Grade 10 2nd Quarter Module

MATHEMATICS SLEM GRADE 10 SECOND QUARTER
G10 SLEM # 1 – WEEK 1 – 2nd QUARTER

NTH TERM OF A GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Find the nth term of a geometric sequence.
After going through this module, you are expected to find the nth
term of a geometric sequence.
PRETEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the 6th term of the geometric sequence 1, 3, 9, …?

A. 18 B. 27 C. 81 D. 243
2. What is the 5th term of the geometric sequence whose first term is 2
and with a common ratio of 3?
A. 42 B. 54 C. 72 D. 162
3. Which geometric sequence has a 6th term of -32?

A. 1, -2, 4, … C. 2, -4, 8
B. -1, 2, -4, … D. -2, 4, -8
LOOKING BACK
A geometric sequence is a sequence where each term after the first
is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a nonzero constant called
the common ratio. The common ratio, r, can be determined by dividing
any term in the sequence by the term that precedes it.
𝑎𝑛
𝑟=
𝑎𝑛−1
It is important to find the common ratio to be able to find the nth term
of a geometric sequence.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

If we are asked to find the next 3 terms of the geometric sequence
4, 8, 16, …, we can easily identify the terms by multiplying the preceding
term with the common ratio. In this case, the common ratio is 2. Therefore,
16, 32 and 64 are the next 3 terms of the given geometric sequence.
What if we are asked to find the 10th term? Do we need to multiply each
term with the common ratio to get the answer?
Like arithmetic sequence, we have a formula in finding the n th term of a

geometric sequence. It is given by,
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏
Examples
1. Find the 10th term of the sequence 4, 8, 16, …
Given: 𝑎1 = 4 𝑟=2 𝑛 = 10
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎10 = 4(2)10−1
𝑎10 = 4(2)9
𝑎10 = 4(512)
𝑎10 = 2048
Therefore, the 10 term of the sequence 4, 8, 16, … is 2048.
th
2. Find the 7th term of the geometric sequence 3, 9, 27, 81…

Given: 𝑎1 = 3 𝑟=3 𝑛=7
: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎7 = 3(3)7−1
𝑎7 = 3(3)6
𝑎7 = 3(729)
𝑎7 = 2187
Therefore, the 7 term of the sequence 3, 9, 27, 81, … is 2187.
th
3. Find the 8th term of the geometric sequence 5, -10, 20, -40….
Given: 𝑎1 = 5 𝑟 = −2 𝑛=9
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎8 = 5(−2)8−1
𝑎8 = 5(−2)7
𝑎8 = 5(−128)
𝑎8 = −640
Therefore, the 8th term of the sequence 5, -10, 20, -40, … is -640.
4. What if the sequence is given by 125, 25, 5, …, how do we find the

7th term?
It is just the same as the given examples above except that

the common ratio is a fraction
1
Given: 𝑎1 = 125 𝑟= 𝑛=7
5
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
1 7−1
𝑎7 = 125 ( )
5
1 6
𝑎7 = 125 ( )
5
1
𝑎7 = 125 ( )
15625
1
𝑎7 =
125
1
Therefore, the 7th term of the sequence 125, 25, 5, … is 125
.
ACTIVITY
Find the indicated term of the following geometric sequence. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper. Show your complete solution.
1. 1, 2, 4, … - 8th term
2. 3, 6, 12, … - 6th term
3. 5, 10, 15, … - 9th term
4. 1, -3, 9, … - 7th term

5. 4000, 2000, 1000, … 5th term
REMEMBER
To find the nth term (an) of a geometric sequence use the formula
an = a1 r n−1 .
CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

I. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Then write it on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. In the geometric sequence 1, 4, 16, 64… what is the 6th term?

A. 2048 B. 1024 C. 512 D. 256
2. In the geometric sequence 5, 15, 45, ..., what is the 5th term?
A. 3645 B. 1215 C. 405 D. 355
3. In the geometric sequence 2000, 1000, 500, …, what is the 5th term?
1 1
A. 250 B. 125 C. 62 2 D. 31 4
4. Which geometric sequence has 192 as the 4th term?
A. 3, 12, 48, … C. 6, 18, 54, ...
B. 4, 12, 36, … D. 9, 18, 36, …
5. Which geometric sequence has 25 as its 5th term?
A. 400, 200, 100… C. 800, 400, 200…
B. 500, 250, 125... D. 1000, 500, 250…
II. Read and analyze the given problem. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper. Show your complete solution.
Given the geometric sequence 2 − 2, 2, −2, 2.. What is the

100th term?
POSTTEST
1. What is the 6th term of the geometric sequence 4, 8, 16, …?
A. 256 B. 128 C. 64 D. 32
2. What is the 5th term of the geometric sequence whose first term is
5 and with a common ratio of 2?
A. 20 B. 40 C. 80 D. 160
3. Which geometric sequence has a 5th term of -625?

A. 1, -5, 25, … C. 5, -25, 125, …
B. -1, 5, -25, … D. -5, 25, -125, …

GEOMETRIC MEANS
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Find the geometric means of a geometric

sequence.
After going through this module, you are expected to find the
geometric mean(s) of a geometric sequence.
PRETEST
1. What are the geometric means in the geometric sequence -3, ___,
___, 24, …?
A. 2, -4 B. 4, -8 C. 6, -12 D. 9, -18
2. What is the common ratio in question #1?

A. -2 B. -1 C. 1 D. 2
3. Which two numbers has a geometric mean of 9?

A. 4 and 16 C. 3 and 27
B. 6 and 12 D. 18 and 81
LOOKING BACK
To find the nth term of a geometric sequence, we use the formula
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
This formula can also be used in determining the common ratio in
a geometric sequence.

Geometric means are terms in between two given terms of a
geometric sequence.
To find the geometric means between two given terms, find first the
common ratio.
Example 1. Insert three geometric means in between 3 and 768.
3, ___, ___, ___, 768
𝑎1 = 3 𝑎5 = 768 𝑛=5
Use the formula 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 to find the common ratio r.
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎5 = 𝑎1 𝑟 5−1 Substitute all the given value to the
formula.
768 = 3𝑟 4 Isolate r4 by dividing both sides of the
equation by 3.
768 3
= 3 𝑟4 Simplify.
3
256 = 𝑟 4 To solve for r you need to extract the

root.
4 4
√256 = √𝑟 4
±4 = 𝑟
The geometric means are:
If r = 4 then, 𝑎2 = 3(4) = 12 𝑎3 = 12(4) = 48
𝑎4 = 48(4) = 192
Our first geometric sequence is 3, 12, 48, 192, 768
Our geometric means are 12, 48 and 192.
If r = -4 then, 𝑎2 = 3(−4) = −12 𝑎3 = −12(−4) = 48
𝑎4 = 48(−4) = −192
Our second geometric sequence is 3, -12, 48, -192, 768.

Another set of geometric means are -12, 48 and -192.
Example 2. Insert two geometric means between 5 and 135.

5, ___, ___, 135
𝑎1 = 5 𝑎4 = 135 𝑛=4
Use the formula 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 to find the common ratio r.
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎4 = 𝑎1 𝑟 4−1
𝑎4 = 𝑎1 𝑟 3
135 = 5𝑟 3 Substitute all the given value to the formula
135 5
= 5 𝑟3 Isolate r3 by dividing both sides of the equation
5
by 5.
27 = 𝑟 3 To solve for r you need to extract the root both
sides of the equation.
𝟑 3
√𝟐𝟕 = √𝑟3
3=𝑟
If r = 3 then 𝑎2 = 𝑎1 𝑟 = 5(3) = 15
𝑎3 = 𝑎1 𝑟 3−1 = 𝑎1 𝑟 2 = 5(32 ) = 5(9) = 45
Our geometric sequence is 5, 15, 45, 135.
The geometric means are 15 and 45.
ACTIVITY
Find the geometric means between the two given terms in a
geometric sequence. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Show your complete solution.
1. 8, ___, ____, 64…

2. 1,____,____,____, 81…
3. 160,____,____,____, ____, 5…
4. Three between 2 and 1250
5. Five between 10 and 7290
REMEMBER
Term/s between two other terms in a geometric sequence is/ are

called geometric mean/s. To find the geometric mean/s, we must find first
for the common ratio using the formula,
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 .
This common ratio will be used to determine the geometric means

between two terms in a geometric sequence.

sheet of paper.
For numbers 1 – 3, please refer to the given question below.

If two geometric means are to be inserted between 1 and 27,
1. What is the common ratio?

A. 4 B. 3 C.2 D.1
2. What is the first geometric mean?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D.9
3. What is the second geometric mean?
A. 3 B. 6 C. 9 D. 12
4. What is the geometric mean between 6 and 96?

A. 12 B. 18 C. 24 D. 36
5. What is the common ratio in question no. 4?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
The third and fifth terms of a geometric sequence are 18 and

162 respectively. Find the geometric mean between the given terms
and the first term of the geometric sequence.
POSTTEST
1. If two geometric means are inserted between 4 and 32, what is the
common ratio?
A. 2 B. 3 C.4 D. 6
2. What are the two geometric means in no. 1?
A. 5, 10 B. 6, 12 C. 8,16 D. 12,24
3. Which two numbers has a geometric mean of 25?
A. 16 and 34 C. 15 and 35
B. 16 and 36 D. 5 and 125

SUM OF TERMS OF GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Find the sum of terms of a geometric sequence
After going through this module, you are expected to find the sum
of the terms of given a geometric sequence.
PRETEST
1. What is the sum of the first six terms of the geometric sequence 2, 4,
8, …?
A. 126 B. 162 216 D. 261
2. What is the sum of the first five terms of the geometric sequence 1, 4,
16, …?
A. 256 B. 341 C. 1024 D. 1301
3. What is the sum of the first twenty terms of the geometric sequence 3,
3, 3, ...?
A. 30 B. 45 C. 60 D. 300
LOOKING BACK
• Use this formula to find the nth term of the geometric sequence
𝐚𝐧 = 𝐚𝟏 𝐫 𝐧−𝟏
• Use this formula to find the common ratio of a geometric

sequence
𝐚𝐧
𝐫=
𝐚𝐧−𝟏

Example 1. What is the sum of the first five terms of 4, 8, 16, …?
FIRST METHOD: Simply add all the first five terms of the
geometric sequence.
S5 = 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 = 124
SECOND METHOD: Systems of Linear Equations
(Elimination Method)
an a 8
1. Find the common ratio r=a = a2 = 4 = 2
n−1 1
2. Multiply S5 = 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 by -r =-2 to eliminate

other numbers in two equations
−2(S5 = 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64)
−2S5 = −8 − 16 − 32 − 64 − 128
3. Use Elimination method to find S5 . Subtract S5 − 2S5 .
S5 = 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64
−2S5 = −8 − 16 − 32 − 64 − 128
−S5 = 4 − 128
−𝑆5 = −124
𝑆5 = 124
THIRD METHOD: Use the formula for the sum of the nth terms of a
geometric sequence.
𝐚𝟏 (𝟏−𝐫 𝐧 )
𝐒𝐧 = where r ≠ 1
(𝟏−𝐫)
What is the sum of the first five terms of 4, 8, 16, …?

a1 = 4 r=2 S5 = ?
Since r = 2,
4(1−25 ) 4(1−32) 4(−31) −124
S5 = = = = = 124
(1−2) −1 −1 −1
Example 2. What is the sum of the first ten terms of 4, 4, 4, 4….?

a 4
r = a2 = 4 = 1 Since r = 1, then do not use the formula
1
𝐒𝐧 = 𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝟏 (𝟏) + 𝐚𝟏 (𝟏)𝟐 +. . +𝐚𝟏 (𝟏)𝐧−𝟏 = 𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝟏 +. . +𝐚𝟏 = 𝐧(𝐚𝟏 )

Sn = 𝑛(𝑎1 ) if r =1
Since r =1 then 𝑆10 = 10(4) = 40
Example 3. What is the sum of the first six terms of 3, -3, 3,-3, ...?
a −3
r = a2 = 3
= −1 If r = -1 and n is even then Sn = 0
1
𝐒𝐧 = 𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏) + 𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏)𝟑 +. . +𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏)𝐧−𝟏

= (𝐚𝟏 − 𝐚𝟏 ) + (𝐚𝟏 − 𝐚𝟏 ). . +(𝐚𝟏 − 𝐚𝟏 ) = 𝟎
𝐒𝟔 = 𝟑 + (−𝟑) + 𝟑 + (−𝟑) + 𝟑 + (−𝟑) = (𝟑 − 𝟑) + (𝟑 − 𝟑) + (𝟑 − 𝟑) = 𝟎
Example 4. What is the sum of the first five terms of 3, -3, 3, -3...?
If r = -1 and n is odd then Sn = a1
𝐒𝐧 = 𝐚𝟏 +𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏) + 𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏)𝟑 + 𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏)𝟒 +. . +𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏)𝐧−𝟏
= 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 +. . +𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏
= (𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 ) + (𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 )+. . +(𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 ) + 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏

𝑺𝟓 = 𝟑 + (−𝟑) + 𝟑 + (−𝟑) + 𝟑 = (𝟑 − 𝟑) + (𝟑 − 𝟑) + 𝟑 = 𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟑
=𝟑
𝑺𝟓 = 𝟑
ACTIVITY
Find the sum of the indicated terms of a geometric sequence. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Show your complete solution.
1. What is the sum of the first five terms of the geometric sequence
2, 6, 18, ...?
2. What is the sum of the first eight terms of the geometric sequence
2, 10, 50, …?
3. What is the sum of the first ten terms of the geometric sequence
5, 5, 5, …?
4. What is the sum of the first six terms of the geometric sequence
8, -8, 8, ...?
5. What is the sum of the first five terms of the geometric sequence
6, -6, 6,...?
REMEMBER
To find the sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence, we must use
the following formula:
𝒂𝟏 (𝟏−𝒓𝒏 )
𝑺𝒏 = if r ≠ 1
(𝟏−𝒓)
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒏(𝒂𝟏 ) if r =1
𝑺𝒏 = 𝟎 if r = -1 and n is even
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 if r = -1 and n is odd

sheet of paper.
1. What is the sum of the first six terms of -2, -4, -8, …?
A. -116 B. -126 C. -136 D. -254
2. What is the sum of the first five terms of -5, -5, -5, …?
A. -15 B. -20 C. -25 D. -35
3. What is the sum of the first six terms of 7, 7, 7, …?

