Principios de

Geotecnia
• Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.

Módulo 8 – Asentamientos y consolidación

 with drained water loss. 1912; clays under raft base compacted unevenly over
ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Subsidence is greatest on thick clay, with high smectite sloping rockhead, then sheared and displaced laterally.

Módulo 8
content, low silt content and of young age with minimal
history of over-consolidation.
Bearing capacity of clays ranges 50–750 kPa, largely LEANING TOWER OF PISA
related to water content; generally limited by settlements Cathedral bell tower is 58 m high, 4 m out of vertical; it
that exceed acceptability long before threat of failure. weighs 14,000 t, and imposed stress of 500 kPa on clay
Older clay, shales and mudstones are stronger with ABP ~50 kPa.
Preguntas and less compressible; strong mudstone may have
SBP ! 2000 kPa; hard shales deteriorate by slaking.
Main settlement is due to compaction and deformation of
a bed of soft clay at depth of 11–22 m. Differential
movement probably started due to clay variation within
the overlying silt layer; subsequently, the main tilting was
• ¿Cuales son los tiposSETTLEMENT
de asentamientos que pueden
Clay is consolidated by imposed structural load.
due to eccentric loading.
Stabilization in 1993–2001 was by inducing controlled
ocurrir en el suelo? All clays cause some degree of settlement.
Water is squeezed out by applied stress. subsidence of the north side. Temporary counterweight, of
Subsidence of ground, and settlement of structures, 600 t of lead blocks, tilted the tower back 15 mm, to
depend on initial water content of clay and stress applied; remove immediate threat of instability. This was followed
• ¿De qué dependen los asentamientos en el suelo?
laboratory assessment is by consolidation test. by creep closure of 41 uncased boreholes, each 225 mm
in diameter, with repeat drilling to remove a total of 35 m3
Remedy is to avoid loading the clay, or to wait for
settlement to stop (or reduce to acceptable rate). of soil. This tilted the tower back by another 425 mm; so
• ¿Es el asentamiento igual en todos los tipos de
Modest settlement beneath buildings may fracture brittle
drains; subsequent leakage may remove mineral soil in
it is now in no danger of collapse.
With the differential loading, subsidence and tilting will
piping failure; this also causes subsidence but involves a continue, and drilling will be repeated in the future.
suelo? different process (see opposite). Cable bracing was just for security during drilling.
Temporary tendons confined masonry to reduce risk of
bursting failure until load was reduced by tilt reduction.
• ¿Por qué es importante determinar asentamientos
7.3 BASIC CONCEPT 189

en los suelos?

l l
Introducción

SHRINKAGE
Consolidation of clay is accelerated by water loss.
δ All clays exhibit some degree of shrinkage. δ
Water is drained out, causing volume decrease of drained
soil; also loss of pore water pressure support.
Tree roots cause shrinkage in top 2 m of clay soil, but
(a) Uniform settlement (b) Tilt or distortion
reached 6 m in London(c) Nonuniform
Clay in recent drysettlement
summers.
Britain’s insurance claims for damage to houses on 2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.
 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8 l l

δ
Definición y conceptos importantes

• Ante la aplicación de cargas se produce una salida de aire y/o agua de los
suelos, que resulta en deformación de su matriz y potencial asentamiento
δ
δ
de estructuras.

• Los asentamientos pueden ser uniformes o no-uniformes (diferenciales). (a) Uniform settlement (b) Tilt or distortion (c) Nonuniform settlement
Los asentamientos diferenciales pueden causar mayores daños en las
estructuras (estructurales). Figure 7.1 Types of settlement.

• Los asentamientos en el suelo se dan en tres dimensiones. Para simplificar

el cálculo de los asentamientos, se simplifican a una dimensión.

• Deben verificarse la magnitud de los asentamientos durante la construcción

de las estructuras y durante su vida útil. distortion may not cause serious structural distress, it can cause the
• unserviceable.
Los asentamientos en materiales granulares y cohesivos son distintos.
Because of the variability of soils and the complexity of their behavior,
Introducción

• Los suelos con contenido de finos menor a 5% tienen buenas características

estimate settlement unless simplifying assumptions are made. One of thes
de drenaje. Se disipan rápidamente excesos de presión de that
porosthe
porsoil
carga.is an elastic material. An elastic soil is an idealization. Elastic
•
to their initial geometry upon unloading. A linear elastic soil is one th
En suelos granulares los asentamientos ocurren durante construcción.
stress–strain relationship (Figure 7.2). For one-dimensional loading, say in
• Los suelos cohesivos o granulares con un contenido de finos importante
direction, the(%fslope of line in Figure 7.2 gives Young’s modulus E. Young
> 10%) tienen un drenaje pobre, y los excesos de presión relates
de porosthe normal stress (σz) to the normal strain (εz). A nonlinear elast
pueden
tardar años en disiparse. which the normal stress–normal strain response is not linear (Figure 7.2
moduli are interpreted from the response 2021 shown
- UTB in Figure
- Ing. Eduardo7.2. One,
Gómez th
V. MSc.
 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8
Linearly elastic
Definición y conceptos importantes A
Slope is E,
the initial B
• En estos suelos los asentamientos ocurren más allá de la construcción y pueden

Normal stress, σz
tangent
ocurrir durante toda la vida útil de las estructuras. elastic
modulus
Nonlinearly elastic
• Los asentamientos relacionados con la salida de agua de los vacíos del suelo se
denomina Consolidación. Recordando que la salida de aire de los vacíos es
Slope is Esec, the secant
compactación. elastic modulus

• En suelos granulares los asentamientos ocurren durante construcción.

• Los asentamientos exactos del suelo pueden ser difíciles de calcular considerando 0 Normal strain, εz
todas las complejidades del comportamientos de los suelos, por lo cual deben
Deformaciones
Figure 7.2 Normal stress–normal strain1D
curves of linear and nonlinear elastic m
hacerse simplificaciones.

