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Abstract—We present the design, fabrication, and results from OPLL can form a microwave single-sideband optical source [2]
the first monolithically integrated optical phase-locked loop with the potential for endless microwave phase adjustment. This
(OPLL) photonic integrated circuit (PIC) suitable for a variety of is an attractive property for implementation of a phased array
homodyne and offset phase locking applications. This InP-based
PIC contains two sampled-grating distributed reflector (SG-DBR) microwave system. OPLLs also find applications in free-space
lasers, semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), phase modu- optical systems such as LIDAR systems, where they allow co-
lators, balanced photodetectors, and multimode interference herent combination of several coherent optical sources [3], po-
(MMI)-couplers and splitters. The SG-DBR lasers have more than tentially to form large swept optical phase arrays.
5 THz of frequency tuning range and can generate a coherent Compared to fiber lasers and solid state lasers with narrow
beat for a wide spectrum of frequencies. In addition, the SG-DBR
lasers have large tuning sensitivities and do not exhibit any phase
linewidths, semiconductor lasers are generally favored because
inversion over the frequency modulation bandwidths making of their small sizes, low costs, and high efficiencies [2], [11].
them ideal for use as current controlled oscillators in feedback In addition, the phase and frequency tuning of a semiconductor
loops. These SG-DBR lasers have wide linewidths and require laser, which is necessary for the laser to be used in the nega-
high feedback loop bandwidths in order to be used in OPLLs. tive feedback loop of an OPLL, is easily achieved by current
This is made possible using photonic integration which provides
injection. So far, the central difficulty in realizing OPLLs using
low cost, easy to package compact loops with low feedback laten-
cies. In this paper, we present two experiments to demonstrate semiconductor lasers has been the strict relation between laser
proof-of-concept operation of the OPLL-PIC: homodyne locking phase noise and feedback loop bandwidth. The wide linewidths
and offset locking of the SG-DBR lasers. observed in semiconductor lasers, typically in the megahertz
Index Terms—Coherent optical communications, integrated op- range, require sufficiently wide loop bandwidths, i.e., small
toelectronics, optical phase-locked loops (OPLLs), tunable semi- loop delays. In the past, this has been addressed by using
conductor lasers. low-linewidth external cavity lasers that allow longer feedback
loop delays [12], [13], or by construction of compact OPLLs
using miniaturized bulk optical components to meet the delay
I. INTRODUCTION restrictions arising from the use of standard semiconductor
lasers [2], [14]. Other efforts include relaxing this restriction
VER SINCE the first demonstration of an optical phase-
E locked loop (OPLL) [1], a significant research effort has
been invested in developing the system for a wide range of ap-
by combining an OPLL with optical injection locking, thereby
gaining the wide locking bandwidth of optical injection, while
a slow phase-locked loop with a long delay allows long-term
plications, as shown in [2]–[4] and references therein. In op-
stability [15].
tical communications, the OPLL allows synchronous coherent
Recent progress in device design and fabrication has
receivers where mixing the received signal with a high-power
enabled distributed-feedback (DFB) lasers to have sub-mega-
local-oscillator (LO) laser provides high sensitivity and out-of-
hertz linewidths, without external cavity linewidth reduction
band noise suppression [5]–[7]. For carrier-suppressed mod-
schemes, [3], [8], [14], [16]–[18]. Consequently, the delay
ulation schemes, a Costa’s loop can be used [8]. OPLLs are
in fiber-based OPLLs is not the bandwidth limiting factor in
commonly used for optical clock recovery in digital telecom-
locking the standard DFB lasers. Rather, the loop bandwidth
munication systems [9]. They have also been developed for gen-
is limited by the phase reversal in the FM response, which is
eration of stable channel offsets in dense wavelength-division
characteristic for DFB lasers and occurs at frequencies between
multiplexed (DWDM) systems [10]. In microwave photonics, an
0.1 and 10 MHz [2], [16], [19], [21], as explained in Section III.
