Therefore, the next three terms are – , ,

10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series and – .

Determine the common ratio, and find the 3. 0.5, 0.75, 1.125, …
next three terms of each geometric sequence.
SOLUTION:
1. First, find the common ratio.
0.75 ÷ 0.5 = 1.5
SOLUTION: 1.125 ÷ 0.75 = 1.5
First, find the common ratio.
The common ratio is 1.5. Multiply the third term by
= –2
1.5 to find the fourth term, and so on.
1.125(1.5) = 1.6875
= –2 1.6875(1.5) = 2.53125
2.53125(1.5) = 3.796875
The common ratio is –2. Multiply the third term by
–2 to find the fourth term, and so on. Therefore, the next three terms are 1.6875,
–1(–2) = 2 2.53125, and 3.796875.
2(–2) = –4
4. 8, 20, 50, …
–4(–2) = 8
SOLUTION:
Therefore, the next three terms are 2, –4, and 8. First, find the common ratio.
20 ÷ 8 or 2.5
50 ÷ 20 or 2.5
2.
The common ratio is 2.5. Multiply the third term by
SOLUTION: 2.5 to find the fourth term, and so on.
First, find the common ratio. 50(2.5) = 125
125(2.5) = 312.5
312.5(2.5) = 781.25

Therefore, the next three terms are 125, 312.5, and

781.25.
The common ratio is . Multiply the third term
5. 2x, 10x, 50x, …
by to find the fourth term, and so on. SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
10x ÷ 2x = 5
50x ÷ 10x = 5

The common ratio is 5. Multiply the third term by 5

to find the fourth term, and so on.
5(50x) = 250x
Therefore, the next three terms are – , , 5(250x) =1250x
5(1250x) =6250x
and – .
Therefore, the next three terms are 250x, 1250x,
and 6250x.
3. 0.5, 0.75, 1.125, …
6. 64x, 16x, 4x, …
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. SOLUTION:
0.75 ÷ 0.5 = 1.5 First, find the common ratio.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1
1.125 ÷ 0.75 = 1.5 16x ÷ 64x =
The common ratio is 1.5. Multiply the third term by
 5(250x) =1250x 3(27x +135) = 81x + 405
5(1250x) =6250x 3(81x + 405) = 243x + 1215

10-3 Therefore,
Geometric the next three termsand
Sequences are 250x, 1250x,
Series Therefore, the next three terms are 27x +135, 81x
and 6250x. + 405, and 243x + 1215.

6. 64x, 16x, 4x, … 8. –9 – y, 27 + 3y, –81 – 9y, …

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. First, find the common ratio.
16x ÷ 64x =

4x ÷ 16x =

The common ratio is . Multiply the third term by

to find the fourth term, and so on.
The common ratio is –3. Multiply the third term by
–3 to find the fourth term, and so on.
–3(–81 – 9y) = 243 + 27y
–3(243 + 27y) = –729 – 81y
–3(–729 – 81y) = 2187 + 243y

Therefore, the next three terms are 243 + 27y, –

729 – 81y, and 2187 + 243y.

Therefore, the next three terms are x, x, and 9. GEOMETRY Consider a sequence of circles with
diameters that form a geometric sequence: d 1, d 2,
x. d 3, d 4, d 5.

7. x + 5, 3x + 15, 9x + 45, …
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.

a. Show that the sequence of circumferences of

the circles is also geometric. Identify r.
b. Show that the sequence of areas of the circles is
also geometric. Identify the common ratio.
SOLUTION:
a. Sample answer: The circumference of a circle is
given by C = πd. So, the sequence of
The common ratio is 3. Multiply the third term by 3
to find the fourth term, and so on. circumferences of the circles is πd 1, πd 2, πd 3, πd 4,
3(9x + 45) = 27x +135 πd 5.
3(27x +135) = 81x + 405
3(81x + 405) = 243x + 1215
Find the common ratio.
Therefore, the next three terms are 27x +135, 81x
+ 405, and 243x + 1215.

8. –9 – y, 27 + 3y, –81 – 9y, …

SOLUTION: b. Sample answer: The area of a circle is given by
First, find the common ratio. 2
C = πr or So, the sequence of areas
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 2
of the circles is
 –3(243 + 27y) = –729 – 81y
–3(–729 – 81y) = 2187 + 243y

10-3 Therefore,
Geometric the next three termsand
Sequences are 243 + 27y, –
Series
729 – 81y, and 2187 + 243y.

9. GEOMETRY Consider a sequence of circles with Write an explicit formula and a recursive
diameters that form a geometric sequence: d 1, d 2, formula for finding the nth term of each
geometric sequence.
d 3, d 4, d 5. 10. 36, 12, 4, …
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
12 ÷ 36 =

a. Show that the sequence of circumferences of 4 ÷ 12 =

the circles is also geometric. Identify r.
b. Show that the sequence of areas of the circles is
also geometric. Identify the common ratio. For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 36 and r =

SOLUTION: in the nth term formula.

a. Sample answer: The circumference of a circle is
given by C = πd. So, the sequence of
circumferences of the circles is πd 1, πd 2, πd 3, πd 4,
πd 5.

Find the common ratio. For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.
Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r.

a 1 = 36, a n =

b. Sample answer: The area of a circle is given by

C = πr or
2
So, the sequence of areas 11. 64, 16, 4, …
of the circles is SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
16 ÷ 64 =
Find the common ratio.
4 ÷ 16 =

For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 64 and r =

in the nth term formula.

For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.

Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r.
Write
eSolutions an- Powered
Manual explicitbyformula
and a recursive
Cognero a 1 = 64, a n = Page 3
formula for finding the nth term of each
geometric sequence.
12. −2, 10, −50, …
 Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r.
10-3 aGeometric
1 = 36, a n = Sequences and Series
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.
Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r.
a 1 = –2, a n =

11. 64, 16, 4, … 13. 4, −12, 36, …

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. First, find the common ratio.
–12 ÷ 4 = –3
16 ÷ 64 =
36 ÷ –12 = –3

4 ÷ 16 = For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 4 and r = –3

in the nth term formula.
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 64 and r =

in the nth term formula.

For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.

Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r.
a 1 = 4, a n =
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.
Then indicate that the next term is the product of 14. 4, 8, 16, …
the first term a n – 1 and r. SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
a 1 = 64, a n =
8÷4=2
16 ÷ 8 = 2
12. −2, 10, −50, …
SOLUTION: For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 4 and r = 2
First, find the common ratio. in the nth term formula.
10 ÷ –2 = –5
–50 ÷ 10 = –5

For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = –2 and r = –

For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.
5 in the nth term formula. Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r.
a 1 = 4, a n =

For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1. 15. 20, 30, 45, …
Then indicate that the next term is the product of
SOLUTION:
the first term a n – 1 and r.
First, find the common ratio.
a 1 = –2, a n = 30 ÷ 20 = 1.5
45 ÷ 30 = 1.5
13. 4, −12, 36, …
SOLUTION: For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 20 and r =
First, find the common ratio. 1.5 in the nth term formula.
–12 ÷ 4 = –3
36 ÷ –12 = –3

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 4

For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 4 and r = –3
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.
in the nth term formula. Then indicate that the next term is the product of
 For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.
Then indicate that the next term is the product of
Then indicate that the next term is the product of the first term a n – 1 and r.
the first term a n – 1 and r.
10-3 aGeometric
= 4, a =
Sequences and Series a 1 = 15, a n =
1 n

15. 20, 30, 45, …

17. , , ,…
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. SOLUTION:
30 ÷ 20 = 1.5 First, find the common ratio.
45 ÷ 30 = 1.5
÷ =2
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 20 and r =
1.5 in the nth term formula. ÷ =2

For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = and r =

For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1. 2 in the nth term formula.
Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r.
a 1 = 20, a n =
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1.
16. 15, 5, ,… Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r.
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. a1 = , an =

5 ÷ 15 =
18. CHAIN E-MAIL Melina receives a chain e-mail
that she forwards to 7 of her friends. Each of her
÷5= friends forwards it to 7 of their friends.

For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 15 and r =

in the nth term formula.

a. Write an explicit formula for the pattern.

b. How many will receive the e-mail after 6
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1. forwards?
Then indicate that the next term is the product of SOLUTION:
the first term a n – 1 and r.
Melina receives a chain e-mail, forwards it to 7
friends, and each friend forwards it to 7 friends.
a 1 = 15, a n =
Therefore, a 1 = 1, a 2 = 7, and a 3 = 49. The
common ratio is 7.
17. , , ,…
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 1 and r = 7
SOLUTION: in the nth term formula.
First, find the common ratio.
eSolutions Manual
÷ - Powered
= 2 by Cognero Page 5

b. Use the explicit formula you found in part a to

÷ =2
 Then indicate that the next term is the product of
the first term a n – 1 and r.

10-3 aGeometric
, a n = Sequences and Series Therefore, after 6 forwards 16,807 people will have
1=
received the e-mail.

18. CHAIN E-MAIL Melina receives a chain e-mail
that she forwards to 7 of her friends. Each of her
friends forwards it to 7 of their friends.
19. BIOLOGY A certain bacteria divides every 15
minutes to produce two complete bacteria.
a. If an initial colony contains a population of b 0
bacteria, write an equation that will determine the
number of bacteria b t present after t hours.
b. Suppose a Petri dish contains 12 bacteria. Use
the equation found in part a to determine the
number of bacteria present 4 hours later.

a. Write an explicit formula for the pattern.
b. How many will receive the e-mail after 6
forwards?
SOLUTION:
Melina receives a chain e-mail, forwards it to 7
friends, and each friend forwards it to 7 friends.
Therefore, a 1 = 1, a 2 = 7, and a 3 = 49. The
common ratio is 7.
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 1 and r = 7
in the nth term formula.
SOLUTION:
a. Initially, there is 1 bacterium. After 15 minutes,
there will be 2 bacteria, after 30 minutes there will
be 4 bacteria, after 45 minutes there will be 8
bacteria, and after 1 hour there will be 16 bacteria.
So, in terms of hours, b 0 = 1 and b 1 = 16. Find the
common ratio.
16 ÷ 1 = 16
Write an explicit formula using r = 16.

b. Substitute b 0 = 12 and t = 4 into the equation you

found in part a.
b. Use the explicit formula you found in part a to
find a 6.

Find the specified term for each geometric

sequence or sequence with the given
characteristics.
20. a 9 for 60, 30, 15, …

Therefore, after 6 forwards 16,807 people will have SOLUTION:

received the e-mail. First, find the common ratio.
19. BIOLOGY A certain bacteria divides every 15 30 ÷ 60 =
minutes to produce two complete bacteria.
a. If an initial colony contains a population of b 0
15 ÷ 30 =
bacteria, write an equation that will determine the
number of bacteria b t present after t hours.
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
b. Suppose a Petri dish contains 12 bacteria. Use
sequence to find a 9.
the equation found in part a to determine the
number of bacteria present 4 hours later.

SOLUTION:
a. Manual
eSolutions Initially, there isby1Cognero
- Powered bacterium.
After 15 minutes, Page 6
there will be 2 bacteria, after 30 minutes there will
be 4 bacteria, after 45 minutes there will be 8
 found in part a.

10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series

Find the specified term for each geometric

sequence or sequence with the given 22. a 5 for 3, 1, ,…
characteristics.
20. a 9 for 60, 30, 15, … SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. 1÷3=

30 ÷ 60 = ÷1=

15 ÷ 30 =
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find a 5.
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find a 9.

23. a 6 for 540, 90, 15, …

SOLUTION:
21. a 4 for 7, 14, 28, …
First, find the common ratio.
SOLUTION: 90 ÷ 540 =
First, find the common ratio.
14 ÷ 7 = 2 15 ÷ 90 =
28 ÷ 14 = 2

Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find a 4. sequence to find a 6.

22. a 5 for 3, 1, ,…

SOLUTION: 24. a 7 if a 3 = 24 and r = 0.5

First, find the common ratio.
SOLUTION:
1÷3=
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Use the values of a 3 and r to find a 2. Page 7

÷1=
 Another method would be to consider that the 7th
term is 4 terms from the 3rd term. Therefore,
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series 4
multiply the 3rd term by r .

24. a 7 if a 3 = 24 and r = 0.5 25. a 6 if a 3 = 32 and r = –0.5

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Use the values of a 3 and r to find a 2. Use the values of a 3 and r to find a 2.

Next, use the values of a 2 and r to find a 1. Next, use the values of a 2 and r to find a 1.

Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find a 7. sequence to find a 6.

Another method would be to consider that the 7th Another method would be to consider that the 6th
term is 4 terms from the 3rd term. Therefore, term is 3 terms from the 3rd term. Therefore,
4 3
multiply the 3rd term by r . multiply the 3rd term by r .

25. a 6 if a 3 = 32 and r = –0.5

26. a 6 if a 1 = 16,807 and r =
SOLUTION:
Use the values of a 3 and r to find a 2. SOLUTION:
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find a 6.

Next, use the values of a 2 and r to find a 1.

Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric

27. a 8 if a 1 = 4096 and r =
sequence to find a 6.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero SOLUTION: Page 8

Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric

sequence to find a 8.
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series
27. a 8 if a 1 = 4096 and r =
SOLUTION:
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find a 8.
28. ACCOUNTING Julian Rockman is an accountant
for a small company. On January 1, 2009, the
company purchased $50,000 worth of computers,
printers, scanners, and hardware. Because this
equipment is a company asset, Mr. Rockman needs
to determine how much the computer equipment is
presently worth. He estimates that the computer
equipment depreciates at a rate of 45% per year.
What value should Mr. Rockman assign the
equipment in his 2014 year-end accounting report?
SOLUTION:
The equipment is originally worth $50,000, so a 1 =
50,000. Because the equipment depreciates at a
rate of 45% per year, the value of the equipment on
a given year will be 100% – 45% or 55% of the
value the previous year. So, r = 0.55. The first term
a 1 corresponds to the year 2009, so the year 2014
corresponds to a 6.
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find the a 6.
Therefore, the value of the equipment in 2014 is
about $2516.42.
29. Find the sixth term of a geometric sequence with a
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
first term of 9 and a common ratio of 2.
SOLUTION:
Therefore, the value of the equipment in 2014 is
about $2516.42.
29. Find the sixth term of a geometric sequence with a
first term of 9 and a common ratio of 2.
SOLUTION:
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find the a 6.
30. If r = 4 and a 8 = 100, what is the first term of the
geometric sequence?
SOLUTION:
Substitute a 8 = 100, r = 4, and n = 8 into the
formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence
to find the a 1.
31. X GAMES Refer to the beginning of the lesson.
The X Games netted approximately $40 million in
revenue in 2002. If the X Games continue to
generate 13% more revenue each year, how much
revenue will the X Games generate in 2020?
SOLUTION:
The X Games netted about $40,000,000 in 2002, so
a 1 = $40,000,000. Because the games generate
13% or 0.13 more revenue each year, the amount
of revenue generated on a given year will be 1.13
times the revenue from the previous year. So, r =
1.13. The first term a 1 corresponds to the year
2002, so the year 2020 corresponds to a 19.
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find the a 19.
Therefore, the X Games will generate about
$360.97 million in 2020.
Find the indicated geometric means for each
Page 9
pair of nonconsecutive terms.
32. 4 and 256; 2 means
 16(4) = 64

Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

10-3 Therefore,
Geometric the XSequences
Games will generate about
and Series between 4 and 256 is 4, 16, 64, 256.
$360.97 million in 2020.

Find the indicated geometric means for each 33. 256 and 81; 3 means
pair of nonconsecutive terms.
32. 4 and 256; 2 means SOLUTION:
The sequence will resemble 256, __?__ , __?__ ,
SOLUTION: __?__ , 81. Note that a 1 = 256, n = 5, and a 5 = 81.
The sequence will resemble 4, __?__ , __?__ ,
Find the common ratio using the nth term for a
256.
geometric sequence formula.
Note that a 1 = 4, n = 4, and a 4 = 256. Find the
common ratio using nth term for a geometric
sequence formula.

The common ratio is . Use r to find the

The common ratio is 4. Use r to find the geometric geometric means.
means.
4(4) = 16 r=
16(4) = 64

Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

between 4 and 256 is 4, 16, 64, 256.

33. 256 and 81; 3 means

SOLUTION:
r=
The sequence will resemble 256, __?__ , __?__ ,
__?__ , 81. Note that a 1 = 256, n = 5, and a 5 = 81.
Find the common ratio using the nth term for a
geometric sequence formula.

Therefore, a sequence with three geometric means

between 256 and 81 is 256, –192, 144, –108, 81 or
256, 192, 144, 108, 81.

34. and 7; 1 mean

The common ratio is . Use r to find the
geometric means. SOLUTION:

r= The sequence will resemble , __?__ , 7. Note

that a 1 = , n = 3, and a 3 = 7. Find the common

ratio using the nth term for a geometric sequence
formula.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 10

r=
 Therefore, a sequence with one geometric mean
Therefore, a sequence with three geometric means
10-3 between
Geometric256 andSequences and
81 is 256, –192, 144,Series
–108, 81 or between and 7 is , –2, 7 or , 2, 7.
256, 192, 144, 108, 81.

35. –2 and 54; 2 means

34. and 7; 1 mean
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: The sequence will resemble –2, __?__ , __?__ ,
54.
The sequence will resemble , __?__ , 7. Note
Note that a 1 = –2, n = 4, and a 4 = 54. Find the
that a 1 = , n = 3, and a 3 = 7. Find the common common ratio using nth term for a geometric
sequence formula.
ratio using the nth term for a geometric sequence
formula.

The common ratio is –3. Use r to find the

geometric means.
–2(–3) = 6
6(–3) = –18

The common ratio is . Use r to find the Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means
between –2 and 54 is –2, 6, –18, 54.
geometric means.
36. 1 and 27; 2 means
SOLUTION:
Therefore, a sequence with one geometric mean The sequence will resemble 1, __?__ , __?__ , 27.
between and 7 is , –2, 7 or , 2, 7.
Note that a 1 = 1, n = 4, and a 4 = 27. Find the
common ratio using nth term for a geometric
35. –2 and 54; 2 means sequence formula.
SOLUTION:
The sequence will resemble –2, __?__ , __?__ ,
54.

Note that a 1 = –2, n = 4, and a 4 = 54. Find the

common ratio using nth term for a geometric The common ratio is 3. Use r to find the geometric
sequence formula. means.
1(3) = 3
3(3) = 9

Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

between 1 and 27 is 1, 3, 9, 27.

The common ratio is –3. Use r to find the 37. 48 and −750; 2 means
geometric means.
SOLUTION:
–2(–3) = 6
6(–3) = –18 The sequence will resemble 48, __?__ , __?__ , –
750.
Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means
between –2 and 54 is –2, 6, –18, 54. Note that a 1 = 48, n = 4, and a 4 = 48. Find the
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero common ratio using nth term for a geometric Page 11
36. 1 and 27; 2 means sequence formula.
SOLUTION:
 1(3) = 3 = 300
3(3) = 9

10-3 Therefore,
Geometric a sequence with twoand
Sequences geometric
Seriesmeans Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means
between 1 and 27 is 1, 3, 9, 27. between 48 and –750 is 48, –120, 300, –750.

37. 48 and −750; 2 means 38. i and −1; 4 means

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The sequence will resemble 48, __?__ , __?__ , – The sequence will resemble i, __?__ , __?__ , __?
750. __ , __?__ , –1.

Note that a 1 = 48, n = 4, and a 4 = 48. Find the Note that a 1 = i, n = 6, and a 6 = –1. Find the
common ratio using nth term for a geometric common ratio using nth term for a geometric
sequence formula. sequence formula.

The common ratio is i. Use r to find the geometric

means.
The common ratio is . Use r to find the i(i) = –1
geometric means. –1(i) = – i
– i(i) = 1
= –120 1(i) = i

= 300 Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

between i and −1 is i, –1, – i, 1, i, –1.

Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means 39. t 8 and t – 7; 4 means

between 48 and –750 is 48, –120, 300, –750.
SOLUTION:
38. i and −1; 4 means 8
The sequence will resemble t , __?__ , __?__ ,
–7
SOLUTION: __?__ , __?__ , t .
The sequence will resemble i, __?__ , __?__ , __?
__ , __?__ , –1. 8 –7
Note that a 1 = t , n = 6, and a 6 = t . Find the
common ratio using nth term for a geometric
Note that a 1 = i, n = 6, and a 6 = –1. Find the sequence formula.
common ratio using nth term for a geometric
sequence formula.

