S Language focus reference • Starter Unit

be In spoken and informal written English, we often

contract the verb be with these question words.
Af firmative Negative Who’s your favourite actor?  Where’s the science lab?
Full form Short form Full form Short form
I am I’m I am not I’m not have got
He / She / It He / She / He / She / It He / She / It
is It’s is not isn’t Af firmative Negative
You / We / You / We / You / We / You / We / I’ve got a pen. I haven’t got a pen.
They are They’re They are not They aren’t He’s / She’s / It’s got a pen. He / She / It hasn’t got a
pen.
You’ve / We’ve / They’ve You / We / They haven’t got
We can’t leave subject pronouns out of a sentence.
got a pen. a pen.
It’s a good idea. Is a good idea.
In spoken and informal written English, we use short In spoken and informal written English, we use short
forms. forms.
Questions Short answers Questions Short answers
Affirmative Negative
Am I happy? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Af firmative Negative
Is he / she / it happy? Yes, he / she / No, he / she / it Have I got a pen? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
it is. isn’t. Has he / she / it got a Yes, he / she / No, he / she / it
Yes, you / No, you / we / pen? it has. hasn’t.
Are you / we / they
we / they are. they aren’t. Have you / we / they Yes, you / No, you / we /
happy?
got a pen? we / they they haven’t.
We use short forms in negative (but not affirmative) have.
short answers. We make short answers with have, but without got.
‘Is she Turkish?’ ‘Yes, she is.’ ‘Yes, she’s.’ Yes, I have. Yes, I have got.
Question words go before the verb be.
Usage
Where are they from? They are from where?
We use have got to talk about possession, family
Usage relationships and things that we need to do.
We use the verb be to give and ask about personal I’ve got a history book.  They’ve got a maths exam.
information.
I’m Esin and I’m thirteen.  Are you from Prague? there’s, there are

Possessive adjectives Singular Plural

Af firmative There’s a computer There are two new
Subject pronouns Possessive adjectives lab. students.
I my Negative There isn’t a sports There aren’t any new
he / she / it his / her / its field. boys.
you / we / they your / our / their
Questions Is there an exam on Are there any new
Usage Thursday? teachers?
Possessive adjectives show that something belongs to
a person. In spoken and informal written English, we use short
That is Harry’s bag. That is his bag. forms. However, there is no short form of there are.
There are notes in the notebook. There’re notes in the
Question words notebook.

We use the question words Who, Where, What, When,

Usage
We use there’s / there are to say what we know does or
How and How old at the beginning of questions to ask
doesn’t exist. We also use it to say what we can or can’t
about specific information.
see.

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S Language focus PRACTICE • Starter Unit

be have got
1 Write sentences using the affirmative (✔), 4 Order the words to make sentences or questions.
negative (✘) or question (?) form of be. got / You’ve / mark / good / a
he / from / Istanbul ✔ You’ve got a good mark.
He’s from Istanbul. 1 teacher / new / got / a / She’s
1 I / a Star Wars fan ✘
2 haven’t / a / got / I / notebook
2 you / interested in / photography ?
3 history / They’ve / a / now / got / class
3 Murat / in this photo ✘
4 got / we / Have / maths / morning / this / ?
4 it / Friday afternoon ✘
5 new / got / uniform / Jake / hasn’t / a
5 your brother / fifteen ?
6 have / What / you / next / got / ?
6 Ann and Ella / twins ✔

there’s, there are

Possessive adjectives
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
2 Choose the correct words. there’s and there are and the words.
Our uncle is a doctor and his / her wife is a
class exam fields girls music lab room
teacher.
1 My mum is interested in football. His / Her There's a nice poster in the music room .
favourite player is Mesut Özil. 1 any boys at my school – only
2 We’re Irish. Their / Our home is in Dublin.  .
3 This is my brother and this is his / her friend. 2 any new students in your
4 I’m a fan of the Harry Potter stories. They are  ?
your / my favourite books. 3 We haven’t got a lesson today
5 ‘What’s our / your name?’ ‘Caroline.’ because time.
6 Those twin boys are in my class. Their / Your 4 a difficult question in this
house is next to the cinema. maths  .
5 two big sports
Question words next to my school.
6 a new science in
3 Complete the questions with the words. this block?
How  How old How old What When
Where Who
‘ How old is your best friend?’ ‘She’s thirteen.’
1 ‘ ’s your PE teacher?’ ‘Mr Stone.’
2 ‘ are you?’ ‘I’m OK, thanks.’
3 ‘ ’s your school?’ ‘Next to the station.’
4 ‘ ’s your birthday?’ ‘In May.’
5 ‘ ’s your favourite subject?’ ‘Maths.’
6 ‘ are you?’ ‘We’re both fourteen.’

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 1 Language focus reference • Unit 1

Present simple: affirmative and negative We often use the present simple with adverbs of
frequency.
Af firmative Negative He always does his homework.
I stay in bed late. I don’t stay in bed late. You never stay in bed late.
He / She / It stays in bed He / She / It doesn’t stay in
100% 0%
late. bed late.
You / We / They stay in bed You / We / They don’t stay always usually often sometimes never
late. in bed late.
Adverbs of frequency describe how often something
The affirmative form is the base form of the verb. To happens.
make the third person singular (he, she, it), we add -s. He is often late for school.
Some verbs take -ies or -es. They don’t usually play video games.
I’ve always got my phone with me.
Most verbs add -s
Adverbs of frequency go in a different position with be,
meet → meets play → plays
spend → spends stay → stays have got and all other verbs e.g. play, watch or stay.

