10

Electronics
(SSC Grade 10)
Quarter 4 (Week 1 to 3) - Module 1:
Inductors
Electronics – Special Science Class Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Inductors
First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer/s: Melissa B. Gagujas (Master Teacher I-JGMNHS)
Editors:
Reviewer/s: Leonilyn M. Corońa (HTIII-JGMNHS)
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Regional Director: Tolentino G. Aquino
CLMD Chief: Arlene A. Niro
CID Chief: Cornelio R. Aquino
EPS in Science: Julie G. De Guzman

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region I

Office Address: Flores St., Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union

Telefax: (072) 607-8137/ 682-2324_______________________
E-mail Address: region1@deped.gov.ph/ Website: www.depedro1.com
 10
Electronics (SSC Grade 10)
Quarter 4 – Module 1 (Week 1 to 3):
Inductors

Prepared by:

MELISSA B. GAGUJAS, MAEd

Master Teacher I-JGMNHS

Consultants:

LEONILYN M. COROÑA, EdD

Head Teacher III-JGMNHS

JULIE G. DE GUZMAN, EdD

Education Program Supervisor, Science
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was design and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the structure, function, and types of resistors. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – The Inductor and its Function
• Lesson 2 – Mutual Induction and Transformers

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Explain the nature and purpose of inductors/ coils as an electronic

component.

1. Describe an inductor through an investigation of its structure and

components.
2. Discuss the function of inductors in an electronic circuit
3. Investigate on the function of transformers.
4. Solve problems related to inductance.

3
 What I Know

Direction. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT needed to create inductance in a circuit?
A. Pulsating DC C. Battery
B. Coil of Wire D. Alternating Current

For items 2-5, refer to the following choices.1

A. increases B. decreases C. constant D. becomes zero
What happens to inductance in a circuit
2. when the number of turns in the coil is increased?
3. when the area occupied by the coil of wire is increased?
4. When the length of the coil of wire is increased?
5. when the inductor is changed from air-core to iron core?

6. What must be the cause why magnetic fields at some point of a coil of wire
collapses?
A. The current at that point is in its maximum value.
B. The current at that point is in its minimum value.
C. The direction of current at that point is reversed.
D. The current changes from AC to DC current.
7. What happens to the coil of wire when the magnetic field in a coil expands and
contracts?
A. Voltage will become infinite in value.
B. Voltage is induced along the coil of wire.
C. Voltage is increased from its original value.
D. Voltage is decreased from its original value.
8. How to create inductance in a circuit connected to 1.5 V battery?
A. Add a load to the circuit.
B. Turn on and off the circuit.
C. Increase voltage by adding 2 or more batteries.
D. Add copper wires to make the path of current longer.
9. What happens to the circuit when it is connected to an inductor?
A. The voltage is reduced to its minimum value, preventing damage to the
loads.
B. The flow of current is resisted, providing a good control as it flows to the
load.
C. The amount of current is increased, providing a stored charge to be
used when the circuit shuts down.
D. None of the above.
10. Which of the following is an application of self-inductance?
A. Chargers for phones and computers
B. Power supply units for computers
C. Sensors that detect the presence of a magnetic field
D. Transformers connecting main lines and household lines
11. What can be seen inside a transformer?
A. Two AWG 0000 wires 5 cm each in length
B. Two pieces of Neodymium magnets
C. Two coils of wires
D. Two inductors

4
12. Which of the following explains the occurrence of mutual inductance?
A. Mutual inductance is a property of two coils of wires placed near each
other to induced voltage.
B. Mutual inductance is produced when direct current is supplied to the
two coils of wire.
C. Mutual inductance is produced in a coil of wire as alternating current
flows in it.
D. Mutual inductance is a property of a coil of wire to induced voltage.
13. What are the two types of transformers?
A. Step-up and Step-down Transformers
B. Generators and Electric Motor Transformers
C. Self-inducing and mutual inducing transformers
D. Permanent and Electromagnetic Transformers
For items 14-17, refer to the given figure.
14. What takes place inside these drums?
A. Self-inductance C. Electromagnetic Induction
B. Mutual Inductance D. None among the choices.
15. What kind of transformer is shown?
A. Step- up C. Generator
B. Step-down D. Electric Motor
16. What happens to the output voltage (v s) that is released from these drums?
A. Reduced B. Increased C. Doubled D. Becomes zero
17. What is TRUE about the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils
inside these drums?
A. The number of turns in the primary coil is greater than the number of
turns in the secondary coil.
B. The number of turns in the primary coil is lesser than the number of
turns in the secondary coil.
C. The number of turns in both primary and secondary coil are equal.
D. None of the above.
18. The current produced in the secondary coil of a step-up transformer is
A. lesser than the current produced in the primary coil.
B. greater than the current produced in the primary coil.
C. equal to the current produced in the primary coil
D. always equal to zero.
19. What is the relationship between number of turns to induced voltage?
A. directly proportional C. square direct proportional
B. inversely proportional D. square inversely proportional
For items 20-25, refer to the given problem.
A 1- meter wire is coiled into 100 turns forming a 0.5 cm-diameter air-core
inductor. In 1 second, this coil can change current from 0 to 100mA.
20. What data can be used in computing the inductance of the coil?
A. length of wire C. the diameter
B. the change in current D. All the given choices.
21. The area of the coil affects the inductance of the coil. Which of the following
implies the area of the coil?
A. 1 meter B. 100 turns C. 0.5 cm D. 1 second
22. How will the inductance of this coil be computed?
𝐻 𝐻
(0.79 𝑐𝑚2 )(1002 )(1.26𝑥10−6 𝑚) (1.57 x 10-2 𝑚2 )(1002 )(1.26𝑥10−6 𝑚)
A. 𝐿 = C. 𝐿 =
1𝑚 1𝑚
𝐻 𝐻
(0.196 𝑐𝑚2 )(1002 )(1.26𝑥10−6 𝑚) (1.96 x 10-5 𝑚2 )(1002 )(1.26𝑥10−6 𝑚)
B. 𝐿 = D. 𝐿 =
1𝑚 1𝑚