A. 49 B. 42 C. 35 D. 28
4. What is the sum of the first ten terms of 2, -2, 2, -2, …?

A. -2 B. 0 C. 2 D. 4
5. What is the sum of the first five terms of -3, 3, -3, …?

A. 3 B. 0 C. -3 D. -6
II. Read and analyze the given problem. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper. Show your complete solution.
Find the sum of the first five terms of a geometric sequence

where the first term is 4, the last term is 324, and the common ratio
is 3.
POSTTEST
1. What is the sum of the first 6 terms of the geometric sequence 3, 6,
12, …?
A. 189 B. 198 C. 819 D. 891
2. What is the sum of the first five terms of the geometric sequence 1,
4, 16, …?
A. 85 B. 341 C. 685 D. 1365
3. What is the sum of the first seven terms of the geometric sequence
-8, -8, -8, …?
A. -56 B. 56 C. 0 D. -8

SUM TO INFINITY
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Find the sum of terms of infinite geometric

sequence.
to infinity of the terms of given a geometric sequence.
PRETEST
1. What is the sum of the infinite terms of the geometric sequence
20,10, 5, ….?
A. 60 B. 50 C. 40 D. 35
1 1
2. What is the sum of the infinite terms of geometric sequence 3 + 6 +
1
+ ⋯?
12
1 1 2
A. 1 B. C. 3 D. 3
2
1 1 1
3. What is the sum to infinity of the geometric sequence 2 , 4 , 8 , … ?
1 3
A. B. 1 C. 2 D. 2
2
LOOKING BACK
To find the sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence, we use the
following formula:
𝒂𝟏 (𝟏−𝒓𝒏 )
𝑺𝒏 = if r ≠ 1
(𝟏−𝒓)
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒏(𝒂𝟏 ) if r =1

Is it possible to get the sum of an infinite number of terms in a
geometric sequence?
1 1 1
Find the sum (𝑆𝑛 ) of the infinite geometric sequence 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯
1
𝑎2 4 1 2 2 1
𝑟=𝑎 = 1 = ( 4) ( 1) = 4 = 2 When dividing fractions, multiply the
1 2
numerator by the reciprocal of the
denominator, then simplify answer if
possible.
1
𝑆1 = 2
1 1
𝑆2 = 2 + 4 Find the Least Common Denominator
(LCD)
to add dissimilar fractions. The LCD of the
denominator 2 and 4 is 4.
2 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1
= 4+4 =4 ( )( ) = , (4) (1) = 4
2 2 4
1 1 1
𝑆3 = 2 + 4 + 8 The LCD of 2, 4 and 8 is 8
4 2 1 7 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 1 1
= 8+8+8= 8 ( )( ) = , ( )( ) = , ( )( ) =
2 4 8 4 2 8 8 1 8
The first five values of 𝑆𝑛 are shown in the table below
N 1 2 3 4 5
𝑆𝑛 1 3 7 15 31
2 4 8 16 32
What happens to the value of 𝑆𝑛 as n gets larger and larger?

Observe that 𝑆𝑛 approaches 1 as n increases and we say that
𝑆𝑛 = 1.
We call the sum that we got as the sum to infinity. Note that the
1
common ratio in the sequence is 2 which is between –1 and 1. The sum
of the terms of an infinite geometric sequence 𝑎1 , 𝑎1 𝑟, 𝑎1 𝑟 2 ,… where
-1< r < 1 is given by the formula,
𝑎1
𝑠𝑛 =
1−𝑟
This formula is also known as the sum to infinity.

1 1 1 1
Example 1 What is the sum to infinity of 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , … ?
1
1 𝑎2 4 1 2 2 𝟏
𝑎1 = 𝑟= = 1 = 𝑥 = =
2 𝑎1 4 1 4 𝟐
2
1 1
𝑎1 2 2
𝑆𝑛 = = 1 = 1 =1
1−𝑟 1−2 2
1 1
Example 2. What is the sum to infinity of 3, -1, 3 , − 9 , … ?
𝑎 −1 1
𝑎1 = 3 𝑟 = 𝑎2 = = −3
1 3
1 𝑎 3 3 3
𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 1 =3 1 Find the LCD to add dissimilar
1−(−3) 1+3 +
3 3
fractions
3 3 9
= 4 = (3) (4) = 4 When dividing fractions, multiply the
3
9 1
𝑠𝑛 = 4 𝑜𝑟 2 4 numerator by the reciprocal of the
possible.
ACTIVITY
Find the sum to infinity of the following geometric sequence. Write
1 1 1
1. 1, 2 , 4 , 8 , …
1 1
2. 3, 1, 3 , 9 ,…
5 5
3. 10, 5, 2 , 4 , …
1
4. -2, 1, − 2…?
5. -50, 25, -12.5, ...
REMEMBER
To find the sum to infinity of a geometric sequence, use the
formula:
𝟏 𝒂
𝑺𝒏 = (𝟏−𝒓) , -1< r < 1

sheet of paper.
1
1. What is the sum to infinity of 4, 2, 1, 2 …?
A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 16
1
2. What is the sum to infinity of 9, 3, 1, 3, …?
21 25 27 33
A. B. C. D.
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
3. What is the sum to infinity of 1, , , …?
4 16 64
2 4 5 7
A. B. 3 C. 3 D. 3
3
3 3
4. What is the sum of the infinite geometric sequence 6, -3, 2 , − 4
…?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
1 1 1 1
5. What is the sum of the infinite geometric sequence , , , ,
3 6 12 24
…?
2 3 3
A. B. 4 C. 1 D. 2
3
Find the sum of the infinite geometric sequence where the

1
first term is -4, and the common ratio is − .
4
POSTTEST
A. 24 B. 16 C. 12 D. 10
2. What is the sum of the infinite geometric sequence 8, -4, 2, -1 …?

16 14 10 8
A. B. 3 C. D. 3
3 3
1 1 1
1 1 2 3
A. B. 3 C. 3 D. 4
2

SUM TO INFINITY
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Find the sum of terms of infinite geometric

sequence.
to infinity of the terms of a given geometric sequence.
PRETEST
1. What is the sum of the infinite terms of the geometric sequence
20,10, 5, ….?
A. 60 B. 50 C. 40 D. 35
1 1
2. What is the sum of the infinite terms of geometric sequence 3 + 6 +
1
+ ⋯?
12
1 1 2
A. 1 B. C. 3 D. 3
2
1 1 1
1 3
A. B. 1 C. 2 D. 2
2
LOOKING BACK
To find the sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence, we use the
following formula:
𝒂𝟏 (𝟏−𝒓𝒏 )
𝑺𝒏 = if r ≠ 1
(𝟏−𝒓)
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒏(𝒂𝟏 ) if r =1

Is it possible to get the sum of an infinite number of terms in a
geometric sequence?
1 1 1
Find the sum (𝑆𝑛 ) of the infinite geometric sequence 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯
1
𝑎2 4 1 2 2 1
𝑟=𝑎 = 1 = ( 4) ( 1) = 4 = 2 When dividing fractions, multiply the
1 2
numerator by the reciprocal of the
possible.
1
𝑆1 = 2
1 1
𝑆2 = 2 + 4 Find the Least Common Denominator
(LCD)
to add dissimilar fractions. The LCD of the
denominator 2 and 4 is 4.
2 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1
= 4+4 =4 ( )( ) = , (4) (1) = 4
2 2 4
1 1 1
𝑆3 = 2 + 4 + 8 The LCD of 2, 4 and 8 is 8
4 2 1 7 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 1 1
= 8+8+8= 8 ( )( ) = , ( )( ) = , ( )( ) =
2 4 8 4 2 8 8 1 8
The first five values of 𝑆𝑛 are shown in the table below
N 1 2 3 4 5
𝑆𝑛 1 3 7 15 31
2 4 8 16 32
What happens to the value of 𝑆𝑛 as n gets larger and larger?

Observe that 𝑆𝑛 approaches 1 as n increases and we say that
𝑆𝑛 = 1.
We call the sum that we got as the sum to infinity. Note that the
1
common ratio in the sequence is 2 which is between –1 and 1. The sum
of the terms of an infinite geometric sequence 𝑎1 , 𝑎1 𝑟, 𝑎1 𝑟 2 ,… where
-1< r < 1 is given by the formula,
𝑎1
𝑠𝑛 =
1−𝑟
This formula is also known as the sum to infinity.

1 1 1 1
Example 1 What is the sum to infinity of 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , … ?
1
1 𝑎2 4 1 2 2 𝟏
𝑎1 = 𝑟= = 1 = 𝑥 = =
2 𝑎1 4 1 4 𝟐
2
1 1
𝑎1 2 2
𝑆𝑛 = = 1 = 1 =1
1−𝑟 1−2 2
1 1
Example 2. What is the sum to infinity of 3, -1, 3 , − 9 , … ?
𝑎 −1 1
𝑎1 = 3 𝑟 = 𝑎2 = = −3
1 3
1 𝑎 3 3 3
𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 1 =3 1 Find the LCD to add
1−(−3) 1+3 +
3 3
dissimilar fractions
3 3 9
= 4 = (3) (4) = 4
3 When dividing fractions, multiply
9 1 the numerator by the reciprocal
𝑠𝑛 = 4 𝑜𝑟 2 4
of the denominator, then simplify
answer if possible.
ACTIVITY
Find the sum to infinity of the following geometric sequence. Write
1 1 1
1. 1, 2 , 4 , 8 , …
1 1
2. 3, 1, 3 , 9 ,…
5 5
3. 10, 5, 2 , 4 , …
1
4. -2, 1, − 2…?
5. -50, 25, -12.5, ...
REMEMBER
To find the sum to infinity of a geometric sequence, use the

formula:
𝟏 𝒂
𝑺𝒏 = (𝟏−𝒓) , -1< r < 1

sheet of paper.
1
A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 16
1
2. What is the sum to infinity of 9, 3, 1, 3, …?
21 25 27 33
A. B. C. D.
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
3. What is the sum to infinity of 1, , , …?
4 16 64
2 4 5 7
A. B. 3 C. 3 D. 3
3
3 3
4. What is the sum of the infinite geometric sequence 6, -3, 2 , − 4
…?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
1 1 1 1
5. What is the sum of the infinite geometric sequence , , , ,
3 6 12 24
…?
2 3 3
A. B. 4 C. 1 D. 2
3
Find the sum of the infinite geometric sequence where the

1
first term is -4, and the common ratio is − .
4
POSTTEST
A. 24 B. 16 C. 12 D. 10
2. What is the sum of the infinite geometric sequence 8, -4, 2, -1 …?

16 14 10 8
A. B. 3 C. D. 3
3 3
1 1 1
1 1 2 3
A. B. 3 C. 3 D. 4
2

WORD PROBLEMS ABOUT SEQUENCE
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Solve word problems involving arithmetic and

geometric sequence.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

a. Solve word problems involving arithmetic and geometric sequence.
b. Use appropriate formula to be able to manipulate it to solve the
given word problem about arithmetic and geometric sequence.
PRETEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. In a PNR train there are 100 passengers in the first carriage, 125
passengers on the second carriage and 150 on the third carriage. If
the pattern continues, how many passengers are there in the train if
there are six carriages?
A. 675 B. 775 C. 875 D. 975
2. During a science experiment with the use of a microscope, Jane

counted the number of bacteria in a petri dish every minute.
Assuming the pattern continues, how many bacteria will there be
after 10 minutes? Number
of
A. 1,536 C.1,736 Bacteria
3
B. 1,636 D. 1,836
6
12
3. Meljohn repays a loan of Php 5 500 by paying Php 500 in the first
month and then increasing the payment by Php 300 every month.
How long will it take for him to clear the loan?
A. 4 months C. 6 months
B. 5 months D. 7 months
LOOKING BACK
These formulas must be remembered to help you solve word

problems.
To find the nth term of an arithmetic sequence and common

difference, use these formulas:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅 𝒅 = 𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏
To find the sum of an arithmetic sequence use either of these

formulas:
𝒏 𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = 𝟐 (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 ) or 𝑺𝒏 = 𝟐 [𝟐𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
To find the nth term of the geometric sequence and common

ratio, use these formulas:
𝒂
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 𝒓= 𝒏
𝒂𝒏−𝟏
To find the sum of terms of a geometric sequence, use these

formulas:
𝒂𝟏 (𝟏−𝒓𝒏 )
𝑺𝒏 = if r ≠ 1
(𝟏−𝒓)
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒏(𝒂𝟏 ) if r =1
To find the sum to infinity of geometric sequence, use this formula
𝒂𝟏
𝑺𝒏 = if -1 < r <1 (r is a fraction between -1
𝟏−𝒓
and 1)

When solving a word problem, remember to follow these steps:
1. Read and analyze the word problem.
2. Identify all the given in the word problem.
3. Know the operation(s) to be used.
4. Formulate the equation or use the formula needed to solve
the word problem.
5. Show your solution.
6. Label the final answer.
Example 1. To help his mother with their expenses, George decided to

sell banana cue in their barangay. He earned Php 60 in the
first day, Php120 on the second day and Php 180 on the third
and so on. If this pattern continues, how much will he earn in
a week?
Given: 𝑎1 = 60
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 120 − 60 = 60
Find the value of the 7th term by using the formula
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
𝑎7 =? 𝒂𝟕 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝟕 − 𝟏)𝒅
= 𝟔𝟎 + (𝟕 − 𝟏)𝟔𝟎 = 𝟔𝟎 + (𝟔)𝟔𝟎 = 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎
𝒂𝟕 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎
To find the total amount he earned use the formula,
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = 𝟐 (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 )
𝟕 𝟕
𝑆7 =? 𝑺𝟕 = 𝟐 (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟕 ) = 𝟐 (𝟔𝟎 + 𝟒𝟐𝟎) = 𝟑. 𝟓(𝟒𝟖𝟎) = 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟎
𝑺𝟕 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟎
George will earn Php 1680 a week.

