10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series-3

Therefore, the next three terms are 2, –4, and 8.
ANSWER:
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series −2; 2, −4, 8
Determine the common ratio, and find the

next three terms of each geometric sequence. 2.
1. SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
SOLUTION:
= –2
= –2 The common ratio is . Multiply the third term
The common ratio is –2. Multiply the third term by by to find the fourth term, and so on.
–2 to find the fourth term, and so on.
–1(–2) = 2
2(–2) = –4
–4(–2) = 8
Therefore, the next three terms are 2, –4, and 8.
ANSWER:
Therefore, the next three terms are – , ,
−2; 2, −4, 8
and – .
2.
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
3. 0.5, 0.75, 1.125, …

SOLUTION:
The common ratio is . Multiply the third term 0.75 ÷ 0.5 = 1.5
1.125 ÷ 0.75 = 1.5
by to find the fourth term, and so on.
The common ratio is 1.5. Multiply the third term by
1.5 to find the fourth term, and so on.
1.125(1.5) = 1.6875
1.6875(1.5) = 2.53125
2.53125(1.5) = 3.796875
Therefore, the next three terms are 1.6875,

2.53125, and 3.796875.
Therefore, the next three terms are – , ,
ANSWER:
and – . 1.5; 1.6875, 2.53125, 3.796875
4. 8, 20, 50, …
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1
20 ÷ 8 or 2.5
3. 0.5, 0.75, 1.125, … 50 ÷ 20 or 2.5
Therefore, the next three terms are 1.6875, Therefore, the next three terms are 250x, 1250x,
2.53125, and 3.796875. and 6250x.
10-3 ANSWER:
Geometric Sequences and Series ANSWER:
1.5; 1.6875, 2.53125, 3.796875 5; 250x, 1250x, 6250x
4. 8, 20, 50, … 6. 64x, 16x, 4x, …

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. First, find the common ratio.
20 ÷ 8 or 2.5
16x ÷ 64x =
50 ÷ 20 or 2.5
The common ratio is 2.5. Multiply the third term by 4x ÷ 16x =

2.5 to find the fourth term, and so on.
50(2.5) = 125
125(2.5) = 312.5 The common ratio is . Multiply the third term by
312.5(2.5) = 781.25
Therefore, the next three terms are 125, 312.5, and to find the fourth term, and so on.
781.25.
ANSWER:
2.5; 125, 312.5, 781.25
5. 2x, 10x, 50x, …

SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. Therefore, the next three terms are x, x, and
10x ÷ 2x = 5
50x ÷ 10x = 5 x.
The common ratio is 5. Multiply the third term by 5 ANSWER:

to find the fourth term, and so on.
5(50x) = 250x ; x, x, x
5(250x) =1250x
5(1250x) =6250x
7. x + 5, 3x + 15, 9x + 45, …
Therefore, the next three terms are 250x, 1250x, SOLUTION:
and 6250x.
ANSWER:
5; 250x, 1250x, 6250x
6. 64x, 16x, 4x, …

SOLUTION:
16x ÷ 64x =
The common ratio is 3. Multiply the third term by 3
to find the fourth term, and so on.
4x ÷ 16x = 3(9x + 45) = 27x +135
3(27x +135) = 81x + 405
3(81x + 405) = 243x + 1215
The common ratio is . Multiply the third term by
Therefore, the next three terms are 27x +135, 81x
to find the fourth term, and so on. + 405, and 243x + 1215.
ANSWER:
3; 27x + 135, 81x + 405, 243x + 1215
ANSWER:
ANSWER: −3; 243 + 27y, −729 – 81y, 2187 + 243y
10-3 Geometric
; x, x, xSequences and Series 9. GEOMETRY Consider a sequence of circles with
diameters that form a geometric sequence: d 1, d 2,
7. x + 5, 3x + 15, 9x + 45, … d 3, d 4, d 5.
SOLUTION:
a. Show that the sequence of circumferences of

the circles is also geometric. Identify r.
b. Show that the sequence of areas of the circles is
also geometric. Identify the common ratio.
SOLUTION:
The common ratio is 3. Multiply the third term by 3
to find the fourth term, and so on. a. Sample answer: The circumference of a circle is
3(9x + 45) = 27x +135 given by C = πd. So, the sequence of
3(27x +135) = 81x + 405 circumferences of the circles is πd 1, πd 2, πd 3, πd 4,
3(81x + 405) = 243x + 1215
πd 5.
Therefore, the next three terms are 27x +135, 81x
+ 405, and 243x + 1215. Find the common ratio.
ANSWER:
3; 27x + 135, 81x + 405, 243x + 1215
8. –9 – y, 27 + 3y, –81 – 9y, …

b. Sample answer: The area of a circle is given by
SOLUTION: 2
C = πr or So, the sequence of areas
of the circles is
Find the common ratio.
The common ratio is –3. Multiply the third term by

–3 to find the fourth term, and so on.
–3(–81 – 9y) = 243 + 27y
–3(243 + 27y) = –729 – 81y
–3(–729 – 81y) = 2187 + 243y
Therefore, the next three terms are 243 + 27y, –

729 – 81y, and 2187 + 243y.
ANSWER:
−3; 243 + 27y, −729 – 81y, 2187 + 243y
9. GEOMETRY Consider a sequence of circles with ANSWER:

diameters that form a geometric sequence: d 1, d 2, a. Sample answer: The sequence of
d ,d ,d . circumferences is d 1, d 2, d 3, d 4, d 5.
eSolutions3 Manual
4 5- Powered by Cognero Page 3
The common ratio is .

ANSWER:
a n = 36 ; a 1 = 36, a n = an – 1
10-3 ANSWER:
Geometric Sequences and Series
a. Sample answer: The sequence of
circumferences is d 1, d 2, d 3, d 4, d 5. 11. 64, 16, 4, …
The common ratio is . SOLUTION:

b. Sample answer: The sequence of areas
16 ÷ 64 =
is , , , , . The
4 ÷ 16 =
common ratio is = or For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 64 and r =
in the nth term formula.

Write an explicit formula and a recursive
formula for finding the nth term of each
geometric sequence.
10. 36, 12, 4, …
SOLUTION:
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.
Then indicate that the next term is the product of
12 ÷ 36 = the first term a n – 1 and r.
4 ÷ 12 = a 1 = 64, a n =
ANSWER:
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 36 and r =
a n = 64 ; a 1 = 64, a n = an – 1
12. −2, 10, −50, …

SOLUTION:
10 ÷ –2 = –5
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1. –50 ÷ 10 = –5
the first term a n – 1 and r. For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = –2 and r = –
5 in the nth term formula.
a 1 = 36, a n =
ANSWER:
a n = 36 ; a 1 = 36, a n = an – 1 For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.

the first term a n – 1 and r.
11. 64, 16, 4, … a 1 = –2, a n =
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. ANSWER:
n−1
a n = −2(−5) ; a 1 = −2, a n = −5a n − 1
eSolutions ÷ 64 =- Powered by Cognero
16 Manual Page 4
13. 4, −12, 36, …

4 ÷ 16 =
a 1 = 4, a n =
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
10-3 aGeometric
n = 64 ; Sequences
a 1 = 64, a n = and
a n – Series
1 a n = 4(−3)
n−1
; a 1 = 4, a n = −3a n − 1
12. −2, 10, −50, … 14. 4, 8, 16, …

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
10 ÷ –2 = –5 8÷4=2
–50 ÷ 10 = –5 16 ÷ 8 = 2
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = –2 and r = – For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 4 and r = 2
5 in the nth term formula. in the nth term formula.
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1. For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.
Then indicate that the next term is the product of Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r. the first term a n – 1 and r.
a 1 = –2, a n = a 1 = 4, a n =
ANSWER: ANSWER:
n−1 n−1
a n = −2(−5) ; a 1 = −2, a n = −5a n − 1 a n = 4(2) ; a 1 = 4, a n = 2a n − 1
13. 4, −12, 36, … 15. 20, 30, 45, …

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
–12 ÷ 4 = –3 30 ÷ 20 = 1.5
36 ÷ –12 = –3 45 ÷ 30 = 1.5
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 4 and r = –3 For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 20 and r =
in the nth term formula. 1.5 in the nth term formula.
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1. For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.
Then indicate that the next term is the product of Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r. the first term a n – 1 and r.
a 1 = 4, a n = a 1 = 20, a n =
ANSWER: ANSWER:
n−1 n−1
a n = 4(−3) ; a 1 = 4, a n = −3a n − 1 a n = 20(1.5) ; a 1 = 20, a n = 1.5a n − 1
14. 4, 8, 16, …
16. 15, 5, ,…
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. SOLUTION:
8÷4=2 First, find the common ratio.
16 ÷ 8 = 2
5 ÷ 15 =
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 4 and r = 2
÷5=
a 1 = 20, a n =
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
10-3 aGeometric
= 20(1.5)
n − 1Sequences and Series
; a = 20, a = 1.5a
a n = 15 ; a 1 = 15, a n = an − 1
n 1 n n−1
16. 15, 5, ,… 17. , , ,…
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
5 ÷ 15 = ÷ =2
÷5= ÷ =2
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 15 and r =

For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = and r =
in the nth term formula. 2 in the nth term formula.

Then indicate that the next term is the product of the first term a n – 1 and r.
a1 = , an =
a 1 = 15, a n =
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
n−1
an = (2) ; a1 = , a n = 2a n − 1
a n = 15 ; a 1 = 15, a n = an − 1
18. CHAIN E-MAIL Melina receives a chain e-mail
that she forwards to 7 of her friends. Each of her
17. , , ,… friends forwards it to 7 of their friends.
SOLUTION:
÷ =2
÷ =2
a. Write an explicit formula for the pattern.