Verbs ending in a drop the y and add -ies Verb Position

consonant + -y carry → carries copy → copies Af firmative be after the verb
fly → flies study → studies have got between have and got
Verbs ending in o, add -es other verbs before the verb
ch, sh, x and ss go → goes watch → watches Negative be after the verb
finish → finishes fix → fixes have got between have and got
miss → misses other verbs between don’t / doesn’t
and the verb
We make the negative form with do not or does not and
the base form of the verb. Questions be after the subject
have got between the subject and
In spoken and informal written English, we use short
got
forms in the negative. other verbs before the verb
She does not draw. → She doesn’t draw.
We do not bake. → We don’t bake. Present simple: questions
Usage
Short answers
We use the present simple: Questions
1 to describe things which happen regularly or all Affirmative Negative
the time. Do I collect things? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Does he / she / it Yes, he / she / No, he / she / it
We finish school at 3.30. it does. doesn’t.
collect things?
My cousin plays video games every day. Yes, you / No, you / we /
Do you / we / they
I don’t spend a lot of time on my phone. collect things? we / they do. they don’t.
2 to describe permanent situations.
My aunt comes from Australia. We make the question form with Do or Does plus
We live in the countryside. subject plus verb.
Esin and Fatma speak Turkish and German. We make short answers with do or does in the
3 to give opinions. affirmative and don’t or doesn’t in the negative.
I prefer football and basketball. The question words Who, What, When, Why, How,
We think this TV programme is interesting. How often, How much and What time go before
I don’t like fast food restaurants. do / does.
What time do you finish school?
Where does Pavel live?
How often do they go to the park?

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1 Language focus practice • Unit 1

Present simple: affirmative and negative 4 Order the words to make present simple
sentences.
1 Write the third person singular (he / she / it) form
of the verbs. trainers / usually / wear / I
studies I usually wear trainers.
study
1 never / make / They / videos
1 like 5 do
2 collect 6 bake
2 sometimes / father / My / strict / is
3 have 7 carry
4 wash 8 draw
3 always / Mark and Ed / outside / play
2 Write sentences using the present simple
4 got / has / Nuran / usually / pen / a
affirmative or negative.
Ellen / meet / her friends in the playground
5 stories / These / always / are / interesting
Ellen meets her friends in the playground.
1 David / do / martial arts
6 often / We / music / to / listen
2 we / not watch / films on the laptop

3 you / spend / a lot of time in town Present simple: questions

5 Write questions using the present simple form of
4 my mum / carry / her things in a small bag the verbs. Then write the short answers.

5 they / not play football / in the park do go know make play spend watch

Do you make videos at school? Yes,
6 my father / not allow me / to have a phone I do  .
1 ‘ your parents a lot of
time on the phone?’ ‘No,  .’
3 Make the sentences negative. 2 ‘ Richard video games?’
I go to bed late. ‘Yes,  .’
I don't go to bed late. 3 ‘ you often TV?’ ‘Yes,
1 Olga and Sasha live near the school.  .’
4 ‘ Helen always her
2 I want to watch that film. homework?’ ‘No,  .’
5 ‘ your younger sisters
3 You write on your blog every day. shopping in town?’ ‘No,  .’
6 ‘ we the answer to that
4 We know that boy’s name. question?’ ‘Yes,  .’

5 Vadim speaks French. 6 Complete the questions with who, what, where or
when and do or does.
6 This shop opens early. ‘ What do you listen to at home?’ ‘Hip-hop music.’
1 ‘ you live?’ ‘Not far from the school.’
2 ‘ your sister finish school?’ ‘At 4.00.’
3 ‘ we have lunch at school?’ ‘At 1.00.’
4 ‘ Denise play tennis?’ ‘In the park.’
5 ‘ you talk to on the phone?’ ‘Jane.’
6 ‘ your mother do?’ ‘She’s a doctor.’

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 2 Language focus reference • Unit 2

Present continuous: affirmative and Present simple and present continuous

negative Usage
We use the present continuous to talk about an action
Af firmative Negative
in progress. We use it for things which are happening
I’m talking. I’m not talking.
now or around now. We often use time expressions
He / She / It’s talking. He / She / It isn’t talking.
You / We / They’re talking. You / We / They aren’t like now, right now or at the moment with the present
talking. continuous.
‘Is Alicia doing her homework now?’ ‘Yes, she is.’
We make the affirmative form of the present ‘Where’s Osman right now?’ ‘He’s chatting online.’
continuous with the verb be and the -ing form of the They’re studying for their history exam at the moment.
verb. We use the present simple to talk about routine or
We make the negative form with the verb be plus not repeated actions. We often use adverbs of frequency
and the -ing form of the verb. like always, usually, often, sometimes or never with the
In spoken and informal written English, we use short present simple.
forms. Do you often post messages on social media?
I am writing. → I’m writing. She always watches that TV programme.
He is talking. → He’s talking. Ollie sometimes uses instant messaging.
I never send emails.
Present continuous: questions There are some verbs (stative verbs) which we don’t
normally use in the continuous form because they
Short answers
Questions describe states which are true, not actions in progress.
Af firmative Negative These include: understand, know, believe, think, mean,
Am I texting? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
like, dislike, love, hate, want and prefer.
Is he / she / it texting? Yes, he / she / No, he / she / it
it is. isn’t. We don’t understand this question.
Are you / we / they Yes, you / No, you / we / We aren’t understanding this question.
texting? we / they are. they aren’t. What does that word mean?
What is that word meaning?
We make the question form by inverting the verb be I like your new mobile phone.
and the -ing form. I’m liking your new mobile phone.
We make short answers with the verb be without the Do you want a coffee?
-ing form of the main verb. Are you wanting a coffee?
We don’t use short forms in affirmative short answers.
‘Are you studying?’ ‘Yes, I am.’ ‘Yes, I’m.’
‘Is Selin watching TV?’ ‘Yes, she is.’ ‘Yes, she’s.’
‘Are we doing this exercise?’ ‘Yes, we are.’ Yes, we’re.
Question words go before the verb be.
What are you talking about?
Who are you messaging?
Why are they laughing?
Where’s Lenka going?