• Se asume que el suelo es lineal-elástico. Módulo de elasticidad E (de Young) es la

Shear stress, τ Initial tangent shear modulus, G
relación entre esfuerzos y deformación.
Introducción

• Módulo de elasticidad inicial (E) y módulo de elasticidad secante (Esec). Esec

relación entre inicio y esfuerzos máximos o nivel de deformación recomendada.
Este es el generalmente usado en la práctica. Secant shear modulus, Gsec

• Por la consideración del comportamiento lineal-elástico pueden determinarse los

asentamientos al conocer el módulo de Young y el coeficiente de Poisson (n).

Shear strain, γ
2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.
 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8
Definición y conceptos
importantes

• En la actualidad la mayoría de
cálculos o estimación de
asentamientos, sobretodo en el
caso de suelos granulares, está
basado en relaciones empíricas o
semi-empíricas, lo que requiere de
significativa experiencia.

• Existen valores típicos de módulo

de elasticidad y coeficiente de
Poisson típicos para distintos tipos
de material y condiciones. Estos
valores pueden emplearse para
Introducción

cálculos y análisis geotécnicos

preliminares. Se recomienda
vengan de ensayos de campo, de
laboratorio o correlaciones
empíricas.

2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.

 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8
Asentamientos en suelos granulares

2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.

 qsB (1− (v ′ ) )
ρe = Is
materials. For a rectangular flexible
ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN loaded area with a uniform
E ′ surface stress, qs, the se
Módulo 8 ment of a homogeneous coarse-grained soil (constant E value) can be calculated (Giro
where ρe is the elastic settlement, E′ is Young’s modulus based on effective s
1968) from Giroud - 1968
Poisson’s ratio based on effective stresses, and Is is a settlement influence fact
• Asentamientos a corto plazo principalmente de suelos of
function granulares.
the L/B ratio (L isqslength
B (1− (vand
′ )2 ) B is width of the foundation. Is can
mated as ρe = Is (
• Ecuaciones basadas en la teoría de la elasticidad. E′
• Existes diferentes ecuaciones de distintos autores, dependiente de las  L 
where ρe is the elastic settlement, E′ is Young’s
Center modulusIsbased
of the rectangle: ≈ 0.62 on
ln  effective
+ 1.12 stresses,
características de cargas, suelos y condiciones consideradas en cada  B 
caso.
Poisson’s ratio based on effective stresses, and Is is a settlement influence
 L 
factor that
function of the L/B ratio (L is length Corner
and of
B the rectangle:
is width of the 0.31ln   + 0.I56
Is ≈foundation. s can be appr
• En general incluyen los mismos factores y arrojan (siempre que sean
 B 
mated as
para el mismo tipo de suelo) resultados similares.
Asentamientos elásticos

The vertical elastic settlement due to a

Timoshenko circular- flexible
y Goodier 1951 loaded area with a unif
stress, qcon
s, is
L 
• Usualmente consideran un área de carga uniforme Center of the rectangle: Is ≈ 0.62 ln   + 1.12
geometría (
rectangular y un suelo homogéneo con módulo E constante.  B 
qsD(1−(vL ′)2 )
• Dependen de la geometría de los cimientos, del coeficienteCorner of the rectangle: ρIes =
de Poisson  Ici
E ′  + 0.56
≈ 0.31ln (
y de coeficientes de influencia (que dependen de las dimensiones).
B
Center of the circular area: Ici = 1
• The vertical
El parámetro más importante elastic
en estos análisis es elsettlement
módulo de due to a circular flexible loaded area with a uniform sur
stress, qs, is 2
elasticidad. Edge of circular area: Ici =
π
• Estas ecuaciones deben modificarse o aplicar correcciones para tener qsD(1− (v ′ )2 )
en cuenta, profundidad de cimentación, variación de módulo con la ρe = Ici (
E ′
profundidad, comportamiento no elástico y rigidez de la cimentación
entre otros factores. Center of the circular area: Ici = 1 (
2
Edge of circular area: Ici = 2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.
(
FIN DE LA CLASE

Gracias
 modulus is used in Equations (7.2) and (7.5).
the variation of the ASENTAMIENTOS
soil’s Young’s modulus with depth.
Y In practice, the secant Young’s
CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8 EXAM
modulus is used in Equations PLE
(7.2) and7.(7.5).
1 Estimating Elastic Settlement of a Rectangular Loaded Area
on a Sand
E X A M P L E 7. 1 Cálculo deElastic
Estimating asentamientos
Settlementelásticos o a cortoLoaded
of a Rectangular plazo Area
Aoncolumn
a Sand is pinned to a concrete slab 2 ft × 2 ft that serves as the foundation. The foundation rests
on the surface of a sand with Esec ′ = 800, 000 psf and ν′ = 0.35. The vertical load from the column
A column is pinned to aand
concrete slab 2 ft × 2
the self-weight offtthe
thatfoundation
serves as theis foundation.
15,000 lbs.The foundation
Estimate rests
the settlement under the center of the
′ = 800, 000 psf and ν′ = 0.35. The vertical load from the column
on the surface of a sand with Esec
foundation.
and the self-weight of the foundation is 15,000 lbs. Estimate the settlement under the center of the
foundation.
Strategy The solution is a direct application of Equation (7.2).
Strategy The solution is a direct application of Equation (7.2).
Solution 7.1
Solution 7.1
Step 1: Determine the elastic settlement.
Step 1: Determine the elastic settlement.
 L   2 
   + 1.12 ≈ 1.12
Ejemplo de cálculo

Center of the rectangle: I ≈ 0 . 62 ln

 2   B  + 1 . 12 ≈ 0 . 62 ln
 L  s
Center of the rectangle: I s ≈ 0.62 ln   + 1.12 ≈ 0.62 ln   + 1.12 ≈ 1.12  2 
 B 2
2
2 qsB(1 − (v ′) ) [15 , 000 (2 × 2) ]× 2(1 − 0 . 352
)
qsB(1 − (v ′) ) [15 = (2 × 2)]× 2(1 −I s0=
ρe, 000 .352 ) ×1.12 = 0.0092 ft = 0.11 in.
ρe = Is = ′
Esec ×1.12 =800 , 000ft = 0.11 in.
0.0092
′
Esec 800, 000

5 7.5 SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT OF NON–FREE-DRAINING
OF NON–FREE-DRAINING SOILS SOILS

There are two commonThere are of

modes two commonofmodes
settlement of settlement
non–free-draining of (fine-grained
soils non–free-draining
soils, soils (fine-grained soils,
finesand
fine sand, and medium sand, and
with medium
fines greatersand
than with
10%)fines greater than
of importance 10%) of importance
to geoengineers. to geoengineers.
2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.
 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8
Asentamientos en suelos granulares

2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.