5
 23. What data are needed to compute for the induced voltage along the coil?
A. area and length of wire
B. inductance and are of the coil
C. area and the current in the coil
D. inductance and the change in current per time
24-25. What is the inductance in the coil? (Show your solution.)
A. 2.47 x 10-7 H C. 2.46 x 10-3 H
B. 1.98 x 10 H
-4 D. 9.95 x 10-3 H

Lesson The Inductor and Its

1 Functions
You have learned about resistors and capacitors working together in an
electronic circuit. An addition to the system of these electronic components is the
inductor. What is the main working mechanism of an inductor? How does its specific
physical structure contribute to its function? What can an inductor do? These
questions will be addressed in this module. Therefore, be more enthusiastic in using
this module and perform all tasks with energy.

What’s In

Activity 1.1. Name that Component

Part I. Directions: Given is an image of a circuit board. Name the components
identified in each item.

7.
1.
6.

5.

2.

4.

3.

Figure 1. PC Power Supply PCB

Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PC_Power_Supply_PCB_damagend_
capacitors_after_fan_failure.jpg

6
Part II. Directions: Figure 2 is a type of inductor. Study the picture carefully.
In the statements that follow, write TRUE if you think this statement is
correct and FALSE if otherwise.

Figure 2. A Toroidal Inductor

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Toroidal_inductor.jpg
1. An inductor is also called coil.
2. An inductor is a passive electronic component.
3. An inductor is made of an insulated conducting material.
4. When current flows along the inductor, it creates a magnetic field.
5. An inductor has a core material where the copper wire is wrapped around it.

What is It

Inductance
Inductance is a basic electrical measurement that affect circuits to a certain
extent. It is the ability of a conductor to produced induced voltage when the current
flowing in the conductor varies. The component that provides inductance is called
an inductor. Others call it as coil.
Inductors store energy in the magnetic field that is created by the flow of
electrical current.
Induction by Alternating Current

Previously we have learned the

. Figure 2. The Sinusoidal Graph of AC
Source: https://www.sunpower-
uk.com//files/2014/07Alternating-Current.jpg
following as a property of an
alternating current.
• A flow of electrical charges
that periodically reverses its
direction and changes its
magnitude continuously
with time.
Look at Figure 2. In a period of
1 second, current alternately
increases from 0 to maximum then
goes back to 0 and then repeat the
same pattern but in the opposite
direction. This cycle is repeated 60
times in 1 second. Hence, an
alternating current has a frequency of
60 Hz.

7
 The flowing alternating current in
the conductor produces a circular
magnetic field around the conductor.
The magnetic lines of flux form complete
circular loops that do not cross around
the whole length of the conductor. But
since an alternating current is flowing
along the conductor, the direction and
area of the magnetic field surrounding
the conductor is varying periodically as
well. This is best illustrated in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Alternating Current and
Magnetic Field Interaction in a Conductor
The magnetic field induced by the alternating current changes in consonance
to the direction and magnitude of the AC. The interaction is summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Alternating Current and Magnetic Field Interaction in a Conductor

Time Alternating Current Magnetic Field

Stamp (The conductor is in (Encircling the conductor)
upright position.)
Direction Magnitude Illustration Direction Magnitude
A upward increasing counterclockwise expanding

B upward maximum counterclockwise maximum

expansion

C upward decreasing counterclockwise shrinking/

collapsing

D none zero nonexistent none zero

E downward increasing clockwise expanding

F downward maximum clockwise maximum

expansion

G downward decreasing clockwise shrinking/

collapsing

H none zero nonexistent none zero

I to P Repeat the cycle from A to H
Images Source: https://www.nagwa.com/en/explainers/746131540860/

8
 The result of an expanding and collapsing magnetic field is the same as that
of a magnetic field in motion (the source of the magnetic field is in motion). The
moving magnetic flux cuts across the conductor and produces an induced voltage in
the conductor itself.