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2 Language focus practice • Unit 2

Present continuous: affirmative and Present continuous: questions

negative 4 Order the words to make present continuous
1 Write the -ing form of the verbs. questions.
do doing 1 you / What / watching / are / TV / on / ?
1 make 6 spend
2 stop 7 stay 2 Henry / Is / playing / with Sam / tennis / ?
3 collect 8 leave
4 live 9 paint 3 your / Why / friends / are / fast / running / ?
5 swim 10 work
4 staying / on / Where / Angela / holiday / is / ?
2 Complete the dialogues using the present
continuous form of the verbs. 5 we / exercise / this / looking at / Are / now / ?

bake  draw eat meet play run watch 6 to / speaking / Who / your brother / is / ?

‘Melisa is quiet.’ ‘Yes, she ’s drawing a picture.’
1 ‘Where’s Freya?’ ‘She a cake in
the kitchen.’ Present simple and present continuous
2 ‘Are Leo and Jim here?’ ‘No, they aren’t. They
football with their friends.’
5 Complete the email using the correct form of the
verbs.
3 ‘Are you in the kitchen?’ ‘No, I’m not. I
a film in the lounge.’ @ New Print Delete reply reply all forward
4 ‘John isn’t in his room.’ ‘I know. He
his friends in town.’ Hi Samira!
5 ‘Where’s Dad?’ ‘He his How are you? I'm having (have) a
breakfast.’ wonderful time in New York with my family and I
1
6 ‘What are Tomas and Eva doing?’ ‘They (go) to all the famous places here.
for the bus because they’re My dad 2 (enjoy) the trip – it’s his
first holiday for a long time!
late!’
We 3 (not stay) in a hotel. We
4
(visit) some American friends of
3 Write affirmative and negative sentences using my parents called Natalie and Brad. They
the present continuous. 5
(live) in a nice apartment near
Jane / not study / listen to music Central Park. Brad 6 (teach) at
Jane isn’t studying. She’s listening to music. one of the colleges here and he 7
1 they / not make lunch / chat on social media (walk) to work through the park every day. That’s
cool! Natalie 8 (not go) out to
2 Tamer / not sit in his chair / run outside work. She 9 (work) from home –
she 10 (use) a small office in the
apartment.
3 I / not make a phone call / send an email What 11 (you / do) now?
12
(you / work) hard for the exams
4 we / not listen to Tom / speak to Andy next month?
See you soon
5 Holly / not read her book / send a text message Alice

6 you / not write in your notebook / talk

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 3 Language focus reference • Unit 3

was, were Usage

Use there was and there were to describe what existed in
Af firmative Negative the past.
I was brave. I wasn’t scared.
He / She / It was right. He / She / It wasn’t wrong.
You / We / They were rich. You / We / They weren’t Past simple: affirmative, negative and
poor. questions, regular and irregular verbs
The past simple affirmative form of the verb be is was Af firmative Negative
or were. I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It / We /
The trip was good. We were in the museum. They visited Paris. They didn’t visit Paris.
The past simple negative form is was not or were not. Questions
We usually use the short forms wasn’t or weren’t. Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they study the book
Life wasn’t easy in the past. The tunnels weren’t big. about time travel?
Short answers Short answers
Questions Affirmative Negative
Affirmative Negative
Yes, I / you / he / she / it / No, I / you / he / she / it /
Was I scared? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
we / they did. we / they didn’t.
Was he / she / it in Yes, he / she / No, he / she / it
the tunnel? it was. wasn’t. The past simple has only got one form.
Were you / we / they Yes, you / we / No, you / we / I visited Paris. You visited Istanbul. She visited Cairo.
with the teacher? they were. they weren’t.
We make the affirmative form of past simple regular
We make the question form with was or were plus verbs by adding -ed to the base form of the verb.
subject. My brother helped me with my homework last night.
Was the tour good? Were you in the castle? Note the spelling rules for regular verbs:
Question words go at the beginning of questions. Most verbs add -ed
Who was your guide on the trip? look → looked play → played
We make short answers with subject plus was, were,
Verbs ending add -d
wasn’t or weren’t.
in -e arrive → arrived live → lived
Was Richard in Paris last month? No, he wasn’t.
Were they interested in the tunnels? Yes, they were. Verbs ending in double the consonant and add -ed
vowel + single stop → stopped
consonant travel → travelled
there was, there were
We make the negative form with did not plus base form.
Singular Plural
We usually use the short form didn’t.
Af firmative There was a very There were a lot of
dark tunnel. visitors at the castle.
They didn’t lose that important football match.
We make the question form with did plus base form.
Negative There wasn’t a There weren’t any Did you talk to the teacher after school?
light in the tunnel. ghosts in the old
Question words go at the beginning of questions.
building.
What did you watch on TV last night?
There was and there were are the past simple forms of We make short answers with subject plus did or didn’t.
there is and there are. There wasn’t and there weren’t Did you like the school trip? Yes, I did.
are the negative forms. Usage
There was a lovely café at the museum. We use the past simple to talk about finished actions
There weren’t any good books about the tunnels. in the past and actions which happened at a specific
We make the question form by inverting was / were time. We often use specific time references with the past
and there. simple such as yesterday, last week, on Thursday, in 2014,
Was there any information? There was any information? two days ago.
He watched a film about time travel yesterday.
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3 Language focus practice • Unit 3