The common ratio is i. Use r to find the geometric

means.
i(i) = –1 The common ratio is . Use r to find the
–1(i) = – i geometric means.
– i(i) = 1
5
1(i) = i =t
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12
Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means 2
=t
between i and −1 is i, –1, – i, 1, i, –1.
 – i(i) = 1 =t
1(i) = i

Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

10-3 Therefore,
Geometric a sequence with twoand
Sequences geometric
Seriesmeans
8 –7 8 5 2 –1 –4 –7
between i and −1 is i, –1, – i, 1, i, –1. between t and t is t , t , t , t , t , t .

39. t 8 and t – 7; 4 means Find the sum of each geometric series

described.
SOLUTION: 40. first six terms of 3 + 9 + 27 + …
8
The sequence will resemble t , __?__ , __?__ , SOLUTION:
–7
__?__ , __?__ , t . First, find the common ratio.
9÷3=3
8 –7
Note that a 1 = t , n = 6, and a 6 = t . Find the 27 ÷ 9 = 3
common ratio using nth term for a geometric
sequence formula. The common ratio is 3. Use Formula 1 for the sum
of a finite geometric series.

The common ratio is . Use r to find the

geometric means. 41. first nine terms of 0.5 + (–1) + 2 + …
5
=t SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
2 –1 ÷ 0.5 or –2
=t
2 ÷ –1 or –2
–1
=t
The common ratio is –2. Use Formula 1 for the
sum of a finite geometric series.
–4
=t

Therefore, a sequence with two geometric means

8 –7 8 5 2 –1 –4 –7
between t and t is t , t , t , t , t , t .

Find the sum of each geometric series

described.
40. first six terms of 3 + 9 + 27 + …
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
9÷3=3
27 ÷ 9 = 3
42. first eight terms of 2 + 2 +6+…
The common ratio is 3. Use Formula 1 for the sum
of a finite geometric series. SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
2 ÷ 2 or
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
6÷2 or Page 13

The common ratio is . Use Formula 1 for the

10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series

42. first eight terms of 2 + 2 +6+… 44. [Contains update not in print edition]

SOLUTION: first n terms of a 1 = 5, a n = 1,310,720, r = 4

First, find the common ratio.
2 ÷ 2 or SOLUTION:
[Solution for updated problem]
6÷2 or
Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a
geometric series.
The common ratio is . Use Formula 1 for the
sum of a finite geometric series.

45. first n terms of a 1 = 3, a n = 46,875, r = −5

SOLUTION:
Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a
geometric series.

43. first n terms of a 1 = 4, a n = 2000, r = −3

SOLUTION:
Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a
geometric series.
46. first n terms of a 1 = −8, a n = −256, r = 2

SOLUTION:
Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a
geometric series.

44. [Contains update not in print edition]

first n terms of a 1 = 5, a n = 1,310,720, r = 4

SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 14

[Solution for updated problem]

Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a 47. first n terms of a 1 = −36, a n = 972, r = 7
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series

46. first n terms of a 1 = −8, a n = −256, r = 2 Find each sum.

48.
SOLUTION:
Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a
geometric series. SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r.

Substitute n = 6, a 1 = 5, and r = 2 into the formula

for the sum of a finite geometric series.

47. first n terms of a 1 = −36, a n = 972, r = 7

SOLUTION:
Use Formula 2 for the nth partial sum of a
geometric series.

49.

SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r.

Find each sum.

48.

Substitute n = 5, a 1 = −4, and r = 3 into the formula

SOLUTION:
for the sum of a finite geometric series.
Find n, a 1, and r.

Substitute n = 6, a 1 = 5, and r = 2 into the formula

for the sum of a finite geometric series.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 15

50.
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series

50. 52.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r. Find n, a 1, and r.

Substitute n = 5, a 1 = 1, and r = −3 into the formula

for the sum of a finite geometric series. Substitute n = 6, a 1 = 100, and r = into the
formula for the sum of a finite geometric series.

51.

SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r.
53.

SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r.
Substitute n = 6, a 1 = 2, and r = 1.4 into the
formula for the sum of a finite geometric series.

Substitute n = 9, a 1 = , and r = −3 into the

formula for the sum of a finite geometric series.

eSolutions
52. Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 16

SOLUTION:
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series

53. 54.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r. Find n, a 1, and r.

Substitute n = 9, a 1 = , and r = −3 into the

formula for the sum of a finite geometric series. Substitute n = 7, a 1 = 144, and r = into the
formula for the sum of a finite geometric series.

54.

SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r.

55.

SOLUTION:
Find n, a 1, and r.

Substitute n = 7, a 1 = 144, and r = into the

formula for the sum of a finite geometric series.

Substitute n = 20, a 1 = 3, and r = 2 into the formula

for the sum of a finite geometric series.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 17

10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series

If possible, find the sum of each infinite

55. geometric series.

SOLUTION: 56. + + +…
Find n, a 1, and r.
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
÷ =

Substitute n = 20, a 1 = 3, and r = 2 into the formula ÷ =

for the sum of a finite geometric series.

The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, this

infinite geometric series has a sum. Use the
formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series.

If possible, find the sum of each infinite

geometric series.
56. + + +…

SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
Therefore, the sum of the series is .
÷ =

÷ = 57. + + +…

SOLUTION:
The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, this First, find the common ratio.
infinite geometric series has a sum. Use the ÷ =2
formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series.
÷ =2

The common ratio r is > 1. Therefore, this

infinite geometric series has no sum.

58. 18 + (–27) + 40.5 + ...

SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero First, find the common ratio. Page 18
–27 ÷ 18 = –1.5
40.5 ÷ –27 = –1.5
 ÷ =2

> 1. Therefore, this

10-3 The common ratio r is
Geometric Sequences and Series
infinite geometric series has no sum. Therefore, the sum of the series is 7.5.

58. 18 + (–27) + 40.5 + ...

60.
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. SOLUTION:
–27 ÷ 18 = –1.5 The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this
40.5 ÷ –27 = –1.5
infinite geometric series has a sum. Find a 1.
The common ratio r is > 1. Therefore, this
infinite geometric series has no sum.

59. 12 + (–7.2) + 4.32 + ... Use the formula for the sum of an infinite
geometric series to find the sum.
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
–7.2 ÷ 12 = –0.6
4.32 ÷ –7.2 = –0.6

The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, this

infinite geometric series has a sum. Use the
formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series.

Therefore, the sum of the series is .

61.

SOLUTION:
Therefore, the sum of the series is 7.5.
The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this infinite
60. geometric series has a sum. Find a 1.

SOLUTION:
The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this
infinite geometric series has a sum. Find a 1.
Use the formula for the sum of an infinite
geometric series to find the sum.

Use the formula for the sum of an infinite

geometric series to find the sum.