The induced voltage due along the conductor is the inductance. The symbol
for inductance is L and the metric unit is henry (H). The amount of inductance has
an important effect in any circuit in which the current changes. It is an additional
characteristic of the circuit besides its resistance.
Inductance is important in:
1. AC circuits
➢ Here the current is continuously changing and producing induced voltage.
Lower frequencies of AC require more inductance to produce the same amount
of induced voltage compared to higher AC frequencies.
2. DC circuits in which the current changes in value.
➢ It is necessary for the current to reverse direction. One example is a dc circuit
being turned on or off. This creates a transient response where in the
inductance affects the circuit suddenly at the time of switching. A steady
direct current will not induce voltage.

The conductor carrying the current

can straight, but it can also be arranged
in a coil. This coil of wire is called a
solenoid. Shown in Figure 4 is a current
carrying solenoid. Notice the magnetic
flux cutting across the solenoid itself. As
an AC flows through the solenoid, the
magnetic field changes. Voltage is
induced in the coils.
Solenoids can have cores- that
Figure 4. Current-carrying Solenoid is the conductor is wrapped
Source: https://clintonmachine.com/what-is-induction/ around a metal.

What’s More

Activity 1.2. Inductance Questions

Direction: Answer the given questions briefly.

1. Which solenoid will have greater inductance in each case considering all other
factors remain the same for both solenoids:
a. Solenoid A connected to a 220-V source or Solenoid B connected to a 110-V
source?
b. Solenoid A with an iron core or Solenoid B without an iron core?
c. Solenoid A with 100 turns or Solenoid B with 200 turns?
Explain your choices for each case in 1 sentence only.

2. Suppose I connected a solenoid to a 12-V battery, will there be an inductance in

the circuit? Why do you say so?

9
 What is It

Self-inductance Computations
The ability of a conductor to induce voltage in itself when the current changes
is its self-inductance or simply inductance. The symbol is L and its unit is henry (H)
named after Joseph Henry. He was one of the scientists who first observed
electromagnetic induction.
The henry (H) unit – 1 H is the amount of inductance that allows 1 V to be induced
when the current changes at the rate of 1 ampere (A) per second (s)
1𝑉
1𝐻 =
𝐴
1
𝑠
Inductance can be computed using this equation:
𝑽𝑳
𝑳= 𝒅𝑰 L = inductance in the circuit, unit is henry (H)
𝒅𝒕
VL = Voltage induced by the coil, unit in volts (V)

𝒅𝑰
= The symbol d indicates an infinitesimally small change in current
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑰
with time. The factor for the current variation with respect to time really specifies
𝒅𝒕
how fast the current’s associated magnetic flux is cutting the conductor to produce
VL. Unit is ampere per second (A/s).

Sample Problems:
1. The current in a conductor changes from 5 to 6 A in 1 s. How much is the
inductance if the induced voltage is 10 V?
Given: dI = 6 A – 5 A= 1 A ds = 1 s – 0 = 1 s
VL = 10 V
Required: L =?
VL
Equation: L= dI
dt
10 𝑉 10 𝑉
Solution: L= 1A = 𝐴
1𝑠
1s
Answer: L = 10 H
2. How much is the inductance of a coil that induces 40 V when its current changes
at the rate of 4 A/s
dI A
Given: = 4 VL = 40 V
dt s
Required: L =?
VL
Equation: L= dI
dt
40 𝑉 10 𝑉
Solution: L= A = 𝐴
4 s 𝑠
Answer: L = 10 H

10
 What’s More

Activity 1.3. Computing for Inductance in a Circuit

Directions: Solve the given problems. Show your solution in GRESA form.
1. How much is the inductance of a coil that induces 1000 V when its current
changes at the rate of 50 mA in 2 μs?
2. The current in an inductor changes by 50 mA in 2 μs. How much is the inductance
if the induced voltage is 5 V?

What is It

Inductance of Coils
In terms of physical construction, the inductance depends on how the coil
wounds. Study the given details:
1. A greater number of turns N increases L because more voltage can be induced. L
increases in proportion to N2. Double the number of turns in the same area and
length increases the inductance 4 times.
2. More area A enclosed by each turn increases L. This means a coil with larger
turns has more inductance. The L increases in direct proportion to A and as the
square of diameter of each turn.
3. The L increases with the permeability of the core. For an air core, relative
permeability (μr) is 1. With a magnetic core, L is increased by the μr, factor as the
magnetic flux is concentrated in the coil.
4. The L decreases with more length (l) for the same number of turns, as the
magnetic field then is less concentrated.

These statements are summarized in the given equation for inductance:

𝛍𝐫 𝐍 𝟐 𝐀 (𝟏. 𝟐𝟔 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )
𝐋 =
𝐥
where: L = inductance in H
𝜇𝑟 = relative permeability of the core
𝑁 2 = number of turns
A = area in m2
l = length of wire in m
1.26 x 10−6 = absolute permeability of air or vacuum (symbol: μ)
= This is also equal to 4π x 10-7 Wb/A.m
= Unit → weber/ ampere. meter (Wb/Am)
Sample Problems:
1. What is the inductance in an air-core coil with 100 turns and an area of 2 x 10 -4
m2 with the length of 0.2 m?
Given: 𝜇𝑟 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 N = 100 turns A = 2 x 10-4 m2
l = 0.2 m
Required: L =?