was, were Past simple: affirmative, negative and

1 Write sentences with the affirmative (✔), questions, regualr and irregular verbs
negative (✘) or question (?) form of was or were. 3 Complete the email using the past simple form of
They were scared in the big castle. ✘ the verbs.
They weren’t scared in the big castle.
1 The tour was expensive. ? explore feel give go meet stay
take  travel
2 My answers weren’t right. ✔
@ New Print Delete reply reply all forward

3 I was cold in the tunnel. ✘

Hi Helen
Thanks for your email. Yes, my summer holidays
4 The tourists were interested in the old town. ?
were great! I was in Italy with my older cousins.
They live in Rome because my aunt and uncle
5 The visit to the museum wasn’t exciting. ✔ work there.
I travelled to Rome by plane and my
6 You were on the school trip last week. ✘ aunt 1 me at the airport. I
2
at their house for ten days. They
7 Liam was at school yesterday. ? were very friendly so I 3 happy at
their home. I can’t speak Italian, but they
4
me a phrase book.
8 We weren’t happy with our guide. ✔
I5 Rome with my cousins and we
6
into the tunnels under the city.
It was very scary down there. I 7
there was, there were some photos – I can’t wait to show you them!

2 Complete the sentences with the affirmative or

negative form of there was and there were. 4 Complete the sentences with the past simple
The town was very busy. There were a lot of negative form of the verbs.
people in the shops. We went to the old library, but we didn’t go
1 The weather on our holiday was warm and dry. to the castle.
any rain at all. 1 Emrah and Kemal played football on Friday, but
2 a shop at the museum and I they basketball.
bought some great things for my family. 2 Holly lost her camera, but she
3 I wasn’t scared in the tunnel because her phone.
any ghosts. 3 You met Lily today, but you
4 The science museum was amazing. Dan.
hundreds of different things to 4 I helped with the housework, but I
see. with the cooking.
5 a new boy in our class last
week. 5 Write past simple questions and short answers.
6 any good films on TV yesterday ‘ Did you like (you / like) the film?’ ‘Yes, I did .’
and I went to bed early. 1 ‘ (David / find) his
bag?’ ‘No,  .’
2 ‘ (they / go) to New
York?’ ‘Yes, ’
3 ‘ (Katy / leave) school
early?’ ‘Yes,  .’
4 ‘ (we / have) any
homework?’ ‘No,  .’

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 4 Language focus reference • Unit 4

Past continuous: affirmative and negative Past simple and past continuous
Af firmative Negative Usage
I was jumping. I wasn’t jumping. We often use the past continuous to describe an action
He / She / It was jumping. He / She / It wasn’t in progress which was interrupted.
jumping. She was walking into town when she met her friends.
You / We / They were You / We / They weren’t We use the past continuous for the longer action in
jumping. jumping. progress (was walking). We use the past simple (met)
for the shorter action which interrupts the longer one.
We make the affirmative form of the past continuous
We often use when before the past simple and while
with was or were after the subject. After was or were
before the past continuous.
we put the -ing form of the main verb.
We make the negative form by putting not between
They were travelling across Africa when they took the
was or were and the -ing form of the main verb.
photo.
In spoken and informal written English, we use the
They took the photo while they were travelling across
short forms wasn’t and weren’t.
Africa.

Past continuous: questions Adjectives and adverbs

We make the question form byanswers
putting was or were Most adjectives add -ly
Short
Questions
before the subject at the beginning of the question. polite → politely slow → slowly
Af firmative Negative quiet → quietly
Was I climbing? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Was he / she / it Yes, he / she / No, he / she / it Adjectives drop -y and add -ily
climbing? it was. wasn’t. ending in -y happy → happily easy → easily
Were you / we / they Yes, you / we / No, you / we / angry → angrily
climbing? they were. they weren’t. The same as
hard → hard fast → fast
the adjective
We make short answers with the subject and was or
were, without the -ing form of the main verb. Irregular good → well
Were you walking to school at 8.00? Yes, I was.
Was Selin standing in that photo? No, she wasn’t. Usage
Were they running on Friday? Yes, they were. We use adjectives to describe nouns.
Question words go before the verb was or were. Murat is a polite boy.
What were we doing on Saturday morning? We use adverbs to describe verbs.
Where was Artem walking this afternoon? Murat speaks politely.
Usage
We use the past continuous to talk about actions
in progress at a point in the past. We often use
expressions to show the point of time, such as at or on
(plus a time) or when (plus a past simple action).
It was raining at two o’clock this morning.
What were they doing on Friday evening?
You weren’t listening to the photographer when he said
‘smile’.

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4 Language focus practice • Unit 4

Past continuous: affirmative and negative 3 you (run) in the race?