Therefore, the sum of the series is 100.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 19

62.
Therefore, the sum of the series is .
10-3 Therefore,
Geometric Sequences
the sum of the seriesand
is Series
.
Therefore, the sum of the series is 100.

61. 62.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this infinite The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this infinite

geometric series has a sum. Find a 1. geometric series has a sum. Find a 1.

Use the formula for the sum of an infinite

geometric series to find the sum. Use the formula for the sum of an infinite
geometric series to find the sum.

Therefore, the sum of the series is 100.

62.

SOLUTION: Therefore, the sum of the series is .

The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this infinite

63.
geometric series has a sum. Find a 1.

SOLUTION:

The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this

infinite geometric series has a sum. Find a 1.

Use the formula for the sum of an infinite
geometric series to find the sum.

Use the formula for the sum of an infinite

geometric series to find the sum.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 20

10-3 Therefore,
Geometric Sequences
the sum of the seriesand
is Series
.
Therefore, the sum of the series is 20.

64. BUNGEE JUMPING A bungee jumper falls 35

63. meters before his cord causes him to spring back
up. He rebounds of the distance after each fall.
SOLUTION:
a. Find the first five terms of the infinite sequence
The common ratio is < 1. Therefore, this representing the vertical distance traveled by the
bungee jumper. Include each drop and rebound
infinite geometric series has a sum. Find a 1.
distance as separate terms.
b. What is the total vertical distance the jumper
travels before coming to rest? (Hint: Rewrite the
infinite sequence suggested by in part a as two
infinite geometric sequences.)
Use the formula for the sum of an infinite SOLUTION:
geometric series to find the sum.
a. The bungee jumper will fall 35 meters, spring
back up (35) or 14 meters, fall 14 meters, spring

back up (14) or 5.6 meters, fall 5.6 meters,

spring back up (5.6) or 2.24, and so on.

Therefore, the first five terms of the infinite
sequence that represents the vertical distance
traveled by the bungee jumper are 35, 14, 14, 5.6,
Therefore, the sum of the series is 20. and 5.6.

64. BUNGEE JUMPING A bungee jumper falls 35
meters before his cord causes him to spring back
up. He rebounds of the distance after each fall.
a. Find the first five terms of the infinite sequence
representing the vertical distance traveled by the
bungee jumper. Include each drop and rebound
distance as separate terms.
b. What is the total vertical distance the jumper
travels before coming to rest? (Hint: Rewrite the
infinite sequence suggested by in part a as two
infinite geometric sequences.)
SOLUTION:
a. The bungee jumper will fall 35 meters, spring
back up (35) or 14 meters, fall 14 meters, spring
b. The series that corresponds to the infinite
sequence 35, 14, 14, 5.6, 5.6, … can be written as
the sum of the two infinite geometric series: one
series that represents the distance traveled when
falling and one series that represents the distance
traveled when springing back up.
Series 1 35 + 14 + 5.6 + …
Series 2 14 + 5.6 + 2.24 + …
Find the sum of each series.

back up (14) or 5.6 meters, fall 5.6 meters,

Therefore, the total vertical distance that the
spring back up (5.6) or 2.24, and so on. jumper travels is 58.33 + 23.33 or about 82 m.
Therefore, the first five terms of the infinite Find the missing quantity for the geometric
sequence that represents the vertical distance sequence with the given characteristics.
traveled
eSolutions Manual by the bungee
- Powered jumper are 35, 14, 14, 5.6,
by Cognero 65. Find a 1 if S 12 = 1365 and r = 2. Page 21
and 5.6.
SOLUTION:
10-3 Therefore,
Geometric the total vertical distance
Sequences and that the
Series
jumper travels is 58.33 + 23.33 or about 82 m.

Find the missing quantity for the geometric
sequence with the given characteristics.
65. Find a 1 if S 12 = 1365 and r = 2.
SOLUTION:
Substitute S 12 = 1365, n = 12, and r = 2 into the
formula for the sum of a finite geometric series.
67. Find r if a 1= 0.12, S n = 590.52, and a n = 787.32.
SOLUTION:
Substitute S n = 590.52, a 1 = 0.12, and a n = 787.32
into the formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
geometric series.

68. Find n for 4.1 + 8.2 + 16.4 + … if S n = 61.5.

SOLUTION:
66. If S 6 = 196.875, a 1 = 100, r = 0.5, find a 6. The common ratio is 2.
SOLUTION:
Substitute S n = 61.5, a 1 = 4.1, and r = 2 into the
Substitute S 6 = 196.875, a 1 = 100, and r = 0.5 into
formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
the formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite geometric series.
geometric series.

67. Find r if a 1= 0.12, S n = 590.52, and a n = 787.32. Substitute a n = 32.8, a 1 = 4.1, and r = 2 into the
formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence
SOLUTION: to find n.
Substitute S n = 590.52, a 1 = 0.12, and a n = 787.32
into the formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
geometric series.

69. If 15 – 18 + 21.6 – …, S n = 23.784, find a n.

SOLUTION:
Find the common ratio.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero –18 ÷ 15 = –1.2 Page 22
21.6 ÷ –18 = –1.2
68. Find n for 4.1 + 8.2 + 16.4 + … if S n = 61.5.
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series

69. If 15 – 18 + 21.6 – …, S n = 23.784, find a n. 71. Find a 1 if S n = 468, a n = 375, and r = 5.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the common ratio. Substitute S n = 468, a n = 375, and r = 5 into the
–18 ÷ 15 = –1.2 formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
21.6 ÷ –18 = –1.2 geometric series.

Substitute S n = 23.784, a 1 = 15, and r = –1.2 into

the formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
geometric series.

72. If S n = , + + + …, find n.

SOLUTION:
Find the common ratio.
70. If r = –0.4, S 5 = 144.32, and a 1 = 200, find a 5. ÷ =

SOLUTION:
÷ =
Substitute S 5 = 144.32, a 1 = 200, and r = –0.4 into
the formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
geometric series.
Substitute S n = , a1 = , and r = into the
formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
geometric series.

71. Find a 1 if S n = 468, a n = 375, and r = 5.

SOLUTION:
Substitute S n = 468, a n = 375, and r = 5 into the
formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite
geometric series.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 23

Because a n = and the third term of the
 Because a n = and the third term of the

10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series sequence is , n = 3.

73. LOANS Marc is making monthly payments on a

72. If S n = , + + + …, find n. loan. Suppose instead of the same monthly
payment, the bank requires a low initial payment
SOLUTION: that grows at an exponential rate each month. The
Find the common ratio.
total cost of the loan is represented by .
÷ =
a. What is Marc’s initial payment and at what rate
is this payment increasing?
÷ = b. If the sum of Marc’s payments at the end of the
loan is $7052, how many payments did Marc
make?
Substitute S n = , a1 = , and r = into the
SOLUTION:
formula for the nth partial sum of an infinite a. The first term of the series represented by this
geometric series. 1–1
sigma notation is a 1 = 5(1.1) or 5. This
represents the first month payment on the loan of
$5. The rate at which the payment is increasing r is
the base of the exponential function, 1.1.
b. Write and solve an equation using Formula 1 for
the sum of finite geometric series to find k.