11
 𝜇𝑟 𝑁2 𝐴 (1.26 𝑥 10−6 )
Equation: 𝐿 =
𝑙
(1.0) (100)2 (2 𝑥 10−4 ) (1.26 𝑥 10−6 )
Solution: 𝐿 =
0.2 𝑚

Answer: L = 12. 6 x 10-6 H = 12.6 μH

2. A long cylindrical solenoid with 100 loops per 1 cm has a radius of 1.6 cm. Assume
the magnetic field inside the solenoid to be homogeneous and parallel to the axis of
the solenoid.
(a) What is the inductance of solenoid per 1 meter of its length?
(b) What electromotive force is induced per 1 meter of the length of the solenoid if the
current change is 13 A/s?
a. Inductance
Given: 𝜇𝑟 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 N = 100 turns r = 1.6 cm = 0.016 m
l= 1 m
Required: L =?
μr N2 A (1.26 x 10−6 )
Equation: L =
l

But we must compute for the circular area of the solenoid.

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.1416 (0.016 𝑚)2 = 8.04 𝑥 10−4

(1.0) (100)2 (8.04 x 10−4 ) (1.26 x 10−6 )

Solution: L =
1m

Answer: L = 1.01 x 10-5 H = 10.1 x 10-6 H = 10. 1 μH

b. electromotive force/ voltage/ VL
dI A
Given: = 13 L = 1.01 x 10-5 H
dt s

Required: VL =?
VL 𝑑𝐼
Equation: L= dI Derived Formula: 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
dt

𝑑𝐼 𝐴
Solution: 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿 = 1.01 𝑥 10−5 𝐻 (13 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑠

Answer: 𝑉𝐿 = 1.31 x 10−4 𝑉 = 13.1 x 10−3 𝑉 = 13.1 mV

What’s More

Activity 1.4. Inductance of Coils

Directions. Solve the given problems. Show your answers in GRESA form.

1. A solenoid of 500 turns is wound on an iron core of relative permeability 800.

The length and radius of the solenoid are 40 cm and 3 cm respectively. Calculate
the average emf induced in the solenoid if the current in it changes from 0 to 3 A in
0.4 second.

12
2. What is the inductance in a solenoid with a carbon steel core if 300 turns were
done out of a 1-meter wire? The radius is 0.5 cm. Relative permeability of carbon
steel is 100.

What is It

Inductors
➢ An inductor is a passive electrical component. It is made up of a coil of wire
which works following the principle of electromagnetic induction.
➢ An inductor is also known as coil and choke.
➢ It is formed with wire tightly wrapped around a solid central core which can
be either a straight cylindrical rod or continuous loop or ring to concentrate
their magnetic flux.

Figure 5. Inductors and Symbols

Source: Image 1- https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inductors.jpg
Image 2- https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-15/magnetic-fields-and-
inductance/

➢ The function of inductors in a circuit is to store the kinetic energy of moving

electrons in the form of a magnetic field. Energy storage in an inductor is a
function of the amount of current through it. This results in the tendency of
the inductor to maintain current at a constant level.
➢ Inductors resist changes in current by producing a voltage between its leads
in opposing polarity to the change.

2 Functions of Inductors

1. As a Source – This happens when the inductor is subjected to decreasing

current. The inductor creates a voltage as it releases stored energy
(negative on the current entry side and positive on the current exit side,
like a battery).
2. As a Load – This happens when the inductor is subjected to an
increasing current. The inductor creates a voltage as it absorbs energy
(positive on the current entry side and negative on the current exit side,
like a resistor).

13
Types of Inductors
1. Air-core Inductor – A simple winding with air as the core material. Some have
non-magnetic materials like plastic and ceramic as core materials. These offer a
minimum signal loss at the applications having a very high magnetic field
strength.
2. Iron-Core Inductor – The core material is a ferromagnetic material such as ferrite
or iron. This type of core material helps in the increase of inductance due to its
high magnetic permeability. Inductors with iron core suffer from core losses and
energy losses at high frequencies. These are used in the manufacture of few types
of transformers.
3. Toroidal Inductors – The core material is a magnetic material. These inductors
are in circular ring shape which aids in the minimum losses in the magnetic flux.
These are mostly used in AC circuit applications.
4. Laminated Core Inductors – The core material is made of laminated thin steel
sheets such as stacks. These thin steel sheets of stacks are helpful in blocking
the eddy currents which minimizes the loop action. These are mostly used in the
manufacture of transformers.
5. Powdered Iron Core Inductors – The core material is made of magnetic materials
with some air gaps in it. This design helps in the storage of high level of energy
compared with the other types. These inductors have very low eddy current losses
and hysteresis losses.

What’s More

Activity 1.5. Inductors

Directions. Identify what is asked in each item. Write your answer on a
separate sheet.

A. Identify the function of the inductor in each diagram.

Diagram A Diagram B

B. Identify the type of inductor described in each item.

1. This is used in the manufacture of some few types of transformers.
2. The core material is a magnetic material with some air gaps in it.
3. The core material is a stack of laminated thin steel sheets.
4. This is mostly used in AC circuit applications.