While this lower loop bandwidth is sufficient for locking of
DFB lasers even in fiber-based OPLLs, it is still a limiting factor
Manuscript received May 31, 2009; revised August 04, 2009. First published
August 28, 2009; current version published February 01, 2010. This work was
in achieving high-performance OPLLs with very small phase
supported by DARPA under United States Air Force Contract #FA8760-08-1- errors because the benefits of locking are constrained to the
7856. narrow bandwidth determined by the phase reversal [2], [11],
S. Ristic, A. Bhardwaj, M. J. Rodwell, and L. A. Johansson are with the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California,
[16]. In the applications such as the coherent beam combining
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9560 USA (e-mail: ristic@ece.ucsb. [16], where several lasers are locked, the cumulative phase
edu; ashishb@ece.ucsb.edu; rodwell@ece.ucsb.edu; leif@ece.ucsb.edu). error increases with the number of lasers, and it is important to
L. A. Coldren is with the Departments of Electrical and Computer Engi-
neering and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9560
minimize it.
USA (e-mail: coldren@ece.ucsb.edu). In order to overcome the phase-inversion-limited FM band-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JLT.2009.2030341 width of standard narrow-linewidth DFB lasers, new types
0733-8724/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE
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RISTIC et al.: OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 527
of semiconductor lasers have been developed for their use in grated, including: lasers, passive optical waveguides, MMI cou-
OPLLs. Complex-coupled DFB lasers have been shown to plers/splitters, high-speed photodetectors, and high-speed op-
have flat FM responses without phase inversion between 10 tical phase modulators. Moreover, the OPLL-PIC uses widely-
kHz and over 20 GHz [22]. The requirement for precise control tunable SG-DBR lasers that have a wavelength tuning range
of the lasers’ bias current and the fact that the FM-response greater than 5 THz [30]. This is a key feature for several ap-
uniformity and sensitivity depend on the output power level plications. First, it allows the development of homodyne co-
are disadvantageous for OPLL applications [19]. Multi-section herent receivers in the form of Costa’s loop, with an optical
tunable semiconductor lasers have been very popular in the bandwidth exceeding the entire C-band. The relative simplicity
past in OPLLs [2], [17], [19], [23], [25]. Here, the phase tuning of the Costa’s loop also allows scaling to high data rates, ex-
section is separated from the gain section and the Bragg section, ceeding 100 Gbps. Second, an OPLL with 5 THz wavelength
which minimizes the thermal tuning issues responsible for the tuning range can be used for coherent beam forming for sub-mil-
phase inversion in DFB lasers. limeter resolution LIDAR applications. Third, together with a
Integration of an OPLL is considered to be beneficial for a THz photodetector and electronics, it allows optical heterodyne
wide range of applications by researchers in the field [2], [3], signal generation with a DC to 5 THz frequency range. Applying
[10], [13], [14], [17], [25]. Monolithic integration of the optical optical phase or amplitude modulation to one optical line can be
components in an OPLL can improve its robustness to temper- used to generate a coherent phase or amplitude modulated THz
ature and environmental variations, which can be detrimental signal. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: the design
in fiber-based systems [16]. These variations have smaller cu- and fabrication of the OPLL-PIC is described in Section II, the
mulative effects on light when it propagates through a robust SG-DBR laser performance is described in Section III, proof-of-
and compact, monolithically integrated optical components. In concept homodyne and offset locking OPLL demonstrations are
addition, the whole photonics integrated circuit (PIC) that in- presented in Section IV, and the conclusion remarks are pre-
cludes the semiconductor lasers and the optical components of sented in Section V.
