1.

Ground improvement techniques adopted for sand and clay layer

 Vibro Compaction.
 Vacuum Consolidation.
 Preloading of soil.
 Soil stabilization by heating or vitrification.
 Ground freezing.
 Vibro-replacement stone columns.

2.Recall Manoj soil deposits in india

There are seven soil deposits in India. They are

1. Alluvial soil 2. Black soil 3. Red soil 4. Laterite soil or arid soil 5. Forest soil

6. Mountainous soil 7. Marsh soil.

These soils are formed by the sediments brought down by the rivers. They are also
have varied chemical properties

3. List any two methods of dewatering system

 Wellpoints.
o In Wellpoint, wells are drilled around the excavation area with submersible
pumps installed in the well shaft.
 Deepwells.
o In Deepwell, one or several individual wells are drilled, and submersible
pumps are placed in each shaft.
 Bypass dewatering.
 Tunneling dewatering

4. Foundation drains

Foundation drains are pipes that are installed under your foundation or basement floor
to collect water and move it off-site to prevent your basement from filling with water.

5. Draw the neat sketch which shows permeation grouting and compaction grouting
6. Related the amount of cement content required for satisfactory stabilization on the
gravel and clay soils

Stabilisation is the improvement of a soil or pavement material usually through the

addition of a binder or additive. The most common method of stabilisation involves the
incorporation of small quantities of binders, such as cement, to the aggregate

7. Write down the equipment required for vibroflotation

A vibrator hung from a crane is lowered into the ground with penetration usually
helped by water jetting. The energy from the vibration reduces the inter-granular forces
between the soil particles, making them denser as the vibrator is raised in lifts.

8. Mention the uses of stone column

Stone columns are used to increase the shear strength of the soil and as such improve
the resistance against liquefaction. They are used when the soil is liquefiable, but too silty to
use the compaction techniques to improve the properties.

9. Difference between Soil Nailing and Rock Anchoring

Soil nail
Soil nailing is primarily used in the following situations:
• To anchor support structures for excavations which include reinforcing trench boxes or
sheet piling.
• To stabilize slopes.
• To secure and renovate landslips
• Used in road construction.
Rock anchor
Rock anchors are typically implemented in the following situations:
• To provide support for marine structures like dock walls.
• To anchor retaining embankment walls.
 • Used in the stabilization of eccentrically loaded tensioned foundations.
• Used to secure unconsolidated rocks in underground excavation projects.
10.list out any four application of geosynthetic material in civil engineering field

 Transportation/geotechnical,
 geoenvironmental,
 Hydraulic, and
 Private development applications including roads, airfields, embankments, retaining
structures, reservoirs, canals, dams, erosion control, sediment control, landfill liners,
landfill covers