For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = and r = b. How many will receive the e-mail after 6
forwards?
2 in the nth term formula.
SOLUTION:
Melina receives a chain e-mail, forwards it to 7
friends, and each friend forwards it to 7 friends.
Therefore, a 1 = 1, a 2 = 7, and a 3 = 49. The
common ratio is 7.
Then
eSolutions indicate
Manual thatbythe
- Powered next term
Cognero is the product of For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 1 and r Page
=7 6
ANSWER: ANSWER:
n−1
a. a n = 7n − 1
10-3 aGeometric
n= (2) Sequences
; a1 = , a n and
= 2a nSeries
−1 b. 16,807 people
18. CHAIN E-MAIL Melina receives a chain e-mail 19. BIOLOGY A certain bacteria divides every 15
that she forwards to 7 of her friends. Each of her minutes to produce two complete bacteria.
friends forwards it to 7 of their friends. a. If an initial colony contains a population of b 0
bacteria, write an equation that will determine the
number of bacteria b t present after t hours.
b. Suppose a Petri dish contains 12 bacteria. Use
the equation found in part a to determine the
number of bacteria present 4 hours later.
SOLUTION:
a. Write an explicit formula for the pattern.
b. How many will receive the e-mail after 6 a. Initially, there is 1 bacterium. After 15 minutes,
forwards? there will be 2 bacteria, after 30 minutes there will
be 4 bacteria, after 45 minutes there will be 8
SOLUTION: bacteria, and after 1 hour there will be 16 bacteria.
Melina receives a chain e-mail, forwards it to 7 So, in terms of hours, b 0 = 1 and b 1 = 16. Find the
friends, and each friend forwards it to 7 friends. common ratio.
Therefore, a 1 = 1, a 2 = 7, and a 3 = 49. The 16 ÷ 1 = 16
common ratio is 7.
Write an explicit formula using r = 16.
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 1 and r = 7
b. Substitute b 0 = 12 and t = 4 into the equation you

found in part a.
b. Use the explicit formula you found in part a to
find a 6.
ANSWER:
a. b t = b 0 ⋅ 16t
b. 786,432
Therefore, after 6 forwards 16,807 people will have Find the specified term for each geometric
received the e-mail. sequence or sequence with the given
characteristics.
ANSWER: 20. a 9 for 60, 30, 15, …
a. a n = 7n − 1
SOLUTION:
b. 16,807 people First, find the common ratio.
19. BIOLOGY A certain bacteria divides every 15 30 ÷ 60 =
minutes to produce two complete bacteria.
a. If an initial colony contains a population of b 0 15 ÷ 30 =
bacteria, write an equation that will determine the
number of bacteria b t present after t hours.
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
b. Suppose a Petri dish contains 12 bacteria. Use
sequence to find a 9.
theManual
eSolutions equation part a to determine the
foundbyinCognero
- Powered Page 7
number of bacteria present 4 hours later.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
a. b t = b 0 ⋅ 16t
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series
b. 786,432
Find the specified term for each geometric 21. a 4 for 7, 14, 28, …
sequence or sequence with the given
characteristics. SOLUTION:
20. a 9 for 60, 30, 15, … First, find the common ratio.
14 ÷ 7 = 2
SOLUTION:
28 ÷ 14 = 2
30 ÷ 60 = Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
15 ÷ 30 =

ANSWER:
56
22. a 5 for 3, 1, ,…
SOLUTION:
ANSWER: 1÷3=
÷1=
21. a 4 for 7, 14, 28, … Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
SOLUTION:
14 ÷ 7 = 2
28 ÷ 14 = 2

ANSWER:
ANSWER: 23. a 6 for 540, 90, 15, …

56
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero SOLUTION: Page 8
22. a 5 for 3, 1, ,… First, find the common ratio.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
23. a 6 for 540, 90, 15, … 24. a 7 if a 3 = 24 and r = 0.5
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. Use the values of a 3 and r to find a 2.
90 ÷ 540 =
15 ÷ 90 =
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric Next, use the values of a 2 and r to find a 1.

ANSWER:
24. a 7 if a 3 = 24 and r = 0.5 Another method would be to consider that the 7th
term is 4 terms from the 3rd term. Therefore,
4
SOLUTION: multiply the 3rd term by r .
Use the values of a 3 and r to find a 2. ANSWER:
1.5
25. a 6 if a 3 = 32 and r = –0.5
SOLUTION:
Next, use the values of a 2 and r to find a 1. Use the values of a 3 and r to find a 2.
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric Next, use the values of a 2 and r to find a 1.

term is 4 terms from the 3rd term. Therefore, term is 3 terms from the 3rd term. Therefore,
4 3
multiply the 3rd term by r . multiply the 3rd term by r .
10-3 ANSWER:
1.5 −4
25. a 6 if a 3 = 32 and r = –0.5

26. a 6 if a 1 = 16,807 and r =
SOLUTION:
Use the values of a 3 and r to find a 2. SOLUTION:
Next, use the values of a 2 and r to find a 1.
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric ANSWER:

sequence to find a 6. 243
27. a 8 if a 1 = 4096 and r =
SOLUTION:
Another method would be to consider that the 6th

term is 3 terms from the 3rd term. Therefore,
3
multiply the 3rd term by r .
ANSWER:
−4
26. a 6 if a 1 = 16,807 and r =
SOLUTION: ANSWER:
28. ACCOUNTING Julian Rockman is an accountant

for a small company. On January 1, 2009, the
company purchased $50,000 worth of computers,
printers, scanners, and hardware. Because this
equipment is a company asset, Mr. Rockman needs
to determine how much the computer equipment is
presently worth. He estimates that the computer
equipment depreciates at a rate of 45% per year.
What value should Mr. Rockman assign the
equipment in his 2014 year-end accounting report?
ANSWER:
243 SOLUTION:
The equipment is originally worth $50,000, so a =
ANSWER:
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series ANSWER:
288
28. ACCOUNTING Julian Rockman is an accountant 30. If r = 4 and a 8 = 100, what is the first term of the
for a small company. On January 1, 2009, the geometric sequence?
company purchased $50,000 worth of computers,
printers, scanners, and hardware. Because this SOLUTION:
equipment is a company asset, Mr. Rockman needs Substitute a 8 = 100, r = 4, and n = 8 into the
to determine how much the computer equipment is
presently worth. He estimates that the computer formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence
equipment depreciates at a rate of 45% per year. to find the a 1.
What value should Mr. Rockman assign the
equipment in his 2014 year-end accounting report?
SOLUTION:
The equipment is originally worth $50,000, so a 1 =
50,000. Because the equipment depreciates at a
rate of 45% per year, the value of the equipment on
a given year will be 100% – 45% or 55% of the ANSWER:
value the previous year. So, r = 0.55. The first term
a 1 corresponds to the year 2009, so the year 2014
corresponds to a 6.
31. X GAMES Refer to the beginning of the lesson.
The X Games netted approximately $40 million in
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric revenue in 2002. If the X Games continue to
sequence to find the a 6. generate 13% more revenue each year, how much
revenue will the X Games generate in 2020?
SOLUTION:
The X Games netted about $40,000,000 in 2002, so
a 1 = $40,000,000. Because the games generate
13% or 0.13 more revenue each year, the amount
of revenue generated on a given year will be 1.13
Therefore, the value of the equipment in 2014 is times the revenue from the previous year. So, r =
about $2516.42. 1.13. The first term a 1 corresponds to the year
ANSWER: 2002, so the year 2020 corresponds to a 19.
$2516.42
29. Find the sixth term of a geometric sequence with a sequence to find the a 19.
first term of 9 and a common ratio of 2.
SOLUTION:
sequence to find the a 6.
Therefore, the X Games will generate about
$360.97 million in 2020.
ANSWER:
≈$360.97 million
ANSWER:
288 Find the indicated geometric means for each
pair of nonconsecutive terms.
30. If r = 4 and a 8 = 100, what is the first term of the 32. 4 and 256; 2 means
geometric sequence?
SOLUTION: The sequence will resemble 4, __?__ , __?__ ,
Substitute a 8 = 100, r = 4, and n = 8 into the 256.
Therefore, the X Games will generate about between 4 and 256 is 4, 16, 64, 256.
$360.97 million in 2020.
ANSWER:
10-3 ANSWER:
Geometric Sequences and Series 16, 64
≈$360.97 million
Find the indicated geometric means for each 33. 256 and 81; 3 means
pair of nonconsecutive terms.
32. 4 and 256; 2 means SOLUTION:
The sequence will resemble 256, __?__ , __?__ ,
SOLUTION: __?__ , 81. Note that a 1 = 256, n = 5, and a 5 = 81.
The sequence will resemble 4, __?__ , __?__ , Find the common ratio using the nth term for a
256. geometric sequence formula.
Note that a 1 = 4, n = 4, and a 4 = 256. Find the

common ratio using nth term for a geometric
sequence formula.
The common ratio is . Use r to find the

The common ratio is 4. Use r to find the geometric geometric means.
means.
4(4) = 16 r=
16(4) = 64
Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

between 4 and 256 is 4, 16, 64, 256.
ANSWER:
16, 64
r=
33. 256 and 81; 3 means
SOLUTION:
The sequence will resemble 256, __?__ , __?__ ,
__?__ , 81. Note that a 1 = 256, n = 5, and a 5 = 81.
Find the common ratio using the nth term for a
geometric sequence formula.
Therefore, a sequence with three geometric means
between 256 and 81 is 256, –192, 144, –108, 81 or
256, 192, 144, 108, 81.
ANSWER:
–192, 144, –108 or 192, 144, 108
34. and 7; 1 mean

geometric means. SOLUTION:
r= The sequence will resemble , __?__ , 7. Note
that a 1 = , n = 3, and a 3 = 7. Find the common
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

ratio using the nth term for a geometric sequence
Page 12
formula.
between 256 and 81 is 256, –192, 144, –108, 81 or between and 7 is , –2, 7 or , 2, 7.
256, 192, 144, 108, 81.
10-3 ANSWER:
–192, 144, –108 or 192, 144, 108 ±2
35. –2 and 54; 2 means

34. and 7; 1 mean
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: The sequence will resemble –2, __?__ , __?__ ,
54.
The sequence will resemble , __?__ , 7. Note
Note that a 1 = –2, n = 4, and a 4 = 54. Find the
that a 1 = , n = 3, and a 3 = 7. Find the common common ratio using nth term for a geometric
sequence formula.
ratio using the nth term for a geometric sequence
formula.
The common ratio is –3. Use r to find the

geometric means.
–2(–3) = 6
6(–3) = –18
The common ratio is . Use r to find the Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means
between –2 and 54 is –2, 6, –18, 54.
geometric means.
ANSWER:
6, –18
Therefore, a sequence with one geometric mean 36. 1 and 27; 2 means
between and 7 is , –2, 7 or , 2, 7. SOLUTION:
The sequence will resemble 1, __?__ , __?__ , 27.
ANSWER:
±2 Note that a 1 = 1, n = 4, and a 4 = 27. Find the
35. –2 and 54; 2 means sequence formula.
SOLUTION:
The sequence will resemble –2, __?__ , __?__ ,
54.
Note that a 1 = –2, n = 4, and a 4 = 54. Find the

common ratio using nth term for a geometric The common ratio is 3. Use r to find the geometric
sequence formula. means.
1(3) = 3
3(3) = 9

between 1 and 27 is 1, 3, 9, 27.
The common ratio is –3. Use r to find the ANSWER:

geometric means. 3, 9
–2(–3) = 6
6(–3) = –18 37. 48 and −750; 2 means
SOLUTION:
between –2 and 54 is –2, 6, –18, 54. The sequence will resemble 48, __?__ , __?__ , –
750.
Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means
between 1 and 27 is 1, 3, 9, 27. between 48 and –750 is 48, –120, 300, –750.
10-3 ANSWER:
3, 9 −120, 300
37. 48 and −750; 2 means 38. i and −1; 4 means

