— CONFIDENTIAL

APRIL 24TH , 2019

Battery energy storage system PQpluS

Enhancing availability and reliability of the electrical network
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Introduction
Why storage?
—
Battery energy storage systems (BESS)
Segments

Industry and commercial

– Demand management meeting the highest peak loads without paying additional power fees
– Improve power quality
– Available backup power for critical loads and equipments

Electrification of transportation
– Electric vehicles adding a new challenge to already congested distribution networks
– Can provide power from the batteries to charge vehicles and reduce the demand on the grid
– Enables DC fast charging without increasing demand charges
– Electric vehicles adding a new challenge to already congested distribution networks
– More power available for increase in high speed railway lines and for chargers of battery powered trains

Renewables
– Acts as a buffer and smoothens out the renewable generation allowing for seamless grid integration
– Smoothens the output and controls the ramp rate (MW/min or kW/min) to eliminate rapid voltage and power swings on the electrical grid
– Aligns wind and solar generation peaks with demand peaks

May 22, 2019 Slide 7

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Battery energy storage systems (BESS)
Segments

Utilities
– Flattening demand peaks, thereby reducing stress on grid equipment
– Allows higher mix of intermittent of renewables into the grid
– Enables grid code compliance

Microgrids
– Balancing fluctuating demand and a changing generation mix, without over sizing equipment

May 22, 2019 Slide 8

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UPS VS Battery energy storage systems
A quick recap

UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply (series connected) PQpluS – Parallel to the load
– Power from the grid is continuously rectified to charge the – Energy is stored in the batteries and reused as and when needed
battery and re-converted it into AC to power the critical loads – As soon as there is a power failure, the relay actuator activates
with a high quality sine wave. A static bypass switch is also a the inverter switch. Because of the sensor and relay process,
possibility to bypass the continuous rectification/inversion. there is a delay while activating the switch.
– As soon as there is a power failure, energy is drawn from the – Seamless transition will be available in the future
battery which acts as a voltage source and hence there is no gap
during an outage
AC from
Inverter Critical Loads
Rectifier the grid
loads
AC from AC DC
the grid AC Bidirectionnal
DC AC inverter
DC

Battery
UPS are suitable for sensitive equipment like computers, semi- Battery
conductor industry, …

May 22, 2019 Slide 9

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PQpluS - Main components
—
PQpluS
Layout and main components

Complete system Network/ renewable plant control and

optimization
– PQstorI bi-directional inverters
– Energy storage batteries
– Low level system controller (EMS)
– HVAC Control and protection EMS BMS BMS BMS

Optional items:
– Firefighting system/fire alarm panel
Grid
– Off gas sensor (recommended) connection

– M2M Power meter

– 3G router PQstorI
Inverter
– Anti-islanding relay

PQpluS

May 22, 2019 Slide 11

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PQpluS
Main Components - PQstorI

Bi-directional inverters
– PQstorI range of inverters
– In-house production
– Wide power range (30 kW – 1600 kW)
– Loaded with Power Quality functionalities
– 3-Ph 3-Wire & 3-Ph 4-Wire capabilities

May 22, 2019 Slide 12

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PQpluS
Main Components – Li-Ion batteries

Storage batteries
– Li-Ion batteries from Samsung SDI
– Li-Ion is the preferred choice due to:
• High energy density
• Deeper depth of discharge
• High charge-discharge cycles
– Front access for ease of installation and maintenance
– Voltage range
• 635 Vdc – 820 Vdc

May 22, 2019 Slide 13

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PQpluS
Li-Ion batteries

Commonly used terms Quick recapitulations – what is the C rate?

– C-rate
– Installed energy
– Usable energy
– Beginning of Life (BoL)
– End of Life (EoL)
– State of Health (SoH)
– Charging modes – CP/CV
– Battery Management System (BMS)
– Charge and discharge rates of a battery are governed by C-
rates. The capacity of a battery is commonly rated “kWh”
defined at 0.5C, 1C, 2C etc.
– Theoretically, a fully charged 1C battery rated at 100kWh should
provide 100kW for one hour
– The same battery discharging at 0.5C should provide 50kW for
two hours, and at 2C it delivers 200kW for 30 minutes
– Practically speaking, we have different batteries for different C
rate application as cost of the same ($/kWh) is different as well
as the application where they can be used are different too

May 22, 2019 Slide 14

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PQpluS
More about the Li-Ion batteries