14
 5. This has a very low eddy current loss.
6. This offers a minimum signal loss.
7. The shape is a circular ring.
8. The core material is plastic.
9. The core material is ferrite.
10. The core material is iron.

Lesson
Mutual Induction and
2 Transformers
In the previous lesson, you have learned that an alternating current can
induce a voltage in a coil because of the changing magnetic field created by the
current in the coil. But what if two coils are placed side by side. What do you think
will happen in the second coil if an alternating current is made to flow in the first
current? Since a changing magnetic field is induced in the first coil, it will induce a
secondary voltage in the second coil as well. This phenomenon is called mutual
induction.

What’s New

Activity 2.1. The Transformer and Mutual Induction

Directions: Study the given table then answer the questions that follow. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answers.

TRANSFORMER Number Voltage Current Number of Voltage in Current in

of Turns in the in the Turns in the the
in the Primary Primary the Secondary Secondary
Primary Coil Coil Secondary Coil (Vs) in Coil
Coil (Vp) in (Ip) in Coil volts (V) (Is) in
(Np) volts (V) ampere (Ns) ampere (A)
(A)
10 120 20 20 240 10
A
20 240 40 40 480 20
10 120 20 5 60 40
B
20 240 40 10 120 80

1. What is the difference between Transformers A and B in terms of the

comparison between NP and NS?
2. What happens to the voltage induced in the secondary coil as the number
of turns is increased?
3. What happens to the current in the secondary coil as the number of turns
I increased?

15
 4. What happens to the voltage induced in the secondary coil as the number
of turns is decreased?
5. What happens to the current in the secondary coil as the number of turns
is decreased?
6. Which transformer is a STEP-UP transformer?
7. Which transformer is a STEP-DOWN transformer?
8. Differentiate between a STEP-UP and STEP-DOWN transformer?

What is It

Mutual Induction
If two coils of wire are brought into proximity with each other so the magnetic
field from one links with the other, a voltage will be generated in the second coil as a
result. This is called mutual inductance: when voltage impressed upon one coil
induces a voltage in another. Let us study the given diagram.

Figure 6. Mutual Induction

Source: http://www.matni.co/Arabic/Elec-Info/Basic%20Electronics/Basic%20E7.htm

➢ In Figure 6, the first coil is connected to a generator that produces varying

current in turns (AC).
➢ The second coil is not connected to the first coil, but the turns are linked by the
magnetic field. There is a magnetic energy transfer from the first coil to the
second coil.
➢ The alternating current in the first coil induces voltage (Vp) in the first coil and in
the second coil (Vs).
➢ If all the flux of the current in the first coil links all the turns of the second coil,
each turn in the second coil will have the same amount of induced voltage as each
turn in the first coil.
➢ The induced voltage in the second coil (V s) can produce current in a load
resistance connected across the second coil.
➢ When the induced voltage produces current in the second coil, its varying
magnetic field induced voltage in the first coil.
➢ The coils have mutual inductance because current in one can induce voltage
in the other.

16
 The unit of mutual inductance is the henry (H) and the symbol is LM. Two
coils have mutual inductance of 1 H when a current change of 1 A/s in one coil
induces 1 V in the other coil.
An iron used as a core for the coil increases the mutual inductance since it
concentrates magnetic flux. Any magnetic lines that do not link the two coils result
in leakage flux.

Coefficient of Coupling
➢ The ratio of total flux from one coil linking another coil
➢ Symbol: k and is unitless
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 2
𝑘 =
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 1
➢ k = 1 → If all the flux in coil 1 links coil 2 (This is called unity coupling.)
➢ k = 0.5 → half the flux of coil 1 links coil 2
➢ The coefficient of coupling is increased by placing the coils closer together.
They are placed in parallel rather than perpendicular to each other.
Sometimes, the two coils are wound together on a common iron core.
➢ Tight coupling → high value of k → The current in coil 1 induces more voltage
in coil 2.
➢ Loose coupling → low value of k → The current in coil 1 induces less voltage
in coil 2.

What’s More

Activity 2.2 Review Exercise on Mutual Inductance

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If the statement is
incorrect, revise it to make it true.
1. In mutual inductance, current directly flows from coil A to coil B.
2. To induce more voltage in coil B, supply the coil with more current.
3. A 0.25 value of k means that a quarter of the flux of coil A links coil B.
4. A direct current supplied to coil A will also induce a secondary voltage in coil B.
5. As current flows in coil A, a voltage is generated in coil B which is induced by
the changing magnetic field of coil A.

What is It

Transformers
A device specifically designed to produce the effect of mutual inductance
between two or more coils is called a transformer. Because magnetically-induced
voltage only happens when the magnetic field flux is changing in strength relative to
the wire, mutual inductance between two coils can only happen with alternating
(changing—AC) voltage, and not with direct (steady—DC) voltage.

17
 The only applications for mutual inductance in a DC system where some
means is available to switch power on and off to the coil (thus creating a pulsing DC
voltage), the induced voltage peaking at every pulse.

A very useful property of transformers is the ability to transform voltage and

current levels according to a simple ratio, determined by the ratio of input and output
coil turns.