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The sequence will resemble 48, __?__ , __?__ , – The sequence will resemble i, __?__ , __?__ , __?
750. __ , __?__ , –1.
Note that a 1 = 48, n = 4, and a 4 = 48. Find the Note that a 1 = i, n = 6, and a 6 = –1. Find the
common ratio using nth term for a geometric common ratio using nth term for a geometric
sequence formula. sequence formula.
The common ratio is i. Use r to find the geometric

means.
The common ratio is . Use r to find the i(i) = –1
geometric means. –1(i) = – i
– i(i) = 1
= –120 1(i) = i
= 300 Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

between i and −1 is i, –1, – i, 1, i, –1.
Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means ANSWER:

between 48 and –750 is 48, –120, 300, –750. −1, −i, 1, i
ANSWER: 39. t 8 and t – 7; 4 means

−120, 300
SOLUTION:
38. i and −1; 4 means 8
The sequence will resemble t , __?__ , __?__ ,
–7
SOLUTION: __?__ , __?__ , t .
The sequence will resemble i, __?__ , __?__ , __?
__ , __?__ , –1. 8 –7
Note that a 1 = t , n = 6, and a 6 = t . Find the
Note that a 1 = i, n = 6, and a 6 = –1. Find the sequence formula.
sequence formula.
The common ratio is i. Use r to find the geometric

means.
i(i) = –1 The common ratio is . Use r to find the
–1(i) = – i
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero geometric means. Page 14
– i(i) = 1
1(i) = i 5
=t
Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means 8 –7 8 5 2 –1 –4 –7
between i and −1 is i, –1, – i, 1, i, –1. between t and t is t , t , t , t , t , t .
ANSWER: ANSWER:
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series 5 2 –1 –4
−1, −i, 1, i t ,t ,t ,t
39. t 8 and t – 7; 4 means Find the sum of each geometric series

described.
SOLUTION: 40. first six terms of 3 + 9 + 27 + …
8
The sequence will resemble t , __?__ , __?__ , SOLUTION:
–7
__?__ , __?__ , t . First, find the common ratio.
9÷3=3
8 –7
Note that a 1 = t , n = 6, and a 6 = t . Find the 27 ÷ 9 = 3
sequence formula. The common ratio is 3. Use Formula 1 for the sum
of a finite geometric series.

ANSWER:
geometric means.
1092
5
=t
41. first nine terms of 0.5 + (–1) + 2 + …
2
=t
SOLUTION:
–1 First, find the common ratio.
=t –1 ÷ 0.5 or –2
2 ÷ –1 or –2
–4
=t
The common ratio is –2. Use Formula 1 for the
sum of a finite geometric series.
8 –7 8 5 2 –1 –4 – 7
between t and t is t , t , t , t , t , t .
ANSWER:
5 2 –1 –4
t ,t ,t ,t
Find the sum of each geometric series

described.
40. first six terms of 3 + 9 + 27 + …
SOLUTION:
9÷3=3
27 ÷ 9 = 3 ANSWER:
85.5
The common ratio is 3. Use Formula 1 for the sum
of a finite geometric series.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 42. first eight terms of 2 + 2 +6+… Page 15
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
10-3 ANSWER:
85.5 80(1 + )
42. first eight terms of 2 + 2 +6+… 43. first n terms of a 1 = 4, a n = 2000, r = −3
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a
2 ÷ 2 or geometric series.
6÷2 or
The common ratio is . Use Formula 1 for the

sum of a finite geometric series.
ANSWER:
1501
44. first n terms of a 1 = 5, a n = 1,747,625, r = 4
SOLUTION:
Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a
geometric series.
ANSWER:
80(1 + )
43. first n terms of a 1 = 4, a n = 2000, r = −3 ANSWER:

2,330,165
SOLUTION:
Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a 45. first n terms of a 1 = 3, a n = 46,875, r = −5
geometric series.
SOLUTION:
geometric series.
ANSWER:
1501
44. first n terms of a 1 = 5, a n = 1,747,625, r = 4

10-3 ANSWER:
2,330,165 −504
45. first n terms of a 1 = 3, a n = 46,875, r = −5 47. first n terms of a 1 = −36, a n = 972, r = 7
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a
geometric series. geometric series.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
1140
39,063
Find each sum.
46. first n terms of a 1 = −8, a n = −256, r = 2
48.
SOLUTION:
Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a SOLUTION:
geometric series. Find n, a 1, and r.
Substitute n = 6, a 1 = 5, and r = 2 into the formula

for the sum of a finite geometric series.
ANSWER:
−504
47. first n terms of a 1 = −36, a n = 972, r = 7
SOLUTION:
geometric series.
ANSWER:
315
49.

Find n, a 1, and r.
ANSWER:
10-3 315
−484
49. 50.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r. Find n, a 1, and r.
Substitute n = 5, a 1 = −4, and r = 3 into the formula Substitute n = 5, a 1 = 1, and r = −3 into the formula
for the sum of a finite geometric series. for the sum of a finite geometric series.
ANSWER:
ANSWER: 61
−484
51.
50.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Find n, a 1, and r.
Find n, a 1, and r.
Substitute n = 6, a 1 = 2, and r = 1.4 into the

Substitute n = 5, a 1 = 1, and r = −3 into the formula formula for the sum of a finite geometric series.
ANSWER:
61 ANSWER:
10-3 ANSWER:
61 32.64768
51. 52.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Substitute n = 6, a 1 = 2, and r = 1.4 into the

formula for the sum of a finite geometric series. Substitute n = 6, a 1 = 100, and r = into the
formula for the sum of a finite geometric series.
ANSWER:
32.64768
ANSWER:
52.
SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r. 53.
SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r.
Substitute n = 6, a 1 = 100, and r = into the

Substitute n = 9, a 1 = , and r = −3 into the


ANSWER: ANSWER:
53. 54.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Substitute n = 9, a 1 = , and r = −3 into the

formula for the sum of a finite geometric series. Substitute n = 7, a 1 = 144, and r = into the
ANSWER:
54.
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r.
55.
SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r.
Substitute n = 7, a 1 = 144, and r = into the

Substitute n = 20, a 1 = 3, and r = 2 into the formula

ANSWER:
3,145,725
If possible, find the sum of each infinite

55. geometric series.
SOLUTION: 56. + + +…
Find n, a 1, and r.
SOLUTION:
÷ =
Substitute n = 20, a 1 = 3, and r = 2 into the formula ÷ =

The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, this

infinite geometric series has a sum. Use the
formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series.
ANSWER:
3,145,725
If possible, find the sum of each infinite

geometric series.
56. + + +…
Therefore, the sum of the series is .
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. ANSWER:
÷ =
÷ =
57. + + +…
The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, this SOLUTION:

infinite geometric series has a sum. Use the First, find the common ratio.
÷ =2
÷ =2
The common ratio r is > 1. Therefore, this

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero infinite geometric series has no sum. Page 21
ANSWER:
does not exist
ANSWER: infinite geometric series has no sum.

does not exist
59. 12 + (–7.2) + 4.32 + ...

57. + + +…
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: First, find the common ratio.
First, find the common ratio. –7.2 ÷ 12 = –0.6
4.32 ÷ –7.2 = –0.6
÷ =2
÷ =2 infinite geometric series has a sum. Use the
infinite geometric series has no sum.
ANSWER:
does not exist
58. 18 + (–27) + 40.5 + ...

SOLUTION: Therefore, the sum of the series is 7.5.
–27 ÷ 18 = –1.5 ANSWER:
40.5 ÷ –27 = –1.5 7.5
The common ratio r is > 1. Therefore, this 60.

infinite geometric series has no sum.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this
does not exist
infinite geometric series has a sum. Find a 1.
59. 12 + (–7.2) + 4.32 + ...
SOLUTION:
–7.2 ÷ 12 = –0.6 Use the formula for the sum of an infinite
geometric series to find the sum.
4.32 ÷ –7.2 = –0.6

infinite geometric series has a sum. Use the
ANSWER:
Therefore, the sum of the series is 7.5.
ANSWER:
7.5
61.
Therefore, the sum of the series is 7.5. ANSWER:
10-3 ANSWER:
7.5
60. 61.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this infinite
geometric series has a sum. Find a 1.
Use the formula for the sum of an infinite

ANSWER: Therefore, the sum of the series is 100.
ANSWER:
100
61.
62.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:


Therefore, the sum of the series is 100. ANSWER:
10-3 ANSWER:
100
62. 63.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this infinite The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this
geometric series has a sum. Find a 1. infinite geometric series has a sum. Find a 1.

Use the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series to find the sum.
Therefore, the sum of the series is 20.
ANSWER:
20
Therefore, the sum of the series is . 64. BUNGEE JUMPING A bungee jumper falls 35
meters before his cord causes him to spring back
ANSWER: up. He rebounds of the distance after each fall.
a. Find the first five terms of the infinite sequence
representing the vertical distance traveled by the
bungee jumper. Include each drop and rebound
63. distance as separate terms.
b. What is the total vertical distance the jumper
travels before coming to rest? (Hint: Rewrite the
SOLUTION:
infinite sequence suggested by in part a as two
infinite geometric sequences.)
SOLUTION:
a. The bungee jumper will fall 35 meters, spring
back up (35) or 14 meters, fall 14 meters, spring
back up (14) or 5.6 meters, fall 5.6 meters,

geometric series to find the sum. spring back up (5.6) or 2.24, and so on.
Therefore, the first five terms of the infinite
sequence that represents the vertical distance
a. The bungee jumper will fall 35 meters, spring jumper travels is 58.33 + 23.33 or about 82 m.
back up (35) or 14 meters, fall 14 meters, spring ANSWER:

10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series a. 35, 14, 14, 5.6, 5.6
back up (14) or 5.6 meters, fall 5.6 meters, b. about 82 m
Find the missing quantity for the geometric

spring back up (5.6) or 2.24, and so on. sequence with the given characteristics.
Therefore, the first five terms of the infinite 65. Find a 1 if S 12 = 1365 and r = 2.
sequence that represents the vertical distance
traveled by the bungee jumper are 35, 14, 14, 5.6, SOLUTION:
and 5.6. Substitute S 12 = 1365, n = 12, and r = 2 into the
b. The series that corresponds to the infinite
sequence 35, 14, 14, 5.6, 5.6, … can be written as
the sum of the two infinite geometric series: one
series that represents the distance traveled when
falling and one series that represents the distance
traveled when springing back up.
Series 1 35 + 14 + 5.6 + …
Series 2 14 + 5.6 + 2.24 + …
Find the sum of each series.
ANSWER:
66. If S 6 = 196.875, a 1 = 100, r = 0.5, find a 6.
SOLUTION:
Therefore, the total vertical distance that the Substitute S 6 = 196.875, a 1 = 100, and r = 0.5 into
jumper travels is 58.33 + 23.33 or about 82 m.
the formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
ANSWER: geometric series.
a. 35, 14, 14, 5.6, 5.6
b. about 82 m
Find the missing quantity for the geometric

sequence with the given characteristics.
65. Find a 1 if S 12 = 1365 and r = 2.
SOLUTION:
Substitute S 12 = 1365, n = 12, and r = 2 into the
ANSWER:
3.125
67. Find r if a 1= 0.12, S n = 590.52, and a n = 787.32.