 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8 Time
Elastic compression

• Teoría de Terzaghi (1925).

• En suelos con baja permeabilidad (cohesivos o granulares con contenido

Settlement
Primary consolidation
Asentamientos por consolidación

significativo de finos), ante la aplicación de cargas, se aumenta la presión

poros (exceso de presión de poros).

• Cuando el exceso de presión de poros se disipa la matriz de suelos se Secondary compression

configura de manera más densa o compacta. 206 CHAPTER 7 SOIL SETTLEMENT

• En suelos consolidables los asentamientos están compuestos por:

asentamientos elásticos, consolidación primaria y Figure 7.4 Illustration of settlement of fine-grained soils.
consolidación/compresión secundaria o creep. e
Earth’s surface. Any displacement in the lateral direction will result in very s
• Para determinar asentamientos por consolidación primaria y consolidación
strains that geoengineers can neglect. Of Horizontal
course, line are exceptions such as
there
F
secundaria se requieren parámetros obtenidos en ensayos
anddeembankments. D
consolidación. The settlement of non–free-draining soils consists Bisector
of three parts (Figure 7.4).
• El gráfico del ensayo de consolidación presenta una rama
1. deElastic
recompresión
compression (short term; occurs during construction).
Cc Tangent
2. Primary
(comportamiento plástico del suelo) y de normal consolidación consolidation (long term; occurs
(Cc). La A during the design life of the struc
3. Secondary
rama de recompresión es indicativa del historial de esfuerzos del suelo ycompression or creep
C (long term; occurs during the design life of t
de las cargas máximas que ha recibido en el pasado. Puede but more
hacerse unapronounced at the late stages of Bprimary consolidation and beyo
Cr
rama de descompresión y recompresión (Cr) para verificar la pendiente de
The elastic compression can be calculated using Equation (7.2) or Equation
la recompresión. Luego de alcanzar las cargas en las que se inició la to estimate settlement from primary consolidation and secondary c
parameters
descompresión, se continúa con la rama de normal consolidación.
are found from a one-dimensional consolation test. σ'z (log scale)
σ'zc
2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.
 εz = ∆H/H
ASENTAMIENTOS Y o, where ∆H is the change in height
CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8 thickness of the soil.
• La distancia vertical más larga que tenga que tomar una partícula de
agua para salir del suelo, se denomina longitud de drenaje.
7.6.1 Drainage path
Asentamientos por consolidación

• Si el drenaje del suelo ocurre en ambos extremos del suelo (arriba y

abajo), tiene un doble drenaje.
The distance of the longest vertical path taken
• El suelo tarda significativamente más tiempo en drenarse y por ende
length of the drainage path. Because we allowe
en consolidarse, si tiene un drenaje sencillo o una sola dirección.

• La disipación del exceso de presión de poros inicial es mayor quefaces

en (double drainage), the length of the draina
los momentos posteriores debido a que existe una acumulación de
cargas inicial (exceso de presión de poros) que disipa más rápido al Hav H
Hdr = =
inicio hacia los extremos de las zonas de drenaje y que tarde más 2
tiempo hacia los puntos más lejanos. A medida que pasa el tiempo las
where Hav is the average height and Ho and Hf a
variaciones de presión de poros con el tiempo (Du/t) disminuyen. Por
esto existe una consolidación primaria y una compresión secundaria.
under the current loading. If drainage is perm
• Los esfuerzos totales se mantienen iguales por lo que las
Hdr = Hav. A short drainage path will cause the
disminuciones en los excesos de presión de poros deben representarse
en aumento de esfuerzos efectivos. Estos esfuerzos efectivos time than a long drainage path. You will see lat
comprimen la matriz del suelo y en consecuencia producen su
will take four times longer to reach a particular
compresión (o asentamientos). Por la manera en que se produce la
filtración del agua, la relación entre exceso de presión de poros y los
esfuerzos efectivos pueden representarse como se muestra el gráfico.
7.6.2 Instantaneous load 2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.
 194
ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
CHAPTER 7 SOIL SETTLEMENT

Módulo 8 Applied load Displacement gauge

Ring
Clamp
Soil sample Gasket

• ASTM D 2435. En equipo edométrico que permite deformaciones

Porous stone
verticales, pero restringe deformaciones horizontales. Fixed ring cell
7.6 THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST 205
(b)

• Muestras inalteradas (tubo shelby). Applied load Displacement gauge

• Se grafica la variación de la relación de vacíos contra los esfuerzos d0

D Ring Soil sample
∆d
efectivos aplicados. Debe determinarse la relación de vacíos inicial d1
B C ∆d
Porous stone
d2
del suelo.

Displacement gauge reading

Floating ring cell
(a)
(c)
d50 E
Figure 7.5
Ensayo de consolidación

(a) A typical consolidation apparatus, (b) a fixed ring cell, and (c) a floating ring
• Cargas progresivas. Cada carga se deja hasta que se haya disipado el cell. (Photo courtesy of Geotest.)