Example 2. Find the sum of all positive integers, from 5 to 1555 inclusive,
that are divisible by 5.
The terms of a sequence of positive integers divisible by 5 is given

by 5 , 10 , 15 , ... 1555
We need to know what term is1555. We use the formula for the nth
term and common difference as follows
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅 𝒅 = 𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟓 = 𝟓
Given: 𝑎1 = 5 𝑑=5 𝑎𝑛 = 1555

𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟓 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟓 Substitute all the given to the formula.
𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟓 + 𝟓𝐧 − 𝟓 Use distributive property of multiplication

over subtraction
𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟓 − 𝟓 + 𝟓𝐧 Combine like terms
𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟓𝐧 Divide both sides of the equation by 5 to
find the value of n
𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝒏
=
𝟓 𝟓
𝟑𝟏𝟏 = 𝒏
To find the sum of all positive integers from 5 to 1555 use the formula
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 )
𝟐
Given: 𝑎1 = 5 𝑎311 = 1555 𝑛 = 311
𝟑𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟏𝟏(𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟎) 𝟒𝟖𝟓,𝟏𝟔𝟎

𝑺𝟑𝟏𝟏 = (𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟓) = = = 𝟐𝟒𝟐, 𝟓𝟖𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
The sum of all positive integers from 5 to 1555 is 242,580
Example 3. A geometric sequence has a sum of 1,365. Each term is

multiplied by 4. If there are six terms what is the first term?
Given: 𝑟 = 4 𝑆6 = 1,365 𝑎1 =?
𝑎1 (1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝑎1 (1−46 )
Since r ≠1 use the formula 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆6 =
(1−𝑟) (1−4)
𝑎1 (1 − 4096)
1365 =
(1 − 4)
𝑎1 (−4095)
1365 =
−3
1365 = 1365𝑎1
1365 = 𝑎1 (1365) divide both sides by 1365 to find 𝑎1
1365 1365 𝑎1
=
1365 1365
𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏
The first term is 1.
Example 4. As shown on the table, the monthly rent of Mr. Go’s apartment
depends on the number of bedrooms. If the pattern is extended, what is
the cost of a 4 - bedroom apartment?
Given 𝑎1 = 3,600 𝑎2 = 5,400 No. of Price
𝑎 5400 3 bedrooms
𝑟 = 𝑎2 = 3600 = 2
1 1 3,600
2 5,400
Use the formula 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 to find 𝑎4 . 3 8,100
4−1 3
3 3 27 3600(27)
𝑎4 = 𝑎1 𝑟 = 𝑎1 𝑟 = 3600 ( ) = 3600 ( ) = = 12,150
2 8 8
The cost of a 4-bedroom apartment is Php 12,150.
ACTIVITY
Read and analyze the problem carefully. Write your answer on a
1. Gerard harvested 860 mangoes on Monday,785 mangoes on

Tuesday, 710 mangoes on Wednesday and so on. If the pattern
continues, how many mangoes did he harvest in all for a week?
2. Find the sum of all positive integers from 0 to 1,800 inclusive that are
divisible by 6.
3. What is sum of the first 10 terms a geometric sequence whose first

term is 3 and the common ratio is 2?
4. Suppose Mica saves Php 4000 in January, Php 2000 in February,

Php1000 in March and so on. How much is Mica’s savings after six
months?
5. A theater has 45 seats in the 1st row and has 50 rows in all. Each
successsive rows contains three additional seats. How many seats
are there in the last row? How many seats are there in the theater?
REMEMBER
To be able to solve a word problem, you must follow these steps:
1. Read and analyze the word problem.
2. Identify all the given in the word problem.
3. Know the operation(s) to be used.
4. Formulate the number sentence/equation or use the formula
needed to solve the word problem.
5. Show your solution.
6. Label the final answer.

sheet of paper.
1. A conference hall has 20 rows of seats. The first row contains 30

seats, the second row contains 32 seats, the third row contains
34 seats, and so on. How many seats are there in the 20th row?
A. 68 seats B. 70 seats C. 72 seats D. 78 seats
2. In word problem #1, what is the total number of seats in the
conference hall?
A. 880 seats B. 980 seats C. 1,080 seats D. 1,180 seats
3. Grace bought a machine worth Php 30,000.00. If it depreciates

in value by Php 500.00 each year what will be its value at the end
of 10 years?
A. Php 26,500.00 C. Php 25,500
B. Php 26,000.00 D. Php 25,000
4. If there are 200 bacteria at the end of the first day, how many
bacteria will there be after 10 days if the bacteria double in
number every day?
A. 100,400 bacteria C. 104,400 bacteria
B. 102,400 bacteria D. 106,400 bacteria
5. Jane saved Php 100.00 in January. Suppose she saved Php 50
more than the amount she saved the previous month. How much
would she save at the end of the year?
A. Php 4,000 C. Php 5,000
B. Php 4,500 D. Php 5,500
Longos Proper in Malabon with a current population of

150,000 citizens is growing at the rate of 2% per year. Find
the population of Longos Proper 10 years from now.
POSTTEST
1. Greg started a new job with an annual salary of Php150,000 in 2015.
If he receives a Php 12,000 raise each year, how much will be his
annual salary be in 2025?
A. Php 258,000 C. Php 280,000

B. Php 270,000 D. Php 328,000
2. Emma’s Pansit Malabon earned Php1,000 on the first week of its

opening, Php 2,000 on the second week, Php 3,000 on the third
week and so on. How much is its’ total earnings for six weeks?
A. Php 21,000 C. Php 23,000

B. Php 22,000 D. Php 24,000
3. A rubber ball is dropped on a hard surface from a height of 80 feet

and bounces up and down. On each rebound, it bounces up exactly
one-half the distance it just came down. What is the height of the
ball if you catch it on the top of the fifth bounce?
A. 10 feet C. 2.5 feet
B. 5 feet D. 1.25 feet

CIRCLE
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Derive inductively the relations among

chords, arcs, central angles, and inscribed angles.

a. define circle
b. identify terms related to circle
PRETEST
separate
T sheet of paper.
Use the given figure at the right to answer the following questions.
1. What is the name of the circle?
A. circle A C. circle C
B. circle B D. circle O
D C
2. Which is a radius? O●
●
A. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 C. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑂
B. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 D. ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐵 A B
E
3. Which segments are diameters?
A. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 C. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷
̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅
B. 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐴 D. ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐷 and 𝑂𝐵
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Definition:
A circle is a set of all points in a plane equidistant from a fixed point. The
fixed point is the center while the fixed distance is the radius.
radius
•
Center r
●O
Terms Related to Circle

➢ A radius (plural, radii) of a circle is a line segment from any point
on the circle to its center.
Ex. ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐵 are radii of circle O.
➢ A chord is a line segment connecting
any two points on the circle.
̅̅̅̅ and 𝐴𝐶
Ex. 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ are chords of circle O.
➢ Any chord passing through the center is

called the diameter.
Ex. ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐵 is the diameter of circle O.
➢ A secant is a line that intersects a circle at exactly two points.
Ex. ⃡𝐴𝐵 is a secant line.

➢ A tangent is a line that intersects a circle at exactly one point
⃡ is a tangent line and D is the point of tangency or point
Ex. 𝐷𝐸
of contact.
➢ The interior of a circle is the collection of all points in the plane

of the circle whose distance from the center is less than the radius.
Ex. Points F and G are interior
points of circle O.
➢ The exterior of a circle is the
collection of all points in the plane of
the circle whose distance from the
center is greater than the radius.
Ex. Points J, K and L are exterior
points of circle O.
➢ Points on the circle are neither on the exterior nor on the interior
of the same circle.
Ex. H and I are points on the circle.
ACTIVITY
Using the figure at the right, identify the terms related to circle. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. P
2. F
3. C
4. B
5. ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐴
6. ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐷 A
7. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷
8. ⃡𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅
9. 𝐴𝐵
10. ⃡𝐴𝐶
REMEMBER
➢ A radius (plural; radii) of a circle is a line segment from any point

on the circle to its center.
➢ A chord is a line segment connecting any two points on the circle.
➢ Any chord passing through the center is called the diameter.
➢ A secant is a line that intersects a circle at exactly two points.
➢ A tangent is a line that intersects a circle at exactly one point.
➢ The interior of a circle is the collection of all points in the plane of
the circle whose distance from the center is less than the radius.
➢ The exterior of a circle is the collection of all points in the plane
of the circle whose distance from the center is greater than the
radius.
➢ Points on the circle are neither on the exterior nor on the interior of
the same circle.

I. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Then write it on a
1. Which is the largest chord of a circle?
A. diameter B. radius C. secant D. tangent
2. Given a circle and a point on the exterior of a circle, how many

tangents can be drawn from the point to the circle?
A. one B. two C. three D. four
3. A line that intersects the circle at exactly one point.

A. tangent B. secant C. radius D. chord
If the circle has radius 25 cm long, what is the greatest

possible distance between two points on the same circle?
POSTTEST
T
Refer to the given figure at the right to answer the following questions.
1. Which is a radius?
̅̅̅̅
A. 𝐵𝐷 ̅̅̅̅
C. 𝐴𝐵
B. ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐴 D. ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 B
2. Which pair of segments are chords?

A. ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 C. ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐵
B. ⃡𝐵𝐶 and ⃡𝐵𝐷 D. ⃡𝐸𝐵 and ⃡𝐵𝐶
3. Which is a point of tangency

A. D C. B
B. C D. A

ARCS OF A CIRCLE
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Determine the arcs of a circle.

• define arc
• identify the kinds of arcs that compose a circle and its
measures
PRETEST
separate
T of paper.
Use the figure at the right to answer the following questions.
1. ̅̅̅̅ ̂ is called _______?
𝐴𝐶 is a diameter of circle O. 𝐴𝐵𝐶
A. chord C. minor arc
B. major arc D. semicircle
̂?
2. What kind of arc is 𝐴𝐶𝐵
A. chord C. minor arc
B. major arc D. semicircle
̂ measures 135⁰, then the measure

3. If 𝐵𝐶
̂ is ______.
of 𝐴𝐵
A. 65⁰ B. 55⁰ C. 45⁰ D. 35⁰
Terms Related to Circles
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Any part of a circle between any two points on it is called an arc.
A circle is itself an arc.
Circle O is divided into several arcs by P, Q,
R and S.
The arc is measured in degrees.
The whole arc making up the circle
measures 360 degrees.
̅̅̅̅ is a diameter that divides the circle into
𝑃𝑆
two equal arcs: arcs PRS and PQS. In symbol, 𝑃𝑅𝑆 ̂ and ̂
𝑃𝑄𝑆 which are
called semicircles. A semicircle measures exactly 180 degrees.
̂ 𝑅𝑆
𝑃𝑅, ̂ , 𝑃𝑄
̂ and 𝑄𝑆
̂ are called minor arcs. The measure of a minor
arc is between 0° and 180°.
̂ ̂ are called major arcs. The measure of a major arc is
𝑃𝑆𝑄 and 𝑃𝑆𝑅
between 180° and 360° degrees.
We named major arcs and semicircles using three letters to
avoid confusion.
ARC ADDITION POSTULATE

If B is a point on a circle between two other points A and C on
the circle,
̂ + 𝐵𝐶
then 𝐴𝐵 ̂ = 𝐴𝐵𝐶
̂.
̂ = m𝐴𝐵
m𝐴𝐵𝐶 ̂ + m𝐵𝐶
̂
= 88⁰ + 127⁰
̂ = 215⁰
m𝐴𝐵𝐶
Example: (See figure 3)

PS is the diameter of circle O. Determine the measures of each of
the following arcs:
̂
1. 𝑚𝑃𝑅𝑆
̂
2. 𝑚𝑃𝑄
̂
3. 𝑚𝑃𝑅
̂
4. 𝑚𝑄𝑆
̂
5. 𝑚𝑃𝑆𝑄
Solution:
̅̅̅̅ is a diameter, then 𝑃𝑅𝑆
Since 𝑃𝑆 ̂ is a semicircle.
̂ = 180⁰
1. m𝑃𝑅𝑆
2. ̂ = 180⁰ – (m𝑄𝑅
m𝑃𝑄 ̂ + m𝑅𝑆
̂ )
= 180⁰ – 120⁰
̂ = 60⁰
m𝑃𝑄
̂ + m𝑄𝑅
̂ = m𝑃𝑄
3. m𝑃𝑅 ̂
= 60⁰ + 70⁰
̂ = 130⁰
m𝑃𝑅
̂ = m𝑄𝑅
4. m𝑄𝑆 ̂ + m𝑅𝑆
̂
= 70⁰ + 50⁰
= 120⁰
̂ = 360⁰ - m𝑃𝑄
5. m𝑃𝑆𝑄 ̂
= 360⁰ - 60⁰
= 300⁰
ACTIVITY
Determine whether the arc is a minor arc, a major arc or a

semicircle. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
̂
1. 𝐷𝐸
̂
2. 𝐷𝐴𝐵
̂
3. 𝐴𝐸𝐶
̂
4. 𝐹𝐷
̂
5. 𝐴𝐶
̂
6. 𝐴𝐸
̂
7. 𝐶𝐴𝐹
̂
8. 𝐸𝐷𝐴
̂
9. 𝐹𝐶𝐴
̂
10. 𝐵𝐷𝐸
REMEMBER
Degree Measures of an Arc of a Circle

• The degree measure of the minor arc is between 0⁰ and 180⁰.
• The degree measure of the major arc is between 180⁰ and 360⁰.
• The degree measure of a semicircle is 180⁰.

sheet of paper
Refer to the figure at the right to answer the following questions.
̂ = 140⁰, then the measure of 𝐴𝐷𝐶
1. If m𝐴𝐶 ̂ is _______.
A. 120⁰ C. 220⁰
B. 200⁰ D. 240⁰
̂ is 120⁰, what is the

2. The measure of 𝐶𝐷
̂?
measure of 𝐵𝐶
A. 60⁰ C. 140⁰
B. 80⁰ D. 240⁰
̂ = 225⁰, then m𝐷 is equal to _____.
3. If m𝐴𝐶𝐷
A. 25⁰ B.35⁰ C. 45⁰ D. 75⁰
̂ = m𝐴𝐵
4. Given m𝐴𝐶 ̂ + m𝐵𝐶
̂ , find m𝐵𝐶
̂?
̂ = m𝐴𝐵
A. m𝐵𝐶 ̂ – m𝐴𝐶
̂ ̂ = m𝐴𝐶
C. m𝐵𝐶 ̂ - m𝐴𝐵
̂
̂ = m𝐴𝐶
B. m𝐵𝐶 ̂ ̂ = m𝐴𝐶
D. m𝐵𝐶 ̂ + m𝐴𝐵
̂
̂ = 115⁰, 𝐴𝐷
5. IF 𝐷𝐶 ̂ = 135⁰, what is the measure of 𝐶𝐴
̂?
A. 100⁰ B. 110⁰ C. 200⁰ D. 210⁰
̂ = 116⁰, and y = 3x,
Given circle P, if m𝐴𝐵𝐶
̂ and 𝐵𝐶
find the measure of 𝐴𝐵 ̂.
POSTTEST
1. ̅̅̅̅ ̂?
𝑃𝑅 is a diameter of circle A. What is the measure of 𝑃𝑄𝑅
A. 360⁰ C. 145⁰
B. 180⁰ D. 90⁰ P
̂ measures 290⁰, what is the

2. If 𝑃𝑅𝑄
̂?
measure of 𝑃𝑄 A
Q
A. 50⁰ C. 70⁰
B. 60⁰ D. 80⁰ R
̂ is 132.5⁰, then the measure of 𝑄𝑃𝑅

3. If the measure of 𝑅𝑄 ̂ is _____.
A. 223.5⁰ B. 224.5⁰ C. 225.5⁰ D. 227.5⁰

ARCS AND CENTRAL ANGLES
EXPECTATION

chords, arcs, central angles, and inscribed angles.