ANSWER:
10-3 ANSWER:
3.125 −3
67. Find r if a 1= 0.12, S n = 590.52, and a n = 787.32. 68. Find n for 4.1 + 8.2 + 16.4 + … if S n = 61.5.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Substitute S n = 590.52, a 1 = 0.12, and a n = 787.32 The common ratio is 2.
into the formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
geometric series. Substitute S n = 61.5, a 1 = 4.1, and r = 2 into the
formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
geometric series.
ANSWER:
−3
68. Find n for 4.1 + 8.2 + 16.4 + … if S n = 61.5. Substitute a n = 32.8, a 1 = 4.1, and r = 2 into the
formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence
SOLUTION: to find n.
The common ratio is 2.
Substitute S n = 61.5, a 1 = 4.1, and r = 2 into the

geometric series.
ANSWER:
4
69. If 15 – 18 + 21.6 – …, S n = 23.784, find a n.
SOLUTION:
–18 ÷ 15 = –1.2
21.6 ÷ –18 = –1.2
Substitute a n = 32.8, a 1 = 4.1, and r = 2 into the
formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence Substitute S n = 23.784, a 1 = 15, and r = –1.2 into
to find n.
geometric series.
ANSWER:
4
69. If 15 – 18 + 21.6 – …, S n = 23.784, find a n.

10-3 ANSWER:
4 5.12
69. If 15 – 18 + 21.6 – …, S n = 23.784, find a n. 71. Find a 1 if S n = 468, a n = 375, and r = 5.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the common ratio. Substitute S n = 468, a n = 375, and r = 5 into the
–18 ÷ 15 = –1.2 formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
21.6 ÷ –18 = –1.2 geometric series.
Substitute S n = 23.784, a 1 = 15, and r = –1.2 into

geometric series.
ANSWER:
3
72. If S n = , + + + …, find n.
ANSWER: SOLUTION:
31.104 Find the common ratio.
70. If r = –0.4, S 5 = 144.32, and a 1 = 200, find a 5. ÷ =
SOLUTION:
÷ =
Substitute S 5 = 144.32, a 1 = 200, and r = –0.4 into
geometric series.
Substitute S n = , a1 = , and r = into the
geometric series.
ANSWER:
5.12
71. Find a 1 if S n = 468, a n = 375, and r = 5.
SOLUTION:
Substitute S n = 468, a n = 375, and r = 5 into the
formula
eSolutions Manualfor the nthbypartial
- Powered Cognerosum of an infinite Page 27
geometric series.
sequence is , n = 3.
10-3 ANSWER:
3 3
73. LOANS Marc is making monthly payments on a

72. If S n = , + + + …, find n. loan. Suppose instead of the same monthly
payment, the bank requires a low initial payment
SOLUTION: that grows at an exponential rate each month. The
total cost of the loan is represented by .
÷ =
a. What is Marc’s initial payment and at what rate
is this payment increasing?
÷ = b. If the sum of Marc’s payments at the end of the
loan is $7052, how many payments did Marc
make?
Substitute S n = , a1 = , and r = into the
SOLUTION:
formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite a. The first term of the series represented by this
geometric series. 1–1
sigma notation is a 1 = 5(1.1) or 5. This
represents the first month payment on the loan of
$5. The rate at which the payment is increasing r is
the base of the exponential function, 1.1.
b. Write and solve an equation using Formula 1 for
the sum of finite geometric series to find k.
Because a n = and the third term of the
sequence is , n = 3.
ANSWER:
3 Therefore, Marc made 52 payments.
73. LOANS Marc is making monthly payments on a ANSWER:

loan. Suppose instead of the same monthly a. $5, 1.1
payment, the bank requires a low initial payment b. 52
that grows at an exponential rate each month. The
total cost of the loan is represented by . Find the common ratio for the geometric
sequence with the given terms.
a. What is Marc’s initial payment and at what rate
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 74. a 3 = 12, a 6 = 187.5 Page 28
is this payment increasing?
b. If the sum of Marc’s payments at the end of the
SOLUTION:
loan is $7052, how many payments did Marc
ANSWER:
a. $5, 1.1
10-3 b.Geometric
52 Sequences and Series ANSWER:
±7
Find the common ratio for the geometric 77. a 5 = 6, a 8 = –0.048

sequence with the given terms.
74. a 3 = 12, a 6 = 187.5 SOLUTION:
The 8th term is 3 terms away from the 5th term.
SOLUTION:
The 6th term is 3 terms away from the 3rd term.
ANSWER:
–0.2
ANSWER: 78. ADVERTISING Word-of-mouth advertising can

2.5 be an effective form of marketing, or it can be very
harmful. Consider a new restaurant that serves 27
customers on its opening night.
75. a 2 = −6, a 7 = −192 a. Of the 27 customers, 25 found the experience
enjoyable and each told 3 friends over the next
SOLUTION: month. This group each told 3 friends over the next
The 7th term is 5 terms away from the 2nd term. month, and so on, for 6 months. Assuming that no
one heard twice, how many people have had a
positive experience or heard positive reviews of the
restaurant?
b. Suppose the 2 unhappy customers each told 6
friends over the next month about the experience.
This group then each told 6 friends, and so on, for 6
months. Assuming that no one heard a review
ANSWER:
twice, how many people have had a negative
2 experience or have heard a negative review?
76. a 4 = –28, a 6 = –1372 SOLUTION:
a. In the sequence representing customers that had
SOLUTION: a positive experience or heard a positive review, a 1
The 6th term is 2 terms away from the 4th term.
= 25 and r = 3. Find the sum of the first six terms.
ANSWER:
±7 Therefore, 9100 people had a positive experience
or heard a positive review in the first 6 months.
77. a 5 = 6, a 8 = –0.048
b. In the sequence representing customers that had
SOLUTION: a negative experience or heard a negative review,
The 8th term is 3 terms away from the 5th term. a 1 = 2 and r = 6. Find the sum of the first six
terms.

or heard a negative review in the first 6 months.
ANSWER:
10-3 ANSWER:
Geometric Sequences and Series a. 9100
–0.2 b. 18,662
78. ADVERTISING Word-of-mouth advertising can Write the first 3 terms of the infinite
be an effective form of marketing, or it can be very geometric series with the given
harmful. Consider a new restaurant that serves 27 characteristics.
customers on its opening night.
79. S = 12, r =
a. Of the 27 customers, 25 found the experience
enjoyable and each told 3 friends over the next
month. This group each told 3 friends over the next SOLUTION:
month, and so on, for 6 months. Assuming that no
Substitute S = 12 and r = into the formula for the
one heard twice, how many people have had a
positive experience or heard positive reviews of the sum of an infinite geometric series to find a 1.
restaurant?
b. Suppose the 2 unhappy customers each told 6
friends over the next month about the experience.
This group then each told 6 friends, and so on, for 6
months. Assuming that no one heard a review
twice, how many people have had a negative
experience or have heard a negative review?
SOLUTION:
a. In the sequence representing customers that had
a positive experience or heard a positive review, a 1
= 25 and r = 3. Find the sum of the first six terms.
Use r = to find a 2 and a 3.
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are

Therefore, 9100 people had a positive experience
or heard a positive review in the first 6 months. 6, 3, and .
b. In the sequence representing customers that had ANSWER:

a negative experience or heard a negative review,
a 1 = 2 and r = 6. Find the sum of the first six 6, 3,
terms.
80. S = –25, r = 0.2
SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –25 and r = 0.2 into the formula for
the sum of an infinite geometric series to find a 1.
Therefore, 18,662 people had a negative experience

or heard a negative review in the first 6 months.
ANSWER:
a. 9100
b. 18,662
Write the first 3 terms of the infinite

geometric series with the given Use r = 0.2 to find a 2 and a 3.
characteristics.
–20(0.2) = –4
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
10-3 6,Geometric
3,
Sequences and Series –20, –4, –
80. S = –25, r = 0.2 81. S = 44.8, a 1 = 56

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –25 and a 1 = 56 into the formula for
the sum of an infinite geometric series to find r.
Use r = 0.2 to find a 2 and a 3.

–20(0.2) = –4
–4(0.2) = – Use r = –0.25 to find a 2 and a 3.
56(–0.25) = –14
–14(–0.25) = 3.5
–20, –4, and – . Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are
56, –14, and 3.5.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
56, –14, 3.5
–20, –4, –
82. S = , a1 =
81. S = 44.8, a 1 = 56
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –25 and a 1 = 56 into the formula for Substitute S = and a 1 = into the formula for
the sum of an infinite geometric series to find r. the sum of an infinite geometric series to find r.
Use r = –0.25 to find a 2 and a 3.

56(–0.25) = –14
–14(–0.25) = 3.5
56, –14, and 3.5.
ANSWER:
56, –14, and 3.5. ANSWER:
10-3 ANSWER:
Geometric Sequences and Series ,– ,
56, –14, 3.5
83. S = –60, r = 0.4

82. S = , a1 =
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Substitute S = –60 and r = 0.4 into the formula for
Substitute S = and a 1 = into the formula for
the sum of an infinite geometric series to find r.