the OPLL can be maintained at a constant temperature by the
same temperature controller. Typical integrated optical waveg-
uides and devices preserve the polarization of light, so that no II. OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP PHOTONIC
polarization alignment between the components is necessary in INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
order to maximize the interference between the integrated lasers
in the applications where multiple lasers are being locked. Fur-
thermore, integrated waveguides are immune to long term po- A. OPLL Basics
larization drifts. Also, compared to the miniature bulk optics
OPLLs [2], no alignment between the components needs to be An OPLL has both parallels and fundamental differences
performed. The compactness and ease of packaging of inte- when compared to its RF equivalents. In a microwave loop, it
grated OPLLs can improve their cost effectiveness. This is espe- is a voltage-controlled oscillator that typically tracks the input
cially true for the applications where multiple lasers are locked signal. In an OPLL, wavelength tuning of a laser takes this role,
together [3], [11], [26]. achieved typically by current injection [3]. An RF phase-locked
Monolithic integration of multi-section lasers is strongly mo- loop (PLL) can be built using spectrally pure oscillators, which
tivated by two factors. First, in multi-section lasers the passive allow stable operation in a narrowband loop to enable filtering,
phase and Bragg sections are already integrated with the ac- or it can be built using compact integrated circuits to have a
tive gain section. In order to achieve this, a regrowth or some substantial fractional loop bandwidth compared to the carrier
other type of post-growth bandgap engineering technique, such frequency, allowing agile tracking of a frequency modulated
as quantum-well intermixing, is necessary [27], thereby facili- signal. In contrast, an OPLL is built using less compact optical
tating integration of additional active devices, such as semicon- components, leading to a smaller loop bandwidth, and with
ductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and photodetectors, and pas- a carrier frequency of 193 THz (1550 nm), which results
sive devices, such as modulators and multimode interference
in low loop bandwidth to carrier frequency ratio. As a result,
(MMI) couplers and splitters. Second, compared to DFB lasers,
acquiring locking is less straightforward in an OPLL as the
multi-section lasers have larger linewidths, in the several-mega-
slave laser must be tuned to the master laser wavelength with
hertz range. Although, a state-of-the-art OPLL performance has
high accuracy.
been achieved with multi-section lasers and miniature bulk op-
tics [2], monolithic integration can offer further performance Fig. 1 shows a simple schematic of the OPLL architecture
improvement by reduction of the loop delay. Monolithic inte- demonstrated in this paper. Two widely tunable SG-DBR lasers
gration can also enable a variety of other types of wide-linewidth are monolithically integrated on a single InP substrate along
lasers to be used in OPLL applications, such as widely-tunable with all of the other optical components needed to form the
sampled grating distributed feedback (SG-DBR) lasers. OPLL. One laser takes the role of a master laser, while the other
So far, monolithic integration has focused on the receivers and takes the role of a slave laser. The outputs of the two lasers are
on the electronic components rather than the optical components first combined using a 2 2 optical coupler. The combined beat
of an OPLL [10], [28], [29]. In this paper, we demonstrate for the signal is then amplitude modulated for offset-locking using an
first time, an OPLL photonic integrated circuit (OPLL-PIC) in integrated optical modulator and envelope- detected using an
which all required optical components are monolithically inte- integrated photodetector. The current output from the photode-
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528 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 28, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2010
tector is filtered and fed back into the salve laser. The resulting
slave laser frequency tuning is then given by
(1) Fig. 2. Schematic of (a) an OPLL-PIC for locking to an external laser and (b) an
OPLL-PIC for offset locking of two on-chip lasers.
where the terms in the convolution: , and are the
impulse responses of modulator, detector, loop filter, and slave and absence of phase inversion in the frequency response, as
laser frequency tuning, respectively. is the detector respon- explained in Section III.
