• Experimental Study On Geosynthetically Encased Stone Column

• Manshi Parmar 150310106078

• Hemal Rajani 150310106092
• Bharatkumar Khodifad 160313106013
• Vijay Sarvaiya 150310106107
 WAY OF PRESENTATION

1.Aim

2.Objectives

3.Problem statement

4.Methods For Soil Improvement

5.Fundamental Of Stone Column

6.History Of Vibro Stone Column

7.Equipment and Material Used

8.Procedure Of Vibro Replacement Stone Column

9.Method Of Vibro Replacement Stone Column

Encasement to the stone column: latest literature study

10.

11.Literature study based on experimental work

12.Scope of the study

13.References
AIM :- Experimental Study On Geosynthetically
Encased Stone Column
 OBJECTIVES :-

1. Reduces shallow foundation settlement.

2. Increases bearing capacity, allowing reduction in footing size.
3. Mitigates liquefaction potential.
4. Provides slope stabilization.
5. Permits construction on fills.
6. Permits shallow footing construction.
7. Prevents earthquake-induced lateral spreading.

4
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Embankment failure due to soft

soil
PROBLEM STATEMENT

The leaning tower of Pisa was not

designed inclined like it can be
seen today, due to soft soil and
poor foundation, the tower tilted 5
degrees south.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Embankment failure due to weak intermediate soft soil

 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Sometimes even rigid pile foundation may fail in

weak liquefiable soil
 METHODS FOR SOIL IMPROVEMENT

Ground Ground Ground

Improvement Treatment
Reinforcemen
•Stone Columns
t •Deep Dynamic Compaction •Soil Cement
•Soil Nails •Drainage/Surcharge •Lime Admixtures
•Deep Soil Nailing •Electro-osmosis •Fly ash
•Micro piles (Mini-piles) •Compaction grouting •Dewatering
•Jet Grouting •Blasting •Heating/Freezing
•Ground Anchors •Surface Compaction •Verification
•Geosynthetics
•Fiber Reinforcement
•Lime Columns
•Vibro-Concrete Column
•Mechanically Stabilized
Earth
•Biotechnical
 WHY STONE COLUMN?

1. Increases bearing capacity

2. Reduces foundation settlement

3. Mitigates liquefaction

4. Greater slope stabilization

5. Allows construction on fills

6. Shallow footing construction is possible etc.

10
 FUNDAMENTAL OF STONE COLUMN
 stone columns are a ground improvement technique to improve the load bearing
capacity of the soil.

 The stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes.

 The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria.
 HISTORY OF VIBRO STONE COLUMN

 Wilhelm L. Degen, who pioneered

Vibro Replacement stone column
technique, inspecting one of the first
stone columns sites in Germany in
the 1950s

 The use of vibratory techniques to improve soils at

depth has been practiced for more than 70 years.

 Originally introduced in Europe, these techniques

are nowadays used worldwide for a range of 12
applications.
 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL USED

Figure: The Vibrator Keller’s Top Feed

Vibrator
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL USED

Vibrator used at field

PROCEDURE OF VIBRO REPLACEMENT STONE COLUMN

• Inserting the vibrator at

required depth with or
without water jet.

• Refilling the
aggregate of required
size and compacting

• Completing the Stone

column
METHODS OF VIBRO REPLACEMENT STONE COLUMN

1. Wet top feed method

2. Dry bottom feed vibrocat method

3. Dry bottom feed crane-hung method

4. Offshore bottom feed method

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METHODS OF VIBRO REPLACEMENT STONE COLUMN

1. wet top feed method

 water jetting is used to
assist penetration
 stone is fed from the top of
the vibrator
METHODS OF VIBRO REPLACEMENT STONE COLUMN

2. Dry bottom feed vibrocat method

 stone is fed directly at the tip

of vibrator by means of tube
 No water jetting is used to
assist penetration
 METHODS OF VIBRO REPLACEMENT STONE COLUMN

3. Dry bottom feed crane-hung

method

 similar to the dry bottom feed

vibrocat method

 The vibrator penetrate by both

action due to self weight and

due to vibration action.`
METHODS OF VIBRO REPLACEMENT STONE COLUMN

4. Offshore Bottom Feed

Method
 similar to the crane hung
method
 A barge is used to carry
the whole material and
instrument set-up

Figure: Schematic of offshore bottom feed system [V.R.