➢ If the energized coil of a transformer is energized by an AC voltage, the amount

of AC voltage induced in the unpowered coil will be equal to the input voltage
multiplied by the ratio of output to input wire turns in the coils.
➢ Conversely, the current through the windings of the output coil compared to
the input coil will follow the opposite ratio: if the voltage is increased from
input coil to output coil, the current will be decreased by the same proportion.

Figure 7. Transformer
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transformer3d_col.svg

In Figure 7, has the primary winding LP connected to a voltage source that

produces alternating current, while the secondary winding LS is connected across
the load resistance RL. The purpose of this transformer is to transfer power from the
primary to the secondary. Although the two coils are not physically connected, power
in the primary is coupled into the secondary by the magnetic field linking the two
coils. The transformer is used to provide power for the load, instead of connecting
the load directly to the voltage source.

Physical Definition Equation

Quantities
Turns ➢ The ratio of the number of turns in the primary NP
Turns Ratio =
Ratio (NP) to the secondary (NS) NS

Voltage ➢ With unity coupling between primary and VP NP

=
Ratio secondary, the voltage induced in each turn of VS NS
the secondary (VS) is the same as the self-
induced voltage of each turn in the primary (VP)
➢ When: NP > NS Then: VP > NS
→ The voltage is stepped down.

18
 ➢ When: NP < NS Then: VP < NS
→ The voltage is stepped up.

Current ➢ The current ratio is the inverse of the voltage IS VP

=
Ratio ratio. IP VS
➢ Voltage stepped up in the secondary coil means
current is stepped down.
➢ Voltage stepped down in the secondary coil
means current is stepped up.

Based on these quantities, you can classify a transformer into two types:
1. Step-up Transformer
➢ The output voltage is greater than its input voltage.
➢ Decreases the output current for keeping the input and output power of the
system equal
➢ The output current is less, hence, it is used for reducing the power loss.
➢ USES:
• In transmission lines for transforming the high voltage produced by
the alternator
• Used in starting an electrical motor, in microwave oven, X-rays, etc.
➢ NP < NS
➢ IP < IS
➢ VP > IS

2. Step- down Transformer

➢ The output voltage is less than its input voltage.
➢ Used for electrical isolation, in a power distribution network, for controlling
the home appliances, in a doorbell, etc.
➢ NP > NS
➢ IP > IS
➢ VP < IS

Examples:
1. A power transformer has 100 turns in the primary coil and 600 turns in the
secondary coil. What is the turns ratio? How much is the secondary voltage if the
primary voltage is 120 V. What type of transformer is this?

Given: NP = 100 turns NS = 600 turns VP = 120 V

Required: Turn ratio =? VS =?
NP VP N
Equation: Turns Ratio = N = P
S VS NS
NP 100
Solution: Turns Ratio = N = 600
= 0.17 or 1: 6
S
VP N
= P
VS NS
120 V 100 turns
=
VS 600 turns
VS (100) = 120𝑉(600)
100 VS 72000 V
=
100 100
VS = 720 V
Answer: Turns Ratio= 1:6
VS = 720 V Step-up Transformer

19
2. A transformer with a 1:6 turns ratio has 720 V across 7200 Ω in the secondary.
How much is IS? Calculate the value of IP. What type of transformer is this?

Given: Turns ratio= 1:6 VS = 720 V RS = 7200 Ω

Required: IS =? IP=?
VS IS NP
Equation: IS = =
RS IP NS
VS
Solution: IS =
RS
VS 720 V
IS = = = 0.1 A
RS 7200 𝛺
0.1 A 1
=
IP 6
IP = (0.1 A) 6
IP = 0.6 A
Answer: 𝐈𝐒 = 0.1 A
IP = 0.6 A Step-up Transformer

What’s More

Activity 2.3 Problems on Transformers

Directions: Answer the following questions. For problem solving, use GRESA in
your solution.

1. With more IS for the secondary load, does the IP increase or decrease?
2. A power transformer has 100 turns for the primary coil and 5 turns for the
secondary coil. What is the turns ratio? How much is the secondary voltage with a
primary voltage of 120 V? What type of transformer is this?
3. A transformer with a 20:1 voltage step-down ratio has 6 V across 0.6 Ω in the
secondary. How much is the current in the secondary coil? How much is the current
in the primary coil? What type of transformer is this?

What I Have Learned

1. Inductance is a basic electrical measurement that affect circuits to a certain

extent. It is the ability of a conductor to produced induced voltage when the
current flowing in the conductor varies. The component that provides
inductance is called an inductor. Others call it as coil.
2. The ability of a conductor to induce voltage in itself when the current changes
is its self-inductance or simply inductance. The symbol is L and its unit is
henry (H) named after Joseph Henry.
3. Inductance (L) is directly proportional to the relative permeability of the core
(μr), the square of the number of turns of the coil (N2) and the area of the turns
but inversely proportional to the length of the coil (l).
4. An inductor, also known as coil and choke, is a passive electrical component
which is made up of a coil of wire which works following the principle of

20
 electromagnetic induction. It is formed with wire tightly wrapped around a
solid central core which can be either a straight cylindrical rod or continuous
loop or ring to concentrate their magnetic flux.
5. An inductor can work as a source or a load.
6. Mutual inductance takes place when two coils of wire are brought into
proximity with each other so the magnetic field from one links with the other,
a voltage will be generated in the second coil as a result.
7. A transformer is a device that exhibits mutual inductance.
8. There are two types of transformers, the step-up transformer which induces a
secondary voltage (Vs) greater than the primary voltage (VP). The second type
is the step-down transformer which induces a secondary voltage (Vs) greater
than the primary voltage (VP).