sivity, and are the master and slave laser powers inci- In Fig. 2(a) and (b), we explicitly show the constituent com-
dent on the photodetector, and and are the phases of the ponents of the SG-DBR laser: front-side mirror (MF), gain sec-
master and slave laser respectively. Also, is the relative power tion, phase section (PH), back-side mirror (MB), and back-side
of the modulation sidebands used for offset locking after optical absorber/photodetector (D). Light from each laser is first split
modulation. For zero offset locking, i.e., homodyne locking, no using 1 2 MMIs into two half-power components. One of the
optical modulation needs to be applied and . Assuming two half-power components from each laser is directed into a
locked condition and small phase error , the equa- 2 2 MMI, which is a part of the feedback loop, and which is
tion can be linearized and the Laplace transform located in the Middle Section of the OPLL-PIC. The remaining
applied half-power component from each laser is directed into a 2 2
MMI in the Output Section of the OPLL-PIC. Each of the four
half-power optical paths has an SOA to adjust the optical power
(2) in each path. Each optical path at the output of the 2 2 MMI
coupler in the Middle Section of the OPLL-PIC contains a phase
Here, is the open-loop gain function from which stability modulator (M), followed by a photodetector (D), which can be
and operation of the loop can be evaluated. It is interesting to used in a balanced receiver configuration. Similarly, each optical
note that offset locking of our OPLL could also be achieved path at the two outputs of the 2 2 MMI in the Output Section
without the on-chip modulation of the two laser outputs, but of the OPLL-PIC contains a phase modulator. One of these two
rather by mixing the photodetector current with an external RF output waveguides ends upon a photodetector that can be used
reference. In our method, the generated sidebands carry only a for electrical-domain monitoring of the interference resulting
fraction of power of the laser outputs and thus produce small in- from the beating of the two lasers. The other output waveguide
terference extinction ratios when mixed together, incurring ad- extends to the edge of the OPLL-PIC to enable coupling into
ditional noise penalty. The advantage is that no RF electronics an optical fiber and can be used for optical-domain beat mon-
is required. itoring. The 2 2 MMI in the Output Section has phase mod-
ulators on its input waveguides as well, which can be used for
B. OPLL-PIC Design additional phase control.
Fig. 2(a) and (b) show schematics of our two different Fig. 3(a) shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image
OPLL-PIC designs. The design shown in Fig. 2(a) is intended of an OPLL-PIC based on the schematic shown in Fig. 2(b),
for locking of an on-chip tunable laser to an external laser, which enables offset locking, after it has been mounted on a
while the design shown in Fig. 2(b) is intended for offset carrier and wire-bonded. The distinct OPLL-PIC sections men-
locking of two on-chip tunable lasers. Each OPLL-PIC design tioned above are marked for identification. The OPLL-PIC is
comprises of three sections that are labeled in Fig. 2(a) and 6.6 mm long and 0.45 mm wide.
(b) as: Laser Section, Middle Section, and Output Section. The Laser Section of the OPLL-PIC is shown in greater de-
We choose the SG-DBR laser because of its wide tuning tail in Fig. 3(b). The abbreviations used in labeling the various
range, large frequency-modulation (FM) tuning sensitivity, components of this section are explained in Fig. 2. This section
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RISTIC et al.: OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 529
C. OPLL-PIC Fabrication
For monolithic integration of the SG-DBR lasers with the
other components of the OPLL-PIC, an integration platform that
is often referred to as “Offset Quantum Well (OQW)” Platform
[27] is used. In this platform, light is guided by a “passive” 1.4Q
bulk layer that forms a basis for waveguiding, as well as modula-
tion through current injection [33] or the Franz-Keldysh effect if
reverse biased [34]. Above this layer, light couples evanescently
to an “active” multiple-quantum-well (MQW) layered structure
that is present only in the regions that form SOAs, gain sections
of SG-DBR lasers, and photodetectors [27].
Fig. 4 shows details of the base epitaxial layer structure used
in the OQW platform that is grown on a 2-inch S-doped InP
wafer by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).
A 2 m thick Si-graded-doped InP buffer is grown on the sub-
strate to reduce the overlap of the optical mode confined to the
1.4Q waveguiding layer with the heavily doped substrate and
minimize the free-carrier-induced optical propagation loss in
the waveguide. The buffer doping is graded from 1e19 cm ,
close to the substrate, to 1e18 cm , close to the 1.4Q wave-
guide core layer. A 300 nm thick, unintentionally doped (UID),
1.4Q waveguiding layer is epitaxially grown over the graded InP
buffer, followed by a 20 nm thick 1.2Q separate confinement
Fig. 3. SEM images of the OPLL-PIC and its various sections. (a) Whole heterostructure (SCH) layer, a 10 nm thick InP etch-stop layer,
OPLL-PIC. (b) Laser Section of the OPLL-PIC. (c) Middle Section of the an active region comprised of multiple quantum wells (MQW)
OPLL-PIC. (d) Output Section of the OPLL-PIC.