Raju, Ref. no.2]
ENCASEMENT TO THE STONE COLUMN _ LATEST STUDY

 Following are the advantages of encasement of stone column

1. Imparts lateral confinement

2. Increases the load capacity & stiffness

3. Stresses are transferred to deeper strata

4. Higher length of stone column are possible

5. Lateral squeezing of stones is prevented

6. Higher degree of compaction can be achieved

7. Prevents the clogging of stone column

8. Strength properties of the stone column materials are preserved

 ENCASEMENTS TO THE STONE COLUMN _ LATEST
STUDY

Pre-fabricated encased stone column Completed work of pre-fabricated encased

being lowered into a drill borehole stone column
LABORATORY LOAD TEST ON SINGLE STONE COLUMN IN A UNIT CELL

Unit Cell with Geosynthetically

Schematic of setup- Unit Cell
encasement stone column
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GEOSYNTHETICALLY
ENCASED STONE COLUMN :-

 In laboratory with the help of unconfined compressor tester,

we will find the load applying on stone column with providing
Geosynthetic material.
Than the stress response of untreated soil will compare with
stress response of ordinary stone column.
Work Done Up To Till Date :- We made the unit shell, which has
dimension of 23cm radius and 40cm height.
 LITERATURE STUDY BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL WORK
 Load-Carrying Capacity Of Stone Column Encased With Geotextile :- The
load-carrying capacity of the soil increases & settlement decreases with the
intrusion of any type of stone column.
 Footing Load Tests On Single & Group Of Stone Columns :- Although the
spacing of stone columns & hence the area replacement ratio were high in
this case the slope stability analysis carried out with stone column reinforced
ground model, gave confidence to go ahead with the improvement pattern.
 Behaviour Of Stone Column In Layered Soils Using Geotextile
Reinforcement :- In case of the untreated layered soils, the load carrying
capacity of the soil bed decreases with increasing the top weak layer(soft
clay) thickness.
 LITERATURE STUDY BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL WORK
 A Study Behaviour On Stone Column In Homogenous Soil :- The treated
soil with stone column can carry more load than untreated soil.
 A Simple Analytical Method For Calculation Of Bearing Capacity Of Stone
Column :- The use of stone column is more efficient in softer cohesive soils.
 Performance Analysis Of Stone Column In Expansive Soil Of Northern
Karnataka :- Due to reinforcement, the bulging of the stone column was
restricted, & therefore the load intensity was found to be increased.
 Comparative Study On The Behavior Of Encased stone column &
Conventional Stone Column :- The stress concentration factor increased
with the stiffness of encasement & is always higher than in conventional
stone column irrespective of applied pressure.
 LITERATURE STUDY BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL WORK
 Soil Improvement By Reinforced Stone Columns Based On
Experimental Work :- The ductile materials in the plate forms were the
best reinforcement arrangement for the granular columns.
 Experimental & Numerical Studies On Response Of The Stone
Column In Layered Soil :- For stiff clay overlying the soft clay, the
limiting axial stress of the stone column increases with increase in the
thickness of top stiff clay up to two times the diameter of the stone
column beyond which it remain constant.
 Reinforced Stone Columns In Weak Deposits: Laboratory Model
Study :- The full-scale testing would be required to evaluate the
practicality of the methods & the economic viability.
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Experimental Work Software Based Work

 Stone column in mixed type of soil  FEM modeling in PLAXIS 3D
 Work on Unit Cell approach and circular
test tank respectively.
 Different stone column material will used
 Geogrid or Geosynthetically encased
stone column
 Depth, Spacing, Material, Soil, Area
Replacement ratio will change
 References
 S. Siva Gowri Prasad, “Behaviour Of Stone Column In Layered Soils Using
Geotextile Reinforcement”, by IJCIET , Vol.- 8, August 2017.
 S. Sandhya Rani, “ A Study Of Behaviour On Stone Column In Homogenous Soil”,
by IJSR, Index Copernicus Value(2015): 78.96.
 Malarvizhi, “Comparative Study On The Behavior Of Encased Stone Column And
Conventional Stone Column”, by Soils and Foundations, Vol. 47, No. 5,Oct. 2007.
 Hamed Niroumand, “ Soil Improvement By Reinforced Stone Columns Based On
Experimental Work”, by EJGE.
 References
 Gavisiddesh Majjagi, et. al. “Experimental Investigation of Stone Column in Shedi Soil”, International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 2 Issue 10, October – 2013.
 Pradip Das, “A Study of the Behaviour of Stone Column in Local Soft and Loose Layered Soil”,
Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 18, 2013, Pg. No. 1777-1786.
 Sujit Kumar Dash, et. al., “Improved performance of soft clay foundations using stone columns and
geocell-sand mattress”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elsevier, Vol. 41 (2013) Pg. 26-35.
 Ling Zhang, “Settlement Calculation of Composite Foundation Reinforced with Stone Columns”,
International Journal of Geomechanics, ASCE, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 1, 2013. Pg. 248–256.
 References

 M. B. D. Elsawy, “Behaviour of soft ground improved by conventional and geogrid encased stone
columns, based on FEM study”, Geosynthetics International, Vol.20, No. 4 (2013) Pg. 1072-6349.
 Ahmet Demir, et. al., “An experimental study on behavior of geosynthetic reinforced stone columns”,
2nd International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering, BCCCE, , Epoka
University, Tirana, Albania, 23-25 May 2013, pp-832- 841.
 S. Murugesan and K. Rajagopal, “Studies on the Behaviour of Single and Group of Geosynthetic
Encased Stone Columns”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol.
136, No. 1, January 1, 2010, Pg. No. 129–139.
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