What are complexes? Classify complexes with suitable examples. List out methods of analysis of complexes. ‘What is principle of pH titrations? What is formation curve? a bw he Give some applications of complexes in pharmaceuticals.QUESTIONS ee ee What are complexes? Give examples of complexes What is mechanism af complex formation in PABA-caffeine complex? What are acceptor and donor in complex formation reaction? What properties of components of complex are changed upon complex formation? Name pharmaceutical applications of complex formation. Name various methads used to analyze complex formation What is stoichiometric ratio? What is stability constant? 0. What is effect of concentration of caffeine on complexation of PABA?‘What is micelle? Why micelle is formed in solution? ‘What are full farms of CMC and CMT? ‘What is critical micelle concentration? When micelle is formed in solution? ‘What is aggregation number? ‘What is effect of temperature on CMC of surfactants? ‘What are different structural forms of micelle? ‘Why surface tension remains constant after CMC? ). What happens to surface tension once the CMC is reached? |. What is important applications of CMC in formulation development?QUESTIONS What are absorption and adsorption? What is desorption? What is physical adsorption? What is chemical adsorption? What is monolayer adsorption? What is the difference between physical and chemical adsorption? What is positive and negative adsorption? Name factors that affect degree of adsorption. What is activated charcoal? |. What is adsorption equilibrium? . What is adsorption isotherm? _ What are assumptions of Langmuir's adsorption isotherm? |. What is Langmuir's adsorption isotherm? |. What is Freundlich adsorption isotherm? » Name some pharmaceutical adsorbent, . What is effect of temperature on adsorption? What is the difference between Freundlich adsorption isatherm equations for adsorption af gas and liquid on solid, respectively? |. What are the applications of adsorption in pharmacy?‘QUESTIONS ‘What are surfactants? Classify them on basis of nature and HLB value. What are amphiphiles? Why are surfactants named as amphiphiles? Who devised HLB scale? What is HLB value? What is the HLB scale range? ‘What is function of wetting agent? Give two examples of wetting agents. What is difference between saponification number and acid number? ‘What are acid number and saponification numbers? What are different formulae used to calculate 1-ILB value? Differentiate between o/w and w/o type of emulsion an the basis of HLB value, What is the significance of HLB in emulsion formulation development? Explain drawbacks of HLB value. Name methods of HLB value determination. State the range for antifoaming agents, detergents, w/a emulsifiers and o/jw emulsifiers and solubilisers.QUESTIONS See Pe eM 1}: 18. 19. What are surface and interface? What is surface tension and interfacial tension? What are units of surface and interfacial tension? What are adhesive and cohesive forces? What is surfactant? Name any two surfactants. Name different types of surfactants. What is weight drop method? What is number drap method? What precautions you will take while determining surface and interfacial tensions of liquids? 1. Name factors that affect surface tension. iL 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. What is effect of temperature on surface tension of liquid? What is effect of concentration of surfactant on surface tension? What is criterion for selectian of method for surface tension determination? Name methods used to determine interfacial tension, Name methods used to determine surface tension. Which apparatus is used fer determining surface tension of liquid by number drop method? What is fraction of drop? How it is calculated? Name dosage forms where property of surface tension is utilized? What are applications of surface tension determination in pharmacy?QUESTIONS ew aa kh wn 10. 1. 12. 13. 14, 15. Who formed phase rule? What is phase rule? ‘What is phase, component and degree of freedom? What is a hornogenous system? What are upper and lower consolute temperatures? How phase diagrams are helpful in studying solubilisation? What is the effect of third component soluble in both the phases on CST? By observing phase diagram how can one say that systern is in single phase or two phase? Name factors affecting the CST. How much is the critical solution temperature of phenol-water system? How much is the composition of phenol-water system at its CST? Comment on physicochemical properties of phenol Explain application of a phase diagram in developing stable dosage form What is effect of NaCl on CST of phenal-water system? What are applications of CST?QUESTIONS pera ae ne What are physical and chemical properties of iodine? What is effect of concentration of solute on partition coefficient? Why Klis added to iodine solution before distribution in immiscible liquids? What precautions are to be taken while hanelling iodine? Why only iedimetric flask is used while titrating organic layer? Why organic layer is not withdrawn by opening stopcock af the separating funnel? Is CCI, a volatile liquid? How much is the partition coefficient of iodine in CCl, and water? What is effect of particle size of iodine on color of the solution?QUESTIONS 2S Onavrwne 12. 13. 14. 15. 16, Li. 18. What is phase? What is saturated solution? What is ‘partition coefficient’? What is partition law? What is significance of partition coefficient in pharmacy? What do you mean by dimer? Why n = 2, incase of distribution of benzoic acid between benzene and water? Name different factors affecting partition coefficient. Are partition coefficient and distribution coefficient same? . Why partition coefficient a unit less quantity? 11. While determining partition coefficient of iodine between water and carbon tetrachloride, why organic layer is withdrawn with pipette from top of separating funnel? What are advantages of shake flask method? What precautions you will take while determining partition coefficient? Why n-octanol: water system is selected for partition coefficient determination of drugs during pre-formulation studies? List out essential conditions for partition coefficient determinations. Which cases of solute distributions may be observed when distributed between two immiscible solvents? Name other methods for partition coefficient determination, What are applications of partition coefficients in pharmacy?et oad oa oa 10. 11. Define pH, buffer salution and buffer capacity. What is effect of pH on solubility? What is Henderson-Hasselbaleh equatian? Give its significance. What is dissociation constant? Name parts/components of pH meter, How pH meter is standardized? What are standard buffers? How pH meter electrode maintained when not in use? What are applications of buffers? What is Prax? How 1 N NaOH solution is prepared? . How much is molecular weight of acetic acid and NaOH?QUESTIONS pw Dw bw What is solubility and salutions? What is the difference between solubility and solution? What is the difference between molecular weight and equivalent weight? What are saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions? How is solubility of solid in liquid determined? What is a co-solvent? Give a few examples. What is the effect of particle size and temperature on solubility? How is solubility of solid in liquids expressed? What is importance of solubility in formulating dosage form? |. How can the solubility of substances be increased? .. What is HLB value of solubilizing agents? 12, 13. 14. Name some drugs, which are poorly soluble in water. Why amorphous solids having higher solubility in water? Enlist factors affecting solubility.