• define central angle
• determine the relations between the central angles and its
intercepted arcs
PRETEST
T
1. What is the arc intercepted by ∠AOD?
A. 𝐴𝑂̂ ̂
C. 𝑂𝐷
̂
B. 𝐴𝐷 ̂
D. 𝐴𝑂𝐷
̂ measures _____.
2. If ∠AOD = 120⁰, then 𝐴𝐷
A. 120⁰ C. 80⁰
B. 100⁰ D. 60⁰
̂
3. If ∠BOC = 80⁰ and ∠COD = 70⁰, then 𝑚𝐵𝐷
equals ______.
A. 300⁰ B. 210⁰ C. 180⁰ D. 150⁰
Degree Measures of an Arc of a Circle

• The degree measure of the minor arc is between 0⁰ and 180⁰
• The degree measure of the major arc is between 180⁰ and
360⁰
• The degree measure of a semicircle is 180⁰
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Central angle is an angle formed by two radii with the vertex at the
center of the circle.
In the diagram below, angle AOB and angle AOC
(in symbols, ∠AOB and ∠AOC) are examples of central angles.
Each of these angles has its own intercepted minor arcs. ∠AOB
̂ and 𝐴𝐵
intercepts 𝐴𝐵 ̂ subtends ∠AOB while ∠AOC intercepts 𝐴𝐶 ̂ and 𝐴𝐶
̂
subtends ∠AOC.
The minor arc AC is the union of points A and C and all the points
of the circle in the interior of central ∠AOC.
The major arc AB is the union of points A and C and all the points
of the circle in the exterior of central ∠AOB.
The semicircle is the union of the endpoints of a

diameter and all points of the circle that lie on one side of
the diameter. Arcs PSR and PTR are semicircles.
THE DEGREE MEASURES OF AN ARC OF A CIRCLE:

• The degree measure of the central angle is equal to the
measure of its intercepted arc.
• The degree measure of the minor arc is equal to the degree
measure of its central angle.
• The degree measure of the major arc is equal to 360⁰ minus
the degree measure of its related minor arc.
• The degree measure of a semicircle is 180⁰
There is a one to one correspondence between central angles and

intercepted arcs. For this reason, we use the measures of a central angle
as the measure of the arc it intercepts.
̂ = m ∠RPS, or m ∠RPS =
In notation, m𝑅𝑆
m𝑅𝑆̂ . Thus, if m𝑅𝑆
̂ = 120⁰, then the m ∠RPS = 120
and vice-versa.
Example:
Using the figure at the right, if ∠AOB = 35⁰ and ∠BOC = 100⁰ find
̂
1. m𝐴𝐵
̂
2. m𝐵𝐶
3. m∠COD
̂
4. m𝐶𝐷
̂
5. m𝐷𝐸𝐴
Solutions: Since ∠AOB and ∠BOC are central angles,
̂ = 35⁰.
1. If the m ∠AOB = 35⁰, then m𝐴𝐵
̂ = 100⁰.
2. If the m ∠BOC = 100⁰, then m𝐵𝐶
3. m ∠COD = 180⁰ – ( m ∠BOA + m ∠BOC )

= 180⁰ – (35⁰ + 100⁰)
= 180⁰ – 135⁰
m ∠COD = 45⁰
̂ = m ∠COD,
4. m𝐶𝐷
̂ = 45⁰
m𝐶𝐷
̂ is semicircle, thus, m𝐷𝐸𝐴
5. 𝐷𝐸𝐴 ̂ = 180⁰
ACTIVITY
Refer to the given figure at the right to find the measure of the
indicated arcs and angles. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
̂ = _____
1. m ∠POQ = 40⁰; m𝑃𝑄 P
̂ = _____
2. m ∠VOP = 25⁰; m 𝑉𝑃
̂ = 155; m ∠QOS = _____
3. m𝑄𝑆
̂ = 50⁰; m ∠SOT = _____
4. m 𝑆𝑇
̂ = 270⁰; m ∠QOR = _____
5. m 𝑄𝑉𝑅
REMEMBER
Central angle is an angle formed by two radii with the vertex at the
center of the circle.
• The degree measure of the central angle is equal to the measure
of its intercepted arc.
• The degree measure of the minor arc is equal to the degree

sheet of paper.
1. When the measure of the arc of a circle is doubled, the measure of
the central angle is 110 degrees, what is the measure of the original
intercepted arc?
A. 35⁰ B. 45⁰ C. 55⁰ D. 110⁰
̂ is a semi-circle and the

2. Given a circle with P as its center, 𝐵𝐶𝐴
̂ is 70 degrees, the measure of ∠ APC is equal to?
measure of 𝐵𝐶
A. 130⁰ B. 120⁰ C. 110⁰ D. 100⁰
For numbers 3 to 5, use the figure at the right to answer the following
questions.
̂ is a semicircle, if 𝐶𝐵
3. 𝐴𝐶𝐵 ̂ is 100⁰, what is the measure of ∠AOC?
A. 60⁰ C. 80⁰
B. 70⁰ D. 90⁰
̂?
4. If the measure of ∠BOC is 120 degrees, what is the measure of 𝐵𝐶
A. 90⁰ C. 110⁰
B. 100⁰ D. 120⁰
̂ is ________.
5. If ∠AOC measure 55 degrees, the measure of 𝐴𝐵𝐶
A. 105⁰ B. 115⁰ C. 125 D. 135⁰
P is the center of the circle and ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 intersect at P. If the
measure of the central angle APC is 63⁰, find the measure of each minor
arcs of the circle?
POSTTEST
1. What is the degree measure of ∠TOS?
A. 108⁰ C. 82⁰
B. 100⁰ D. 72⁰
̂ is 34⁰, then the

2. If the measure of 𝑅𝑆
̂ is _____
m𝑃𝑄𝑅
A. 46⁰ C. 116⁰
B. 56⁰ D. 146⁰
3. What is the measure of ∠TOP?

A. 128⁰ B. 118⁰ C. 108⁰ D. 72⁰

ARCS AND INSCRIBED ANGLES OF A CIRCLE
EXPECTATION

chords, arcs, central angles and inscribed angles.

• define inscribed angle.
• determine the relation of inscribed angle to its intercepted arc.
PRETEST
separate
T sheet of paper.
̂?
1. Which angle intercepts 𝐶𝐷
A. ∠CAD C. ∠DCA
B. ∠CDA D. ∠ACD
2. What is the measure of ∠ACD if

̂ equals 75⁰?
𝐴𝐷
A. 150⁰ C. 37.5⁰
B. 75⁰ D. 18.75⁰
̂ is 100⁰, then, the measure of ∠DBA is

3. If the measure of 𝐴𝐵
_____.
A. 100⁰ B. 80⁰ C. 60⁰ D. 40⁰
The degree measure of the central angle is equal to the

The degree measure of the minor arc is equal to the degree
∠RPS is a central angle.
̂
∠RPS intercepts 𝑅𝑆
̂ is a minor arc
𝑅𝑆
̂
m∠RPS = m𝑅𝑆
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is on the circle and the sides
contain chords of the circle.
Examples:
a) ̂.
In figure 1, ∠ABC is an inscribed angle. ∠ABC intercepts 𝐴𝐶
b) ̂
In figure 2, ∠DEF is an inscribed angle which intercepts 𝐷𝐹
c) ̂.
In figure 3, ∠RST is an inscribed angle. It intercepts 𝑅𝑇
INSCRIBED ANGLE THEOREM:

The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to one-half the
Examples:
̂
a) In figure 1, m ∠ABC = ½ m𝐴𝐶
1
= 2 (50⁰)
m∠ABC = 25⁰
̂
b) In figure 2, m ∠DEF = ½ m𝐷𝐹
1
= 2 (120⁰)
m ∠DEF = 60⁰
̂
c) In figure 3, m ∠RST = ½ m𝑅𝑇
1
= 2 (42⁰)
m∠RST = 21⁰
Angle in Semicircle Theorem:

An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
Example:
∠BAD is an inscribed angle
̂
∠BAD intercepts 𝐵𝐶𝐷
1
̂
∠BAD = 2 m𝐵𝐶𝐷
̂ = 180⁰
𝐵𝐶𝐷
1
∠BAD = 2 (180⁰)
∠BAD = 90⁰
∴ ∠BAD is a right angle
Angles Subtended by the Same Arc

Inscribed Angles subtended by the same arc are equal.
∠PQR and ∠PSR are inscribed in circle O.

1
̂
∠PQR = 2 m𝑃𝑅
1
̂
∠PSR = 2 m𝑃𝑅
∠PQR = ∠PSR (Transitive Property of Equality)

1
∠PQR = 2 (70⁰)
∠PQR = 35⁰
∠PSR = 35⁰
THEOREM: Opposite angles of an inscribed quadrilateral are

supplementary
Quadrilateral QRST is inscribed in circle P

∠Q is opposite of ∠S and they are R
Q
supplementary
∠R is opposite of ∠T and they are
T P
supplementary
By the given theorem: ∠Q + ∠S = 180⁰
S
∠R + ∠T = 180⁰
By Inscribed Angle Theorem:
1
̂ and ∠S = 1 m𝑅𝑄𝑇
∠Q = m𝑅𝑆𝑇 ̂
2 2
1
̂ + 1 m𝑅𝑄𝑇
By addition; ∠Q + ∠S = 2 m𝑅𝑆𝑇 ̂
2
1
= ̂ + m𝑅𝑄𝑇
(m𝑅𝑆𝑇 ̂)
2
̂ and 𝑅𝑄𝑇
Since the sum of 𝑅𝑆𝑇 ̂ is 360⁰, then it implies that
1
∠Q + ∠S = 2 (360⁰) = 180⁰
Similarly, ∠R + ∠T = 180⁰
ACTIVITY
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Show your

complete solution.
̅̅̅̅ is the diameter of circle O.
In the figure, 𝑃𝑄
∠SQP = 46⁰ and ∠RPQ = 71.
Find the measure of the following:
1. m∠PQR = _______
2. m∠SRQ = _______
3. m∠SPR = _______
4. m∠QRP = _______
5. m∠QSP = _______
6. m∠SQR = _______
7. ̂
m𝑆𝑃𝑅 = _______
8. ̂
m𝑄𝑅 = _______
REMEMBER
An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on the circle

and whose sides contain chords of the circle.
The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to one-half the

sheet of paper.
1. The measure of 𝐶𝐷 ̂ is 72⁰, what is the measure of ∠CAD?
A. 144⁰ C. 36⁰
B. 72⁰ D. 18⁰
̂ = 128⁰, then the measure

2. If the m𝐴𝐵
of ∠ACB is _____.
A. 52⁰ C. 90⁰
B. 64⁰ D. 128⁰
3. Which of the following is the measure of ∠ADC?

A. 45⁰ B. 52⁰ C. 90⁰ D. 128⁰
In the figure, P is the center of the circle. QRS is a straight line.

If ∠P = 105⁰, find the measure of ∠SRT?
POSTTEST
̂?
1. What angle intercepts 𝑌𝑍
A. ∠YZW C. ∠ZYW
B. ∠WZY D. ∠YWZ
2. What is the measure of ∠ZYW if

̂ equals 115⁰?
𝑊𝑍
A. 28.75⁰ C. 115⁰
B. 57.5⁰ D. 230⁰
3. What is the measure of ∠WZY?

A. 90⁰ B. 180⁰ C. 270⁰ D. 360⁰

RELATIONS OF CHORDS, ARCS, AND CENTRAL ANGLES
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Prove theorems related to chords, arcs, and

central angles

• prove theorems on chords, arcs and central angles
• describe their relationship by showing examples
PRETEST
separate
T sheet of paper.Use the figure at the right to answer the following
questions.
P, Q and R are three points on the circle.
1. If chords PR and PQ are equal in length, which is TRUE about

̂?
̂ and 𝑃𝑄
the relationship between the measures of 𝑃𝑅
A. 𝑃𝑅 ̂
̂ < 𝑃𝑄 C. 𝑃𝑅 ̂
̂ > 𝑃𝑄
B. 𝑃𝑅 ̂
̂ ≤ 𝑃𝑄 D. 𝑃𝑅 ̂
̂ = 𝑃𝑄
𝑃𝑅 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
2. If ̅̅̅̅ 𝑃𝑄 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑄𝑅 , what is the measure of
̂
𝑃𝑄 ?
A. 90⁰ C. 120⁰
B. 100⁰ D. 180⁰
̂ ≅ 𝑄𝑅
̂ ≅ 𝑃𝑄
3. If 𝑃𝑅 ̂ , what is the measure of ∠PRQ?
A. 60⁰ B. 90⁰ C. 120⁰ D. 180⁰
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Theorem:
If two minor arcs of a circle or of congruent circles are congruent,
then the corresponding chords are congruent.
Illustrative Examples:
1. Given: 𝑀𝑁 ̂ ≅ 𝑀𝐾 ̂
Since 𝑀𝑁̂ correspond to ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑁
and 𝑀𝐾̂ correspond to ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐾
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑀𝐾
then 𝑀𝑁 ̅̅̅̅̅
hence, if MN = 5 cm., then MK = 5cm.
2. Circle P ≅ circle O
̂ ≅ 𝐵𝐶
If 𝐴𝐷 ̂ , then ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶
A
Converse:
If two chords of a circle or of congruent circles are congruent, then
the corresponding minor arcs are congruent.
Illustrative Example:
In circle O, If ̅𝑆𝑇
̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑅
̂ ≅ 𝐴𝑅
Then 𝑆𝑇 ̂
Theorem:
If two central angles of a circle or congruent circles are congruent,
then the corresponding minor arcs are congruent.
Converse:
If two minor arcs of a circle or of congruent circles are congruent,
then the corresponding central angles are congruent.
In circle P, ∠MPR ≅ ∠NPC
Therefore, 𝑀𝑅 ̂
̂ ≅ 𝑁𝐶
̂
̂ ≅ 𝑁𝐶
Conversely, if 𝑀𝑅
then, ∠MPR ≅ ∠NPC
Theorem:
If two chords of a circle or of congruent circles are congruent, then
the corresponding central angles are congruent.
Converse:
If two central angles of a circle or of congruent circles are
congruent, then the corresponding chords are congruent.
Given: In circle O, ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷
Prove: ∠AOB ≅ ∠DOC
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. In cirle O, ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 1. Given
2. Radii of the same circle are
2. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑂 ≅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝑂
𝐷𝑂 ; 𝐵𝑂 ̅̅̅̅
congruent.
3. ∆AOB ≅ ∆DOC 3. By SSS
4. Corresponding
4. ∴ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 ≅ ∠DOC
Parts of Congruent Triangle
are congruent.
ACTIVITY

In circle O, ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐸 , ∠BOC = 50⁰, ∠DOE = 40⁰, and ∠AOE is a
right angle. Find the measure of the following arcs and angles.
1. m∠BOA ̂
6. m𝐴𝐵
2. m∠AOF ̂
7. 𝑚𝐹𝐴
3. m∠BOF ̂
8. m𝐵𝐶𝐷
4. m∠FOE ̂
9. m𝐹𝐸
5. m∠COA ̂
10. m𝐴𝐵𝐶
REMEMBER
Theorems on Chords, Arcs and Central Angles
1. If two minor arcs of a circle or of congruent circles

are congruent, then the corresponding chords are
congruent.
2. If two central angles of a circle or congruent circles

are congruent, then the corresponding minor arcs
are congruent.
3. If two chords of a circle or of congruent circles are

congruent, then the corresponding central angles
are congruent.

sheet of paper.
̂?
1. If ∠POQ measures 135⁰, what is the measure of 𝑅𝑆
A. 180⁰ C. 67.5⁰
B. 135⁰ D. 45⁰
̂ is 50⁰, then the measure

2. If the measure of 𝑄𝑆
of ∠POR is _____.
A. 25⁰ C. 100⁰
B. 50⁰ D. 130⁰
3. If ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 ≅ ̅̅̅̅ ̂ is 115⁰,
𝑅𝑆 and the measure of 𝑅𝑆
̂?
what is the measure of 𝑃𝑄
A. 32.5⁰ B. 57.5⁰ C. 65⁰ D. 115⁰
4. If the m∠ROS is 143.7⁰, then measure of ∠POR

is _____.
A. 143.7⁰ C. 36.3⁰
B. 71.85⁰ D. 33.3⁰
5. If the measure of ∠POQ is 158⁰, what would be

the measure of ∠PSR?
A. 11⁰ C. 32⁰
B. 22⁰ D. 44⁰
̂ : 𝐴𝐵
A, B, and C are three points on a circle. If 𝐴𝐶 ̂ : 𝐵𝐶
̂ =2:
̂ , 𝐴𝐵
3 : 4, find the measures of 𝐴𝐶 ̂ , and 𝐵𝐶
̂.
POSTTEST
A, B and C are three points on the circle.
1. If chords BC and BA are equal in length, which is
TRUE about the relationship between the
̂ and 𝐵𝐴
measures of 𝐵𝐶 ̂?
̂ < 𝐵𝐴
𝐴. 𝐵𝐶 ̂ ̂ > 𝐴𝐵
C. 𝐵𝐶 ̂
̂ ≤ 𝐵𝐴
B. 𝐵𝐶 ̂ ̂ = 𝐵𝐴
D. 𝐵𝐶 ̂
2. If ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅ ̂?
𝐵𝐶 , what is the measure of 𝐴𝐵
A. 180⁰ B. 120⁰ C. 100⁰ D. 90⁰
̂ ≅ 𝐴𝐵
3. If 𝐴𝐶 ̂ ≅ 𝐵𝐶
̂ , what is the measure of ∠ACB?
A. 60⁰ B. 90⁰ C. 120⁰ D. 180⁰

ANGLES FORMED BY SECANTS
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Illustrate and prove theorems on secants,

tangents, and segments.