–36(0.4) = –14.4
–14.4(0.4) = –5.76

–36, –14.4, and –5.76.
ANSWER:
–36, –14.4, –5.76
84. S = –126.25, a 1 = –50.5
SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –126.25 and a 1 = –50.5 into the
formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series
,– , and . to find r.
ANSWER:
,– ,
83. S = –60, r = 0.4

SOLUTION:

–50.5(0.6) = –30.3
–30.3(0.6) = –18.18

–50.5, –30.3, and –18.18.
ANSWER:
–50.5, –30.3, –18.18
–36(0.4) = –14.4 85. S = –115, a 1 = –138
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are
–36, –14.4, and –5.76. –50.5, –30.3, and –18.18.
10-3 ANSWER:
–36, –14.4, –5.76 –50.5, –30.3, –18.18
84. S = –126.25, a 1 = –50.5 85. S = –115, a 1 = –138
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –126.25 and a 1 = –50.5 into the Substitute S = –115 and a 1 = –138 into the formula
formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series for the sum of an infinite geometric series to find r.
to find r.

Use r = 0.6 to find a 2 and a 3. –138(–0.2) = 27.6
–50.5(0.6) = –30.3 27.6(–0.2) = –5.52
–30.3(0.6) = –18.18
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are –138, 27.6, and –5.52.
–50.5, –30.3, and –18.18.
ANSWER:
ANSWER: –138, 27.6, –5.52
–50.5, –30.3, –18.18
85. S = –115, a 1 = –138 86. S = ,r=–
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –115 and a 1 = –138 into the formula
Substitute S = and r = – into the formula
for the sum of an infinite geometric series to find r.
for the sum of an infinite geometric series to find
a 1.

–138(–0.2) = 27.6
27.6(–0.2) = –5.52

–138,
eSolutions 27.6,
Manual and –5.52.
- Powered by Cognero Page 33
ANSWER: Use r = – to find a 2 and a 3.

–138, 27.6, and –5.52. ANSWER:
10-3 ANSWER:
Geometric Sequences and Series ,– ,
–138, 27.6, –5.52
86. S = ,r=– 87.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Substitute S = and r = – into the formula Find a 1.
for the sum of an infinite geometric series to find

a 1.
Use r = – to find a 2 and a 3.

12, –3, and .
ANSWER:
Use r = – to find a 2 and a 3.
12, −3,
88.
SOLUTION:
,– , and . Find a 1.
ANSWER:
,– ,
87.
SOLUTION:
Find a 1.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page

Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence 34
are
, , and .
÷ =
ANSWER:
10-3 12,
Geometric
−3, Sequences and Series ÷ =
Because there is no common difference or

88. common ratio, the sequence is neither arithmetic
nor geometric.
SOLUTION:
Find a 1. Notice that there appears to be a pattern in which
the numerator of each fraction is increasing by 1
and the denominator is increasing by 2 for each
successive term.
a1 =
Use r = to find a 2 and a 3. =
Find the next three terms of the sequence.

=
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are =

, , and .
=
ANSWER:
, , Therefore, the next three terms are , , and
Determine whether each sequence is .

arithmetic, geometric, or neither. Then find the
next three terms of the sequence. ANSWER:
89. , , , , ... neither; , ,
SOLUTION:
First, determine whether there is a common
difference or common ratio. 90. , , 4, , ...
– = SOLUTION:
– = difference or common ratio.
– =–
÷ =
4– =–
÷ =
÷ =
eSolutions Manual -there
Because Powered by common
is no Cognero
difference or Page 35
common ratio, the sequence is neither arithmetic 4÷ =

nor geometric.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
10-3 neither;
Geometric, ,
Sequences and Series arithmetic; , ,3
91. 12, 24, 36, 48, ...

90. , , 4, , ...
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: First, determine whether there is a common
First, determine whether there is a common difference or common ratio.
difference or common ratio. 24 – 12 = 12
36 – 24 = 12
– =–
24 ÷ 12 = 2
4– =–
36 ÷ 24 =
÷ = Because there is a common difference of 12, this

sequence is arithmetic. Find the next three terms of
the sequence.
4÷ = 48 + 12 = 60
60 + 12 = 72
72 + 12 = 84
Because there is a common difference of – , this
Therefore, the next three terms are 60, 72, and 84.
the sequence. ANSWER:
+ = arithmetic; 60, 72, 84
92. 128, 96, 72, 54, ...

+ =
SOLUTION:
+ =3 difference or common ratio.
96 – 128 = –32
72 – 96 = –24
Therefore, the next three terms are , , and 3.
96 ÷ 128 = 0.75
ANSWER: 72 ÷ 96 = 0.75
arithmetic; , ,3 Because there is a common ratio of 0.75, this

sequence is geometric. Find the next three terms of
the sequence.
91. 12, 24, 36, 48, ... 54(0.75) = 40.5
40.5(0.75) = 30.375
SOLUTION:
30.375(0.75) = 22.78125
difference or common ratio. Therefore, the next three terms are 40.5, 30.375,
24 – 12 = 12 and 22.78125.
36 – 24 = 12
ANSWER:
24 ÷ 12 = 2 geometric; 40.5, 30.375, 22.78125
36 ÷ 24 = 93. 36k, 49k, 64k, 81k, ...
SOLUTION:
Because there is a common difference of 12, this
sequence
eSolutions Manual - is arithmetic.
Powered Find the next three terms of
by Cognero Page 36
difference or common ratio.
the sequence.
49k – 36k = 13k
48 + 12 = 60
64k – 49k = 25k
Therefore, the next three terms are 40.5, 30.375, Therefore, the next three terms are 100k, 121k,
and 22.78125. and 144k.
10-3 ANSWER:
geometric; 40.5, 30.375, 22.78125 neither; 100k, 121k, 144k
93. 36k, 49k, 64k, 81k, ... 94. 7.2y, 9.1y, 11y, 12.9y, ...
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, determine whether there is a common First, determine whether there is a common
difference or common ratio. difference or common ratio.
49k – 36k = 13k 9.1y – 7.2y = 1.9y
64k – 49k = 25k 11y – 9.1y = 1.9y
9.1y ÷ 7.2y = about 1.26

49k ÷ 36k =
11y ÷ 9.1y = about 1.21
64k ÷ 49k = Because there is a common difference of 1.9y, this

the sequence.
Because there is no common difference or 12.9y + 1.9y = 14.8y
common ratio, the sequence is neither arithmetic 14.8y + 1.9y = 16.7y
nor geometric. 16.7y + 1.9y = 18.6y
Notice that there appears to be a pattern in which Therefore, the next three terms are 14.8y, 16.7y,
2 2
the first term is 6 k, the second term is 7 k, the and 18.6y.
2 2
third term is 8 k, and the fourth term is 9 k. Find
the next three terms of the sequence. ANSWER:
2 arithmetic; 14.8y, 16.7y, 18.6y
10 k = 100k
2
11 k = 121k 95. 3 , 15, 15 , 75, …
2
12 k = 144k
SOLUTION:
Therefore, the next three terms are 100k, 121k, First, determine whether there is a common
and 144k. difference or common ratio.
15 – 3 = about 8.29
ANSWER:
15 – 15 = about 18.54
neither; 100k, 121k, 144k
94. 7.2y, 9.1y, 11y, 12.9y, ... 15 ÷ 3 =

SOLUTION: 15 ÷ 15 =
difference or common ratio. Because there is a common ratio of , this
9.1y – 7.2y = 1.9y sequence is geometric. Find the next three terms of
11y – 9.1y = 1.9y the sequence.
9.1y ÷ 7.2y = about 1.26

11y ÷ 9.1y = about 1.21
Because there is a common difference of 1.9y, this

Therefore, the next three terms are 75 , 375,
the sequence.
12.9y + 1.9y = 14.8y and 375 .
14.8y + 1.9y = 16.7y
16.7y + 1.9y = 18.6y ANSWER:
geometric; 75 , 375, 375
Therefore, the next three terms are 14.8y, 16.7y,
and 18.6y.
96. 2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,…
ANSWER: SOLUTION:
Therefore, the next three terms are 14.8y, 16.7y,
and 375 .
and 18.6y.
ANSWER:
10-3 ANSWER:
arithmetic; 14.8y, 16.7y, 18.6y geometric; 75 , 375, 375
95. 3 , 15, 15 , 75, … 96. 2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,…

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, determine whether there is a common First, determine whether there is a common
difference or common ratio. difference or common ratio.
15 – 3 = about 8.29 2 –2 = about 1.43
15 – 15 = about 18.54 2 –2 = about 1.10
15 ÷ 3 = 2 ÷2 =
15 ÷ 15 =
2 ÷2 =
Because there is a common ratio of , this

sequence is geometric. Find the next three terms of Because there is no common difference or
the sequence. common ratio, the sequence is neither arithmetic
nor geometric.
Notice that there appears to be a pattern in which

the radicand is increasing by 3 for each successive
term. Find the next three terms of the sequence.
Therefore, the next three terms are 75 , 375, 2 =2
and 375 . 2 =2
2 =2
ANSWER:
geometric; 75 , 375, 375 Therefore, the next three terms are 2 ,2 ,
and 2 .
96. 2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,…
SOLUTION: ANSWER:
First, determine whether there is a common neither; 2 ,2 ,2
difference or common ratio.
Write each geometric series in sigma
2 –2 = about 1.43
notation.
2 –2 = about 1.10 97. 3 + 12 + 48 + … + 3072
SOLUTION:
2 ÷2 =
2 ÷2 = 12 ÷ 3 = 4
48 ÷ 12 = 4
Because there is no common difference or Next, determine the upper bound.

common ratio, the sequence is neither arithmetic a 4 = 48(4) = 192
nor geometric.
a 5 = 192(4) = 768
Notice that there appears to be a pattern in which a 6 = 768(4) = 3072
the radicand is increasing by 3 for each successive
term. Find the next three terms of the sequence. Write an explicit formula for the sequence.
2 =2
2 Manual - Powered
eSolutions = 2 by Cognero Page 38
2 =2 Therefore, in sigma notation the series 3 + 12 + 48
+ … + 3072 can be written as
and 2 . ANSWER:
ANSWER:
neither; 2 ,2 ,2
Write each geometric series in sigma 98. 9 + 18 + 36 + … + 1152

notation.
97. 3 + 12 + 48 + … + 3072 SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: 18 ÷ 9 = 2
Find the common ratio. 36 ÷ 18 = 2
12 ÷ 3 = 4
48 ÷ 12 = 4 Next, determine the upper bound.
a 4 = 36(2) = 72
Next, determine the upper bound.
a 5 = 72(2) = 144
a 4 = 48(4) = 192
a 6 = 144(2) = 288
a 5 = 192(4) = 768
a 7 = 288(2) = 576
a 6 = 768(4) = 3072
a 8 = 576(2) = 1152
Write an explicit formula for the sequence.
Therefore, in sigma notation the series 3 + 12 + 48

