LIMITS OF FUNCTION

 When ‘x’ approaches to ‘a’ from left hand side then it is called left hand limit
L.H. L  lim f  x   lim f a  h
x a h 0

 When ‘x’ approaches to ‘a’ from right hand limit. f(x)

R.H. L  lim f  x   lim f a  h
l

x a h0

 Limit of function f(x) at x  a exist if and only L.H. L  R.H. L = finite

0 a x

 Value of f(x) at xa does not effect the limiting value

 If question contain [ ], { }, | | or a function change its definition then always take L.H. L and R.H. L
separately

e.g
x 1 x  1
f x  
x  2 x  1
find lim fog  x 
x 2  3 x  2 x 2
g x  
 x/2 x  2

Method # 1:- Defined composite function and find the limit

Method # 2: L.H. L  lim f  g(x)   f g 2

x 2

     f 1   1  1  2


R.H. L  lim f  g(x)   f g 2

x 2
     f 1   1  2  1


Limit does not exist

Inderminate forms
0 
, ,   , 1 ,  0 , 0o , 0.
0 

Method for removing Indeterminacy

0
form:-
0
(i) By use of factorization and Rationalisation
(ii) If x  a, f  x   0
(A) sin f  x  (D) ln 1  f  x  
lim 1 lim 1
x a f x x a f  x

tan f  x  ax  1
(B) lim 1 (E) lim  ln a; a  0
x a f  x x 0 x

e   1 x n  an
f x

(C) lim 1 (F) lim  na n 1

x a f  x  x a x  a
By use of Expansion
x3 x5 x7 x2 x 3 x3 x 4
1. sin x  x     ....... 6. ln 1  x   x      .......
3! 5! 7! 2 2 3 4
2. x2 x4 x6 n  n  1 2 n  n  1 n  2  3
1  x   1  nx 
n
cos x  1   
2! 4! 6!
 ....... 7. x  x  ........ | x | 1
2! 3!
x 3 2x 5
1  x   e  1   x 2  ....... 
x 11
3. tan x  x    ...... 8.
1/ x

3 15  2 24 
x x 2 x3 x3 12.32 5 12.32.52 7
4. e x  1     ...... 9. sin1 x  x  12.  x  x  .....
1! 2! 3! 3! 5! 7!
2 3
5. ax  1  xlna  x  lna 2  x  lna 3  ...... x3 x5 x7
10. tan1 x  x     .........
1! 2! 3! 3 5 7

0
 For finding unknown in form always use expansion
0

form


Divide numerator and denominator by highest power of ‘x’ in the denominator

0 
 We can also Remove and by L – Hopital Rule
0 
 form and 0. form

0 
If possible then convert or form
0 

1 form
g x  lim  f  x  1 g x 
lim f  x   e x
x a

0o and 0 form

Taking ‘ln’ on both side and solve it

Sandwich theorem

If (i) g  x   f  x   h  x  and (ii) lim g  x   l  lim h  x 

x a x a

Then

lim f  x   l
x a