• illustrate the angles formed by two secants intersecting inside
and outside the circle
• prove theorems on angles formed by secants
PRETEST
T
Secants ⃡𝐴𝐵 and ⃡𝐶𝐷 intersect at R, a point in the interior of a circle.

̂ = 55⁰ and m𝐴𝐷
1. If m𝐶𝐵 ̂ = 95,
then m∠DRA?
A. 55⁰ C. 95⁰
B. 75⁰ D. 150⁰
̂ = 60,
2. If m∠BRC = 40 and the m𝐵𝐶
̂?
the m𝐴𝐷
A. 80⁰ C. 40⁰
B. 60⁰ D. 20⁰
PQR and PST are secants intersecting
at P outside the circle.
̂ = 87⁰, what is
3. If ∠P = 35⁰ and the m𝑅𝑇
̂?
the measure of 𝑄𝑆
A. 17⁰ C. 87⁰
B. 35⁰ D. 122⁰
A secant is a line that intersect a circle in two distinct points.

A secant contains a chord.
⃡𝐴𝐵 is a Secant line.
Secant ⃡𝐴𝐵 contains chord ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐵
⃡𝐷𝐸 is a Secant line.
Secant ⃡𝐷𝐸 contains chord ̅̅̅̅

𝐷𝐸
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Theorem on Angles Formed by Secants

If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of
an angle formed is one-half the sum of the measures of the arcs
intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.
Given circle O with secants AC and BD intersecting at E and intercepts

arcs AD and BC.
1
̂ + m𝐴𝐷
Prove: ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 = 2 (m𝐵𝐶 ̂)
Construction: Join AB
Proof: ∠AED is an exterior angle of angle of
∆𝐴𝐸𝐵.
Hence, by Exterior Angle Theorem,
∠AED = ∠1 + ∠2
1
̂
By the Inscribed Angle Theorem, ∠A = 2 m𝐵𝐶
1
̂.
And ∠B = 2 m𝐴𝐷
1
̂ + 1 m𝐴𝐷
By substitution, ∠AED = 2 m𝐵𝐶 ̂
2
1
̂ + m𝐴𝐷
= 2 (m𝐵𝐶 ̂)
Example 1:
̂ = 70 and m𝐵𝐶
In the figure, m𝐴𝐷 ̂ = 50, find m∠AED and m∠CED
Solution:
1
̂ + m𝐵𝐶
m∠AED = 2 (m𝐴𝐷 ̂)
1
= 2 (70 + 50)
m∠AED = 60
m∠CED + m∠AED = 180

m∠CED = 180 - m∠AED
m∠CED = 180 – 60 = 120
Example 2:
̂ = 75⁰ and m𝑋𝑌
Find m∠1 if m𝑊𝑍 ̂ = 55⁰.
1
̂ + m𝑋𝑌
m∠1 = 2 (m𝑊𝑍 ̂)
1
m∠1 = 2 (75⁰ + 55⁰)
1
= 2 (130⁰)
m∠1 = 65⁰
Example 3:
̂ = 110⁰ and m𝑍𝑌

Find m∠2 if m𝑊𝑋 ̂ = 130⁰.
1
̂ + m𝑍𝑌
m∠2 = 2 (m𝑊𝑋 ̂)
1
m∠2 = 2 (110⁰ + 130⁰)
1
= 2 (240⁰)
m∠2 = 120⁰

If two secants intersect in the exterior of the circle, then the measure
of the angle formed is one-half the positive difference of the measures
of the intercepted arcs.
Given: In the figure, ABP and CDP are secants intersecting at P.

1
̂ - m𝐵𝐷
Prove: ∠P = 2 (m𝐴𝐶 ̂) A
Construction: Join AD 1
B
2 P
C D
Proof:
∠2 is an exterior angle in ∆𝐴𝐷𝑃. Hence,
∠2 = ∠1 + ∠P and ∠P = ∠2 - ∠1
1
̂ and ∠1 = 1m𝐵𝐷
∠2 = 2m𝐴𝐶 ̂ (Inscribed Angle Theorem)
2
1
̂ - 1m𝐵𝐷
∠P = ∠2 - ∠1 = 2m𝐴𝐶 ̂)
2
1
̂ - m𝐵𝐷
∠P = 2 (m𝐴𝐶 ̂) (By Substitution)
Example 4:
̂ = 50⁰.
̂ = 130⁰ and m𝐶𝐴
Find m∠1 if m𝐻𝑀
1
̂)
̂ - m𝐶𝐴
m∠1 = 2 (m𝐻𝑀
1
m∠1 = 2 (130⁰ – 50⁰)
1
= 2 (80⁰)
m∠1 = 40⁰
Example 5:
̂ if m𝐻𝑀
Using the same figure above, find m𝐶𝐴 ̂ = 106, m∠1 = 44.
1
̂)
̂ - m𝐶𝐴
m∠1 = 2 (m𝐻𝑀
1
̂)
44⁰ = 2 (106⁰ - m𝐶𝐴
88⁰ = 106⁰ - m𝐶𝐴̂
̂ = 106⁰ – 88⁰
m𝐶𝐴
̂ = 18⁰
m𝐶𝐴
ACTIVITY

Use the figure at the right to find the measures of the following:
̂ = 150⁰, m𝐵𝐷
Given: m𝐴𝐷 ̂ = 64⁰
1. m∠1
2. ̂
m𝐴𝐵
3. ̂
m𝐸𝐷
4. m∠3
5. m∠2
REMEMBER

• If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure
of an angle formed is one-half the sum of the measures of the arcs
intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.
• If two secants intersect in the exterior of the circle, then the

measure of the angle formed is one-half the positive difference of
the measures of the intercepted arcs.

sheet of paper.
̂ = 130⁰ and m𝐶𝐹
1. If m𝐴𝐸 ̂ = 60⁰, then m∠2 is _____.
A. 35⁰ C. 95⁰
B. 70⁰ D. 190⁰
̂ , if m∠1 = 70⁰ and
2. What is m𝐶𝐴
m𝐹𝐸̂ = 100⁰?
A. 35⁰ C. 50⁰
B. 40⁰ D. 85⁰
3. The m𝐵𝐸̂ = 30 and m𝐶𝐷 ̂ = 60, what
is m∠6?
A. 15⁰ C. 45⁰
B. 30⁰ D. 90⁰
̂ = 100 and m𝐶𝐵
4. If m𝐷𝐸 ̂ = 190, then m∠5 is _____.
A. 45⁰ B. 80⁰ C. 115⁰ D. 145⁰
5. What is m∠𝐴𝐺𝐵, if m𝐹𝐷 ̂ = 50 and m𝐴𝐵 ̂ = 130?
A. 90⁰ B. 65⁰ C. 40⁰ D. 25⁰
PR and QS are two secants intersecting inside circle O at T.
̂ : 𝑄𝑅
If ∠PTS = 110⁰ and 𝑃𝑆 ̂ = 3 : 5, find 𝑃𝑆
̂ and 𝑄𝑅
̂.
Q
P
T
R
S
POSTTEST
Secants ⃡𝐴𝐵 and ⃡𝐶𝐷 intersect at R, a point in the interior of a circle.

̂ = 47⁰ and m𝐴𝐷
1. If m𝐶𝐵 ̂ = 75⁰, what is the
m∠DRA?
A. 75⁰ B. 61⁰ C. 28⁰ D. 14⁰
̂ = 110⁰, then
2. If m∠BRC = 80⁰ and the m𝐴𝐷
̂ is ______.
the m𝐵𝐶
A. 80⁰ B. 60⁰ C. 50⁰ D. 20⁰
3. PQR and PST are secants intersecting at P

̂ =
outside the circle. If ∠P = 25⁰ and the m𝑅𝑇
107⁰, what is the measure of 𝑄𝑆̂?
A. 17⁰ B. 35⁰ C. 57⁰ D. 132⁰


ANGLES FORMED BY TANGENTS AND SECANTS
EXPECTATION

tangents and segments.

• illustrate the angles formed by two tangents
• prove theorems on angles formed by two tangents
PRETEST
separate
T sheet of paper.
̂ = 130º, then m𝐴𝐶𝐵
1. If m𝐴𝐵 ̂ is?
A. 350º C. 130º
B. 230º D. 50º
̂ is?
2. If m∠P = 50, then m𝐴𝐶𝐵
A. 100º C. 150º
B. 130º D. 230º
̂ = 105?
3. What is m∠P if m𝐴𝐵
A. 52.5πº B. 75º C. 150º D. 255º
A line is said to be tangent to a circle if it touches

the circle at exactly one point.
In the circle at the right, ⃡𝐴𝐵 is a tangent line.

Point A is called the point of tangency. A point of
tangency is the point of intersection between a circle and the line
tangent to a circle.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Two-Tangent Theorem:
The measure of an angle formed by two tangents to the same circle
is one-half the positive difference of the measures of the intercepted
arcs.
Given: The tangents PR and PS to circle O meet at P outside the circle.

1
̂ - m𝑅𝑆
Prove: ∠P = 2 (m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂)
Construction: Join RS
Proof:
In ∆RSP, ∠2 is an exterior.
∠2 = ∠1 + ∠P (by Exterior Angle Theorem)
∠P = ∠2 - ∠1 (by Subtraction)
1 1
̂ and ∠2 = m𝑅𝑇𝑆
∠1 = 2 m𝑅𝑆 ̂ (by Tangent-chord Theorem)
2
1
̂ - 1 m𝑅𝑆
∠P = 2 m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂ (by Substitution)
2
1
̂ - m𝑅𝑆
∠P = 2 (m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂)
Examples:
1. Using the same figure,

̂ = 150,
if m𝑅𝑆
find:
a. m∠1 b. m∠P c. m∠2
2. If m∠P = 42,
̂ and m𝑅𝑆
find m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂
Solutions:
1.
̂ = 360 - m𝑅𝑆
m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂
= 360 – 150
̂ = 210
m𝑅𝑇𝑆
1 1
̂
a. m∠1 = 2 m𝑅𝑆 ̂ - m𝑅𝑆
b. ∠P = 2 (m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂) c. m∠2 = m∠1 + m∠P
1 1 = 75 + 30
= 2 (150) = 2 (210 - 150)
m∠2 = 105
1
m∠1 = 75 = 2 (60)
∠P = 30
2.
1 ̂
̂ - m𝑅𝑆
∠P = 2 (m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂) 84 = 360 - 2m𝑅𝑆
1 ̂
84 – 360 = -2m𝑅𝑆
̂ - m𝑅𝑆
42 = 2 (m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂)
̂
276 = -2m𝑅𝑆
̂ - m𝑅𝑆
84 = m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂ ̂
2m𝑅𝑆 276
But =
2 2
̂ + m𝑅𝑆
m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂ = 360 ̂ = 138
m𝑅𝑆
̂ = 360 - m𝑅𝑆
m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂
by substitution: ̂ + m𝑅𝑆
m𝑅𝑇𝑆 ̂ = 360
̂ ) - m𝑅𝑆
84 = (360 - m𝑅𝑆 ̂ ̂ + 138 = 360
m𝑅𝑇𝑆
̂ = 360 - 138
m𝑅𝑇𝑆
̂ = 222
m𝑅𝑇𝑆
ACTIVITY
Find the indicated angles or arcs in each figure. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper. Show your complete solution.
530
REMEMBER
Two-Tangent Theorem:
The measure of an angle formed by two tangents to the same circle is
one-half the positive difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
I. Choose the letter of the best answer. Then write it on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. The measure of ∠A is 40⁰ and the measure of 𝑋𝑍 ̂ is 120.

What would be the measure of 𝑋𝑌𝑍̂?
A. 80⁰ B. 160⁰ C. 200⁰ D. 240⁰
̂ is 185 and ∠B is 80⁰,
2. If the measure of 𝑋𝑍𝑌
̂ is?
the measure of 𝑋𝑌
A. 265⁰ B. 105⁰ C. 92.5⁰ D. 25⁰
̂ and 𝑌𝑍
3. The measures of arcs 𝑌𝑋𝑍 ̂ are 240 and 120
respectively. What is the measure of ∠C?
A. 120⁰ B. 60⁰ C. 40⁰ D. 30⁰
̂ is 280⁰ and 𝑋𝑌
4. If the measure of 𝑍𝑋𝑌 ̂ is 138⁰,
then the measure of 𝑋𝑍̂ is?
A. 82⁰ B. 142⁰ C. 172⁰ D. 222⁰
5. The measures of ∠A and ∠B are 55⁰ and 75⁰ respectively,
What would be the measure of ∠C?
A. 20⁰ B. 50⁰ C. 130⁰ D. 180⁰
̂ is twice the measure of 𝐴𝐵
In circle O, the measure of 𝐴𝑋𝐵 ̂.
̂ , 𝐴𝑋𝐵
Find 𝐴𝐵 ̂ and ∠P.
POSTTEST
̂ = 155, then m𝐴𝐶𝐵
1. If m𝐴𝐵 ̂ is?
A. 25 B. 205 C. 125 D. 25
̂ = 218?
2. What is m∠P if m𝐴𝐶𝐵
A. 122 B. 109 C. 76 D. 38
̂ is?
3. If m∠P = 48, then m𝐴𝐶𝐵
A. 96 B. 132 C. 228 D. 264

ANGLES FORMED BY TANGENTS AND SECANTS
EXPECTATION

tangents and segments.