exceso de presión de poros, lo que ocurre por lo general en periodo At the end of the consolidation test, the apparatus is dismantled, and the water content
of the sample is determined. It is best to unload the soil sample to a small pressure before
menor o igual a 24 horas. 206 CHAPTER dismantling A
d100
the apparatus because, if you remove the final consolidation load completely, a
7 SOIL SETTLEMENT
negative excess porewater pressure that equals the final consolidation pressure will develop.
This negative excess porewater pressure can cause water to flow into the soil and increase
• En la ejecución del ensayo los datos más importantes son: altura the soil’s water content. Consequently, the final void ratio calculated from the final water
t (log scale)
inicial de la muestra, altura de la muestra en distintos momentos del tcontent
1 4t1 t50 will be erroneous.
e the one-dimensional consolidation test are as follows:
The data obtained from
Figure 7.12 Log time method to determine Cv.
ensayo (principalmente al inicio y fin de cada escalón de carga) y la 1. Initial height of the soil, Ho, which is fixed by the height of the ring.
2. Current height of the soil at various time intervalsHorizontal lineloading (time–settlement
under each
humedad de la muestra al inicio y final del ensayo, además del peso data).
Cv =
0.197Hdr2
D
F
(7.22)
t50
seco de la muestra al final. 3. Water content at the beginning and at the end of the test, and the dry weight of the soil
Bisector
The log time method makes use of at the
the end
earlyof (primary
the test. consolidation) and later time
responses (secondary compression), while the root time method only utilizes the early time
Let us consider what happens when we load the soil in the one-dimensional consolidation
• Agua fluye en dos direcciones; por la parte superior e inferior response,
de la which is expected to be atest.
straight line. In of
A simulation theory, the root
the sample andtime method
boundary should Cisgive
condition c shown in Figure 7.6a. The porous
Tangent
good results except when nonlinearities A substan-
stones arising
are usedfrom secondary
to facilitate compression
drainage cause
of the porewater from the top and bottom faces of the
muestra, a través de las piedras porosas. tial deviations from the expected soil.
straight line.half
The top These deviations
of the are most
soil will drain pronounced
through in
the top porous stone and the bottom half
C
fine-grained soils with organic materials. Fieldwill
of the soil observations
drain throughindicate that, inporous
the bottom many stone.
instances,
A platen on the top porous stone
B
• El desplazamiento o asentamiento de la muestra medido por un
the predictions of the rate of transmits
settlement applied
using C v loads
from to
lab the soil.
test may Expelled
be as water
much is
astransported
4 times by plastic
Cr tubes to a burette.
lower than the field. This is becauseA valve is used
of the to controlofthe
complexities theflow of the expelled
drainage conditions water into the burette. Three porewater
in the
deformímetro en la parte superior que puedes análogo o digital.
field and the nonlinearities of soil pressure
behaviortransducers
that are notarereplicated
mounted by in the
the simple,
side wall of the
linear soilcylinder to measure the excess
porewater pressure near the porous stone at
behavior and one dimensional drainage that are used to theoretically represent soil responsethe top (A), at a distance of one-quarter the
height (B),
Video 1porewater
and at
Video
mid-height of
2 the soil (C). Excess
to loading. Typical values for Cv for some clays are given below in Table 7.5 in Section 7.12. porewater pressure is the additional
σ'z (log scale)
σ' loads. A displacement gauge with its stem on
pressure induced in a soil mass by zc
the platen keeps track of the vertical2021 - UTB
settlement - Ing.
of the soil. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.
 2. Calculate the total consolidation settlement of the soil sample during the tes
ASENTAMIENTOS
(∆H)fin  =  Hfin  − YHiCONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8 , where Hfin is the final displacement gauge reading and Hi is th
displacement gauge reading at the start of the test.
Applied load
3. Back-calculate the initial void ratio, using Equation (7.10), as Displacement gauge
• Se presume que el cambio de volumen en
206la muestra
CHAPTERes
7 igual al
SOIL SETTLEMENT
volumen de agua que drena de los poros. eRing
+[(∆H )fin H7.6
o]
eo = fin
Soil 1
sample
Clamp
THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION (7.11
TEST
−[(∆H )fin Ho ] Gasket
• Como el anillo es rígido, la deformación radial/lateral es cero,
entonces la deformación volumétrica es 4.
igualCalculate
a la deformación
e for each loading
e
using
vertical. Porous stone
Horizontal line
.09 (∆H ) i Fixed ring cell
D ei = eo − (1+ eo ) (7.1
F
• El gráfico del ensayo de consolidación presenta una rama de
recompresión (comportamiento plástico del suelo) y de normal H o (b) Excess porewater pressure
at time t1
Bisector
consolidación (Cc). La rama de recompresión
where es eindicativa del A 0
i is the void ratio and (∆H)i is the change in height for the ith loading.gauge
0 Applied load Displacement
Ensayo de consolidación

B
historial de esfuerzos del suelo y de las cargas máximas que ha ∆u (t1) ∆σz′ (t1)

Ho (in)
41
C Cc Tangent
A <1 in
recibido en el pasado. Puede hacerse una rama de descompresión
54

y recompresión para verificar la pendiente

7.6.8 de la recompresión
Determination of compressionC and recompression indexes
1
RingB 0 Soil sample 100 125
(Cr). Luego de alcanzar las cargas en las que se inició la Cr ∆u (psf)
descompresión, se continúa con la rama de normal consolidación.
The slope of the normal consolidation line, AB, in Figure 7.7b gives the compression inde
• Cuando la totalidad del exceso de la presión de poros se ha Porous
Ho = height stone
of soil (in)
Cc (dimensionless), and the slope
0 of the line CD gives the recompression
σ' (log scale) index, Cr (dime
disipado, se considera que los esfuerzos efectivos son iguales a los σ'
z
Floating ring cell∆z = change in height (in)
esfuerzos totales.
sionless). Thus (a)
zc
Primary consolidation

∆z (in)
(c) ∆u = change in excess porewater
Secondary compression
Figure 7.13 Determination of past maximum vertical effective stress using Casagrande’s
pressure (psf)
• El eje de los esfuerzos se grafica en escala method.
logarítmica porque el e 2 − e1
Figure 7.5 (a) A typical c =
C0.1
consolidation− apparatus, (b) a(no
fixedunits ) 240
ring (7.1
cell, and (c) a floating ring
rango de esfuerzos verticales aplicados escell.
usualmente
(Photo alto.
0
log [ ( σ ′ )
z 2 ( σ ′ )
z 1 ]
forcourtesy
convenienceof Geotest.)
because the range of vertical Time effective
(min) stresses is generally large. We will call