4 Daisy (wear) a new dress?
1 Complete the affirmative (✔) and negative (✘) 5 Why Paul (eat) his
sentences with was, were, wasn’t or weren’t.
breakfast late?
1 I having breakfast at 7.30. ✘ 6 Where we (sit) in that
I walking to school with Mia. ✔ restaurant?
2 We climbing the mountain 7 What you (say) in the car?
earlier. ✔ 8 Who he (talk) to?
We sleeping in our tent. ✘
3 Sara standing in the photo. ✘
Past simple and past continuous
She sitting on the sofa. ✔
4 You watching TV at 8.30. ✔ 4 Complete the email using the past simple or past
You listening to music. ✘ continuous form of the verbs.
5 Mike playing basketball today. ✔
He swimming in the sea. ✘ Hi Molly
6 It snowing at 3.30 this Guess what! I was cycling (cycle) home from your
afternoon. ✘ house yesterday when suddenly a little girl
1
It raining. ✔ (walk) in front of me. She
2
(not look) – her parents
3
2 Write sentences using the affirmative or negative (stand) on the pavement and
form of the past continuous. they 4 (talk) to some friends. I
5
(go) very fast on my bike,
At 7.00 yesterday evening … but I 6 (stop) before I hit the
my friends / play / volleyball girl and luckily I 7 (not fall)
My friends were playing volleyball. off the bike. The girl’s mum was very nice – she
1 Olga / have / her dinner 8
(say) sorry to me and she
9
(thank) me for stopping
2 I / not study / for that important exam quickly.
See you tomorrow
3 Ed and Tom / wait / outside the cinema Florence

4 Mustafa / write / an email

Adjectives and adverbs
5 my parents / not watch / that new TV series 5 Complete the sentences with the adverbs of the
adjectives in the box.
6 you / not answer / your mobile phone
angry bad fast good happy hard
7 I / chat / on social media ‘It’s my birthday!’ the little girl said happily .
1 I ran very because I was late for
8 they / not bake / a cake school.
2 ‘You broke my expensive new camera!’ she
shouted  .
Past continuous: questions 3 I’m not good at football. I usually play
 .
3 Write questions using the past continuous form of 4 My dad works very  . He has a long
the words. day at his office.
1 they (stand) at the back in 5 My sister is an amazing singer. She always sings
the photo?  .
2 your sister (dance) in that
show?

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 5 Language focus reference • Unit 5

Comparative and superlative adjectives Can and could each have only one form. They do not
change with different subjects.
Comparative Superlative He can play the piano. She can make videos
Most one- add -er add -est He cans play the piano. She cans make videos.
syllable adjectives old → older old → oldest We use can / could plus base form of the main verb
One syllable with double consonant double consonant (without to).
one vowel and and add -er and add -est You can speak English. She could run 5 km.
ending in one big → bigger big → biggest You can to speak English. She could to run 5 km.
consonant The negative forms of can and could are cannot and
One syllable add -r add -st could not. However, in spoken and informal written
ending in -e nice → nicer nice → nicest English, we use the short forms can’t and couldn’t.
Adjectives of two remove -y and remove -y and Ann can’t cook. Ann doesn’t can cook.
or more syllables add -ier add -iest I couldn’t play tennis. I didn’t can play tennis.
ending in -y easy → easier easy → easiest As with can and could, the main verb takes the base
All other put more before put most before form without to.
adjectives of two adjective adjective We can’t bake cakes. We can’t to bake cakes.
or more syllables careful → more careful → most They couldn’t understand the website.
careful careful They couldn’t to understand the website.
Irregular good → better good → best Usage
bad → worse bad → worst
Can and could describe the ability to do something.
Usage I can make a pizza.
We use comparative adjectives to compare two people or He could read when he was four.
things. Can describes the ability to do something in the
Nuran is taller than Fatma. present.
The shoes are more expensive than the trainers. They can speak German now.
We use superlative adjectives to compare three or Could describes the ability to do something in the past.
more people or things. We use the superlative to say She could ride a horse when she was six.
that a person or thing has the greatest amount of
a characteristic, compared to everything else in the group. Questions with How … ?
She’s the most successful singer in the world.
To make questions with how, we use how + often,
much / many, or an adjective.
Ability: can and could How often do you go shopping?
can
How much coffee do you drink?
How many older students do you know?
Af firmative Negative
I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It / We /
How high is that mountain?
They can swim. They can’t swim. Usage
Questions Short answers We use questions with how when we want to know the
Can Jana swim? Yes, she can. / No, she can’t. frequency, measurement or quantity of something.
How much chocolate do you eat?
could How many cousins have you got?
Af firmative Negative How far can you swim?
I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It / We / How strict are your parents?
They could dance. They couldn’t dance. We use often with how to ask about frequency.
Questions Short answers How often do you practise the piano?
Could they dance? Yes, they could. / How usually / rarely do you practise the piano?
No, they couldn’t.