• illustrate the angles formed by a tangent and a secant.
• prove theorems on angles formed by a tangent and a secant.
PRETEST
separate
T sheet of paper.
In the figure, AB is tangent to circle O at A. Secant BCD intersect
the circle at C and D.
̂ is 105⁰ and the m𝐴𝐶
1. If 𝑚𝐴𝐷 ̂ is 55⁰,
find m∠B?
A. 80⁰ C. 25⁰
B. 52.5⁰ D. 22.5⁰
̂ is 60⁰ and the measure of ∠B

2. If m𝐴𝐶
̂?
is 40⁰, what is m𝐴𝐷
A. 140⁰ B. 100⁰ C. 50⁰ D. 10⁰
̂ is 80 and 𝐴𝐷
3. If the measure of 𝐴𝐶 ̂ is twice 𝐴𝐶,
̂ find the m∠B?
A. 240⁰ B. 120⁰ C. 80⁰ D. 40⁰
A circle may also be described by its position relative to a

line.
Two common relationship are shown below:
⃡ is tangent to circle at A
𝐴𝐵 ⃡ is a secant intersecting
𝐶𝐷
the circle at C and D
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
The Tangent-Secant Theorem:

An angle formed by a tangent and a secant intersecting outside the
circle is half the difference of the measure of the intercepted arcs.
̅̅̅̅ is tangent to circle O at R

Given: 𝑅𝑃
and meets secant STP at P outside the circle.
1
̂ - m𝑅𝑇
Prove: ∠P = 2 (m𝑅𝑆 ̂)
Construction: Join RT
Proof:
In ∆RTP, ∠1 is an exterior.
∠1 = ∠2 + ∠P (by Exterior Angle Theorem)
∠P = ∠1 - ∠2 (by Subtraction)
1
̂ and ∠2 = 1 m𝑅𝑇
∠1 = 2 m𝑅𝑆 ̂ (by Tangent-chord Theorem)
2
1 1
̂ - m𝑅𝑇
∠P = 2 m𝑅𝑆 ̂ (by Substitution)
2
1
̂ - m𝑅𝑇
∠P = 2 (m𝑅𝑆 ̂)
Illustrative Example 1:
In the figure, ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 is tangent to circle O at A
̅̅̅̅ is a secant intersecting outside the
and 𝐵𝐷
circle at C.
̂ = 160⁰ and m𝐴𝐷

a. If m𝐴𝐵 ̂ = 70⁰, find m∠C.
̂ = 65⁰ and m∠C = 50⁰, find m𝐴𝐵
b. If m𝐴𝐷 ̂.
Solutions:
1 1
̂ – m𝐴𝐷
a. m∠C = 2 (m𝐴𝐵 ̂) ̂ – m𝐴𝐷
b. m∠C = 2 (m𝐴𝐵 ̂)
1
= 2 (160⁰ – 70⁰) ̂ = 2m∠C + m𝐴𝐷
m𝐴𝐵 ̂
1 = 2(50⁰) + (65⁰)
= 2 (90⁰) ̂ =100⁰ + 65⁰ = 165⁰
m𝐴𝐵
m∠C = 45⁰
Illustrative Example 2:
In the figure, ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑁 is tangent to circle O at N.
QRM is a secant intersecting outside the circle
at M.
̅̅̅̅ ̂ : 𝑄𝑅
̂ : 𝑄𝑁
𝑁𝑅 is a chord. If 𝑅𝑁 ̂ = 1 : 2 : 3, find
a. ̂
𝑄𝑁 d. ∠MNR
b. ̂
𝑅𝑁 e. ∠QRN
c. ̂
𝑅𝑄 f. ∠M
Solutions:
Let x⁰ be 1 unit of ratio.
NR = x⁰, NQ = 2x⁰, QR = 3x⁰
x⁰ + 2x⁰ + 3x⁰ = 360⁰
6x⁰ = 360⁰
x⁰ = 60⁰
̂ = 2(60⁰) = 120⁰
a. m𝑄𝑁
̂ = 60⁰
b. b. m𝑅𝑁
̂ = 3(60) = 180⁰
c. m𝑄𝑅
1
̂ = 1 (60⁰) = 30⁰
d. m∠MNR = m𝑁𝑅 (Tangent-Chord Theorem)
2 2
1
̂ = 1 (120⁰) = 60⁰ (Inscribed Angle Theorem)
e. m∠QRN = 2 m𝑄𝑁 2
1 1 1
̂ - m𝑁𝑅
f. m∠M = 2 (m𝑄𝑁 ̂ ) = (120⁰ - 60⁰) = (60⁰) = 30⁰
2 2
(Tangent-Secant Theorem)
ACTIVITY
Use the figure at the right to supply the missing measures. Write
̂ = 100⁰,
1. 𝐵𝐶 ̂ = 40⁰,
𝐴𝐶 ∠1 = _____
̂ = 120⁰,
2. 𝐵𝐶 ∠1 = 50⁰, ̂ = _____
𝐴𝐶
̂ = 30⁰,
3. 𝐴𝐶 ∠1 = 20⁰, ̂ = _____
𝐵𝐶
̂ = 100⁰,
4. 𝐵𝐶 ∠1 = 20⁰, ̂ = _____
𝐴𝐶
̂ = 120⁰,
5. 𝐴𝐵 ̂ = 160⁰,
𝐵𝐶 ∠1 = _____
REMEMBER
The Tangent-Secant Theorem

An angle formed by a tangent and a secant intersecting outside the
circle is half the difference of the measure of the intercepted arcs.

I. Choose the letter of the best answer. Then write it on a separate
sheet of paper.
̂ = 200⁰ and m𝐵𝐷
1. If m𝐴𝐵 ̂ = 80,
what is m∠BCA?
A. 140⁰ C. 60⁰
B. 100⁰ D. 40⁰
2. The measure of ∠BCA is 50⁰ and the

̂ is 70⁰. What is the
measure of 𝐵𝐷
̂?
measure of 𝐴𝐵
A. 30⁰ B. 120⁰ C. 170⁰ D. 210⁰
̂ is 162⁰, then m𝐵𝐷

3. If the m∠BCA is 42⁰ and m𝐴𝐵 ̂ is?
A. 102⁰ B. 84⁰ C. 42⁰ D. 78⁰
̂ = 3x⁰, m𝐵𝐷
If m𝐴𝐵 ̂ = 3x⁰:
̂ = 2x⁰ and m𝐴𝐷
̂?
4. What is the measure of m𝐵𝐷
A. 180⁰ B. 135⁰ C. 90⁰ D. 45⁰
5. What would be the measure of ∠C?

A. 22.5⁰ B. 45⁰ C. 90⁰ D. 135⁰
II. A tangent and a secant intersect to form an 18⁰ angle. The

lines intercept two arcs on a circle so that one of them is four-
thirds the other. Find the measure of each arcs.
POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter in a
In the figure, AB is tangent to circle O at A. Secant BCD intersect
the circle at C and D.
̂ is 115⁰ and the m𝐴𝐶
1. If 𝑚𝐴𝐷 ̂ is 65⁰, find
m∠B?
A. 80⁰ C. 25⁰
B. 52.5⁰ D. 22.5⁰
̂ is 50⁰ and the measure of ∠B is 40⁰, what is m𝐴𝐷

2. If m𝐴𝐶 ̂?
A. 140⁰ B. 130⁰ C. 65⁰ D. 35⁰
̂ is 70 and 𝐴𝐷
3. If the measure of 𝐴𝐶 ̂ is twice 𝐴𝐶,
̂ what is m∠B?
A. 140⁰ B. 135⁰ C. 70⁰ D. 35⁰

SEGMENT LENGTHS IN CIRCLES
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Illustrate and prove theorems on lengths of

chords, secant segments and tangent segments of a circle.

• illustrate lengths of chords and secant segments of a circle.
• prove theorem related to products of lengths and segments
associated with circles.
PRETEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter in a
separate
T sheet of paper.
Chords AD and BC intersect at E inside the circle.
1. If BE = 10 and CE = 8, what is DE if AE = 5?
A. 20 B. 18 C. 16 D. 14
2. If AD = 20 and AE = 6, find BE if CE = 7.
A. 10 B. 12 C. 14 D. 16
QRP and TSP are secants that intersect at P outside circle O.
3. The measure of PQ = 20 and PR = 5,
find the measure of PT if PS = 4.
A. 50 B. 25 C. 15 D. 10

1. Name the chords, tangents and secants.
2. ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐺 intersect ̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐵 at E. What are the
different segments formed?
Name these segments.
3. What other segments can be seen in the

figure? Name these segments.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Power Theorems are theorems which deal with product of

lengths of segments related to circles.
1. Two-Chords Power Theorem: If two chords intersect in the
interior of a circle, then the product of the lengths of the segments
of one chord equals to the product of the lengths of the segments
of the other chord.
Given: ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 are chords, intersecting at P.
Construction: Draw ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐵 .
Prove: PA ∙ PB = PC∙ PD
Proof: In ∆APC and ∆DPB,

∠A = ∠D (they intercept the same arc BC.)
∠1 = ∠2 (vertical angles are congruent)
∆APC ~ ∆DPB (By AA Similarity Theorem)
𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐶
= 𝑃𝐵 ; PA: PD = PC: PB
𝑃𝐷
(corresponding sides of similar triangle are proportional)

PA ∙ PB = PC ∙ PD
(Product of extremes equals product of means)
Illustrative example:
Using the theorem that previously learned, study the following examples.
1. Find the value of x. 2. Find the value of x. 3. Find the value of x.
AE ∙ BE = CE ∙ DE NR ∙ MR = AR ∙ ER GO ∙ LO = DO ∙ SO
7 ∙ 12 = x∙ 14 3x ∙ 2x = 12 ∙ 8 x ∙ (11-x) = 5∙ 6
14x = 84 6𝑥 2 = 96 11x - 𝑥 2 = 30
84 96
x= 𝑥2 = 6 𝑥 2 – 11x + 30 = 0
14
x=6 (x-5) (x-6) = 0
√𝑥 2 = 16
x = 5 or x = 6
x=4
2. Theorem on Intersecting Secants Segments:

If two secant segments intersect in the exterior of the circle,
the product of the length of one secant segment and the length of
its external part is equal to the product of the length of the other
secant segment and the length of its external part.
Given: Secant segments PQ and PS
Prove: PQ ∙ PR = PS ∙ PT
̅̅̅̅ and 𝑄𝑇
Construction: Draw 𝑅𝑆 ̅̅̅̅
Proof: In ∆PTQ and ∆PRS,

∠1 = ∠2 (Angles subtended by the same arcs are equal)
∠P ≅ ∠P (Reflexive Property)
∆PTQ ~ ∆PRS (AA Similarity Theorem)
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑇
= ; PQ : PS = PT : PR
𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝑅
(corresponding sides of similar triangle are proportional)
PQ ∙ PR = PS ∙ PT
(Product of extremes equals product of means)
Illustrative Example: Use the figure to answer the following:

1. If RQ = 10, PQ = 16, and RS = 13, find RT.
2. If RQ = 8, PQ = x, RS = 10, and ST = 20,
find PQ.
3. If RQ = x, PQ =x + 3, RS = 6, and
TS = X + 3, find x.
Solutions:
1. RQ ∙ RP = RS ∙ RT 3. RQ ∙ RP = RS ∙ RT
RP = RQ + PQ RP = RQ + PQ
RP = 10 +16 = 26 RT = RS + ST
10 ∙ 26 = 13 ∙ RT x(x + x + 3) = 6(6 + x + 3)
RT = (10 ∙ 26)/13 x(2x + 3) = 6(x + 9)
260
RT = 2𝑥 2 + 3x = 6x + 54
13
RT = 20 2𝑥 2 - 3x – 54 = 0
(2x + 9) (x - 6) = 0
2. RQ ∙ RP = RS ∙ RT 9
x = − 2 and x = 6
RP = RQ + PQ
RT = RS + ST x = 6 since the distance between
8(8 + x) = 10(10 + 20) two points is a unique
64 + 8x = 300 positive number.
8x = 300 - 64
236
x= 8
x = 29.5
ACTIVITY
I. Name the external secant segments in each of the following

figures. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Show
your complete solution.
1. 2. 3.
II. Find the length of the unknown segment (x) in each of the
following figures. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. 2. MG = 16 3.
REMEMBER
Two-Chords Power Theorem:

If two chords intersect in the interior of a circle, then the product of
the lengths of the segments of one chord equals to the product of the
lengths of the segments of the other chord.
Theorem on Intersecting Secants Segments

If two secant segments intersect in the exterior of the circle, the
product of the length of one secant segment and the length of its
external part is equal to the product of the length of the other secant
segment and the length of its external part.

sheet of paper.
1. In the circle shown at the right, ̅̅̅̅

𝐾𝐿 intersects
̅̅̅̅̅ at P. Which is the best solution in finding
𝑀𝑁
the length of the segments?
A. MN = KL
B. KN = LM
C. NP (MP) = KP (LP)
D. NP + MP = LP + KP
2. Using the same figure in number 1, if NP = 6, MP = 4

and KP = 8, what is the length of segment LP?
A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3
3. Given the figure at the right, ̅̅̅̅

𝐶𝐴 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐴 are
secants. If CA = 15 cm, BA = 6 cm. and AE =
4 cm. what is the length of ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐴?
A. 6.75 cm C. 11.25 cm
B. 10.25 cm D. 20 cm
̅̅̅̅ in number 3, which formula did you use?

4. In finding the length of 𝐷𝐴
A. AB ∙ AE = BC ∙ ED C. AB ∙ BC = AE ∙ ED
B. AC ∙ BC = DA ∙ ED D. AC ∙ BA = DA ∙ AE
5. If BC = 5, AB = 8, AE = 7 and DE = x, what is the value of x?

7 55
A. 55 B. C. 7 D.
55 7
sheet of paper.
Using the figure below, solve for the value of x and find the length of
EF and GH.
POSTTEST
QRP and TSP are secants that intersect at P outside circle O.
1. The measure of PQ = 20 and PR = 5,
find the measure of PT if PS = 4.
A. 50 C. 15
B. 25 D. 10
2. If PT = 18 and ST = 14, find PQ if PR = 9.

A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10
Chords AD and BC intersect at E inside the circle.

3. If BE = 10 and CE = 8, find DE if AE = 5.
A. 20 C. 16
B. 18 D. 14

SEGMENT LENGTHS IN CIRCLES
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Illustrate and prove theorems on lengths of

chords, secant segments and tangent segments of a circle.

• illustrate lengths of tangent and secant segments of a circle.
• prove theorem related to products of lengths and segments of
tangents and secants associated with circles.
PRETEST
separate
T sheet of paper.
1. If AR = 8 cm and AC = 18 cm, what is the
length of RE?
A. 16.25 cm C. 12 cm
B. 14.42 cm D. 10 cm
2. If RE = 8 cm and RC = 16 cm, what is the

length of RA?
A. 8 cm B. 6 cm C. 4 cm D. 2 cm
3. The length of RS may be express by what formula?