What I Can Do

Activity 2.4 Inductance at Home

Directions: In the given box, paste a picture (or draw) of a device/ appliance which
uses the principle of inductance. In not more than 5 sentences, explain the
purpose of inductance in the operation of this device.
Scoring Rubrics:

Assessment

Direction. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Direction. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT needed to create inductance in a circuit?
A. Alternating Current C. Coil of Wire
B. Battery D. Pulsating DC
For items 2-5, refer to the following choices.1
A. increases B. decreases C. constant D. becomes zero
What happens to inductance in a circuit
2. when the number of turns in the coil is decreased?
3. when the area occupied by the coil of wire is decreased?
4. When the length of the coil of wire is decreased?
5. when the inductor is changed from iron core to air core?

6. What must be the cause why magnetic fields at some point of a coil of wire
collapses?
A. The current changes from AC to DC current.
B. The direction of current at that point is reversed.
C. The current at that point is in its maximum value.
D. The current at that point is in its minimum value.

21
7. What happens to the coil of wire when the magnetic field in a coil expands and
contracts?
A. Voltage will become infinite in value.
B. Voltage is induced along the coil of wire.
C. Voltage is increased from its original value.
D. Voltage is decreased from its original value.
8. How to create inductance in a circuit connected to 12 V battery?
A. Add copper wires to make the path of current longer.
B. Increase voltage by adding 2 or more batteries.
C. Turn on and off the circuit.
D. Add a load to the circuit.
9. What happens to the circuit when it is connected to an inductor?
A. The amount of current is increased, providing a stored charge to be
used when the circuit shuts down.
B. The voltage is reduced to its minimum value, preventing damage to the
loads.
C. The flow of current is resisted, providing a good control as it flows to the
load.
D. None of the above.
10. Which of the following is an application of self-inductance?
A. Transformers connecting main lines and household lines
B. Sensors that detect the presence of a magnetic field
C. Chargers for phones and computers
D. Power supply units for computers
11. What can be seen inside a transformer?
A. Two inductors
B. Two coils of wires
C. Two pieces of Neodymium magnets
D. Two AWG 0000 wires 5 cm each in length
12. Which of the following explains the occurrence of mutual inductance?
A. Mutual inductance is a property of coils of wires placed near each other
to induced voltage.
B. Mutual inductance is produced when direct current is supplied to the
two coils of wire.
C. Mutual inductance is produced in a coil of wire as alternating current
flows in it.
D. Mutual inductance is a property of a coil of wire to induced voltage.
13. What are the two types of transformers?
A. Step-up and Step-down Transformers
B. Generators and Electric Motor Transformers
C. Self-inducing and mutual inducing transformers
D. Permanent and Electromagnetic Transformers

For items 14-17, refer to the given figure.

14. What takes place inside these drums?
A. Self-inductance
B. Mutual Inductance
C. Electromagnetic Induction
D. None of the above.
15. What kind of transformer is shown?
A. Step- up C. Generator
B. Step-down D. Electric Motor
16. What happens to the output voltage (v s) that is released from these drums?
A. Becomes zero B. Doubled C. Increased D. Reduced

22
17. What is TRUE about the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils
inside these drums?
A. The number of turns in both primary and secondary coil are equal.
B. The number of turns in the primary coil is greater than the number of
turns in the secondary coil.
C. The number of turns in the primary coil is lesser than the number of
turns in the secondary coil.
D. None of the above.
18. The current produced in the secondary coil of a step-up transformer is
A. always equal to zero.
B. equal to the current produced in the primary coil.
C. lesser than the current produced in the primary coil.
D. greater than the current produced in the primary coil.
19. What is the relationship between number of turns to inductanced?
A. square inversely proportional C. inversely proportional
B. square direct proportional D. directly proportional

For items 20-25, refer to the given problem.

A 1- meter wire is coiled into 50 turns forming a 1 cm-diameter air-core
inductor. In 1 second, this coil can change current from 0 to 100mA.
20. What data can be used in computing the inductance of the coil?
A. length of wire C. the diameter
B. the change in current D. All the given choices.
21. The area of the coil affects the inductance of the coil. Which of the following
implies the area of the coil?
A. 1 meter B. 50 turns C. 1.0 cm D. 1 second
22. How will the inductance of this coil be computed?
𝐻 𝐻
(7.85 x 10-1 𝑚2 )(502 )(1.26𝑥10−6 𝑚) (7.85 x 10-5 𝑚2 )(502 )(1.26𝑥10−6 𝑚)
A. 𝐿 = C. 𝐿 =
1𝑚 1𝑚
𝐻 𝐻
(7.85 x 10-2 𝑚2 )(502 )(1.26𝑥10−6 𝑚) (7.85 x 10-6 𝑚2 )(502 )(1.26𝑥10−6 𝑚)
B. 𝐿 = D. 𝐿 =
1𝑚 1𝑚