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5 Language focus practice • Unit 5

Comparative and superlative adjectives Ability: can and could

1 Complete the table with the comparative and 4 Complete the text with can, can’t, could, couldn’t
superlative form of the adjectives. and the phrases in the table.
Adjective Comparative Superlative Past Present
clean cleaner the cleanest our grandmother understand speak English
English ✘ and French ✔
1 rich
my dad play football run very fast ✘
2 lucky
well ✔
3 difficult me cook ✘ bake cakes ✔
4 bad
5 exciting
My family
6 wet Our grandmother couldn’t understand English
7 boring when she was younger. But now she
1  .
8 kind My dad 2

when he was a boy. Now he

and he
2 Complete the sentences with the comparative or
3

superlative form of the adjectives. doesn’t play very often. But he watches football on TV!
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the most intelligent I4
(intelligent) people of all time. when I was very young. But now I
5 and I
1 Is that (big) building in the
world? sometimes make birthday cakes for my family.
2 This photo is (good) than that
old picture.
3 Were you (fast) swimmer in the Questions with How … ?
race?
4 I’m (creative) than my sister. 5 Complete the questions with how and one of the
5 This is (bad) book in the library! adjectives in brackets.
6 Maths is (easy) than French. How far can you swim? (far / high / many)
1 are your teachers? (often / strict /
3 Write sentences with comparative and superlative long)
adjectives. 2 cousins have you got? (much /
I / tall / my mother many / old)
I’m taller than my mother. 3 tea do you drink? (cold / hot /
1 she / fast / player in the team much)
4 do they go running? (often /
2 cars / slow / planes long / heavy)
5 is your best friend? (far /
3 you / friendly / person at this school horrible / tall)
6 can an elephant run? (fast /
4 I / polite / my brother heavy / scary)

5 he / good / runner in the class

6 Jane / serious / her friend Karen

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 6 Language focus reference • Unit 6

will and won’t We make first conditional questions with will in front
of the subject in the result clause.
Af firmative Will you help me if I carry your bag?
I / You / He / She / It / We / They’ll climb the tree. Do you help me … ?
Negative If I carry your bag, will you help me?
I / You / He / She / It / We / They won’t stay still.
If I will carry your bag …
Questions Usage
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they find water? We use the first conditional to predict the result of an
action. We use it to talk about things we think might
Short answers
happen in the future and things we think are possible.
Af firmative Negative
Yes, I / you / he / she / it / No, I / you / he / she / it /
we / they will. we / they won’t. must and should
We make the affirmative form with will plus base form. must
The desert will be hot in the day. Af firmative Negative
We make the negative form with won’t plus base form. I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It / We /
We won’t lie in the sun. They must be fit to go on They mustn’t leave the
We make the question form with will plus subject plus the adventure trip. camp after dark.
base form. Question words like What, Where or When should
go at the beginning of the question. Af firmative Negative
Will you light a fire? Where will we find food? I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It / We /
We make short answers with will and won’t. They should wear warm They shouldn’t drink all the
clothes. water at once.
Will you help me? Yes, I will.
Usage Must and should each have only one form. They do not
We use will to talk about future predictions. change with different subjects.
Hasan must be careful with the knife.
will and won’t in the first conditional Hasan musts be careful with the knife.
She should take a sleeping bag.
Action Result She shoulds take a sleeping bag.
If I climb a tree, I’ll be safe. We use must / should plus base form of the main verb
If he / she / it eats the fruit, he / she / it’ll feel ill. (without to).
If you / we / they you / we / they’ll find the You must listen now. They should sit here.
follow the river, village. You must to listen now. They should to sit here.
The negative forms of must and should are must not
Result Action and should not. In spoken and informal written English,
I’ll be safe if I climb a tree. we use the short forms mustn’t and shouldn’t.
As with must and should, the main verb takes the base
We make the first conditional with two clauses: If plus form without to.
the present simple, followed by will. We mustn’t touch this. We mustn’t to touch this.
Conditional sentences can start with the action: You shouldn’t drink that. You shouldn’t to drink that.
If you light a fire, you’ll feel warmer. Usage
or with the result: Should is for giving advice and recommendations.
You’ll feel warmer if you light a fire. You should take a first-aid kit with you. It’s a good idea.
We can use the negative form in the action, the result, You shouldn’t buy that torch. It’s expensive.
or both parts of the sentence. Must is for talking about strong obligations.
If we don’t make a big noise, we won’t find help. You must wear shoes in the jungle. It’s really important.
We won’t win the challenge if we get lost in the trees. You mustn’t eat those leaves. They’re very bad for you.
If he doesn’t have a compass, he’ll get lost.
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6 Language focus practice • Unit 6

will and won’t 3 Complete the sentences using the correct form of
the verbs.
1 Complete the sentences using the affirmative,
negative or question form of will and one of the eat feel not find listen to make
verbs in brackets. see not swim
Mariam is in hospital. She won't come on the
school trip. (leave / come) If she makes a noise, the tiger will hear us.
1 I think the weather in the jungle 1 If he any animals, he’ll stay still.
(have / be) hot again tomorrow. 2 They won’t survive if they water.
2 Marek knows about survival skills. He 3 If we have some free time, we the radio.
(build / help) a good shelter for 4 I’ll wear sandals on the trip if I hot.
us all. 5 If we go near that dangerous river, I in it.
3 Charlie and Ted feel ill. They 6 She the food if she gets hungry.
(go / climb) the trees with us later.
4 I’m sure they (win / walk) that must and should
race in the desert. They’re very fast.
4 Complete the sentences with should or must.
5 You aren’t interested in survival so you
San Francisco looks like an interesting city. Maybe
(read / enjoy) this survival TV
we should go there on holiday.
programme.
1 We be at the airport by 9.45, or we’ll miss
6 What you (do /
the plane.
buy) when you leave school?
2 It’s quite warm. I think you wear a T-shirt.
3 That girl is very ill. She go to the hospital.
will and won’t in the first conditional 4 This ice cream is nice. Perhaps you try it.
2 Choose the correct words. 5 You eat lots of fruit and vegetables. It’s
always a good idea.
If we don’t take  / won’t take a water bottle,
we are / ’ll be thirsty. 6 This football match is very important for our
1 I look / ’ll look for some food if you find / team. We win it!
’ll find some drinking water. 7 You go to the new art gallery. You’ll enjoy it.
2 She won’t watch / don’t watch that survival 8 You always show your passport at the
film if she feels / ’ll feel tired. airport. It’s the rule.
3 If it will be / is very hot on holiday, they buy /
’ll buy some cool clothes.
5 Complete the text with should, shouldn’t, must or
mustn’t.
4 Will / Do you make dinner if I light / ’ll light
a fire? Information about the school
5 If you ’re / ’ll be patient and determined, you You musn't run in the school. It’s very dangerous.
win / ’ll win the Desert Challenge.
Students 1
eat chewing gum in class. This is
6 If we buy / will buy a tent, do / will you come forbidden.
camping with us?
You 2 always wear a uniform. You’ll need to go
7 Will / Do they build a shelter if we find / ’ll find home if you wear jeans.
some big branches? If possible, all students 3 try to do two hours of
8 If she doesn’t bring / won’t bring a sleeping homework every evening.
bag, she ’s / ’ll be cold at night. Students 4 arrive later than 8.30 in the morning.
This is very important.
You 5 have unhealthy food for lunch. It’s better
to have more healthy food.
You 6 walk or take the bus to school if you can.
It’s good for the environment.