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
98. 9 + 18 + 36 + … + 1152 99. 50 + 85 + 144.5 + … + 417.605

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the common ratio. Find the common ratio.
18 ÷ 9 = 2 85 ÷ 50 = 1.7
36 ÷ 18 = 2 144.5 ÷ 85 = 1.7
Next, determine the upper bound. Next, determine the upper bound.
a 4 = 36(2) = 72 a 4 = 144.5(1.7) = 245.65
a 5 = 72(2) = 144 a 5 = 245.65(1.7) = 417.605
a 6 = 144(2) = 288
a 7 = 288(2) = 576 Write an explicit formula for the sequence.
a 8 = 576(2) = 1152

Therefore, in sigma notation the series 50 + 85 +
144.5 + … + 417.605 can be written as

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
99. 50 + 85 + 144.5 + … + 417.605

100.
SOLUTION:
Find the common ratio. SOLUTION:
85 ÷ 50 = 1.7 Find the common ratio.
144.5 ÷ 85 = 1.7
– ÷ = –2
a 4 = 144.5(1.7) = 245.65 ÷– = –2
a 5 = 245.65(1.7) = 417.605
a4 =
a 5 = –1(–2) = 2
a 6 = 2(–2) = –4
Therefore, in sigma notation the series 50 + 85 + a 7 = –4(–2) = 8
144.5 + … + 417.605 can be written as
ANSWER:
Therefore, in sigma notation the series
100. can be written as
SOLUTION:
– ÷ = –2 ANSWER:
÷– = –2
101. 0.2 – 1 + 5 –… – 625
SOLUTION:
a4 = Find the common ratio.
a 5 = –1(–2) = 2 –1 ÷ 0.2 = –5
5 ÷ –1 = –5
a 6 = 2(–2) = –4
a 7 = –4(–2) = 8 Next, determine the upper bound.
a 4 = 5(–5) = –25
Write an explicit formula for the sequence. a 5 = –25(–5) = 125
a 6 = 125(–5) = –625

Therefore, in sigma notation the series
can be written as
Therefore, in sigma notation the series 0.2 + (–1) +
ANSWER: Write an explicit formula for the horse's weight
gain.
101. 0.2 – 1 + 5 –… – 625

The lower bound is 1 and the upper bound is 5.
SOLUTION: Therefore, in sigma notation the series representing
Find the common ratio. the horse's weight gain for the first five months can
–1 ÷ 0.2 = –5
be written as
5 ÷ –1 = –5
Next, determine the upper bound. b. Use the explicit formula you found in part a to
a 4 = 5(–5) = –25 find a 4.
a 5 = –25(–5) = 125
a 6 = 125(–5) = –625

Therefore, in the fourth month the horse gained
51.84 pounds.
c. First, find the sum of the series.

Therefore, in sigma notation the series 0.2 + (–1) +
5 +… + (–625) can be written as
ANSWER:
102. HORSES For each of the first few months after a

horse is born, the amount of weight that it gains is
about 120% of the previous month’s weight gain. In Because the horse weighed 150 pounds at birth,
the first month, a horse has gained 30 pounds. after 5 months the horse weighed 223.248 + 150 or
a. Write a geometric series in sigma notation that about 373.248 pounds.
can be used to model the horse's weight gain for
the first five months. d. Sample answer: No; the horse cannot continue
b. About how much weight did the horse gain in the to grow at this rate indefinitely because its body will
fourth month? eventually stop growing.
c. If the horse weighed 150 pounds at birth, about
how much did it weigh after 5 months? ANSWER:
d. Will the horse continue to grow at this rate
indefinitely? Explain. a.
SOLUTION: b. 51.84 lb
a. The amount of weight that a horse gains is 120% c. 373.248 lb
of the previous month's weight gain, so r = 1.2. d. No; sample answer: A horse’s body will
Because the horse gained 30 pounds in the first eventually stop growing.
month, a 1 = 30.
103. MEDICINE A newly developed and researched
medicine has a half-life of about 1.5 hours after it is
Write an explicit formula for the horse's weight administered. The medicine is given to patients in
gain. doses of d milligrams every 6 hours.
a. What fraction of the first dose will be left in the
patient’s system when the second dose is taken?
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero b. Find the first four terms of the sequence thatPage 41
The lower bound is 1 and the upper bound is 5. represents the amount of medicine in a patient's
Therefore, in sigma notation the series representing system after the first 4 doses.
103. MEDICINE A newly developed and researched
medicine has a half-life of about 1.5 hours after it is
administered. The medicine is given to patients in Find a 2 and a 3, the amount of medicine that is left
doses of d milligrams every 6 hours. immediately after taking the third and fourth doses,
10-3 a.Geometric Sequences and Series
What fraction of the first dose will be left in the which occur at times t = 12 and t = 18,
patient’s system when the second dose is taken? respectively.
b. Find the first four terms of the sequence that
represents the amount of medicine in a patient's
system after the first 4 doses.
c. Write a recursive formula that can be used to
determine the amount of medicine in the patient's
system after the nth dose.
SOLUTION:
a. Let d represent the first dose at time t = 0. After
1.5 hours or t = 1.5 the amount of medicine left in
the patient's system will be d. Use this pattern to
find the amount of medicine at t = 6, the time of the
second dose.
Therefore, the first four terms of the sequence are

d, d, d, and d.
c. Notice that a pattern forms when the first four

terms are rewritten as shown below.
Therefore, after 6 hours of the original dose

will be left in the patient's system.
b. Immediately following the first dose, the amount

of medicine in the patient's system is d, so a 1 = d.
Immediately following the second dose, the amount
of medicine in the patient's system is the sum of the The third term can also be written as a 3 =
amount of medicine left from the first dose and the
amount taken during the second dose, so a 2 = d and the fourth term can be
+ d or d. written as a 4 = .
Find a 2 and a 3, the amount of medicine that is left Upon substituting, a 4 = . If we let 4 =
immediately after taking the third and fourth doses, n and 3 = n – 1, the formula becomes a n =
which occur at times t = 12 and t = 18,
respectively.
. Therefore, a recursive formula
that can be used to describe the amount of
medicine in a patient's system immediately
following the nth dose is a 1 = d, a n = a n–1 +
ANSWER:
f. ANALYTICAL Make a conjecture about what
. Therefore, a recursive formula
happens to S n as n for S n = .
that can be used to describe the amount of
10-3 medicine
Geometric Sequences
in a patient's and Series
system immediately SOLUTION:
following the nth dose is a 1 = d, a n = a n–1 + a.
ANSWER:
a.
b. d, d, d, d
c. a 1 = d, a n = a n – 1 + b.
104. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this

problem, you will investigate the limits of .
a. GRAPHICAL Graph S n = for r = 0.2,

0.5, and 0.9 on the same graph.
b. TABULAR Copy and complete the table
shown below.
c. From the graph for r = 0.2, it appears that as n
∞, S n 1.25. From the graph for r = 0.5, it
appears that as n ∞, S n 2. From the graph
for r = 0.9, it appears that as n ∞, S n 10.
d.
c. ANALYTICAL For each graph in part a,

describe the values of S n as n .
d. GRAPHICAL Graph S n = for r = 1.2,

2.5, and 4 on the same graph.
e. ANALYTICAL For each graph in part d,
describe the values of S n as n .
e . It appears that as n ∞, S n ∞.
f. ANALYTICAL Make a conjecture about what
happens to S n as n for S n = . f. Because 8.6 > 1, as n , Sn ∞.
SOLUTION: ANSWER:
a.
a.
b.
b.
f. Because 8.6 > 1, as n , Sn ∞.
e . Sn
10-3 ANSWER:
Geometric Sequences and Series f. S n
a.
105. ERROR ANALYSIS Emilio believes that the sum
of the infinite geometric series 16 + 4 + 1 + 0.25 +
… can be calculated. Annie disagrees. Is either of
them correct? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
4 ÷ 16 = 0.25
1 ÷ 4 = 0.25
b.
Sample answer: The common ratio is less than 1, so
the sequence is converging to 0, and the sum of the
series can be calculated. Therefore, Emilio is
correct.
ANSWER:
Emilio; sample answer: The common ratio is less
than 1, so the related sequence is converging to 0.
c. S n 1.25 for r = 0.2; S n 2 for r = 0.5; S n Therefore, the sum of the series can be calculated.
10 for r = 0.9 106. CHALLENGE A ball is dropped from a height of
d. 5 meters. On each bounce, the ball rises to 65% of
the height it reached on the previous bounce.
e . Sn a. Approximate the total vertical distance the ball

f. S n travels, until it stops bouncing.
b. The ball makes its first complete bounce in 2
seconds, that is, from the moment it first touches
105. ERROR ANALYSIS Emilio believes that the sum
the ground until it next touches the ground. Each
of the infinite geometric series 16 + 4 + 1 + 0.25 + complete bounce that follows takes 0.8 times as
… can be calculated. Annie disagrees. Is either of long as the preceding bounce. Estimate the total
them correct? Explain your reasoning. amount of time that the ball bounces.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
a. The ball is dropped from a height of 5 meters,
4 ÷ 16 = 0.25 bounces back up 0.65(5) or 3.25 meters, falls 3.25
1 ÷ 4 = 0.25 meters, bounces back up 0.65(3.25) or 2.1125
meters, falls 2.1125 meters, and so on. So, an
Sample answer: The common ratio is less than 1, so infinite sequence that can be used to represent this
the sequence is converging to 0, and the sum of the situation is 5, 3.25, 3.25, 2.1125, 2.1125, … . The
series can be calculated. Therefore, Emilio is corresponding series can be written as the sum of
correct. the two infinite geometric series: one series that
represents the distance the ball travels when falling
ANSWER: and one series that represents the distance the ball
Emilio; sample answer: The common ratio is less travels when bouncing back up.
than 1, so the related sequence is converging to 0. Series 1 5 + 3.25 + 2.1125 + …
Therefore, the sum of the series can be calculated. Series 2 3.25 + 2.1125 + 1.373125 + …
106. CHALLENGE A ball is dropped from a height of
situation is 5, 3.25, 3.25, 2.1125, 2.1125, … . The bounces is 10 seconds.
corresponding series can be written as the sum of
the two infinite geometric series: one series that ANSWER:
10-3 represents
Geometric the distance the ball travels when falling
Sequences and Series
and one series that represents the distance the ball
a. about 23.6 m
b. 10 s
travels when bouncing back up.
Series 1 5 + 3.25 + 2.1125 + … 107. WRITING IN MATH Explain why an infinite
Series 2 3.25 + 2.1125 + 1.373125 + … geometric series will not have a sum if ‫׀‬r|> 1.
Find the sum of each series. SOLUTION:

