SWITCHYARD

PROTECTIONS

By- Priyank Shah

 Switchyard
What do we mean by switchyard ?
It is define as an assembly of
apparatus which transforms the
characteristics of electrical energy
from one form to another i.e..AC to
DC or from one voltage to another.
132KV SWITCHYARD VIEW
 132KV BUS CONFIGUTRATION
• Main bus- 1
Bus-1 • Main bus- 2
B/C
Bus-2 • Main Bus Bypass Isolator
• The bus to which the bypass
bus isolator is connected can
B/P be used as a transfer bus
B/P
also.
• When bypass Isolator is in
B
A use equipment the bus
coupler breaker will act as the
breaker for the bypassed
circuit.
• Main breaker can be taken for
maintenance
 66KV C STATION SWITCHYARD

C1 Bus Section C2
Main Bus Main Bus

Reserve Bus Reserve Bus

BusCoupler

To 3.3kv Stn Bd

ICT-1 GT-11 Feeder-1 INT-1 INT-2 ICT-2 GT-15 INT-3 Feeder-3 GNR-1
& & & at & & & &
ICT-3 GT-12 Feeder-2 D/E GT-16 INT-4 Feeder-4 GNR-2
at (SS`O') swyd (SS`P')
D/E To 11kv Swgr. To 11kv DB-C To 11kv Swgr.DB-3
swyd feeding C1 Blr. feeding 11kv fdrs.
Auxiliaries

Fly over isolator

(only connected to GNR-1)
SWITCHYARD EQUIPEMENTS
 Power transformer
 Circuit breakers (SF6/ MOCB/BOCB)
 Instrument transformers (CT & PT)
 Isolators (Bus, Line & Earth)
 Lightening Arrestors
 Insulators
 Bus bars ( Solid Conductor/ hollow pipe)
 Control Cables
 Guard wires
POWER TRANSFORMER
132 kV Breaker and Current Transformer
 Circuit breaker
 Device to open / close electric circuit
 Ideal conductor in closed position
 Ideal insulator in open position
 Planned ON Load switching
 Fault current switching
 Current Transformer
• A Primary winding is Is

connected in series with Ip

the circuit, the current of
which is to be measured
• It can have one or more turns
of thick wires
 Potential Transformer
• It has no. of primary turns (few thousands).
• Extremely accurate ratio step down transformer.
• Use with volt meters
• CT & PT can be dry type or oil cooled.
 132 kV isolators

• Air break
switches
require to
isolate the
main
equipments
from the
busbars or
from the
lines.
 Isolator-Disconnectors
• To isolate equipment, circuit from rest of the
system net work to facilitate maintenance.
• It is to be opened only after circuit breaker has
made the circuit dead.
• They are group operated, all six poles are
operated with one handle.
• Manual or remote operation.
• Interlocked with breaker on/off position.
• Isolators with earth switch.
 Earth Switch

• This requires
for earthing the
equipment i.e.
Line or the
transformer
 Lightening arresters

• Lightening Arrester is used to

protect the Line or Transformer
against the lightening and the
surges. The surges are
generated while carrying out
switching ( heavy load
transfer/on or off)
 Insulators and hardware

These are links

among

equipments,

busbars and

structures.
 Protection
To identify and isolate the faulty portion to
protect the system against further damage.

Potential Causes For Abnormality

 Mechanical failure
 Electrical failure
 Insulation failure
 Operation of equipments beyond
recommended limits
 Consequences Of Faults
If
X
LOAD
SOURCE

Zf
 Draws excessive current
 Fall of voltage
 Arcing
 Danger to stability
 Loss of energy
 Primary & Backup Protection
 Primary:
Confined to particular range/equipment.
 Backup:
Act as a standby to primary protection &
can be used for time grading
 Perfect backup protection can be achieved
by having duality.
 PROTECTION

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM PROTECTIONS

• EQUIPMENT (MECHANICAL)
PROTECTIONS
 SWITCHYARD
PROTECTIONS
(1) Incoming line (source) protections
(2) Outgoing line (load) protections
(3) Interconnecting line protections
(4) Transformer feeder protections
(5) Bus bar protection
INCOMING LINE (SOURCE)
PROTECTIONS
Generator-
Apart from Generator related
protections following protections
are provided.
i. Back up Impedance
ii. Local breaker back up
iii.Back up O/C & E/F
 OUTGOING FEEDER
PROTECTIONS

i. Distance Protection
ii. Back up O/C & E/F
INTER CONNECTING LINE
PROTECTIONS
i. Line differential
ii. Directional O/C & E/F
 TRANSFORMER
PROTECTIONS
i. Differential
ii. Restricted E/F
iii. Back up O/C & E/F
iv. Over fluxing (V/F)
v. Oil & Winding. Temperature
vi. PRV, Buccholz
vii. Oil level monitoring
viii.Lightening Arrestor
 OUTGOING FEEDER
PROTECTIONS

i. Distance Protection
ii. Back up O/C & E/F
 Distance Protection
 Distance measurement by measuring
quantity proportional to length of the line
DISTANCE RELAY

IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

REACTANCE MEASUREMENT

MHO MEASUREMENT
 Distance Protection
 Distance Protection is a non-unit protection,
can be made unit protection by adding inter-
tripping through carrier communication.
 Performance of relay can be characterized
by reach accuracy and operating time and
largely depends upon ZS/ZL ratio.
R
Zs Zl
v Vr
BUS ZONE PROTECTION
 It protects against any Bus bar fault
It isolates faulty bus bar and keeps
other system healthy
 Rapid clearance of bus fault
Isolation of the faulty system with
minimum disturbance to the total
system
 BUS ZONE PROTECTION
WORKING PRINCIPLE

 It operates on kirchoff’s current law

 It is based on Restrained differential protection
 It continuously monitors incoming and outgoing
electrical current from the bus bar
 It monitors ON/OFF status of the ckt. bkrs,
isolators of each feeders on the bus bar
 Any difference in current initiates tripping of all
incoming and outgoing ckts. on that bus bar
BUS ZONE PROTECTION ON KIRCHOF’S LAW

I2

I1 I3

I4

I1= I2+I3+I4 so, BZ protection will not operate

BUS ZONE PROTECTION ON KIRCHOF’S LAW

I2

I1 I3

If
I4

I1+ If > I2+I3+I4 so, BZ protection will operate

 Back-up Protection
• When main protection fails, back-up should
come into action.
• Used for time grading between two systems
or two entity.
• Most popular back-up protection is over
current and earth fault protection.
• O/C operates simply by magnitude of
current.
• E/F by vector sum of I In = I1 + I2 + I3.
BACKUP OVER CURRENT &
E/F PROTECTION
EXTERNAL FAULT RESULTS IN
OVERLOAD / TEMP. RISE /
MECHANICAL FORCES ON
TRANS. WINDING
TRANSFORMER MAY FAIL IF
THE FAULT IS NOT CLEARED
PROMPTLY.
 BACK UP OVER CURRENT &
E/F PROTECTION
IR Ir

IY

IB TYPICAL O/C & E/F

SCHEME
O/C O/C

O/C

E/F
 Numeric Relays
 Digital data processing
 Drift less operation
 Fast operation (0.01 S)
 High accuracy (0.02%)
 Flexibility for characteristic selection
 Data logging and even recording
 Communication to remote places
THANKS