• A través de los ensayos de consolidaciónand Figure

se determinan los7.13 the e versus σz′ (log scale) curve.
Figure 7.6c Excess porewater pressure distribution and settlement during consolidation.
At the end
The of the consolidation
Casagrande
coeficientes de consolidación (rama de normal consolidación) y el procedure, test,reference
with the apparatus is dismantled,
to Figure 7.13, is as follows:and the water conten
of the sample is determined. − e3
toe 4unload
coeficiente de recompresión (rama de recompresión),1. que
Identify the point of It C is best curvature,
r =−
maximum pointtheD, soil
(no sample
onunits
the )
initial to
partaofsmall pressure
the e versus σz′ befo
(7.1
permiten calcular los asentamientos por dismantling
consolidación ante
the la After
(log apparatus some time, log
usually [
scale) curve. because, if youz remove( σ
within′ ) 4 (
24σ ′ ) ]
hours for many small soil samples tested
z 3 the final consolidation load completely, in the labo
aplicación de cargas. Estos valores son adimensionales.
2. Draw tory, the initialline
a horizontal excess porewater
through pressure in the middle of the soil reduces to approxima
negative excess porewater pressure thatD.equals the final consolidation pressure will develo
where the3.subscripts
Drawzero, 1andand
a tangent the 2 denote
to rate
the eofversus two
decrease ofarbitrarily
σz′ (log the volume
scale) selected
curveofatthe points on
D. soil becomes verythe NCL,
small. Whenline A
the in
This negative excess porewater pressure can cause water 2021
to flow
- UTBinto
- Ing. the soilGómez
Eduardo and Vincrea
. MSc.
 the soil will respond to loads, we have to unlock its memory. If a soil
ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo
to effective 8 stresses below its past maximum vertical effective stres
e
be small because the soil fabric was permanently changed by a h
• El suelo tiene memoria, su estructura recuerda los esfuerzos máximos a los que Horizontal line

However, if the soil were to be consolidated beyond its past max

ha estado sometido (esfuerzo de preconsolidación s’ ). p
D
F

• Si se carga un suelo por debajo de los esfuerzos máximos que ha recibido en el

stress,
pasado (s’ ),the settlement
los asentamientos
de recompresión.
would
serán bajos porque
p be
ocurrirán dentro large
de la rama because the soil fabric woul
Bisector

•change from ade current

preconsolidación loading that is higher than its past maxim Cc Tangent
Esfuerzo de preconsolidación

A
Le relación entre el esfuerzo (s’ ) y los esfuerzos geo-
p

vertical effective stress, σzc′ , to the in situ

estáticos verticales (s’ ) a los que se encuentra en suelo sometido en la C
ratio ofse denomina
actualidad, the past maximum
relación de
0
sobreconsolidación (OCR). B
Cr

(overburden pressure), σ ′
• Si un suelo tiene un OCR de 1 significa que se encuentra
consolidado; ante la aplicación de carga correrá porzo
, is called the overconsolidation ratio.
normalmente
la línea de normal

The overconsolidation ratio or degree of overconsolidation is defi

consolidación (comportamiento elasto-plástico) y los asentamientos será
significativos. σ'zc
σ'z (log scale)

• Figure 7.13 Determination of past maximum vertical effective stress using Ca

Si un suelo tiene un OCR mayor a 1 significa que se encuentra sobreconsolidado;
method.
ante la aplicación de carga correrá primero por la línea de preconsolidación σ′zc
(comportamiento principalmente elástico) y si no se supera este punto, los OCR =
for convenience because the range of vertical effective stresses is generally l
asentamientos no serán tan altos.
σzo′ curve.
Figure 7.13 the e versus σ ′ (log scale)
z
• Obtener el valor real del esfuerzo de preconsolidación (s’p) a travésThe
de ensayos
Casagrande procedure, with reference to Figure 7.13, is as follows:
de laboratorio es casi imposible, y pérdidas de condiciones de carga reales y
A soil with an OCR = 1 is normally consolidated That is, the in situ
alteración de las muestras, pueden producir errores significativos1.
determinación.
Identify the point of maximum curvature, point D, on the initial part
en su
(log scale) curve.
•or overburden effective stress
el esfuerzois
de about equal to the past maximum
2. Draw a horizontal line through D.
Existen varios métodos aproximados para determinar
3. Draw a tangent to the e versus σ ′ (log scale) curve at D.
z
preconsolidación (s’ ), el más común en nuestro medio es el Casagrande.
Normally consolidated soils follow
p
paths similar to ABE (Figure 7.7
4. Bisect the angle formed by the tangent and the horizontal line at D.
5. Extend backward the straight portion of the e versus σ ′ (log scale) c
2021 - UTB - Ing. EduardozGómez V. MSc.
FIN DE LA CLASE

Gracias
 o v
porewaterporewater
pressure pressure
dissipated.
3. Note the Cv t at point A; let
time C t us say it is tA .
dissipated.
ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
imensional consolidation (Terzaghi, 1925; see Appendix A), T
the
=
coefficient (7.17)
o
v
T = (7.17)
Módulo 8
v 2 v
H Hdr2
4.where
Locate a point B,
 as the∆time 1 . 15
u  factor;
∆∆ t , on
σ′ the
u σit ′is a∆dimensionlessabscissa. dr
z A
expressed as where T is known as the time factor;
5.
T is known
Join U
OB.
to the average
= 
 1−
Terzaghi
it isdegree U
∆u
= 


1 
−

a dimensionless

=
of consolidation,
v ∆ ∆u
u



=
U, term.
which is The
∆ u
term. The time factor is related
time
the average factor
excess is
porewater
v
related
pressure
dissipated (change in effective stress, ∆σ ′ ) divided by the initial excess porewater pressure
(
o o o
z

o
to the average degree of consolidation,
Tiempo de consolidación 6.(∆uThe intersection
U, which
) or the settlement isofthethe
that occurred
line
average
divided
OBexpected
by theexcess
z
withsettlement
the curve,
porewaterwhen all
point
pressure C
the excess
is the∆u
where is theporewater
excess porewater C
pressuret atthe t.time t. excess
o
where ∆u(change excess reading
pressure and
z′ ) divided
the
at time
time forinitial
90% consolidation (t90pressure
). You sh
Tiempo de consolidación y compresión

dissipated in effective stress,

porewater ∆ σ
pressure dissipated.
v by porewater
v =
Tthe
• La rata de consolidación de un suelo fino homogéneo
The theoretical relationships between and for
(∆uThe offdivided abscissa T
isvexpected
tfor .U
Now  a ∆uniform
when excess
U = 90%, allporewater
T v = 0.848 prep
o) ortheoretical
the
del settlement relationships
thaty occurred between v and
Tby 2the U U = 1a
− uniform
settlement excess
when porewater
the excess
90 ∆u σ′
depende de su permeabilidad, espesor del estrato de
Hwe
z
 = (7.18)
distribution
porewater
la longitud de drenaje. distribution
pressure and a triangular
and adissipated.
triangular tion (7.17)
excess excess
porewater porewater
dr obtain
pressure
pressure
∆u  ∆u distribution are shown in
distribution are shown in F
o o