A. (𝑅𝑆)2 = RC ∙ AC C. 𝑅𝑆 2 = RA ∙ RC
B. (𝑅𝑆)2 = RA ∙ AC D. RS = RE
Supply the missing words to complete each theorem.

1. The measure of an angle formed by two chords intersecting
inside the circle is ___________________________________.
2. The measure of an angle formed by two secants intersecting

inside the circle is ___________________________________.
3. The measure of the angle formed by two secants intersecting

outside a circle is ___________________________________.
4. If a secant and a tangent intersect in the exterior of a circle,

then measure of the angle formed is ____________________.
5. The measure of an angle formed by two tangents intersecting

outside a circle is ___________________________________.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Theorem on Intersecting Tangent and a Secant Segments

Tangent-Secant Power Theorem: If a tangent segment and a secant
segment intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the square of the length
of the tangent is equal to the product of the secant segment and its
external part.
If tangent PB and secant PA intersect at P, then (𝑃𝐵)2 = PA ∙ PC

Prove: (𝑃𝐵)2 = PA ∙ PC
Construction: Draw ̅̅̅̅

𝐵𝐶
Proof: In ∆PAB and ∆PBC,
∠BCA = ∠PBA
(Inscribed Angle subtended by the same arc are equal)
∠P = ∠P (Reflexive Property)
∆PAB ~ ∆PB (The AA Similarity Theorem)
𝑃𝐵 𝑃𝐴
𝑃𝐶
= 𝑃𝐵
(Corresponding sides are proportional in similar triangles
(𝑃𝐵)2 = PC ∙ PA
(Multiplication Property of Equality)
Study the following examples:

Given the figure below, ̅𝑆𝑇
̅̅̅ is tangent to circle O at T.
a) If SE = 8 cm and BE = 10 cm, find ST.

b) If ST = 6 cm, SE = x, and BE = x + 6, find SB.
Solutions:
a) Using the relation, 𝑆𝑇 2 = SB ∙ SE Note: SB = 10 + 8 = 18
𝑆𝑇 2 = 8 ∙ 18 (By substitution).
𝑆𝑇 2 = 144 (Extract the square root).
ST = 12 cm (Simplify)
b) Again, using the relation, 𝑆𝑇 2 = SB ∙ SE
62 = x (2x + 6) (By substitution)
36 = x (2x + 6) (By addition)

36 = 2𝑥 2 + 6x (By multiplication)
18 = 𝑥 2 + 3x (Common factor 2)
𝑥 2 + 3x – 18 = 0 (Equate to 0)
(x – 3) (x + 6) = 0 (By factoring)
x–3=0 ; x+6=0 (Solve for x)
x=3 x = -6 (Reject the negative value)
Thus, x = 3 and ST = 2x + 6 = 12
Theorem on Intersecting Tangents Segments

If two tangent segments are drawn to a circle from an external point,
then the two tangent segments are congruent.
Given: ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑆 and ̅𝑇𝑆
̅̅̅ are tangent segments to circle O.
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑇𝑆
Prove: 𝑅𝑆 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ , 𝑂𝑇
Construction: Draw 𝑂𝑅 ̅̅̅̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑂
̅̅̅̅.
• OR ⊥ RS and OT ⊥ TS ➢ (Radius-Tangent Theorem)

• ∠ORS and ∠OTS are ➢ (Definition of Right Triangle)
right angles
• OR ≅ OT ➢ (Radii of the same circle are
congruent)
• OS ≅ OS ➢ (Reflexive property)
• Rt.∆ORS ≅ rt.∆OTS ➢ (HyL Theorem)
• RS ≅ TS
➢ (By CPCTC)
Example1:
Using the same figure above, ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑆 and ̅𝑇𝑆
̅̅̅ are tangent segments
̅̅̅̅ = 12 cm, what is m𝑇𝑆?
intersecting outside the circle O at S. If m𝑅𝑆 ̅̅̅̅̅
Solution:
̅̅̅̅ and 𝑇𝑆
Since 𝑅𝑆 ̅̅̅̅ are tangent to the same circle from the same exterior
point,
Then RS ≅ TS , and therefore, RS = TS. Thus, if ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑆 = 12 cm,
then ̅𝑇𝑆
̅̅̅ = 12 cm.
Example2
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 are tangent to circle P.
a) If AB = 8 cm and OA = 6 cm, find OB.
b) Find x if AB = 2𝑥 2 + 2x + 1 and CB = 3x + 2.
Then find AB and CB.
Solutions:
a) ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐵 is the hypotenuse of rt.∆s OAB and OCB
Using Pythagorean Theorem:
𝑐 2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑂𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝑂𝐴2
𝑂𝐵2 = (8𝑐𝑚)2 + (6𝑐𝑚)2
𝑂𝐵2 = (64 + 36)𝑐𝑚2
𝑂𝐵2 = 100 𝑐𝑚2
OB = 10 𝑐𝑚
b.) ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐵 by Two -Tangent Segment Theorem.
2𝑥 2 +2x+1 = 3x+2 Solve for AB:
2𝑥 2 +2x+1-3x–2 = 0 AB = 2𝑥 2 +2x+1
2𝑥 2 – x -1 = 0 AB = 2(1)2 +2(1) + 1
(2x + 1) (x – 1) = 0 AB = 2 + 2 +1
2x + 1 = 0 ; x–1=0 AB = 5
1
x = −2 x=1
1 Solve for CB:
If x = − 2 ;
CB = 3x + 2
2
2𝑥 +2x+1 ≠ 3x+2
CB = 3(1) + 1
If x = 1,
CB = 5
2
then 2𝑥 +2x+1 = 3x+2
Therefore, x =1
ACTIVITY

̅̅̅̅ and 𝐴𝐷
In the figure above, tangent 𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ and secant 𝐵𝐷
̅̅̅̅ intersect
circle O at D. If BD = 18 cm and BE = 10 cm, find the length of the
following segments.
1. ̅̅̅̅
m𝐸𝐷
2. ̅̅̅̅
m𝐴𝐷
3. ̅̅̅̅
m𝐶𝐷
4. ̅̅̅̅
m𝐴𝑂
̅̅̅̅ A
5. m𝑂𝐷
REMEMBER
Tangent - Secant Power Theorem

If a tangent segment and a secant segment intersect in the
exterior of a circle, then the square of the length of the tangent is equal
to the product of the secant segment and its external part.
Two -Tangent Segment Theorem.
If two tangent segments are drawn to a circle from an external
point, then the two tangent segments are congruent.

sheet of paper.
Refer to the figure at the right to answer the following questions.
1. In finding the length of BE, which formula will be used?
A.(𝐵𝐸)2 = BC ∙ BA C. (𝐵𝐸)2 = BA∙ CA
B.(𝐵𝐶)2 = BE∙ BA D. (𝐵𝐴)2 = BE ∙ BC
2. If AB = 8 cm and AC = 18 cm, what is the
length of BE?
A. 10 cm C. 14.42 cm
B. 12 cm D. 16.25 cm
3. If BE = 8 cm and BC = 16 cm, what is the length of BA?
A. 2 cm B. 4 cm C. 6 cm D. 8
4. The length of BD may be express by what formula?
A.(𝐵𝐷)2 = BC ∙ AC C. 𝐵𝐷2 = BA ∙ BC
B.(𝐵𝐷)2 = BA ∙ AC D. BD = BE
5. If the length of BE = 16 cm, what is the length of BD?
A. 4 cm B. 8 cm C. 16 cm D. 32 cm
Solve for the value of x and y.
POSTTEST
1. In circle O figure, ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ is a secant intersecting at P.

𝐴𝑃 is tangent and 𝐵𝐶
If BC = 5 and CP = 4, what is 𝐴𝑃?
A. 45 B. 36 C. 9 D. 6
2. If AP = 12 and PC = 9, find PB.

A. 81 B. 63 C. 16 D. 7
3. The length of ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝑃 is 15 cm and the measure of ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑃 is 25 cm. What is
the length of ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝑃?
A. 3 cm B. 9 cm C. 12 cm D. 15 cm

SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING CIRCLES
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Solve problems on circles
After going through this module, you are expected to solve problems on
circles.
PRETEST
1. The length of the tangent to a circle from C, which is 25 cm away from
the center is 24 cm. What is the radius of the circle?
A. 5 cm C. 7 cm
B. 6 cm D. 8 cm
2. In the figure, circle Q is inscribed in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.

What is the perimeter of this triangle?
A. 55 cm C. 77 cm
B. 66 cm D. 88 cm
3. The angle formed by two secants intersecting in the exterior of the

circle measures 680. One of its intercepted arcs measures 2120. What
is the measure of the other arc?
A. 660 C. 860
B. 760 D. 960
LOOKING BACK
Recall the different theorems on angles formed by intersecting
tangents, intersecting secants, and intersecting tangent and a secant of a
circle. Review also the theorems on the length of segments intersecting of a
circle.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Now, that you have learned the different theorems on angles formed
by tangents, secants and the segments intersecting of a circle you are going
to apply those concepts in solving real life problems involving circle.
Study the following examples.
Example 1:
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 is tangent to circle C at B. If CB = 8 cm and AB = 15 cm, how far
is point A from the center?
Solution: Using the theorem on tangent to a circle. Apply Pythagorean

theorem.
AC = CB 2 + AB 2 Use Pythagorean Theorem.
AC = 82 + 152 Substitute.
AC = 64 + 225 Add.
AC = 289 Simplify.
AC = 17 Solve for AC.
The distance from A to C is 17cm.

Example 2:
The angle formed by two secants intersecting in the exterior of the
circle measures 58. One of the intercepted arcs is 198, find the measure of
the other arc (x).
Solution: Using the theorem on secants

intersecting outside of a circle, we have
1
58 = (198 − x ) Substitute.
2
116 = (198 − x ) Cross multiply.
x = 198 − 116 Subtract.
x = 82 Solve for x.
Thus, the measure of the other arc is 82.
Example 3:
The segments of one of the two intersecting chords are x + 1 and x + 3, and
x - 2 and x + 9 for the other chord. Find the length of each chord.
Solution: Using the theorem on intersecting chords.

( x + 1)( x + 3) = ( x − 2 )( x + 9 ) Multiply.
x 2 + 4 x + 3 = x 2 + 7 x − 18 Add/subtract terms.
3x = 3 + 18 Add.
3x = 21 Divide by 3.
x=7 Solve for x.
If x = 7, then by substitution, the length of each chord is 80 units.

Example 4
A satellite in a geostationary orbit above earth’s equator has a viewing
angle of earth formed by the two tangents to the equator. The viewing angle
is about 17.5o. Find the measure of the arc of Earth that is viewed from the
satellite camera?
Solution:
̂ =x
Let m𝐴𝐵
̂ = 3600 - x
m𝐴𝐶𝐵
1
̂ - m𝐴𝐶𝐵
17.50 = 2 (m𝐴𝐶𝐵 ̂) Theorem on tangents.
1
17.50 = 2 [(3600 – x) – x] Substitute.
1
17.50 = (3600 – 2x) Multiply each side by 2.
2
17.50 = 1800 – x Add/Subtract.
x = 162.50 Solve for x.
Thus, 162.50 arc can be viewed from the satellite camera.
Example 5:
At Rainforest park, you are standing at point C as shown in the figure,

about 8 feet away from a circular fountain. The distance from you to a point
of tangency on the fountain is about 20 feet. Find the radius of the circular
fountain.
Solution:
( CB ) = CE  CD
2
Apply the theorem.
202 = 8  ( 2r + 8) Substitute.
400 = 16r + 64 Add/Subtract.
336 = 16r Divide both sides by 16.
r = 21 Simplify.
Thus, the radius of the circular fountain is 21 feet.

ACTIVITY

In the given figure, AC and DA are secant segments and AF is a
tangent segment.
1. If DA = 16, BC = 12 and AB = 6, find:
a. AE
b. AF, using secant AC
2. If AB = 12, BC = 18 and AE = 16, find AD
3. If AB = x, BC = x + 2, AE = 5 and DE = x + 2,
find x.
̂ = 1000, find x.
̂ = x and 𝑚𝐷𝐶
4. If 𝑚∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 360, 𝑚𝐵𝐸
REMEMBER
These four steps can be summarized as follows:

1. Carefully read the problem.
2. Choose a strategy to solve the problem.
3. Carry out the problem - solving strategy.
4. Check the solution.

Read and analyze the given problem. Write your answer on a
1. Marco is 13 meters away from the center of a circular quarantine facility.

If the diameter of the circular quarantine facility for COVID-19 patient is
10 meters and a path walk through Marco is tangent to the entrance of
the facility. How far is he from the entrance of the facility?
2. Gabriel wants to determine the radius of a circular pool without getting

wet. He is located at point K, which is 4 feet from the pool and 12 feet
from the point of tangency as shown in the accompanying diagram. What
is the radius of the pool?
3. In the figure, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is circumscribing a circle. Find the length of BC .

POSTTEST
1. From a cottage, the pathways are tangents to a circular kiddie pool. If the
cottage is situated at C, and the intercepted arc from each point of
tangency which is facing to the cottage is 160.
What is the measure of an angle formed by the
pathways?
A. 20 C. 50
B. 40 D. 100
2. In the figure, AB , AC , and BC are tangents to circle O.

If AD = 7 cm, BF = 5 cm, EC = 4 cm, what is the
perimeter of ABC ?
A. 32 cm C. 34 cm
B. 33 cm D. 35 cm
3. The angle formed by two secants intersecting in the exterior of the circle
measures 430. One of its intercepted arcs measures 1920. What is the
measure of the other arc?
A. 76 C. 96
B. 96 D. 106

THE DISTANCE FORMULA
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Apply the distance formula to prove some

geometric properties

• derive the distance formula.
• find the distance between any two points on the Cartesian
Plane.
PRETEST
1. Which formula will give us the distance between any two points
on the Cartesian Plane?
A. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 − (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 C. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2
B. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 D. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 − (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2
2. Find the distance between points A and B whose coordinates are

(1, −7) and (5, −4) respectively.
A. 5 units C. √50 units
B. √41 units D. 9 units
3. From what theorem did we derive the distance formula?

A. Archimedes Theorem C. Power Theorems
B. Newton Theorem D. Pythagorean Theorem
LOOKING BACK
Recall that the distance between any two points on the number
line is defined by the absolute value of the difference between any two
points on the number line.
In the given number line above, the distance between points A

and C is:
𝐴𝐶 = |−5 − 0| = |−5| = 5
The distance from points D to B is given by:

𝐷𝐵 = |4 − (−3)| = |4 + 3| = |7| = 7
Find the distance between the following points:

1. A and D
2. E and C
3. B and E
To find the distance between any two points on the Cartesian plane:
1. We use the Pythagorean Theorem to derive the distance formula;
2. We use the distance formula to find the distance between any two
points 𝐴 and 𝐵 on the Cartesian plane
Three friends Bob, Mon and Rey are stationed in the Cartesian
Plane as shown:
Characters borrowed from: https://www.facebook.com/messages/t/mjbalilio7 , https://www.facebook.com/leboilebs
By counting, we can see that Bob and Rey are 8 units apart. We can
also see that Mon and Rey are 6 units apart.
However, there is no way we can count how many units apart are
Bob and Mon from each other. This is the reason why we need the
distance formula.
The distance formula is given by 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2. This

is derived from the Pythagorean Theorem
𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
where 𝑐 is the distance 𝑑, 𝑎 is the difference between the abscissa (value
of x) of the two given points (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) and 𝑏 is the difference between the
ordinates (value of y) of the two given points (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ).
Thus, from 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , we were able to derive
𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2.

Let us go back to the location of Bob and Mon where Bob is at

(−5, −4) and Mon is at (3, 2).
Using the distance formula, we have;
𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 Use the distance formula.

𝑑 = √(−5 − 3)2 + (−4 − 2)2 Substitute the values of x and y.
𝑑 = √(−8)2 + (−6)2 Subtract.
𝑑 = √64 + 36 Get the squares.
𝑑 = √100 Add.
𝑑 = 10 units Distance between Bob and Mon
Therefore, the distance between Bob and Mon is 10 units.
Let us have another example.
Find the distance between two points 𝐴 and 𝐵 on the Cartesian plane
whose coordinates are 𝐴(5, −1) and 𝐵 (3, 7).
Solution: Using the distance formula, we have;

𝑑 = √(5 − 3)2 + (−1 − 7)2 Substitute the values of x and y.
𝑑 = √(2)2 + (−8)2 Subtract.
𝑑 = √68 Add.
𝑑 = √4 × 17 Factor perfect square factors.
𝑑 = 2√17 units Simplify.
Therefore, the distance between points 𝐴 and 𝐵 is 2√17 units.
ACTIVITY
Given three points on the Cartesian plane, find the distance between
the following points. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Mon and point A A( - 2, 4)
2. Bob and point A

3. Mon and Bob
4. Mon and Rey
5. Bob and Rey
REMEMBER
1. We used the Pythagorean theorem to derive the distance formula;
2. We used the distance formula 𝒅 = √(𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 to find
the distance between any two points on the Cartesian plane.

sheet of paper.