General information
– Typically the end of life is reached when the SoH is 80%
– Many factors affect the battery life:
• C-rate at which charge/discharge takes place
• Number of cycles (Charge/discharge)
• Rest SoC & depth of discharge
• Temperature (Operating as well as calendar life)
– Usable energy represent the amount of charge which can be
taken out from the battery, which depends how the batteries
are charged/discharged at the extreme end of its charge level
(fully charged and fully discharged)
– With CV/CV mode, the batteries can be used from 100% to 0%
SoC – no charge is lost

May 22, 2019 Slide 15

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PQpluS
More about the Li-Ion batteries

General information
– Batteries need to be stored as per manufacturer’s
recommendation (5 Deg C to + 28 Deg C), in the original packed
conditions, humidity <80%
– Operating temperature is 23 deg C +/- 5 Deg C, humidity <80%
– May need to pre-charge is before use after a long time of
storage
– Self discharge approx. 6% per year
– The Battery Management System (BMS) ensures that the cells
are “balanced” i.e. the cells connected in parallel has the same
state of charge
– This is done using passive balancing” method where the cells
with higher charge is brought the same level as the other cell

May 22, 2019 Slide 16

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Battery
Installed energy VS usable VS End of Life

Installed capacity Usable energy BoL (Beginning of Life) Usable energy EoL (End of Life)
Dischargeable energy = Installed capacity x Several parameters can affect EoL usable
(1 - Charge loss - Discharge loss) energy:

M2f (1C) = 68,5 kWh Why charge loss? – Number of cycles

(9 modules x 7,61 kWh) Why discharge loss? – DoD (Depth of discharge)

– C rate
E2 (0,5C) = 68,5 kWh E.g. M2f Samsung batteries: – Temperature
(9 modules x 7,61 kWh)
Warranty from battery manufacturer:
P3 (2C) = 57,1 kWh – EoL capacity: 80%
(9 modules x 6,349 kWh) – Degradation curve to show how the SoH
varies with time under specific use
@ 1C (CP): Usable energy BoL = 58,6 kWh conditions
68,5 x (100% – 9% - 5,5%)

May 22, 2019 Slide 17

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Battery
Usable energy: Analogy with a cinema

First people entering in the cinema can easily find a seat available
whareas last people entering in the cinema will need more time to
find a seat.

If the flow of people entering is continuously low (= low Constant

Power), most of people will find a seat. If all the people enter at the
same time in the cinema (high Constant Power), it will be more
difficult for the last to find a seat.

Solution would be to reduce the flow of people (= reduce the

charging power) when the cinema is nearly full. This is what happen
with your mobile or electric vehicle: charge fast up to 80% and then it
takes more time to charge the remaining %)

If you need to maintain the same flow (= constant power), people will
not find a seat before the movie start …

May 22, 2019 Slide 18

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Battery
Samsung SDI Battery Rack – Losses

– Losses depend on the rate (C rating) at which charge & discharge takes place
– Direct impact on HVAC needs

Note: These data are for beginning of life systems. Multiply by 1.3 to approximate heat dissipation at EOL 80%,
important to size the HVAC system.

May 22, 2019 Slide 19

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Energy efficiency

Inverter Batteries Auxiliaries Overall system

– Loss <2% of the equipment
power typically:
• Heat loss
• Auxiliaries, Fan, electronic
– IGBT 3 level 18 kHz
– Round Trip Efficiency (RTE):
– M2f (1C) RTE:
– D/C factor to be used to
calculate efficiency every
additional 1000 cycles
– Battery modules have fans, Includes transformer, if it is in
switchgear (approx. the scope of ABB/System
170W/rack) Integrator
– HVAC: different size
depending on the project
– EMS (PLC), HMI, forced
ventilation inverter section
Auxiliary loads may be excluded
while calculating the system
(PQpluS) round trip efficiency

4% 7.5% 3.0% >85%

May 22, 2019 Slide 20

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PQpluS
Cooling & Ventilation

Outdoor PQpluS Indoor PQpluS

– For the outdoor PQpluS, the HVAC is part of our PQpluS – For indoor PQpluS, HVAC is not included in our scope,
– Only the battery compartment is provided with HVAC as they customer to ensure that the batteries are maintained at
need to be maintained at about 23 deg C the right temperature level

– The inverter section only has forced air cooling as they can – We provide all heat loss data for the batteries for
operate at 100% capacity till 40 deg C and with derating till 50 customer to correct size the HVAC
deg C
– If specifically needed, HVAC can also be provided for the inverter
section

May 22, 2019 Slide 21

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PQpluS
Firefighting system
Fire fighting system
Used to stop fire coming from other part of
the PQpluS (electrical cabinet, auxiliaries,…) to
avoid battery racks to be affected
Offgas sensor (1 sensor/battery rack): Note: Different size of systems depending on
Prevent module fire by detecting gas emission number of battery racks
in a module when defected before a runaway
situation before it fire
=> The main breaker is opened to stop
charging/discharging the batteries & enable a
change of defected modules
ABB highly recommends this option