layers with a total thickness of 119 nm, another 30 nm thick
1.2Q SCH layer, a 60 nm thick UID InP spacer, and a 150 nm
also includes the two 1 2 MMI splitters and the four SOAs. thick Zn-doped (1e18 cm ) InP cap. The thin InP spacer un-
As shown in Fig. 2, there are four SOAs in the PIC, one on each derneath the Zn-doped InP cap helps prevent diffusion of Zn
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530 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 28, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2010
dopant into the active MQW layer, and the Zn doping in the InP
cap helps in controlling the position of the p-i-n junction formed
after regrowth. The photoluminescence peak of the active MQW
layers was measured to be 1560 nm.
The 2-in wafer is cleaved into four different quarters and
each quarter is processed separately. In Fig. 5(a)–(e), we illus-
trate the processing steps used in the fabrication of the OPLL-
PIC. Starting from the base epitaxial structure shown again in
Fig. 5(a), Fig. 5(b) illustrates the active/passive wet etch step,
where the “active” regions are etched away everywhere on the
wafer except in the areas that define the SOAs, gain sections of
the SG-DBR lasers and the photodetectors. A 100 nm thick Sil-
icon Nitride (SiN ) layer is deposited using Plasma Enhanced
Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD), and 5 Stepper Lithog-
raphy is used to define the active regions by patterning photore-
sist that is spun on top of the SiN layer. All SiN depositions
in this work are done at 250 C. The pattern is transferred to
SiN by CF /O -based Reactive Ion Etching (RIE). The SiN
hard mask protects the InP cap, spacer layers at the top of the
wafer, and the active MQW and SCH regions during wet etching
steps that selectively remove these layers elsewhere. The SiN
mask is subsequently removed using buffered hydrofluoric acid Fig. 5. “OQW Platform”: schematics of the main processing steps starting with
the base epitaxial structure. (a) Base epitaxial structure. (b) Active/passive wet
(BHF). etch. (c) Gratings etch. (d) P cladding regrowth. (e) Surface-ridge waveguide
The gratings in the SG-DBR sections are defined in etch.
the passive 1.4Q layer using a Methane/Hydrogen/Argon
(MHA)-based RIE, as shown in Fig. 5(c). The targeted grating
depth is around 100 nm and duty cycle is 50%. The gratings the Vernier effect achievable with SG-DBR lasers can be found
are patterned onto a high-resolution photoresist using elec- in [35]. The SiO layer is subsequently removed using BHF,
tron-beam lithography. The grating pattern is transferred to a and the sample is thoroughly cleaned in UV-ozone prior to the
50 nm thick SiO layer using CHF -based RIE, which, in turn, regrowth step.
is used as a hard-mask for the MHA RIE step that etches the The following step is the regrowth step, as shown in Fig. 5(d).
grating into the 1.4Q layer. The grating period is targeted to be The regrowth layers comprise of a 50 nm thick UID InP spacer
240 nm so that the center wavelength of the SG-DBR laser that helps prevent diffusion of Zn from p-doped cladding into
is close to 1550 nm. The sampled gratings are used in both the the underlying MQW layers in the active regions and the 1.4Q
front-side and back-side mirrors of the SG-DBR lasers. The layer in the passive regions of the OPLL-PIC, a 2000 nm of
front-side mirror consists of 5 grating bursts, each burst being Zn-doped InP cladding, where the doping is 7e17 cm in the
6 m long, that repeat periodically with an interval of 61.5 m. lower half of the cladding and 1e18 cm in the upper half of
The back-side mirror consists of 12 grating bursts, each burst the cladding, a 100 nm thick Zn-doped (1e19 cm ) InGaAs
being 4 m long, that repeat periodically with an interval of contact layer followed by a 200 nm thick Zn-doped (1e18 cm )
68.5 m. More details about the wide wavelength tuning using sacrificial InP cap layer, on the top of the wafer, which is used to
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RISTIC et al.: OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 531
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532 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 28, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2010
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RISTIC et al.: OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 533
Fig. 8. Composite linewidth measured from the heterodyne beat of the two in-
tegrated, unlocked SG-DBR lasers. Resolution and video bandwidths are 2 MHz
and 3 kHz, respectively.