7.10. A convenient setwhere of equations

∆u is the excess forporewater
double drainage
pressure at time and t. uniform excess porewat
• La variable que mide7.10.
la rataAdeconvenient
consolidación esset
el of equations for
The theoretical double
 curverelationships
∆ u drainage
fitting
∆ between
σ and
and
z′Figure 7.10, is
T U uniform
for a uniform excess
excess
0.848 Hporewater
porewater
2 pressure
sure distribution, found by the
here T is known as the time factor; it is a dimensionless term. The time f
v

U = and
dr
coeficiente de consolidación (Cv), en unidades de
sure distribution, found by distribution
the curve −a triangular
1fitting = excess7.10,
Figure Cν =
porewater pressure distribution
is are shown in(7.18)
Figure
v longitud al cuadrado sobre tiempo (ej. cm /min).
2  ∆setuoofequations
7.10. A convenient ∆uo for double drainage and uniform excess t90 porewater pres-
o the average
• De la teoría degree ofdeisTerzaghi
consolidation, U, πwhich  is  the average excess pore
sure distribution, foundπby the 2
U curve
 fitting Figure 7.10, is
de consolidación (1925) se where Tat
H U=istime
4the length U<
forof 60drainage
the % path. 2
where ∆u the excess porewater pressure  t.
100
v
dr
T = 
2
obtiene la expresión que relaciona el coeficiente de  for U < 60% ( π  U 

′
Tv =  (7.19)
issipatedconsolidación
(change in effective stress, ) divided
and U forby the initial excess pore
for U < 60%
∆ σ
v 
4 100 
con elThe
tiempotheoretical relationships
y con la longitud de drenaje. between T 
4 100 a uniform excess porewater
v pressure
and and z
distribution
(T ) es un valorand a triangular 7.6.10.2
excess porewater Log time pressure distribution are shown in Figure
method
∆uo) or the settlement
• El factor de tiempo
relacionado
and
con el7.10.
gradoA that occurred
adimensional
de convenient
consolidación set lo
(U), ofque es divided
equations
v
Tfor 1.781by
= double the
− 0drainage
.933 log(expected
and−U
100 settlement
≥ 60% porewater whe
) for U excess
uniformv
Tv = 1.781− 0.933 log(100 −U )
pres- for U ≥ 60% (7.20)

Incurve
1.the
781log 0.time method, −Uthe ) is displacement
for U ≥ 60% gauge readings are(
orewaterpresión
pressure
en función deldissipated.
igual a su vez a lasure
disipación promedio defound
distribution,
exceso de presión
100
exceso de
by Tthe= − 933Figure
fitting log( 100 7.10,
v 100
de poros inicial scale). The logarithm of times is arbitrary and is only used fo
(Du0). 2
obtained
80
π  isU shown
 in Figure
1 7.12. The theoreticalU (%) earlyT time
Tv =  ′z displacement (7.19)
La relación entre el factor100 60 4 100∆ofu times
 ∆
for U < 60
σ % v

• de tiempo y el grado de  Triangular initial excess

of logarithm versus gauge readings
0 0
is

2 porewater pressure
consolidación, para distintas formas de 80
distribución de = time
Uearly 1− curve is=
10 0.008
secundaria

1 2
not normally a parabola, and a20 30correction

U (%)
1 0.031
presión de poros,and
están pre-establecidas y se pueden
80
encontrar en gráficos o tablas.
 ∆
The1 procedure,
40 u  ∆ u
o2 with reference
Triangular initial excess
o porewater
to pressure
Figure 7.12, is 50as follows
40
U (%)
0.071
00.126
0.197
60
= − Uniform initial excess
−U )pressure U60(%)10
(7.20)T0v
T 1 .781 0 .933 log(100 1 U ≥initial
for 60%2excess 0.287
• Para condición de drenaje doble, para un 90% de lav porewater Triangular
1. Project
2 the straightporewater
portions of the primary consolidatio
70 0.403
U (%)

20 20 00
here ∆uconsolidación
is the excess
consolidación T = 0.197. 60 porewater pressure at time t.
T = 0.848 y para un 50% de
40
v
to0 intersect at A.
1 The
pressure
Arrows

ordinate
2
show drainage

of A,
direction

d 100 , is
800

the
0.567
30
10displace
90 0.848 0
0.00
40 1.4 0
100 v
(%)

The theoretical relationships between T and U for a uniform excess pore 20 0.03
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
primary consolidation. T 50
2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc. 0
v
 % consolidation (t90). You should note that the value read
compression. A measure of secondary compression is the secondary compression
ess.
ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8
wconsolidation
when U = 90%, T
is assumed to end v = 0.848
at (Figure
the intersection 7.10)
of the projection
rts of the curve (Figure 7.16).The secondary compression index is
ofand from
the two Equa-
• El valor de Cv se calcula usualmente por medio del método de raíz de tiempo
the secondary
C =−
compression
(e − e )
=
∆e index
, t >t
t p
O
(Taylor, 1942).
α p (7.24)
log(t /t2p ) log(t /t p )
0.848H • Se base en asumir que un punto (C) sobre la curva de asentamiento contra raíz