If then increases without limit.
Therefore, the corresponding sequence will be
divergent, and the sum of the series cannot be
calculated.
Consider the following geometric series.
9 + 3 + 1 + ....
Therefore, the total vertical distance the ball travels
is 14.29 + 9.29 or about 23.6 meters.
b. In this sequence, a 1 = 2 and r = 0.8. Find the

sum of the related series.
9 + 12 + 15 + ....
Therefore, the total amount of time that the ball

bounces is 10 seconds.
ANSWER:
a. about 23.6 m –4.5 is not the correct value for the series, Thus,
b. 10 s the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric
series does not work when .
107. WRITING IN MATH Explain why an infinite
geometric series will not have a sum if ‫׀‬r|> 1. ANSWER:
If , then increases without limit.
SOLUTION:
Therefore, the corresponding sequence will be
If then increases without limit. divergent, and the sum of the series cannot be
Therefore, the corresponding sequence will be calculated.
divergent, and the sum of the series cannot be
calculated. REASONING Determine whether each
Consider the following geometric series. statement is true or false . Explain your
9 + 3 + 1 + .... reasoning.
108. If the first two terms of a geometric sequence are
positive, then the third term is positive.
SOLUTION:
If the first two terms are positive, then the common
ratio must be a positive. Therefore, the third term,
which equals the second term times the common
ratio, must also positive. So, the statement is true.
9 + 12 + 15 + ....
Consider the sequence 2, 4, ...
The common ration is 4 ÷ 2 = 2.
Find the next term.
4 · 2 = 8. Which is positive.
–4.5 is not the correct value for the series, Thus,
the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric ANSWER:
series does not work when .
True; if the first two terms are positive, then the
unknown. a 1 and a n.
If , then increases without limit.
Therefore, the corresponding sequence will be ANSWER:
10-3 divergent,
Geometric and the sum of the series
Sequences andcannot
Series be False; you must also know the value of the first
calculated. term.
REASONING Determine whether each 110. If r is negative, then the geometric sequence
statement is true or false . Explain your converges.
reasoning.
108. If the first two terms of a geometric sequence are SOLUTION:
positive, then the third term is positive. Whether a geometric sequence converges or
diverges depends on the absolute value of the
SOLUTION: common ratio. If < 1, the sequence will
If the first two terms are positive, then the common
converge, and if > 1 the sequence will diverge.
ratio must be a positive. Therefore, the third term,
which equals the second term times the common Therefore, this statement is false.
ratio, must also positive. So, the statement is true.
The series 27, 9, 3, 1, ... converges as well as –27,
Consider the sequence 2, 4, ... –9, –3, –1, ... .
The sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, ... and –1, –3, –9, –27, ...
The common ration is 4 ÷ 2 = 2.
both diverge.
Find the next term.
4 · 2 = 8. Which is positive. ANSWER:
False; if < 1, then the geometric sequence
ANSWER: converges.
True; if the first two terms are positive, then the 111. REASONING Determine whether the following
common ratio must be a positive. Therefore, the statement is sometimes, always, or never true.
third term, which equals the second term times the Explain your reasoning.
common ratio, must also be positive. If all of the terms of an infinite geometric series
are negative, then the series has a sum that is a
109. If you know r and the sum of a finite geometric negative number.
series, you can find the last term.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: If |r| < 1, then the series has a sum, and the sum is
If the sum of the series and the common ratio are a negative number. If |r| > 1, the corresponding
given, you can use the formula for the nth partial sequence is divergent, and the series has no sum.
Therefore, the statement is sometimes true.
sum of a geometric series, , to find
the last term. However, the value of the first term Consider the series –27 + (–9) + (–3) + (–1) + ...
must also be known. Therefore, this statement is
false.
Consider a series with S n = 58,590 and r = 5. Find

a n.
The sum is – 40.5.
Consider the series –1+ (–3) + (–9) + (–27) + ...

You can not solve this because there are two
unknown. a 1 and a n.
ANSWER:
False; you must also know the value of the first
term.
110. If r is negative, then the geometric sequence The sum is – 1.5, which is not correct since the
converges. sum of the first 4 terms is – 40. Thus, there isPage
not 46
sum.
SOLUTION:
both diverge.
ANSWER:
< 1, then the geometric sequence
10-3 False; if
converges.
a. What is the perimeter of the square with side
111. REASONING Determine whether the following lengths of x inches?
statement is sometimes, always, or never true. b. What is the sum of the perimeters of all the
Explain your reasoning. squares?
If all of the terms of an infinite geometric series c. What is the sum of the areas of all the squares?
are negative, then the series has a sum that is a
negative number. SOLUTION:
a. The triangle formed by two midpoints and an
SOLUTION:
included corner of the largest square is a right
If |r| < 1, then the series has a sum, and the sum is triangle with side lengths of 4 ÷ 2 or 2 inches, and a
a negative number. If |r| > 1, the corresponding hypotenuse of x inches.
sequence is divergent, and the series has no sum.
Therefore, the statement is sometimes true.
Consider the series –27 + (–9) + (–3) + (–1) + ...
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x.

The sum is – 40.5.
Consider the series –1+ (–3) + (–9) + (–27) + ...
The perimeter of a square is given by P = 4s,

where s is the length of one side. So, the perimeter
of the square with side lengths of x or 2 inches
is 4(2 ) or 8 inches.
The sum is – 1.5, which is not correct since the
sum of the first 4 terms is – 40. Thus, there is not b. The perimeter of the largest square is 4(4) or 16
sum. inches, and the perimeter of the second largest
square is 8 inches. So, the first two terms in the
ANSWER:
Sometimes; if |r| < 1, then the series has a sum, and sequence of perimeters are a 1 = 16 and a 2 = 8 .
the sum is a negative number. If |r| > 1, then the Find the common ratio.
corresponding sequence is divergent, and the series
has no sum. a2 ÷ a1 = 8 ÷ 16 or
112. CHALLENGE The midpoints of the sides of a

square are connected so that a new square is
formed. Suppose this process is repeated The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, the
indefinitely.
infinite geometric series of perimeters 16 + 8 +
… has a sum. Substitute a 1 = 16 and r = into

the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric
series.
a. What is the perimeter of the square with side
lengths
eSolutions Manualof- Powered
x inches?
by Cognero Page 47
b. What is the sum of the perimeters of all the
squares?
infinite geometric series of perimeters 16 + 8 + Therefore, the sum of the areas of all the squares is
2
32 in .
… has a sum. Substitute a 1 = 16 and r = into
the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric
series. a. 8 in.
b. 32 + 16 or about 54.6 in.
c. 32 in2
Find each sum.

113.
SOLUTION:
The first term of this series is 3 and the last term is

15. The number of terms is equal to the upper
bound minus the lower bound plus one, which is 7 –
1 + 1 or 7. Therefore, a 1 = 3, a n = 15, and n = 7.
Find the sum of the series.
Therefore, the sum of the perimeters of all the
squares is 32 + 16 or about 54.6 inches.
c. The area of a square is given by A = s2, so the

2
area of the largest square is 4 or 16, and the area
2 ANSWER:
of the second largest square is (2 ) or 8. So, a 1
63
= 16, a 2 = 8, and r = 8 ÷ 16 or .
114.
The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, the

SOLUTION:
infinite geometric series of areas 16 + 8 + … has a
sum. Substitute a 1 = 16 and r = into the formula
for the sum of an infinite geometric series. The first term of this series is 13 and the last term
is 25. The number of terms is equal to the upper
bound minus the lower bound plus one, which is 7 –
3 + 1 or 5. Therefore, a 1 = 13, a n = 25, and n = 5.
Find the sum of the series.
Therefore, the sum of the areas of all the squares is ANSWER:

2 95
32 in .
ANSWER: 115.
a. 8 in.
b. 32 + 16 SOLUTION: Page 48
or about 54.6 in.
c. 32 in2
Therefore, the object will fall 176 feet in the sixth
second.
10-3 ANSWER:
95 176 ft
117. TEXTILES Patterns in fabric can often be

115.
created by modifying a mathematical graph. The
pattern can be modeled by a lemniscate.
SOLUTION:
The first term of this series is 13 and the last term

is 311. The number of terms is equal to the upper
bound minus the lower bound plus one, which is 150
– 1 + 1 or 150. Therefore, a 1 = 13, a n = 311, and n a. Suppose the designer wanted to begin with a
lemniscate that was 6 units from end to end. What
= 150. Find the sum of the series. polar equation could have been used?
b. What polar equation could have been used to
generate a lemniscate that was 8 units from end to
end?
SOLUTION:
a. The equation for a lemniscate is given by r2 = a 2
ANSWER: 2 2
24,300 cos 2 or r = a sin 2 . If the lemniscate is 6
units from end to end, a = 6 ÷ 2 or 3. Therefore,
116. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS To prove that 2 2
the corresponding equations are r = 3 cos 2 or
objects of different weights fall at the same rate, 2 2 2 2
r = 9 cos 2 and r = 3 sin 2 or r = 9 sin 2
Marlene dropped two objects with different weights
.
from the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. The
objects hit the ground at the same time. When an
object is dropped from a tall building, it falls about b. If the lemniscate is 8 units from end to end, a =
16 feet in the first second, 48 feet in the second 8 ÷ 2 or 4. Therefore, the corresponding equations
2 2 2 2 2
second, and 80 feet in the third second, regardless are r = 4 cos 2 or r = 16 cos 2 and r = 4
of its weight. If this pattern continues, how many sin 2
2
or r = 16 sin 2 .
feet would an object fall in the sixth second?
SOLUTION: ANSWER:
In this sequence, a 1 = 16, a 2 = 48, and a 3 = 80. a. r2 = 9 cos 2 2
or r = 9 sin 2
2 2
Find the common difference. b. r = 16 cos 2 or r = 16 sin 2
48 – 16 = 32
80 – 48 = 32 Graph each polar equation on a polar grid.
118. =
Find a 6.
80 + 32 = 112 SOLUTION:
112 + 32 = 144
144 + 32 = 176 The solutions of θ = are ordered pairs of the
Therefore, the object will fall 176 feet in the sixth form , where r is any real number. The
second.
graph consists of all points on the line that make an
ANSWER:
176 ft angle of with the positive polar axis.
117. TEXTILES Patterns in fabric can often be

created by modifying a mathematical graph. The
pattern can be modeled by a lemniscate.
ANSWER:
a. r2 = 9 cos 2 2
or r = 9 sin 2
10-3 Geometric
2 Sequences
2 and Series
b. r = 16 cos 2 or r = 16 sin 2
Graph each polar equation on a polar grid. 119. r = 1.5

118. = SOLUTION:
The solutions of r = 1.5 are ordered pairs of the
SOLUTION: form (1.5, θ), where θ is any real number. The
graph consists of all points that are 1.5 units from
The solutions of θ = are ordered pairs of the the pole, so the graph is a circle centered at the
origin with radius 1.5.
form , where r is any real number. The
graph consists of all points on the line that make an
angle of with the positive polar axis.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
120. = −150°
SOLUTION:
119. r = 1.5
SOLUTION:
The solutions of r = 1.5 are ordered pairs of the
form (1.5, θ), where θ is any real number. The
graph consists of all points that are 1.5 units from
the pole, so the graph is a circle centered at the
origin with radius 1.5.