(1, −7) and (5, −4) respectively.
A. 5 units C. √50units
2. Consider two points 𝐴(−1, −2) and𝐵(5,0). What is the distance

between these two points?
A. 6 units C. 2√10 units
B. √41units D. 8 units
3. From what theorem did we derive the distance formula?

A. Archimedes Theorem C. Power Theorems
B. Newton Theorem D. Pythagorean Theorem
A. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2)2 − (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 C. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2
B. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 + 𝑥2)2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 D. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 − (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2
5. From which of the following did we derive the distance formula?

A. 𝑐 = √𝑎 2 − 𝑏 C. 𝑐 = √𝑎 + 𝑏 2
B. 𝑐 = √𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 D. 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
In a Cartesian plane, AB and AC have equal distances. If their

coordinates are A(−2, 0), B(1, 4)and C(−3, k). Find the value of k.
POST TEST
A. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2)2 − (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 C. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2
B. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 + 𝑥2)2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 D. 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 − (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2
(1, −7) and (−4, 5) respectively.
A. 5 units C. √50 units
3. Which of the following equation represents the Pythagorean
Theorem?
A. 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 C. 𝑐 = √𝑎 + 𝑏 2
B. 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 D. 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

DETERMINE THE KIND OF TRIANGLES FORMED BY
ANY THREE POINTS ON THE CARTESIAN PLANE
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Apply the distance formula to prove some

geometric properties.
After going through this module, you are expected to determine the
kind of triangles formed by any three points on the Cartesian plane.
PRETEST

(2, −5) and (−4, 3) respectively.
A.5 units C. √50units
B.√41 units D. 10 units
2. Consider three points 𝐴(1, −2), 𝐵(5,0), and 𝐶 (2,3), what kind of
triangle can be formed by connecting these three points?
A. Scalene C. Equilateral
B. Isosceles D. Equiangular
3. What kind of triangle is formed by the points 𝑋(10, 5), 𝑌(7, 1) and
𝑍(13, 1)?
A. Equiangular C. Isosceles
B. Equilateral D. Scalene
LOOKING BACK
Recall that the distance between any two points on the
Cartesian plane is 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2
Recall also the kinds of triangle according to sides.
Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle Scalene Triangle

All sides are equal Two sides are equal No equal sides
1. We use the distance formula 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 to find
the distance between any two points 𝐴 and 𝐵 on the Cartesian
plane.
Let’s Study:
This is a group call among the three friends Bob, Mon and Rey.
Map downloaded from: https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/144234/how-to-create-an-editable-3d-city-map-based-on-osm

Characters borrowed from: https://www.facebook.com/messages/t/mjbalilio7 , https://www.facebook.com/leboilebs
Bob: Hello Mon! Hello Rey! Do you remember the distance formula that
Mrs. Cruz taught yesterday?
Mon: Yes! It was derived from the Pythagorean Theorem 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2.
Rey: You’re right Mon! But we change it to 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

to cater the given coordinates on the Cartesian Plane.
Bob: Right Rey! But I am actually thinking whether we can use that to
determine what kind of triangle the three of us may be forming based
on our locations.
Mon: That’s a good idea, but how?

Rey: I know that there are three kinds of triangle that we can determine
using the distance formula. They are equilateral triangle, isosceles
triangle and scalene triangle.
Mon: That’s cool! But what’s the difference between these three
triangles?
Bob: Isn’t it that equilateral triangle, isosceles triangle, and scalene
triangle are classified based on the number of equal sides?
Mon: I remember it now Bob! Equilateral triangle has three equal sides.
So does that mean, if the three of us has equal distances from each
other, then we are forming an equilateral triangle?
Rey: Correct Mon!
Bob: And if there are only two equal distances, we are forming an
isosceles triangle.
Mon: Now I get it! But what if there are no equal distances between the
three of us?
Rey: That’s scalene!
Mon: Alright. I understand it. Now let’s transfer to the Cartesian plane.
Bob: Hello Mon! Hello Rey! I am

located at (2, 4) what about
you?
Mon: Hi Bob! I am at (−4, 1).
Rey: I am at (5, −2)
Bob: Alright! Now, let’s find out what
kind of triangle are we forming
on this Cartesian plane.
Mon: Alright!
Rey: Let’s do it!
Bob: Since I am located at (2, 4), Mon located at (−4, 1), and Rey is at
(5, −2).
Then the distance between Bob and Mon is:

𝑑 = √[2 − (−4)]2 + (4 − 1)2 Substitute the values of x and y.
𝑑 = √62 + 32 Subtract.
𝑑 = √45 Add.
𝑑 = 3√5 units Distance between Bob and Mon
The distance between Bob and Rey is:
𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 Use distance formula.

𝑑 = √(2 − 5)2 + [4 − (−2)]2 Substitute the values of x and y.
𝑑 = √(−3)2 + 62 Subtract.
𝑑 = √45 Add.
𝑑 = 3√5 units Distance between Bob and Rey
And the distance between Mon and Rey is:
𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦2 )2 Use distance formula.

𝑑 = √(−4 − 5)2 + [1 − (−2)]2 Substitute the values of x and y.
𝑑 = √(−9)2 + 32 Subtract.
𝑑 = √90 Add.
𝑑 = 3√10 units Distance between Mon and Rey
Since there are two equal distances, Bob, Mon and Rey formed an
isosceles triangle.
ACTIVITY
Given three points on the Cartesian plane, find the distance between
each pair of points and determine whether they form an equilateral
triangle, an isosceles triangle or a scalene triangle. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper. Show your complete solution.
1. 2.
REMEMBER
To determine the kind of triangle formed by any three points on the
Cartesian plane:
1. We find the distance 𝒅 = √(𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 between any pair
of points.
2. We use the definition of equilateral, isosceles and scalene triangle
to determine what kind of triangle was formed by the three points.
That is:
Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle Scalene Triangle

All sides are equal Two sides are equal No equal sides

sheet of paper.

(10, -7) and (-5, 5) respectively.
A. 5 units C. 5√2 units
B. 3√41 units D. 9 units
2. Consider three points 𝐴(1, −2), 𝐵(5,0), and 𝐶 (2,3). What kind of
triangle can be formed by connecting these three points?
A. Scalene C. Equilateral
B. Isosceles D. Equiangular
3. Three points 𝐴(4, −2), 𝐵(5,5), and 𝐶(−1,3) are connected together
to form a triangle. What kind of triangle is formed?
4. In a Cartesian plane, AB and BC have equal distances. If their

coordinates are A(−2, 0), B(1, 4) and C(−4, k). Find the value of k.
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
5. Points A(0, 5), B(0, −5) and C(k, 0) are connected together to form a
triangle. What should be the value of k to make it an equilateral
triangle?
A. ±5 B.±√35 C. ± 3√5 D.±5√3
Given the points A(-1, 3), B(4, 1), C(9, 3) and D(3, -5). If any three
points will be connected, which points will form
A. scalene triangle?
B. isosceles triangle?
C. equilateral triangle?
.
POSTTEST
1. What is the distance between two points A and B whose coordinates

are (5, 2)and (3, −2)?
A. 5 C. 2√5
B. 7√2 D. 11
2. Three points 𝐴(4, −2), 𝐵(5,5), and 𝐶(−1,3) are connected to form a
triangle. What kind of triangle is formed?
A. Scalene C. Isosceles
B. Equilateral D. Equiangular
3. What kind of triangle is formed by the points 𝑋(2, 4), 𝑌(6, 1) and
𝑍(2, 1)?

THE CENTER-RADIUS FORM OF AN EQUATION OF A
CIRCLE
EXPECTATION
Learning Competency: Determine the center and radius of a circle given

its equation and vice-versa

• determine the center and radius of a circle given its equation
• write the equation of a circle given its center and radius
PRETEST
1. Which of the following represents the equation of a circle whose

center is at the point of origin?
A. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 C. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
B. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 D. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
2. What is the center 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟 of the circle whose

equation is 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 25
A. 𝐶(0, 2), 𝑟 = 5 C. 𝐶(2, 0), 𝑟 = 5
B. 𝐶(0, −2), 𝑟 = 5 D. 𝐶(2, 0), 𝑟 = 5

center is at (2, −1) and whose radius is 6.
A. (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 36 C. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 36
B. (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 36 D. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 36
LOOKING BACK
Recall that a circle is the set of
all points in a plane that lie at a fixed
distance from a fixed point. The fixed
point is called the center, and the
fixed distance is called the radius.
r
In the given circle, the center 𝐶 C
is at (3, 2) and the radius 𝑟 is 2 units.
Find the center and radius of the following circles:
1. ______________ 2. ________________ 3.________________
To find the center and radius of a circle, we use the following equation:
1. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
2. (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
Let us Study:
A circle of radius 𝑟 with center at The equation of a circle of radius 𝑟

the origin has equation with center at (ℎ, 𝑘) is
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
The circle above has the origin as The center of the circle above is at
the center and has a radius of 2 (3,2) and has a radius of 2 units.
units.
Therefore, the equation of this
Therefore, the equation of this circle is:
circle is:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 Equation of a circle with Equation of a circle with
C(0,0) C(h,k)
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐 Substitute the radius (𝒙 − 𝟑) + (𝒚 − 𝟐) = 𝟐𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 Simplify Substitute the coordinates of

the center and the radius
(𝒙 − 𝟑) + (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟒
𝟐
Simplify
ACTIVITY
Determine the center-radius form of the equation of the following

circles. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. ______________ 2. ________________ 3. _______________
4. Write the equation of a circle in center-radius form whose center is at

(2, -1) and whose radius is 5.
5. The equation of a circle is (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 16. What is its center

and radius?
REMEMBER
To find the center and radius of a circle, we use the following
equation:
1. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 if the center is at the origin;
2. (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 if the center is as (h,k).

sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is the equation of a circle chose center is at

the point of origin?
A. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 C. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
B. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 D. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
2. Which of the following is the equation of a circle chose center is at

(ℎ, 𝑘)?
A. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 C. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
B. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 D. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
3. What is the radius of the circle whose equation is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 10?

A. 5 C. 10
B. √10 D. 100
4. What is the center 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟 of the circle whose equation
is 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 25?
A. 𝐶(0, 2), 𝑟 = 5 C. 𝐶(2, 0), 𝑟 = 5
B. 𝐶(0, −2), 𝑟 = 5 D. 𝐶(2, 0), 𝑟 = 5
is (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 21?
A. 𝐶(−2, −5), 𝑟 = √21 C. 𝐶(−2, 5), 𝑟 = √21
B. 𝐶(2, −5), 𝑟 = √21 D. 𝐶(2, 5), 𝑟 = √21
1. Find the equation of a circle whose diameter is 20 and whose

center is at (−2, −6).
POSTTEST

center is at (ℎ, 𝑘)?
A. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 C. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
B. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 D. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
is 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 225?
A. 𝐶(0, 2), 𝑟 = 15 C. 𝐶(2, 0), 𝑟 = 15
B. 𝐶(0, −2), 𝑟 = 15 D. 𝐶(2, 0), 𝑟 = 15

center is at (−2, −1) and whose radius is 6?
A. (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 36 C. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 36
B. (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 36 D. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 36

Grade 10 2nd Quarter Module

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Grade 10 2nd Quarter Module

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MATHEMATICS SLEM GRADE 10 SECOND QUARTER

G10 SLEM # 1 – WEEK 1 – 2nd QUARTER

Learning Competency: Find the nth term of a geometric sequence.

1. What is the 6th term of the geometric sequence 1, 3, 9, …?

3. Which geometric sequence has a 6th term of -32?

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

Like arithmetic sequence, we have a formula in finding the n th term of a

2. Find the 7th term of the geometric sequence 3, 9, 27, 81…

4. What if the sequence is given by 125, 25, 5, …, how do we find the

It is just the same as the given examples above except that

4. 1, -3, 9, … - 7th term

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. In the geometric sequence 1, 4, 16, 64… what is the 6th term?

Given the geometric sequence 2 − 2, 2, −2, 2.. What is the

3. Which geometric sequence has a 5th term of -625?

G10 SLEM # 2 – WEEK 1 – 2nd QUARTER

Learning Competency: Find the geometric means of a geometric

2. What is the common ratio in question #1?

3. Which two numbers has a geometric mean of 9?

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

256 = 𝑟 4 To solve for r you need to extract the

Our second geometric sequence is 3, -12, 48, -192, 768.

Example 2. Insert two geometric means between 5 and 135.

1. 8, ___, ____, 64…

Term/s between two other terms in a geometric sequence is/ are

This common ratio will be used to determine the geometric means

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

For numbers 1 – 3, please refer to the given question below.

1. What is the common ratio?

4. What is the geometric mean between 6 and 96?

The third and fifth terms of a geometric sequence are 18 and

G10 SLEM # 3 – WEEK 1 – 2nd QUARTER

Learning Competency: Find the sum of terms of a geometric sequence

• Use this formula to find the common ratio of a geometric

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

2. Multiply S5 = 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 by -r =-2 to eliminate

3. Use Elimination method to find S5 . Subtract S5 − 2S5 .

What is the sum of the first five terms of 4, 8, 16, …?

Example 2. What is the sum of the first ten terms of 4, 4, 4, 4….?

𝐒𝐧 = 𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝟏 (𝟏) + 𝐚𝟏 (𝟏)𝟐 +. . +𝐚𝟏 (𝟏)𝐧−𝟏 = 𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝟏 +. . +𝐚𝟏 = 𝐧(𝐚𝟏 )

𝐒𝐧 = 𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏) + 𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏)𝟑 +. . +𝐚𝟏 (−𝟏)𝐧−𝟏

= (𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 ) + (𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 )+. . +(𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 ) + 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

I. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Then write it on a separate

3. What is the sum of the first six terms of 7, 7, 7, …?

4. What is the sum of the first ten terms of 2, -2, 2, -2, …?

5. What is the sum of the first five terms of -3, 3, -3, …?

Find the sum of the first five terms of a geometric sequence

G10 SLEM # 4 – WEEK 2 – 2nd QUARTER

Learning Competency: Find the sum of terms of infinite geometric

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

The first five values of 𝑆𝑛 are shown in the table below

What happens to the value of 𝑆𝑛 as n gets larger and larger?

This formula is also known as the sum to infinity.

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

I. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Then write it on a separate

Find the sum of the infinite geometric sequence where the

2. What is the sum of the infinite geometric sequence 8, -4, 2, -1 …?

G10 SLEM # 4 – WEEK 2 – 2nd QUARTER

Learning Competency: Find the sum of terms of infinite geometric

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

The first five values of 𝑆𝑛 are shown in the table below

What happens to the value of 𝑆𝑛 as n gets larger and larger?

This formula is also known as the sum to infinity.

1. 8, _, __, 64…