Displacement gauge reading

Tiempo de consolidación y compresión

dr
ry C ν = at ends
ep) consolidation
is the coordinate when ∆u
the intersection o = 0.
of the The
tangents later
to the timeconsolida-
primary settlement
de tiempo (7.21)
response
corresponde al 90% de la consolidación (Tv = 0.848). Por medio de
econdary compression parts t90 of the logarithm of time versus void ratio curve, and esta consideración y de la pendiente inicial de la curva, se puede encontrar el
compression, or creep. Secondary compression
e coordinate of any point on the secondary compression curve, as shown in Figure
is the change
punto C iny por
volume
ende el valor de t90.
helvalue
caused
of Cα by
drainage the
usually adjustment
path.
varies of the ofsoil
with the magnitude the fabric (internal
applied loads structure) after
and other
h as the LIR. Typical values for Cα are givenC in Table 7.3 in Section 7.12. Compresión secundaria
on has been completed. The term consolidation is reserved for the process
of a soil occurs from changes in effective stresses resulting from decreases
• Teóricamente la consolidación primaria se termina cuando se ha disipado la
totalidad del exceso de presión de poros (Du0 = 0).
pressure. The rate of settlement A√t B
from secondary √Timecompression is very
• La compresión secundaria o creep está relacionada con la continua
90

that from primary consolidation. √t A

placement gauge readings are plotted against the times (log

e
1.15√t reacomodación de la estructura del suelo (fabric), durante y luego de que la
d primary consolidation and secondary compression. In consolidación reality, theprimaria
dis- ha terminado.
A

arbitrary
because and7.11iscompression
Figure
secondary only used for convenience.
occurs as part of the primary A typical curve
• La rataconsolida-
Root time method
Primary to determine
consolidation C. v

de asentamiento durante la compresión secundaria es mucho más lenta

12. Theclays.
in soft theoretical
The mechanics earlyoftime settlement
consolidation response
is still not fully inla aconsolidación
plot primaria.
understood,
que en
placement
es of settlement, gaugeit is readings
convenientSecondary istoaseparate
parabola.
compression
primaryTheconsolidation
• experimental
El punto exactoand donde se acaba la consolidación primaria y comienza el creep no
a parabola,
on. A measure
e
e and
of a correction
secondary
B p
t
compression
A is often required.
is the secondary compression
es claro, porque la compresión secundaria ocurre dentro de la consolidación

to Figure 7.12, is as follows:

Slope = C
La variable que permite medir la compresión secundaria es el índice de
α
•
secundaria

compresión secundaria (C¥). Se calcula encontrando la intersección entre la

tion is assumed to end at the intersection t (log scale)
of the projection of the
pendiente de la
two
consolidación primaria y la de la compresión secundaria, en la
scurve
of the primary
(Figure consolidation
7.16).The tp t
secondary and secondary
compression compression
index iscurva del escalón de carga (e vs. tiempo).
ate of A, d100, is the displacement gauge reading
16 Secondary compression. for 100%
• El índice de compresión secundaria varía con la magnitud de la carga. Debe
(et − e p ) ∆e
Cα = − = , t > tp (7.24) el los valores que correspondan a la magnitud de cargas
entonces seleccionarse
log(t /t p ) log(t /t p ) relevantes para el proyecto.
of the curve to make it a parabola. Select a time t1, point B,
2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.
 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8
Modelo para calcular asentamientos en carga
En condiciones edométricas y descarga para consolidación primaria

• Para un suelo saturado, los asentamientos por

consolidación “primarios” Sc, que se obtiene
H: espesor del material compresible. después que el agua drene, se pueden calcular
Cálculo de asentamientos por

De: cambio en relación de vacíos. con el cambio de la relación de vacíos De.

e0: relación de vacíos antes de inicial.
SOIL SETTLEMENT

• Si se aplica una carga Ds’, que asentamiento

consolidación primaria

manifiesta el suelo?
e

Horizontal line
F
D • Existen tres casos:
Bisector
• Caso 1) Arcilla NC.
Cc Tangent
A
• Caso 2) Arcilla SC.
C
B
Cr
• Caso 3) Arcilla inicialmente SC y luego
NC.
σ'z (log scale)
σ'zc

e 7.13 Determination of past maximum vertical effective stress using Casagrande’s

d.
2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.
 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8
Suelo normalmente consolidado

s´0 + Ds´ > s´c

s´0 > s´c

Cálculo de asentamientos por
consolidación primaria

Suelo sobreconsolidado

s´0 + Ds´ < s´c

s´0 < s´c

2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.

 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8
Suelo sobreconsolidado seguido de rama normalmente consolidada

s´0 + Ds´ > s´c

s´0 < s´c

Cálculo de asentamientos por

206 CHAPTER 7 SOIL SETTLEMENT

Cálculo de esfuerzo de sobreconsolidación

consolidación primaria

Horizontal line
F
D

Bisector

Cc Tangent
A

C
B
Cr

σ'z (log scale)

σ'zc

2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.

 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8
Asentamientos por consolidación

q = 50 kPa
Ejemplo de cálculo

Nota: el estrato de arena mide 7 m -2.5 m. Hay un

error en la figura

2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.

 ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
Módulo 8

Nota: el estrato de arena mide 7 m -2.5 m. Hay

un error en la figura
Ejemplo de cálculo

2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.

 ∆εzr 0.08
mvr = = = 2.5×10−6 ft2 /lb
ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
∆σz′ 32, 000 − 400
Módulo 8 the constrained elastic modulus.
Step 3: Calculate
1 1
Ec′ Cálculo
= = de tiempo
−6
= 40de
×10consolidación
4
psf
mvr 2.5×10

E X A M P L E 7. 6 Determination of Cv Using Root Time Method

The following readings were taken for an increment of vertical stress of 400 psf in a one-dimensional
consolidation test on a saturated clay sample 3 in diameter and 0.75 in thick. Drainage was permit-
ted from the top and bottom boundaries. 216 CHAPTER 7 SOIL SETTLEMENT

Time (min) 0.25 1 2.25 4 9 16 25 36 64 144 24 hours

∆H (in) 0.0047 0.009 0.0133 0.0169 0.023 0.0268 0.0291 0.03 0.032 0.033 0.035
0.848× 0.3662
∴ Cv = = 3.75×10−3 in.2 /min
Determine the coefficient of consolidation using the root time method. 30.3

Strategy Plot the data in a graph of displacement reading versus time and follow the procedures √Time (√min)
for the root time method. 0 10 20 30 40
Ejemplo de cálculo