Because a n = and the third term of the

sequence is , n = 3.

73. LOANS Marc is making monthly payments on a

loan. Suppose instead of the same monthly Therefore, Marc made 52 payments.
payment, the bank requires a low initial payment
that grows at an exponential rate each month. The Find the common ratio for the geometric
sequence with the given terms.
total cost of the loan is represented by . 74. a 3 = 12, a 6 = 187.5
a. What is Marc’s initial payment and at what rate
SOLUTION:
is this payment increasing?
b. If the sum of Marc’s payments at the end of the The 6th term is 3 terms away from the 3rd term.
loan is $7052, how many payments did Marc
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 24
make?
SOLUTION:
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series
Therefore, Marc made 52 payments.

Find the common ratio for the geometric 78. ADVERTISING Word-of-mouth advertising can
sequence with the given terms. be an effective form of marketing, or it can be very
74. a 3 = 12, a 6 = 187.5 harmful. Consider a new restaurant that serves 27
customers on its opening night.
SOLUTION: a. Of the 27 customers, 25 found the experience
The 6th term is 3 terms away from the 3rd term. enjoyable and each told 3 friends over the next
month. This group each told 3 friends over the next
month, and so on, for 6 months. Assuming that no
one heard twice, how many people have had a
positive experience or heard positive reviews of the
restaurant?
b. Suppose the 2 unhappy customers each told 6
friends over the next month about the experience.
This group then each told 6 friends, and so on, for 6
months. Assuming that no one heard a review
75. a 2 = −6, a 7 = −192
twice, how many people have had a negative
experience or have heard a negative review?
SOLUTION:
The 7th term is 5 terms away from the 2nd term. SOLUTION:
a. In the sequence representing customers that had
a positive experience or heard a positive review, a 1
= 25 and r = 3. Find the sum of the first six terms.

76. a 4 = –28, a 6 = –1372

SOLUTION:
The 6th term is 2 terms away from the 4th term.
Therefore, 9100 people had a positive experience
or heard a positive review in the first 6 months.

b. In the sequence representing customers that had

a negative experience or heard a negative review,
a 1 = 2 and r = 6. Find the sum of the first six
77. a 5 = 6, a 8 = –0.048 terms.

SOLUTION:
The 8th term is 3 terms away from the 5th term.

Therefore, 18,662 people had a negative experience

or heard a negative review in the first 6 months.

78. ADVERTISING Word-of-mouth advertising can Write the first 3 terms of the infinite
be an effective form of marketing, or it can be very geometric series with the given
harmful. Consider a new restaurant that serves 27 characteristics.
customers on its opening night.
79. S = 12, r =
a. Of the 27 customers, 25 found the experience
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 25
enjoyable and each told 3 friends over the next
SOLUTION:
 Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are
10-3 Therefore,
Geometric 18,662 people had a and
Sequences negative experience
Series 6, 3, and .
or heard a negative review in the first 6 months.

Write the first 3 terms of the infinite 80. S = –25, r = 0.2

geometric series with the given
characteristics. SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –25 and r = 0.2 into the formula for
79. S = 12, r =
the sum of an infinite geometric series to find a 1.

SOLUTION:
Substitute S = 12 and r = into the formula for the
sum of an infinite geometric series to find a 1.

Use r = 0.2 to find a 2 and a 3.

–20(0.2) = –4
–4(0.2) = –

Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are

Use r = to find a 2 and a 3. –20, –4, and – .

81. S = 44.8, a 1 = 56

SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –25 and a 1 = 56 into the formula for
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are the sum of an infinite geometric series to find r.
6, 3, and .

80. S = –25, r = 0.2

SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –25 and r = 0.2 into the formula for
the sum of an infinite geometric series to find a 1.

Use r = –0.25 to find a 2 and a 3.

56(–0.25) = –14
–14(–0.25) = 3.5

Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are

Use r = 0.2 to find a 2 and a 3. 56, –14, and 3.5.
–20(0.2) = –4
82. S = , a1 =
–4(0.2) = –
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 26
SOLUTION:
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are
 56(–0.25) = –14
–14(–0.25) = 3.5
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are
10-3 Therefore,
Geometric Sequences
the first three termsand
of theSeries
sequence are ,– , and .
56, –14, and 3.5.

83. S = –60, r = 0.4

82. S = , a1 =
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Substitute S = –60 and r = 0.4 into the formula for
the sum of an infinite geometric series to find a 1.
Substitute S = and a 1 = into the formula for
the sum of an infinite geometric series to find r.

Use r = 0.4 to find a 2 and a 3.

–36(0.4) = –14.4
–14.4(0.4) = –5.76

Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are

–36, –14.4, and –5.76.

84. S = –126.25, a 1 = –50.5

Use r = to find a 2 and a 3.
SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –126.25 and a 1 = –50.5 into the
formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series
to find r.
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are
,– , and .

83. S = –60, r = 0.4

SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –60 and r = 0.4 into the formula for
the sum of an infinite geometric series to find a 1.

Use r = 0.6 to find a 2 and a 3.

–50.5(0.6) = –30.3
–30.3(0.6) = –18.18

Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are

–50.5, –30.3, and –18.18.

Use r = 0.4 to find a 2 and a 3. 85. S = –115, a 1 = –138

–36(0.4) = –14.4
SOLUTION:
–14.4(0.4) = –5.76
Substitute S = –115 and a 1 = –138 into the formula
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 27
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are for the sum of an infinite geometric series to find r.
–36, –14.4, and –5.76.
 –50.5(0.6) = –30.3 –138(–0.2) = 27.6
–30.3(0.6) = –18.18 27.6(–0.2) = –5.52

10-3 Therefore,
Geometric the first three termsand
Sequences of theSeries
sequence are Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are
–50.5, –30.3, and –18.18. –138, 27.6, and –5.52.

85. S = –115, a 1 = –138

86. S = ,r=–
SOLUTION:
Substitute S = –115 and a 1 = –138 into the formula SOLUTION:
for the sum of an infinite geometric series to find r. Substitute S = and r = – into the formula
for the sum of an infinite geometric series to find
a 1.

Use r = –0.2 to find a 2 and a 3.

–138(–0.2) = 27.6
27.6(–0.2) = –5.52

Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are

–138, 27.6, and –5.52.

86. S = ,r=– Use r = – to find a 2 and a 3.

SOLUTION:

Substitute S = and r = – into the formula

for the sum of an infinite geometric series to find
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are
a 1.
,– , and .

87.

SOLUTION:
Find a 1.

Use r = – to find a 2 and a 3. Use r = – to find a 2 and a 3.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 28
 Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are
10-3 Geometric
, – , and Sequences
. and Series , , and .