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 7 Language focus reference • Unit 7

be going to be going to: questions

Af firmative Negative Questions Short answers
Questions
I’m going to start. I’m not going to start. Af firmative Negative
He / She / It’s going to He / She / It isn’t going to Am I going to Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
start. start. start?
You / We / They’re going You / We / They aren’t
to start. going to start. Is he / she / it Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it
going to start? isn’t.
We make be going to with the auxiliary verb be plus Are you / we / Yes, you / we / No, you / we /
going to plus the base form of the main verb. Be they going to they are. they aren’t.
changes with the subject. start?
We’re going to listen to some Brazilian music. Answers
He’s going to win the talent show. Where is she She’s going to stand in the middle.
We make the negative with the negative form of be. going to stand?
I’m not going to watch the concert on TV.
What are we We’re going to sing a folk song.
They aren’t going to dance to that song.
going to sing?
Usage
We use be going to to talk about a definite plan to do To make questions with be going to, we put be in front of
(or not do) something in the future. the subject.
She’s going to learn the guitar next year. Is he going to start a new band?
We’re going to play the piano later. Are you going to learn the drums?
She isn’t going to buy tickets for the show. Are we going to see that famous singer?
Question words such as When, Where or Who go at the
beginning of the question.
will and be going to When is the show going to start?
Usage Where are you going to stand at the concert?
We use be going to to talk about definite future plans Who are you going to sit with at the show?
which we have decided. We use will to talk about We use the verb be (without going to) for short answers.
predictions for the future. ‘Are you going to learn the violin?’ ‘No, I’m not.’
Plan: I’m going to meet my friend at the concert. We’re We don’t use short forms for positive short answers.
going to sit near the front. ‘Is he going to play the keyboards?’ ‘Yes, he is.’
Prediction: I think the concert will be exciting. The band ‘Yes, he’s.’
will definitely play some new songs.
Present continuous for future arrangements
Usage
We use the present continuous for future arrangements
to describe future events that we have decided and fixed.
I’m meeting my friends this evening.
I will meet my friends this evening.
They’re playing a concert in Istanbul in August.
They play a concert in Istanbul in August.
We often use the present continuous for future
arrangements with a time expression.
I’m cooking dinner at 7.00.
We’re seeing Alexander on Friday.
They’re playing tennis after school.

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7 Language focus practice • Unit 7

be going to 4 Let’s go to that new museum in London. I think

we (enjoy) it.
1 Complete the sentences using be going to and the 5 If you like heavy metal, we know you
verbs.
(love) this new song!
do listen not buy not sing 6 Bill has got a new guitar and he
not walk  play watch (start) guitar lessons.

Yusuf is going to play the guitar in the new band.

1 I to the radio later. My
be going to: questions
favourite show is at 7.00. 4 Complete the questions using be going to and the
2 He to the station verbs.
because it’s raining. Are you going to practise (you / practise) the
3 We the music video keyboard every day?
online. 1 (Fatma / learn) the
4 I that T-shirt. It’s very bass?
expensive. 2 (you / do) a heavy
5 Dasha her music metal version of that song?
homework this evening. 3 (Archie / become) a
6 We that song. It’s singer?
really terrible! 4 (they / sing) some of
their old songs?
2 Write affirmative (✔) and negative (✘) sentences 5 What (Paul / play) in
using be going to. the band?
Jamie T / play / a new song ✔
Jamie T is going to play a new song. Present continuous for future arrangements
1 I / learn / these cool lyrics ✔
5 Look at the table. Then write sentences using the
2 we / download / the reggae song ✘ present continuous.
Friday Saturday Sunday
3 Harry and Niall / talk / to the fans ✔ Yasmin play go shopping do
basketball homework
4 that video / be / on TV tonight ✘ Owen watch a film practise meet friends
and Ben with the
5 you / write / the music for the album ✔ school band
 ext Friday, Yasmin
N is playing basketball.
6 they / change / the title of the song ✘ She isn’t watching a film.
1 On Saturday, Yasmin with the
school band. She shopping.
will and be going to 2 On Sunday, Yasmin homework.
3 Complete the sentences using will or be going to She friends.
and the verbs in brackets. 3 On Friday, Owen and Ben
basketball. They a film.
They think the music festival will be (be) good.
4 On Saturday, Owen and Ben
1 We (study) a lot
with the school band. They
because we want to do well in the exams.
shopping.
2 Italy is a nice place. I’m sure they
5 On Sunday, Owen and Ben
(have) a good time.
friends. They homework.
3 I (visit) my
grandmother after school tomorrow.