23. What data are needed to compute for the induced voltage along the coil?
A. area and length of wire
B. inductance and are of the coil
C. area and the current in the coil
D. inductance and the change in current per time
24-25. What is the inductance in the coil? (Show your solution.)
A. 2.47 x 10-03 H C. 2.47 x 10-07 H
B. 2.47 x 10 H
-04 D. 2.47 x 10-08 H

23
 Answer Key

What I Know
1. C 6. B 11. C 16. A 21. C
2. A 7. B 12. A 17. A 22. D
3. A 8. B 13. A 18. A 23. D
4. B 9. B 14. B 19. C 24. A
5. A 10. C 15. B 20. D 25. -

What's In: Activity 1.1. Name that Component

Part I
1. Inductor 4. Integrated Circuit 7. Capacitor
2. Capacitor 5. Resistor
3. Transistor 6. Diode
Part II
1-5. TRUE

What’s More: Act 1.2.- Inductance Questions

1. a. Solenoid A. A 220-V source will produce greater current.
b. Solenoid A. An iron-core will concentrate the magnetic field lines, thus creating more inductance.
c. Solenoid B. More magnetic field lines will be produced if there are more turns in the coil.
2. No. A 12-V battery will produce a direct current. Therefore, the magnetic field in the coil will be fixed
(will not collapse or expand). As a result, no voltage will be induced.

What’s More: Activity 1.3. Computing for the Inductance in a Circuit

VL 1000 V
1. L = dI = 50 x 10-3 A
= 0.04 H
dt 2 x 10-6
VL 5V
2. L = dI = 50 x 10-3 A
= 0.0002 H
dt 2 x 10-6

What’s More: Activity 1.4. Inductance of Coils

(800) (500)2 (2.83 x 10−3 m2 ) (1.26 x 10−6 H/m)
1. L = = 1.78 H
0.40 m

(100) (300)2 (7.85 x 10−5 m2 ) (1.26 x 10−6 H/m)

2. L = = 8.90 x 10-4 H
1.0 m

What’s More: Activity 1.5. Inductors

1. Iron-core Inductor 6. Air-core Inductor
2. Powdered Iron Core Inductor 7. Toroidal Inductor
3. Laminated Core Inductor 8. Air-core Inductor
4. Toroidal Inductor 9. Iron-core Inductor
5. Powdered Iron Core 10. Iron-core Inductor

24
What’s New: Activity 2.1 The Transformer and Mutual Induction
1. Transformer A has more turns in the secondary coil compared to the number of turns in the
primary coil. Transformer B has lesser number of turns in the secondary coil compared to number of
turns in the primary coil.
2. The induced voltage in the secondary coil is greater/ increased.
3. The current in the secondary is decreased.
4. The induced voltage in the secondary coil is lesser/ decreased.
5. The current in the secondary is increased.
6. Transformer A
7. Transformer B
8. A step-up transformer has a greater number of turns and greater voltage in the secondary coil than
in the primary coil but a lesser value of secondary current than the value of the primary current. A
step-down transformer has lesser number of turns and voltage in the secondary coil than in the
primary coil but a greater value of secondary current than the value of the primary current.

What’s More: Activity 2.2 Review Exercise on Mutual Inductance

1. Coil A is linked to Coil B through magnetic field lines.
2. True
3. True
4. An alternating current should be supplied to coil A to induce a voltage in Coil B.
5. True

What’s More: Activity 2.3 Problems on Transformers

1. IP will not be affected by the secondary coil’s current. It is the current in the
primary coil that induces current in the secondary coil.
N 100 20
2. Turns Ratio = NP = 5 = 1 or 20: 1
S
NS VP 5 (120 V)
VS = = = 6V Step-down transformer
NP 100

VS 6V
3. IS = = = 10 A
RS 0.6 𝛺
NS IS 1 (10 A)
IP = = = 0.5 A Step-down Transformer
NP 20

Assessment
1. B 6. D 11. B 16. D 21. C
2. B 7. B 12. A 17. C 22. C
3. B 8. D 13. A 18. C 23. D
4. A 9. C 14. B 19. B 24. C
5. B 10. C 15. B 20. D 25. -

25
References
Basic Electronics-Types of Inductors. (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2021, from Tutorialspoint:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/basic_electronics/basic_electronics_types_of_inductors.ht
m

Grob, B. (1993). Grob Basic Electronics Seventh Edition. Westerville OH: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Inductance of a Coil. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2021, from Electronics Tutorial:
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/inductor/inductance.html

Magnetic Fields and Inductance. (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2021, from All About Circuits:
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-15/magnetic-fields-and-
inductance/

Permittivity of free space. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2021, from Energy EDucation:
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Permittivity_of_free_space

The Inductor. (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2021, from Electronics Tutorials: https://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/inductor/inductor.html

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Melissa B. Gagujas
Juan G. Macaraeg National High School
Mobile#: +639957035334
email address: melissa.gagujas@deped.gov.ph

26