Solution 7.6 0.005

0.01
Step 1: Make a plot of settlement (decrease in thickness) versus time , as shown in Figure E7.6.
0.015
Step 2: Follow the procedures outlined in Section 7.6.10 on the root time method to find t90.
Settlement (in.) 0.02

From Figure E7.6, t90 = 5.5 min1/ 2 ; t90 = 30.3 min 0.025

Step 3: Calculate Cv from Equation (7.21). 0.03

0.035
2
0.848H dr
Cv = 0.04 A B
t90
√t90 = 5.5
where Hdr is the length of the drainage path. The height of the sample at the end of the
consolidation test for the increment of loading is 0.75 − 0.035 = 0.715 in.E7.6
Figure From Equation 2021 - UTB - Ing. Eduardo Gómez V. MSc.
 Determine the coefficient of consolidation using the root time method.
ASENTAMIENTOS Y CONSOLIDACIÓN
The rate of consolidation for a homogeneous fine-grained soil depends on its hydraulic

Módulo 8
2
conductivity (permeability), the × 0.366
0.848and
∴ Cthickness,
v =
the length of×the
= 3.75 10−drainage
3
in.2 /minpath. As the hydrau-
Strategy Plot the data in a graph of displacement reading versus time and follow the lic conductivity
procedures decreases, the soil will take
30 . 3 longer to drain the initial excess porewater,
and settlement will proceed at a slower rate. A measure of the rate of consolidation is the
for the root time method. coefficient of consolidation, Cv (unit: in.2/min or ft2/yr). From the theory of one-
Cálculo de tiempo de consolidación dimensional consolidation (Terzaghi, 1925; see Appendix √Time (√min)
A), the coefficient of consolidation
Solution 7.6 is expressed as 0 10 20 30 40

202 CHAPTER 7 SOIL SETTLEMENT

0
Tv =
Cv t
(7.17)
Step 1: Make a plot of settlement (decrease in thickness) versus time , as shown in Figure E7.6. 0.005 Hdr2

where Tv is known as the time 0.01

factor; it is a dimensionless term. The time factor is related
Step 2: Follow the procedures outlined in Section 7.6.10 on the root time method to find t90to. the average degree of consolidation, U, which is the average excess porewater pressure
dissipated (change in effective0.015
stress, ∆σz′ ) divided by the initial excess porewater pressure
1/ 2
From 7.6.10
Figure E7.6,Determination
t90 = 5.5 min ; t90 = 30.3
of themincoefficient of consolidation (∆uo) or the settlement that
Settlement (in.) occurred
0.02 divided by the expected settlement when all the excess
porewater pressure dissipated.
0.025
Step 3: Calculate Cv from Equation (7.21).  ∆u  ∆σz′
U = 1− = (7.18)
The rate of consolidation 2
for a homogeneous fine-grained soil depends on its hydraulic 0.03  ∆uo  ∆uo
0.848H dr
conductivity Cv (permeability),
= the thickness, and the length
whereof∆uthe drainage
is the path.
excess porewater As the hydrau-
0.035pressure at time t.

t90 The theoretical relationships 0.04

between T Aand B U for a uniform excess porewater pressure
lic conductivity decreases, the soil will take longer to drainandthe initialexcess
excess porewater,
v
distribution a triangular porewater pressure distribution are shown in Figure
where Hdr is the length of the drainage path. The height of the sample at the end 7.10.
of the √t = 5.5
and settlement will proceed at a slower rate. A measure Aof the rate of consolidation is the
convenient set of equations for double drainage and uniform excess porewater pres-
90

ENT consolidation test for the increment of loading is 0.75 − 0.035 = 0.715 in.2 From Equation
sure distribution, found by the curve fitting Figure 7.10, is
(7.8), coefficient of consolidation, Cv (unit: in. /min or Figure ft2/yr).
E7.6 From the theory of one- 2
π  U 
dimensional
Ho + H f
consolidation
0.75 + 0.715
(Terzaghi, 1925; see Appendix A), the coefficient T of
= consolidation
  for U < 60%
4 100 
Step 4: Check reasonableness of answer.
v (7.19)
Ejemplo de cálculo

H =
isdr expressed =
as = 0.366 in. and 3.75×10 −3
4 4 C = 3.75×10 in. /min =
v
−3 2
×60 × 24 × 365 = 13.7 ft /yr is reasonable 2

Tv = 1.781− 0.933144
log(100 −U ) for U ≥ 60% (7.20)
Ct based on the range of values in Table 7.5 in Section 7.12.
Tv = v2 (7.17)
0.848× 0.3662 −3 2
100
Hdr
∴ Cv = = 3.75×10 in. /min
30.3 where T is known as the time factor; it is a dimensionless
What’s
80
term.
next . . .The time
We have 1 factor
described is related
the consolidation test of a smallUsample of soil a
v (%) T v
the soil consolidation parameters that can be obtained. What is 0 the relationsh
Triangular initial excess
to the average degree of consolidation, U, which is thebetween
average
60 this small test sample and the1pressure
excess porewater 2 porewater pressure
soil in the
2 field? Can you10readily
0
calcula
0.008

dissipated (change in effective stress, ∆σz′ ) divided by the

U (%)
initial excess
of the soilporewater pressure
20 0.031
the settlement in the field based on the results of your consolidation
30 0.071
tes
The next section provides the relationship between the small test sample and the s
or the(√min)
(∆uo) √Time
40 40 0.126
settlement that occurred divided by the expected settlement
in the field. when all
Uniform initial excess
the excess 50 0.197
60 0.287
0 porewater
10 pressure
20 dissipated.
30 40 20
porewater pressure
70
80
0.403
0.567
Arrows show drainage direction
0  ∆u  ∆σz′ 0 0
90 0.848

U = 1− 7.7 =RELATIONSHIP0.2BETWEEN

0.4 LABORATORY
0.6 (7.18)
0.8 AND1 FIELD1.2 1.4
 ∆uo  CONSOLIDATION
∆uo T v

0.005
2021and
Figure 7.10 Relationship between time factor - UTB - Ing.
average Eduardo
degree Gómez
of consolidation forVa. MSc.
FIN DEL MÓDULO

Gracias