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534 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 28, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2010
Fig. 11. Noise spectra measured at the optical output of the OPLL-PIC in the
homodyne locking experiment. Resolution and video bandwidths are 2 MHz
B. Homodyne Locking and 10 kHz, respectively.
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RISTIC et al.: OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 535
C. Offset Locking
The same PIC and electronic circuit that were used in the ho-
modyne experiment are also used in the offset locking experi-
ment. To demonstrate offset-locking of the two monolithically
integrated SG-DBR lasers, we apply a reverse bias phase mod-
ulation to one of the modulators that is connected to the output
of the 2 2 MMI in the Middle Section of the OPLL-PIC and
is a part of the feedback loop, as shown in Fig. 1. As this phase
modulator output is only connected to the integrated detector
pair used for the feedback circuit, the OPLL-PIC output signal
does not contain any modulation sidebands. In this case, we
use the reverse bias modulation based on the Franz–Keldysh
effect because the gigahertz-range modulation frequency that
we need far exceeds the bandwidth ( 100 MHz) of the modu-
lator in the forward-biased current-injection mode. In our offset-
locking scheme, the carrier frequencies from both lasers are si-
multaneously modulated, which generates two modulation side-
bands corresponding to either laser’s carrier frequency. When
the frequency separation between the two SG-DBR lasers equals Fig. 13. Oscilloscope traces observed at the optical output of the OPLL-PIC
the modulation frequency, the detected photocurrent will con- in the heterodyne locking experiment when the OPLL is (a) unlocked and
(b) locked.
tain a phase-dependent DC component, and sideband locking
of the two lasers becomes possible. Mixing of the two laser fre-
quencies and their sidebands occurs in the photodetector, which
generates a corresponding current error signal to the feedback
electronics and the phase section of the slave laser whenever
there is a random phase walk-off between a center frequency of
one laser and a sideband of the other laser. The power in the
sidebands is smaller in comparison to the power at the center
frequencies of the laser. Consequently, the extinction ratio of
the corresponding interference is smaller than for the homo-
dyne OPLL, producing a weaker error signal. To compensate
for this, to generate as strong modulation sidebands as possible,
the power applied to the modulator used in offset locking is be-
tween 10 and 15 dBm.
Fig. 13(a) and (b) show an oscilloscope trace of the OPLL-
PIC’s optical output before and after 5 GHz offset locking of the
Fig. 14. Noise spectrum measured at the optical output of the OPLL-PIC in the
two SG-DBR lasers, respectively. The oscilloscope is triggered heterodyne locking experiment. Resolution and video bandwidths are 2 MHz
by the 5 GHz modulating signal. Before locking, the phase of and 10 kHz, respectively.
the beat varies randomly and only an envelope of the beat is ob-
served in Fig. 13(a). After phase-locking, a coherent beat signal
is generated, as observed by the oscilloscope trace in Fig. 13(b). the spectrum in Fig. 14, we calculated the phase error vari-
In addition to the time domain representation of the locked ance to be 0.03 rad by dividing the noise power within the
beat shown in Fig. 13(b), in Fig. 14, we plot the corresponding 2 GHz span by the signal power [3]. Our result is comparable to
frequency spectrum obtained using an external 20 GHz pho- the state-of-the-art result in [2], where phase error radiance of
todetector and a 20 GHz electrical spectrum analyzer. As ex- 0.05 rad in a 1 GHz bandwidth has been reported for an OPLL
pected, the spectrum is centered at the 5 GHz modulation fre- based on miniature bulk optics designed for use in a microwave
quency, surrounded by two peaks that are offset by 300 MHz, photonic transmitter. We obtained similar results for different
corresponding to the bandwidth of the feedback loop. From offset frequencies up to 15 GHz.