Fire alarm panel

Used to interface the firefighting system and
connect different fire fighting systems to the
PLC

May 22, 2019 Slide 22

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PQpluS
Energy Management System

PQpluS Controller (low level Energy Management

System)
– ABB’s programmable logic controller (PLC) or equivalent
(Wago) as PQpluS controller
– Functionalities offered such as peak shaving and back-up
power
– System compatible with any other High level EMS
(communicating in Modbus protocol)
– Can accept command (set points) from external (3rd party)
high level controller for more complex applications such as
frequency response, capacity firming, ramp rate control
etc.

May 22, 2019 Slide 23

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PQpluS
Response time

General information
– Response time of the PQstorI is 20ms
– For the overall response of the system, we must consider the
delay in the PLC, the communication delay etc.
– In general, we estimate the overall response of the PQpluS is in
the range of 500 ms
– These response time is applicable when the system is operating
in the grid connected mode (P&Q control)
– In islanding mode of operation, the PQpluS forms the network
(i.e. operates like a voltage/frequency source) and the response
time is almost instantaneous

May 22, 2019 Slide 24

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PQpluS - Sizing
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PQpluS
Sizing steps for PQpluS

Sizing of Inverter power (kW)

– Mostly specified by customer
– Care to be taken if certain “kW” is needed at certain PF
Sizing of energy capacity(kWh)
– Depends on what we have to offer
• Installed energy
• Usable at BoL
• EoL capacity

– Simulation tool from Samsung is used to calculate the right

installed capacity to achieve the requested target

May 22, 2019 Slide 26

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PQpluS
Sizing steps for PQpluS

Project requirement:
– 1500kW (min) @ 0,8 PF
– 1500kWh energy at end of 10 yr
– System offered: 1920 kW/2055kWh (30 racks of 68.5kWh)
– Operating assumptions: 0.8C/0.8C; 1 cycle per day

May 22, 2019 Slide 27

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PQpluS - Functions
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PQpluS
Control modes

Control modes Basic control mode VGM control mode (in future)
Current Source Inverter (CSI) control Virtual Generation Mode (VGM) control
Grid-tied scenario (Grid-feeding control) (Grid-supporting control)
P & Q regulation Frequency & voltage regulation with droop
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) control VGM control
Islanding scenario (Grid-forming control) (Grid-forming control)
Fixed frequency, voltage regulation with droop Frequency & voltage regulation with droop
Seamless transition Yes (in future) Yes

Black start Yes Yes

Anti-islanding Yes Yes

May 22, 2019 Slide 29

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Blackstart and Islanding

Blackstart (when power outage) Connection from islanding to grid connected

Required: UPS to energize the control circuit of the PQpluS
Sequence:
1 - When AC bus is detected dead, the feature of black start is enabled, and
the start command is received by the master unit
2 - The master unit opens the islanding contactor and asks the PQpluS
controller to open the load contactor
3 - Then it starts in VSI islanding control with ramping-up voltage, while all the
slave units are kept in standby mode.
4 - After the islanding frequency and voltage are stabilized by the master unit,
slave units are connected to established AC bus in VSI grid-tied mode
together or in sequence
5 - After the startup of all the slave units, the master unit tells the BESS
controller to close the load contactor.
Black start response time: < 1 second
Required: Voltage sensing across the breaker which makes the system
islanded
Sequence :
1 - When the master unit receives resynchronization command, it switches
itself from VSI islanding control to grid-tied control, while all slave units are
kept on working in VSI grid-tied control.
2 - During the transition of resynchronization, islanding frequency is
resynchronized to the grid by the master unit using grid voltage as its PLL
input, while all the slave units follow this frequency by their PLLs
3 - Grid voltage amplitude is detected by the master unit and shared with the
slave units. According to this reference all the units adjust the islanding
voltage together.
4 - Once the differential RMS voltage across the islanding switch is lower than
the threshold, the master unit provides the close command to the islanding
contactor and switch all the units to CSI control.