Determine whether each sequence is

87. arithmetic, geometric, or neither. Then find the
next three terms of the sequence.
SOLUTION: 89. , , , , ...
Find a 1.
SOLUTION:
First, determine whether there is a common
difference or common ratio.
– =

– =

Use r = – to find a 2 and a 3.

÷ =

÷ =

Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are Because there is no common difference or
common ratio, the sequence is neither arithmetic
12, –3, and . nor geometric.

Notice that there appears to be a pattern in which

88. the numerator of each fraction is increasing by 1
and the denominator is increasing by 2 for each
SOLUTION: successive term.
Find a 1. a1 =

Find the next three terms of the sequence.

Use r = to find a 2 and a 3. =

Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are

, , and . Therefore, the next three terms are , , and

Determine
eSolutions whether
Manual - Powered each
sequence is
by Cognero . Page 29
arithmetic, geometric, or neither. Then find the
next three terms of the sequence.
 , , and . Therefore, the next three terms are , , and

.
10-3 Determine
Geometric whether each sequence is
Sequences and Series
arithmetic, geometric, or neither. Then find the
next three terms of the sequence.
89. , , , , ... 90. , , 4, , ...

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, determine whether there is a common First, determine whether there is a common
difference or common ratio. difference or common ratio.
– = – =–

– = 4– =–

÷ = ÷ =

÷ = 4÷ =

Because there is no common difference or

common ratio, the sequence is neither arithmetic Because there is a common difference of – , this
nor geometric. sequence is arithmetic. Find the next three terms of
the sequence.
Notice that there appears to be a pattern in which
the numerator of each fraction is increasing by 1 + =
and the denominator is increasing by 2 for each
successive term.
+ =
a1 =
+ =3
=

= Therefore, the next three terms are , , and 3.

= 91. 12, 24, 36, 48, ...

SOLUTION:
Find the next three terms of the sequence.
First, determine whether there is a common
= difference or common ratio.
24 – 12 = 12
36 – 24 = 12
=
24 ÷ 12 = 2
=
36 ÷ 24 =

Therefore, the next three terms are , , and Because there is a common difference of 12, this
sequence is arithmetic. Find the next three terms of
. the sequence.
48 + 12 = 60
60 + 12 = 72
72 + 12 = 84
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 30
90. , , 4, , ...
Therefore, the next three terms are 60, 72, and 84.
 + =3 40.5(0.75) = 30.375
30.375(0.75) = 22.78125

10-3 Therefore,
Geometric Sequences
the next three termsand
are Series
, , and 3. Therefore, the next three terms are 40.5, 30.375,
and 22.78125.

91. 12, 24, 36, 48, ... 93. 36k, 49k, 64k, 81k, ...
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, determine whether there is a common First, determine whether there is a common
difference or common ratio. difference or common ratio.
24 – 12 = 12 49k – 36k = 13k
36 – 24 = 12 64k – 49k = 25k

24 ÷ 12 = 2
49k ÷ 36k =
36 ÷ 24 =
64k ÷ 49k =
Because there is a common difference of 12, this
sequence is arithmetic. Find the next three terms of Because there is no common difference or
the sequence. common ratio, the sequence is neither arithmetic
48 + 12 = 60 nor geometric.
60 + 12 = 72
72 + 12 = 84 Notice that there appears to be a pattern in which
2 2
Therefore, the next three terms are 60, 72, and 84. the first term is 6 k, the second term is 7 k, the
2 2
third term is 8 k, and the fourth term is 9 k. Find
92. 128, 96, 72, 54, ... the next three terms of the sequence.
2
SOLUTION: 10 k = 100k
2
First, determine whether there is a common 11 k = 121k
2
difference or common ratio. 12 k = 144k
96 – 128 = –32
72 – 96 = –24 Therefore, the next three terms are 100k, 121k,
and 144k.
96 ÷ 128 = 0.75
72 ÷ 96 = 0.75 94. 7.2y, 9.1y, 11y, 12.9y, ...
SOLUTION:
Because there is a common ratio of 0.75, this
sequence is geometric. Find the next three terms of First, determine whether there is a common
the sequence. difference or common ratio.
54(0.75) = 40.5 9.1y – 7.2y = 1.9y
40.5(0.75) = 30.375 11y – 9.1y = 1.9y
30.375(0.75) = 22.78125
9.1y ÷ 7.2y = about 1.26
Therefore, the next three terms are 40.5, 30.375, 11y ÷ 9.1y = about 1.21
and 22.78125.
Because there is a common difference of 1.9y, this
93. 36k, 49k, 64k, 81k, ... sequence is arithmetic. Find the next three terms of
the sequence.
SOLUTION: 12.9y + 1.9y = 14.8y
First, determine whether there is a common 14.8y + 1.9y = 16.7y
difference or common ratio. 16.7y + 1.9y = 18.6y
49k – 36k = 13k
64k – 49k = 25k Therefore, the next three terms are 14.8y, 16.7y,
and 18.6y.
49k ÷ 36k =
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95. 3 , 15, 15 , 75, … Page 31

64k ÷ 49k = SOLUTION:

First, determine whether there is a common
 14.8y + 1.9y = 16.7y
16.7y + 1.9y = 18.6y
Therefore, the next three terms are 75 , 375,
10-3 Therefore,
Geometric Sequences
the next three termsand Series
are 14.8y, 16.7y,
and 18.6y. and 375 .

95. 3 , 15, 15 , 75, … 96. 2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,…

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, determine whether there is a common First, determine whether there is a common
difference or common ratio. difference or common ratio.
15 – 3 = about 8.29 2 –2 = about 1.43
15 – 15 = about 18.54 2 –2 = about 1.10

15 ÷ 3 = 2 ÷2 =
15 ÷ 15 =
2 ÷2 =

Because there is a common ratio of , this

sequence is geometric. Find the next three terms of Because there is no common difference or
the sequence. common ratio, the sequence is neither arithmetic
nor geometric.

Notice that there appears to be a pattern in which

the radicand is increasing by 3 for each successive
term. Find the next three terms of the sequence.
Therefore, the next three terms are 75 , 375, 2 =2
and 375 . 2 =2
2 =2
96. 2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,…
SOLUTION: Therefore, the next three terms are 2 ,2 ,
First, determine whether there is a common and 2 .
difference or common ratio.
Write each geometric series in sigma
2 –2 = about 1.43 notation.
2 –2 = about 1.10 97. 3 + 12 + 48 + … + 3072
SOLUTION:
2 ÷2 = Find the common ratio.
12 ÷ 3 = 4
2 ÷2 =
48 ÷ 12 = 4

Because there is no common difference or Next, determine the upper bound.

common ratio, the sequence is neither arithmetic a 4 = 48(4) = 192
nor geometric.
a 5 = 192(4) = 768
Notice that there appears to be a pattern in which a 6 = 768(4) = 3072
the radicand is increasing by 3 for each successive
term. Find the next three terms of the sequence. Write an explicit formula for the sequence.
2 =2
2 =2
2 =2 Therefore, in sigma notation the series 3 + 12 + 48
+ … + 3072 can be written as
eSolutions Manual - Powered
Therefore, by three
the next Cognero
terms are 2 ,2 , Page 32

and 2 .
98. 9 + 18 + 36 + … + 1152
 2 =2
Therefore, in sigma notation the series 9 + 18 + 36
Therefore, the next three terms are 2 ,2 ,
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series + … + 1152 can be written as
and 2 .