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536 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 28, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2010
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RISTIC et al.: OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 537
[27] J. W. Raring, M. N. Sysak, A. T. Pedretti, M. Dummer, E. J. Skogen, J. Ashish Bhardwaj received the B.Sc. (honors) and
S. Barton, S. P. DenBaars, and L. A. Coldren, “Advanced integration M.Sc. degrees in physics from the Indian Institute of
schemes for high-functionality/high-performance photonic integrated Technology, Kharagpur, India, in 1994 and 1996, re-
circuits,” presented at the Proc. SPIE, San Jose, CA, Jan. 2006, Paper spectively, and the Ph.D. degree in applied physics
61260H. from California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, in
[28] F. Aflatouni, O. Momeni, and H. Hashemi, “A heterodyne phase locked 2001.
loop with GHz acquisition range for coherent locking of semiconductor During 2001–2007, he was with Bell Laboratories,
lasers in 0.13 m CMOS,” in Proc. IEEE Custom Integr. Circuits Conf. Lucent Technologies, Holmdel, NJ, as a Member of
(CICC), Sep. 2007, pp. 463–466. Technical Staff, where he was engaged in research
[29] M. Bruun, U. Gliese, A. K. Petersen, T. N. Nielsen, and K. E. Stubkjær, on fast wavelength switching in tunable lasers for
“A 2–10 GHz GaAs MMIC opto-electronic phase detector for optical applications in optical packet switching. He also
microwave signal generators,” Microw. J., vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 94–100, led research in the design, fabrication and characterization of large-scale
1994. monolithically integrated InP-based photonic integrated circuits employing
[30] M. L. Majewski, J. Barton, L. A. Coldren, Y. Akulova, and M. C. semiconductor optical amplifiers. Since 2007, he has been with the Department
Larson, “Direct intensity modulation in sampled-grating DBR lasers,” of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 747–749, Jun. 2002. Barbara, CA, where he is currently leading the research effort in the design
[31] J. Leuthold and C. H. Joyner, “Multimode interference couplers with and fabrication of monolithically integrated injection locked laser sources. His
tunable power splitting ratios,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. current research interests include integrated photonic devices for optical signal
700–707, May 2001. processing.
[32] J. Klamkin, “Coherent integrated receiver for highly linear microwave
photonic links,” Ph.D. dissertation, Materials Dept., Univ. California,
Santa Barbara, 2008.
[33] M. N. Sysak, L. A. Johansson, J. W. Raring, M. J. Rodwell, L. A.
Coldren, and J. E. Bowers, “A high efficiency, current injection
based quantum-well phase modulator monolithically integrated with a
tunable laser for coherent systems,” in Opt. Amplifiers Their Appl./Co-
herent Opt. Technol. Appl. Techn. Dig. (CD) (Opt. Soc. Amer.), Mark J. Rodwell (M’89–F’03) received the B.S.
Whistler, BC, Canada, 2006, paper CFC6. degree from University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
[34] J. S. Barton, E. J. Skogen, M. L. Mašanović, S. P. Denbaars, and L. A. in 1980, and the M.S. and the Ph.D. degrees from
Coldren, “A widely tunable high-speed transmitter using an integrated Stanford University, Stanford, CA, in 1982 and
SGDBR laser-semiconductor optical amplifier and Mach-Zehnder 1988, respectively.
modulator,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. He is a Professor and Director of the UCSB
1113–1117, Sep./Oct. 2003. Nanofabrication Laboratory and the NSF Nanofab-
[35] L. A. Coldren, “Monolithic tunable diode lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics rication Infrastructure Network (NNIN) at the
Quantum Electron., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 988–999, Nov./Dec. 2000. University of California, Santa Barbara. He was
[36] J. S. Barton, “The integration of Mach-Zehnder modulators with sam- at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Whippany, NJ, during
pled grating DBR lasers,” Ph.D. dissertation, Materials Dept., Univ. 1982-1984. His research focuses on high bandwidth
California, Santa Barbara, 2004. InP bipolar transistors, compound semiconductor field-effect-transistors for
[37] M. L. Mašanović, “Wavelength-agile photonic integrated circuits for VLSI applications, and mm-wave integrated circuit design in both silicon VLSI
all-optical wavelength conversion,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. and III-V processes.
