own class notes: you can advertise your own
research. But this paper is actually pretty neat — when a file system hits a bug and crashes, Membrane
auto-magically restarts it, all without applications or the rest of the system being affected.