May 22, 2019 Slide 30

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Peak Shaving
PQpluS functionalities

Peak shaving function

The PQpluS can help smoothen peaks in power consumption on
the network by storing and injecting power when needed from its
batteries
Discharging
of the battery
The user has to define: if P>PLimSup
– Lower and upper limits (① & ②) of PLimSup
state the charge (SoC) of the PQpluS
– Upper and lower limits in kW (③ &
Charging of
④) as hysteresis
the battery
Mode Auto (⑤) activate or deactivate if P<PLimLow
the peak shaving functionality PLimLow

May 22, 2019 Slide 31

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PQpluS – Installation
—
PQpluS
Installation & Commissioning

General information
– Installation work (outdoor/indoor) is NOT in our scope
– If required, we can only “supervise” the installation work
– Commissioning is not part of the price (ref: price list of PQpluS) and is offered as separate line item
– We strongly recommend to order the commissioning of PQpluS to us, especially for the initial stage of business
– Local engineers can be trained and certified for future commissioning work
– Customer’s operating personnel can be “trained” at site during commissioning of the PQpluS for them to operate the system correctly
– This will also help them for “Level 1” support for maintenance of the PQpluS

May 22, 2019 Slide 33

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PQpluS
Installation of Outdoor PQpluS

PQpluS ≈ 4,5 Tonnes

Site clearance: cement

foundation + space
around the PQpluS (for
HVAC and to Open the
doors)

PQpluS fixation: Bolt down

5 different sizing of enclosure:
(Combo, battery & inverter modules)
the brackets to meet the
seismic and wind ratings
– 1700 x 1930 x 2510
of the PQpluS.
– 2250 x 1930 x 2510
Electrical connection: All cables
– 2740 x 1930 x 2510
connected to the PQpluS must be
– 3260 x 1930 x 2510 from bottom
– 3780 x 1930 x 2510
(excludes HVAC compartment)

May 22, 2019 Slide 34

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PQpluS
Installation of the battery modules

General information
– For outdoor PQpluS, the racks are mounted in the enclosure at
the factory, the modules are mounted and cabled at site
– For indoor, the racks and modules are shipped to the site and
assembled during installation
– Each module is about 54 kg, need two persons to handle
– Classified as “Hazardous cargo”
– Shipped by surface transportation (Sea/Road/Rail)

May 22, 2019 Slide 35

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PQpluS
Grid Codes

General information
– Grid codes are basically a set of rules which the utility enforce on any energy source which are connected to a public network
– Grid codes are thus country specific (though a lot of similarity exist)
– Even for behind the meter application i.e. inside the premises of a consumer, such energy storage device may be required to comply
with the applicable grid codes
– In remote locations where the storage system works entirely in “islanding mode”, the grid codes are not enforced by the utility
– The behavior of the PQpluS to comply with any grid code is largely the characteristics of the inverter and associated protection (such
as anti-islanding detection scheme)
– We are working on the grid code compliance for our PQstorI
– DE, DK, UK, IT , FR and AU grid codes will be complied with in the first stage (Q3, 2019)
– Other grid codes will also be complied gradually (based on business requirements)

May 22, 2019 Slide 36

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Recycling at End of Life

DIRECTIVE 2006/66/EC (EU) Recycling process: Battery modules to be disassembled, packaged

and shipped to be recycled by authorized recycler provider
As regards producer responsibility, producers of batteries and
accumulators and producers of other products incorporating a battery
or accumulator are responsible for the waste management of Indicative price for recycling: 5 Euro/kg for the battery modules
batteries and accumulators that they place on the market.
Article 3:
‘producer’ means any person in a Member State that, irrespective of the
selling technique used, including by means of distance communication
as defined in Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of
distance contracts (1), places batteries or accumulators, including
those incorporated into appliances or vehicles, on the market for the
first time within the territory of that Member State on a professional
basis;
• Preliminarily, it’s the requirement in EU countries
• The System Integrators shall be responsible for the recycling
• In case of sale to the end customer, we can assist by providing
the details of the recycling agency to the customer

May 22, 2019 Slide 37 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006L0066&from=EN

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PQpluS – Documentation & References
—
PQpluS
Documentation available

Following documentation available

– Product brochure
– Technical specification
– Power Point presentation
– Operation & Maintenance manual
– Standard drawing (GA, Wiring…)
– Modbus data table (detailed)
– Reference list with projects executed by us (PGHV-2128)
– We have plans to have all these documents on “share point”

May 22, 2019 Slide 39

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Summary
Key point takeaway
Market
– Battery energy storage market is in the
ramping up phase, aggressive CAGR is
envisioned
– Most of the battery deployments are
expected to be behind the meter
– A variety of applications that help both
system operators, generators and
energy traders drive the market
May 22, 2019 Slide 40
Technology
– BESS technology has evolved drastically
over the time, contributing considerably
to system costs
– Battery technology under further
development, additional cost reductions
and extended lifetime expected
– The power conversion and application
technology well established from other
industries.
ABB
– ABB has vast expertise and experience
with energy storage solutions
– ABB offering scales from low power to
high power – high capacity applications
– ABB control system enable BESS to
provide all relevant function for energy
and grid management