Comput. Eng., Univ. California, Santa Barbara, CA, 2004. Dr. Rodwell was a recipient of the 1989 National Science Foundation
[38] E. V. K. Rao, Y. Gottesman, M. Allovon, E. Vergnol, D. Sigogne, A. Presidential Young Investigator Award, his work on GaAs Schottky-diode ICs
Talneau, H. Sik, S. Slempkes, B. Theys, and J. Chevallier, “A signif- for subpicosecond/mm-wave instrumentation was awarded the 1997 IEEE
icant reduction of propagation losses in InGaAsP—InP buried-stripe Microwave Prize.
waveguides by hydrogenation,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10,
no. 3, pp. 370–372, Mar. 1998.
[39] S. Nakagawa, G. Fish, G. A. Dahl, P. Koh, C. Schow, M. Mack, L.
Wang, and R. Yu, “Phase noise of widely-tunable SG-DBR laser,” in
Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC) (Trends in Optics and Photonics
Series Vol. 86) Tech. Dig. (IEEE Cat. 03CH37403). Opt. Soc. Amer.,
Washington, DC, 2003, vol. 2, pp. 461–462.
[40] F. M. Gardner, Phaselock Techniques, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, Larry A. Coldren (S’67–M’72–SM’77–F’82)
2005. received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from Stanford University, Stanford, CA, in 1972.
He is the Fred Kavli Professor of Optoelectronics
and Sensors at the University of California, Santa
Barbara (UCSB). After 13 years in the research
area at Bell Laboratories, he joined UCSB in 1984
where he now holds appointments in Materials
and Electrical and Computer Engineering, and
is Director of the Optoelectronics Technology
Center. In 1990 he cofounded Optical Concepts,
later acquired as Gore Photonics, to develop novel VCSEL technology; and
in 1998 he cofounded Agility Communications, later acquired by JDSU,
to develop widely-tunable integrated transmitters. At Bell Labs, he initially
Sasa Ristic (M’02) received the Ph.D. degree worked on waveguided surface-acoustic-wave signal processing devices and
in electrical and computer engineering from the coupled-resonator filters. He later developed tunable coupled-cavity lasers
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, using novel reactive-ion etching (RIE) technology that he created for the then
Canada, in 2007. new InP-based materials. At UCSB, he continued work on multiple-section
He has been a post-doctoral fellow with the De- tunable lasers, in 1988 inventing the widely-tunable multi-element mirror
partment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, concept, which is now used in some JDSU products. During the late eighties
University of Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, since he also developed efficient vertical-cavity multiple-quantum-well modulators,
2007, partly supported by the Natural Sciences and which led to novel vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) designs
Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). that provided unparalleled levels of performance. He continues to be active
His current research interests include quantum-well in developing new photonic integrated circuit (PIC) and VCSEL technology,
optical modulators and integrated photonic devices. including the underlying materials growth and fabrication techniques. In recent
Authorized licensed use limited to: Univ of Calif Santa Barbara. Downloaded on March 03,2010 at 19:15:14 EST from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
538 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 28, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2010
years, for example, he has been involved in the creation of efficient all-epitaxial Leif A. Johansson (M’04) received the Ph.D. degree
InP-based and high-modulation speed GaAs-based VCSELs as well as a variety in engineering from University College London,
of InP-based PICs incorporating numerous optical elements for widely-tunable London, U.K., in 2002.
integrated transmitters, receivers, and wavelength converters operating up to He is currently a Research Scientist with the Uni-
40 Gb/s. He has has authored or coauthored over 1000 journal and conference versity of California, Santa Barbara. His current re-
papers, 7 book chapters, 1 textbook, and has been issued 63 U.S. patents. He search interests include design and characterization
has presented dozens of invited and plenary talks at major conferences. of integrated photonic devices for analog and digital
Prof. Coldren is a Fellow of the OSA and IEE. He was a recipient of the 2004 applications, and analog photonic systems and sub-
John Tyndall Award and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. systems.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Univ of Calif Santa Barbara. Downloaded on March 03,2010 at 19:15:14 EST from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.