RTFI Q&E (CTMS 308196) PARTICIPANT INFORMATION FILM HANDLING (CONT’D) Crimp marks are caused by excessive bending of the film and will appear as light areas if before exposure and as dark areas if after exposure. Figures 24a and 24b show crimp marks before and after exposure respectively. (@) Crimp marks (b) Crimp marks before exposure after exposure Figure 24. Dirt and lint can collect on the intensifying screens and will appear on the film as light areas. The intensifying screens can become damaged either by scratches or by oxidation. The scratches will appear as dark lines and oxidation will appear as fog. Uneven development can be caused by failure to agitate while processing 3RTFI Q&E (CTMS 308196) PARTICIPANT INFORMATION VIEWING The film is viewed on a high intensity illuminator with reduced glare. Masks should be available to block out any light that is not covered by the film. The background lighting shall be subdued, but not totally dark. It is recommended that the brightness of the surroundings be about the same as the area of interest on the radiograph. A film interpreter should allow his eyes to adapt to the subdued lighting prior to interpreting radiographs. Numerous accessories are available to assist the interpreter. These include but not limited to optical comparators, scales or rulers, density charts and the applicable code or standard for acceptance criteria Film density is a measurement of the amount of light that is transmitted through a radiograph. A densitometer or a density strip with known densities should be available to judge the film density. It is preferable to use a calibrated densitometer that has been verified with a calibrated density strip. Film density is expressed as a logarithm as shown by the table below. DENSITY VALUE AMOUNT OF TRANSMITTED LIGHT. 0 1 1 wi0 2 1/100 3 1/1000 4 110,000 film density is affected by exposure time and developing time. If the film has been overexposed or overdeveloped, the film density will be higher than desired. Conversely, if the film has been underexposed or underdeveloped, the film density will be less than desired, Low film density areas on a film represent areas of increased material thickness or high material density, e.g, lead and tungsten. High film density areas on a film represent areas of decreased material thickness or low material density, eg,, slag and oxides. The requirements for film density will be covered later in this course in the section on interpretation. 38RTFI Q&E (CTMS 308196) PARTICIPANT INFORMATION INTERPRETATION film interpreter judges a radiograph for film quality and component quality. Each film interpreter should establish a systematic approach to film interpretation so as not to omit any aspects. A sample checklist is given in Addendum D. Visual Acuity All personnel certified as radiographic film interpreters must have an annual near vision eye examination that consists of being capable of reading a Jaeger Number 1 test chart or equivalent at a distance of twelve inches. He shall also have an examination to differentiate among colors. Film Quality Before a film interpreter views a radiograph for defects, he must judge the quality of a film. Items that affect film quality are: ° ° o 9 ° Film identification Location markers 1Q1 sensitivity Film density Film physical quality Film Identification Each radiograph shall be identified with lead letters with a minimum of the following information 0 0 9 0 0 JO or BI number Component vessel or piping identification Weld number R for repair (R2, R3 if more than one repair) Date Note: — The film identification shall not be placed in the area of interest on a radiograph, as this could mask any discontinuities in the area of interest. 39RTFI Q&E (CTMS 308196) PARTICIPANT INFORMATION INTERPRETATION (CONT’D) Location Markers Each radiograph shall have lead letter location markers. For single-wall viewing, alead letter number belt shall be used. Each film shall be observed for proper overlapping of location markers to ensure 100% coverage. For double-wall viewing, each film shall have at least two location markers for an elliptical exposure and three location markers for a superimposed exposure. The Tocation markers shall not be placed in the area of interest on a radiograph, as this could mask any discontinuities. 1QI Sensitivity ‘As mentioned previously, the sensitivity or quality of a radiograph is measured by an IQI. Sensitivity is the ability of a radiograph to show the required hole size on a block-type 1QI or the required wire size on a DIN wire IQl. If the required sensitivity is not achieved, film contrast, resolution and definition will be reduced. The required wire size should be visible in the area of interest where the wires cross the weld To determine which hole or wire size should be visible on a radiograph, the film interpreter must know the thickness of the material, maximum weld reinforcement allowed and the exposure arrangement. The thickness of the material and the exposure arrangements can be obtained from the radiographic report, as documented by the radiographer. The maximum weld reinforcement allowed can be obtained from the visual examination acceptance criteria from the code or standard to which the weld was made. The required hole on a block-type IQI or wire size on a DIN wite type IQI shall be based on the nominal thickness plus any extemal weld reinforcement Internal weld reinforcement, backing rings or strips shall not be included in the thickness.RTFI Q&E (CTMS 308196) PARTICIPANT INFORMATION INTERPRETATION (CONT'D) 1QI Sensitivity (Cont'd) Listed below is how to obtain the required thickness to determine the required 1Q\ to be visible on a radiograph 4 For single-wall viewing radiographs (Exposure arrangements A, B, C, D and £), the required thickness is based on the wall thickness plus one weld reinforcement, if the reinforcement has not been ground off. 4 For double-wall viewing radiographs (Exposure Arrangement F), the required thickness is based on two wall thickness and one weld reinforcement, if the reinforcement has not been ground off. 4 For double-wall viewing radiographs (Exposure Arrangement G), the required thickness is based on two wall thickness and two weld reinforcements, if the reinforcement has not been ground off. After determining the required thickness, the film interpreter uses the following table (SAEP-1143, Table 6) to determine which IQI should be visible on the radiograph. The film interpreter must determine if a source side or film side 1QI was used. Ifa film side QI Is used it will be identified by a lead letter a TQi SELECTION Unless otherwise stated in the Scope of Work, penetrameters shall be selected as shown in the following tables, ‘Nominal Material Thine Souree Side Fim Sid inch mr ‘Wire Size Wire Size inch (mmyNumber_| inch (mmjNumber pio 025, inl pies nm 0.008 (0.2013 0.006 (0.76y74 [over 025 through 0975 through 10 ‘.070(0.25yrT2 0.008 (020)715 ‘Over 0.375 tough 0.80 —| —10 tnough iz 013 (0.3)1 0.070(0.25)2 Over 050 trough 075 12 through 18 016 (040V7I0 013 (032)/11 [Over 0:75 through 1.00 18 vough 25 19 (050) 016 (040y/10 ‘Over 1.00 through 1.50 25 ivough 4 025 (053)8 019 (0 50y9 ‘ver 1-50 through 2.00 40 trough 50. 051 (050)7, 025 (063) ‘Over 2.00 through? 50 BO trough 60 039 (1.0) 031 (080) Over 2 50through 4.00 —| —6Othreugh 100 49 1.25) 039 (1.0) ‘ver 4.00 through 6 00 —| —100 trough 150 063 (iy Bas 2596 ‘Over 6.00 through 6 00 —| —150 twough 200 098.25) 063 (Ley wer 8.00 twough 10:00 —| —200 tough 250 TeGaNi as Ve Figure 25.1Q\ table a