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 8 Language focus reference • Unit 8

Present perfect: affirmative and negative We make the question form by inverting the verb have
and the subject.
Af firmative Negative Have you lived in another country?
I’ve climbed a mountain. I haven’t climbed a Has she visited the United States?
mountain. We make answers with the verb have only, without the
He / She / It’s climbed a He / She / It hasn’t climbed
past participle of the main verb.
mountain. a mountain.
You / We / They’ve climbed You / We / They haven’t Have we been to this restaurant before? Yes, we have.
a mountain. climbed a mountain. Has he touched a snake? No, he hasn’t.
We don’t use short forms in positive short answers.
We make the affirmative form of the present perfect Have you eaten Mexican food? Yes, I have.
with the verb have and the past participle of the verb. Yes, I’ve.
I’ve been paragliding. Question words go before the verb have.
She’s painted a lot of pictures. What have you done with my camera?
They’ve visited three theme parks. Who have you seen in concert?
We make the negative form with the verb have + not Where has he been on holiday?
and the past participle of the verb.
I haven’t ridden a motorbike before. Usage
We use the present perfect to describe an experience in
He hasn’t seen this new film.
our lives before now.
We haven’t heard that song.
We make regular past participles by adding -ed to the
I have never touched a snake. (so I don’t know how they
feel)
base form of the verb:
We also use the present perfect to describe news or a
climb → climbed.
change in a situation.
Note that some past participles are irregular, for
example:
He’s broken his leg. (so he can’t play football at the
moment)
break → broken fly → flown
We don’t use the present perfect when we want to say
ride → ridden swim → swum
exactly when a past action happened. In this case we
In spoken and informal written English, we use short
use the past simple.
forms.
I have won a competition. → I’ve won a competition. We saw James on Friday.
He has visited Italy. → He’s visited Italy. We have seen James on Friday.
You have flown in a plane. → You’ve flown in a plane. I went to Istanbul last week.
I have been to Istanbul last week.
We sometimes use ever and never with the present
Present perfect: questions and short perfect to ask and talk about experiences. Ever and
answers; ever and never never come before the past participle.
Have you ever been to Prague? (= at any time in
Short answers
Questions your life)
Af firmative Negative He’s never eaten Indian food. (= not at any time
Have I swum in a Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. in his life)
river? Never means ‘not ever’.
Has he / she / it Yes, he / she / it No, he / she / it I’ve never done that. = I haven’t ever done that.
swum in a river? has. hasn’t. We normally use ever with questions, and never with
Have you / we / Yes, you / we / No, you / we / affirmative verbs, to give a negative meaning.
they swum in a they have. they haven’t. He’s never ridden on a roller coaster.
river?
He hasn’t never ridden on a roller coaster.

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8 Language focus practice • Unit 8

Present perfect: affirmative and negative Present perfect: questions and short
1 Write the past participles. answers; ever and never
break broken 4 Look at the table. Write questions using the
1 climb 6 sing present perfect and ever. Then write short
2 speak 7 fall affirmative (✔) or negative (✘) answers.
3 injure 8 begin Experiences: Have you ever … ?
4 take 9 walk
5 drink 10 know meet a famous touch a make a eat Japanese
actor big spider video food
2 Complete the sentences using the affirmative or Ahmet ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘
negative present perfect form of the verbs.
Bella
✘ ✔ ✔ ✘
and Kim
not bake break go read not ride
not see visit Has Ahmet ever met a famous actor?
Yes, he has.
Vadim is good at sailing. He ’s been sailing a lot.
1 Ahmet a big spider?
1 My sister is unlucky. She her
arm twice.
2 Ahmet a video?
2 You this music video. But you’ll
like it.
3 Ahmet Japanese food?
3 Davina is worried. She a horse
before.
4 Bella and Kim a famous
4 This is a good book. I it five
actor?
times!
5 I a cake before. This is my first
5 Bella and Kim a big
one!
spider?
6 My friends love France. They
Paris lots.
6 Bella and Kim a video?
3 Complete the sentences using the present perfect
form of one of the verbs in brackets. 7 Bella and Kim Japanese
food?
My uncle likes travelling and he ’s learned
four different languages. (learn / know)
1 Harry a 15 km race. That’s a long
way! (fly / run)
5 Order the words to make sentences or questions.
2 They live far from the coast and they she / ever / Has / been / the United States / to / ?
the sea before. (not see / not Has she ever been to the United States?
look) 1 eaten / food / never / Brazilian / They’ve
3 She’s a children’s author. She
any books for adults. (not send / not write) 2 judo / tried / Have / ever / you / ?
4 You two competitions. You’re
lucky! (lose / win) 3 never / I’ve / lost / mobile phone / my
5 I in a mountain river before. It’s
really cold in here! (not swim / not drive) 4 horror film / a / Matt / Has / watched / ever / ?
6 We in a different country
before. (live / stand) 5 has / My sister / never / book / this / read

6 this / sung / song / ever / Have / they / ?

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