120. = −150° Find the cross product of u and v. Then show

that u × v is orthogonal to both u and v.
SOLUTION: 121. u = ,v=
The solutions of θ = −150° are ordered pairs of the
SOLUTION:
form (r, −150°), where r is any real number. The
graph consists of all points on the line that make an Find the cross product of u and v .
angle of −150° with the positive polar axis.
To show that is orthogonal to both u and v ,

find the dot product of with u and with
v.
ANSWER:
Find the cross product of u and v. Then show Because both dot products are zero, the vectors are
that u × v is orthogonal to both u and v. orthogonal.
121. u = ,v=
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
Find the cross product of u and v .
= −30(1) + 6(9) + 24(−1)

=0
= −30(−2) + 6(6) + 24(−4)

=0
122. u = ,v=
To show that is orthogonal to both u and v , SOLUTION:
find the dot product of with u and with Find the cross product of u and v .
v . Manual - Powered by Cognero
eSolutions Page 51
=0
= −30(−2) + 6(6) + 24(−4)

10-3 =Geometric
0 Sequences and Series = −46(1) + (−19)(−5) + 7(−7)
=0
122. u = ,v= 123. u = ,v=

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the cross product of u and v . Find the cross product of u and v .

find the dot product of with u and with
v. find the dot product of with u and with
v.
Because both dot products are zero, the vectors are

orthogonal. Because both dot products are zero, the vectors are
orthogonal.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
= −46(−3) + (−19)8 + 7(2)

=0 = 8(9) + (−21)0 + 18(−4)
=0
= −46(1) + (−19)(−5) + 7(−7)

=0 = 8(−6) + (−21)2 + 18(5)
=0
123. u = ,v=
Find the component form and magnitude of
SOLUTION: with the given initial and terminal points.
Find the cross product of u and v . Then find a unit vector in the direction of .
124. A(6, 7, 9), B(18, 21, 18)
SOLUTION:
Find the component form of .
=0 ANSWER:
〈12, 14, 9〉; ;

10-3 =Geometric
8(−6) + (−21)2Sequences
+ 18(5) and Series
=0
Find the component form and magnitude of 125. A(24, −6, 16), B(8, 12, −4)
with the given initial and terminal points.
SOLUTION:
Then find a unit vector in the direction of .
124. A(6, 7, 9), B(18, 21, 18) Find the component form of .
SOLUTION:
Use the component form to find the magnitude of

.

.
Using this magnitude and component form, find a

unit vector u in the direction of .
ANSWER:
〈12, 14, 9〉; ;

ANSWER:
125. A(24, −6, 16), B(8, 12, −4) 〈−16, 18, −20〉; 14 ;
SOLUTION:
Find the component form of . 126. A(3, −5, 9), B(−1, 15, −7)
SOLUTION:
A(3, −5, 9), B(−1, 15, −7)
.

.
Using
eSolutions this- Powered
Manual magnitude and component
by Cognero form, find a Page 53
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
〈−16, 18, −20〉; 14 ;
〈−16, 18, −20〉; 14 ;
126. A(3, −5, 9), B(−1, 15, −7)

126. A(3, −5, 9), B(−1, 15, −7)
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
A(3, −5, 9), B(−1, 15, −7)
A(3, −5, 9), B(−1, 15, −7)

.
.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
〈−4, 20, −16〉; 4 ;
〈−4, 20, −16〉; 4 ;
127. SAT/ACT In the geometric sequence , , ,.

127. SAT/ACT In the geometric sequence , , ,.
. . , each term after the first is equal to the previous
. . , each term after the first is equal to the previous th
th term times a constant. What is the value of the 13
term times a constant. What is the value of the 13
term?
term?
7
7 A2
A2
B 28
B 28 9
9 C2
C2
D 210
D 210 11
11 E2
E2
SOLUTION:
B 28
9 Therefore, the correct answer is C.
C2
10
10-3 DGeometric
2 Sequences and Series ANSWER:
E2
11 C
SOLUTION: 128. REVIEW The pattern of dots shown below

First, find the common ratio. continues infinitely, with more dots being added at
each step.
÷ =2
÷ =2

sequence to find a 13. Which expression can be used to determine the
number of dots at the nth step?
F 2n
G n(n + 2)
H n(n + 1)
J 2(n + 1)
SOLUTION:
In this sequence, a 1 = 4, a 2 = 6, and a 3 = 8. First,
Therefore, the correct answer is C. find the common difference.
6– 4=2
ANSWER: 8– 6=2
C
Substitute a 1 = 4 and d = 2 in the formula for the
128. REVIEW The pattern of dots shown below
continues infinitely, with more dots being added at nth term of an arithmetic sequence.
each step.
Which expression can be used to determine the Therefore, the correct answer is J.
number of dots at the nth step?
ANSWER:
F 2n
J
G n(n + 2)
H n(n + 1) 129. The first term of a geometric series is −1, and the
J 2(n + 1) common ratio is −3. How many terms are in the
SOLUTION: series if its sum is 182?
A6
In this sequence, a 1 = 4, a 2 = 6, and a 3 = 8. First,
B7
find the common difference. C8
6– 4=2 D9
8– 6=2
SOLUTION:
Substitute a 1 = 4 and d = 2 in the formula for the The first term in the series is –1, the common ratio
nth term of an arithmetic sequence. is –3, and the sum is 182. Use the formula for the
sum of a finite geometric series to find the number
of terms n.

Therefore, the correct answer is J. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
10-3 ANSWER:
J A
129. The first term of a geometric series is −1, and the 130. REVIEW Cora begins a phone tree to notify her
common ratio is −3. How many terms are in the friends about a party. In step 1, she calls 3 friends.
series if its sum is 182? In step 2, each of those friends calls 3 new friends.
A6 In step 3, each of those new friends calls 3 more
B7 new friends. After step 3, how many people know
C8 about the party, including Cora?
F 12
D9
G 13
SOLUTION: H 39
The first term in the series is –1, the common ratio J 40
is –3, and the sum is 182. Use the formula for the
sum of a finite geometric series to find the number SOLUTION:
of terms n. First, find the common ratio.
9÷3=3
27 ÷ 9 = 3
The common ratio is 3. Find the sum of the series.
Including Cora, 40 people know about the party.

Therefore, the correct answer is J.
ANSWER:
J
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
ANSWER:
A
130. REVIEW Cora begins a phone tree to notify her

friends about a party. In step 1, she calls 3 friends.
In step 2, each of those friends calls 3 new friends.
In step 3, each of those new friends calls 3 more
new friends. After step 3, how many people know
about the party, including Cora?
F 12
G 13
H 39
J 40
SOLUTION:
9÷3=3
27 ÷ 9 = 3
The common ratio is 3. Find the sum of the series.


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Therefore, the next three terms are 2, –4, and 8.

Determine the common ratio, and find the

= –2 The common ratio is . Multiply the third term

Therefore, the next three terms are 2, –4, and 8.

3. 0.5, 0.75, 1.125, …

Therefore, the next three terms are 1.6875,

4. 8, 20, 50, … 6. 64x, 16x, 4x, …

The common ratio is 2.5. Multiply the third term by 4x ÷ 16x =

5. 2x, 10x, 50x, …

The common ratio is 5. Multiply the third term by 5 ANSWER:

6. 64x, 16x, 4x, …

a. Show that the sequence of circumferences of

8. –9 – y, 27 + 3y, –81 – 9y, …

Find the common ratio.

The common ratio is –3. Multiply the third term by

Therefore, the next three terms are 243 + 27y, –

9. GEOMETRY Consider a sequence of circles with ANSWER:

The common ratio is .

The common ratio is . SOLUTION:

common ratio is = or For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 64 and r =

in the nth term formula.

12. −2, 10, −50, …

a n = 36 ; a 1 = 36, a n = an – 1 For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.

13. 4, −12, 36, …

12. −2, 10, −50, … 14. 4, 8, 16, …

13. 4, −12, 36, … 15. 20, 30, 45, …

16. 15, 5, ,… 17. , , ,…

For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 15 and r =

For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.

a. Write an explicit formula for the pattern.

b. Substitute b 0 = 12 and t = 4 into the equation you

Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric

Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric

ANSWER: 23. a 6 for 540, 90, 15, …

23. a 6 for 540, 90, 15, … 24. a 7 if a 3 = 24 and r = 0.5

Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric

25. a 6 if a 3 = 32 and r = –0.5

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 9

25. a 6 if a 3 = 32 and r = –0.5

Next, use the values of a 2 and r to find a 1.

Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric ANSWER:

27. a 8 if a 1 = 4096 and r =

Another method would be to consider that the 6th

26. a 6 if a 1 = 16,807 and r =

28. ACCOUNTING Julian Rockman is an accountant

Note that a 1 = 4, n = 4, and a 4 = 256. Find the

The common ratio is . Use r to find the

Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

34. and 7; 1 mean

r= The sequence will resemble , __?__ , 7. Note

that a 1 = , n = 3, and a 3 = 7. Find the common

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

35. –2 and 54; 2 means

The common ratio is –3. Use r to find the

Note that a 1 = –2, n = 4, and a 4 = 54. Find the

Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

The common ratio is –3. Use r to find the ANSWER:

37. 48 and −750; 2 means 38. i and −1; 4 means

The common ratio is i. Use r to find the geometric

= 300 Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means ANSWER:

ANSWER: 39. t 8 and t – 7; 4 means

The common ratio is i. Use r to find the geometric

39. t 8 and t – 7; 4 means Find the sum of each geometric series

r= The sequence will resemble , ? , 7. Note