Write each geometric series in sigma 99. 50 + 85 + 144.5 + … + 417.605

notation.
97. 3 + 12 + 48 + … + 3072 SOLUTION:
Find the common ratio.
SOLUTION: 85 ÷ 50 = 1.7
Find the common ratio. 144.5 ÷ 85 = 1.7
12 ÷ 3 = 4
48 ÷ 12 = 4 Next, determine the upper bound.
a 4 = 144.5(1.7) = 245.65
Next, determine the upper bound.
a 5 = 245.65(1.7) = 417.605
a 4 = 48(4) = 192
a 5 = 192(4) = 768
Write an explicit formula for the sequence.
a 6 = 768(4) = 3072

Write an explicit formula for the sequence.

Therefore, in sigma notation the series 50 + 85 +
144.5 + … + 417.605 can be written as
Therefore, in sigma notation the series 3 + 12 + 48
+ … + 3072 can be written as

100.
98. 9 + 18 + 36 + … + 1152
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Find the common ratio.
Find the common ratio.
18 ÷ 9 = 2 – ÷ = –2
36 ÷ 18 = 2
÷– = –2
Next, determine the upper bound.
a 4 = 36(2) = 72
Next, determine the upper bound.
a 5 = 72(2) = 144
a 6 = 144(2) = 288 a4 =
a 7 = 288(2) = 576 a 5 = –1(–2) = 2
a 8 = 576(2) = 1152 a 6 = 2(–2) = –4
a 7 = –4(–2) = 8
Write an explicit formula for the sequence.
Write an explicit formula for the sequence.

Therefore, in sigma notation the series 9 + 18 + 36

+ … + 1152 can be written as
Therefore, in sigma notation the series
99. 50 + 85 + 144.5 + … + 417.605
can be written as
SOLUTION:
Find the common ratio.
85Manual
eSolutions ÷ 50 =- Powered
1.7 by Cognero Page 33
144.5 ÷ 85 = 1.7
101. 0.2 – 1 + 5 –… – 625
 Therefore, in sigma notation the series 50 + 85 + can be written as
144.5 + … + 417.605 can be written as
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series

101. 0.2 – 1 + 5 –… – 625

100.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Find the common ratio.
Find the common ratio. –1 ÷ 0.2 = –5
5 ÷ –1 = –5
– ÷ = –2
Next, determine the upper bound.
÷– = –2 a 4 = 5(–5) = –25
a 5 = –25(–5) = 125
Next, determine the upper bound. a 6 = 125(–5) = –625
a4 =
Write an explicit formula for the sequence.
a 5 = –1(–2) = 2
a 6 = 2(–2) = –4
a 7 = –4(–2) = 8
Therefore, in sigma notation the series 0.2 + (–1) +
Write an explicit formula for the sequence. 5 +… + (–625) can be written as

102. HORSES For each of the first few months after a

horse is born, the amount of weight that it gains is
about 120% of the previous month’s weight gain. In
Therefore, in sigma notation the series the first month, a horse has gained 30 pounds.
can be written as a. Write a geometric series in sigma notation that
can be used to model the horse's weight gain for
the first five months.
b. About how much weight did the horse gain in the
fourth month?
101. 0.2 – 1 + 5 –… – 625 c. If the horse weighed 150 pounds at birth, about
how much did it weigh after 5 months?
SOLUTION: d. Will the horse continue to grow at this rate
Find the common ratio. indefinitely? Explain.
–1 ÷ 0.2 = –5
SOLUTION:
5 ÷ –1 = –5
a. The amount of weight that a horse gains is 120%
Next, determine the upper bound. of the previous month's weight gain, so r = 1.2.
Because the horse gained 30 pounds in the first
a 4 = 5(–5) = –25
month, a 1 = 30.
a 5 = –25(–5) = 125
a 6 = 125(–5) = –625 Write an explicit formula for the horse's weight
gain.
Write an explicit formula for the sequence.

The lower bound is 1 and the upper bound is 5.

Therefore, in sigma notation the series 0.2 + (–1) +
5 +… + (–625) can be written as
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Therefore, in sigma notation the series representing
the horse's weight gain for the first five months can
Page 34
be written as

102. HORSES For each of the first few months after a

 SOLUTION:
a. Let d represent the first dose at time t = 0. After
1.5 hours or t = 1.5 the amount of medicine left in
10-3 The lower boundSequences
Geometric is 1 and the upper
andbound is 5.
Series
Therefore, in sigma notation the series representing the patient's system will be d. Use this pattern to
the horse's weight gain for the first five months can
find the amount of medicine at t = 6, the time of the
be written as second dose.

b. Use the explicit formula you found in part a to

find a 4.

Therefore, in the fourth month the horse gained

51.84 pounds.

c. First, find the sum of the series. Therefore, after 6 hours of the original dose
will be left in the patient's system.

b. Immediately following the first dose, the amount

of medicine in the patient's system is d, so a 1 = d.
Immediately following the second dose, the amount
of medicine in the patient's system is the sum of the
amount of medicine left from the first dose and the
amount taken during the second dose, so a 2 = d

Because the horse weighed 150 pounds at birth,

+ d or d.
after 5 months the horse weighed 223.248 + 150 or
about 373.248 pounds.
Find a 2 and a 3, the amount of medicine that is left
d. Sample answer: No; the horse cannot continue
to grow at this rate indefinitely because its body will immediately after taking the third and fourth doses,
eventually stop growing. which occur at times t = 12 and t = 18,
respectively.
103. MEDICINE A newly developed and researched
medicine has a half-life of about 1.5 hours after it is
administered. The medicine is given to patients in
doses of d milligrams every 6 hours.
a. What fraction of the first dose will be left in the
patient’s system when the second dose is taken?
b. Find the first four terms of the sequence that
represents the amount of medicine in a patient's
system after the first 4 doses.
c. Write a recursive formula that can be used to
determine the amount of medicine in the patient's
system after the nth dose.
SOLUTION:
a. Let d represent the first dose at time t = 0. After
1.5 hours or t = 1.5 the amount of medicine left in
the patient's system will be d. Use this pattern to
Therefore, the first four terms of the sequence are
find
eSolutions the amount
Manual ofbymedicine
- Powered Cognero at t = 6, the time of the Page 35
second dose. d, d, d, and d.
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series
Therefore, the first four terms of the sequence are
c. ANALYTICAL For each graph in part a,
d, d, d, and d.
describe the values of S n as n .

d. GRAPHICAL Graph S n = for r = 1.2,

c. Notice that a pattern forms when the first four
terms are rewritten as shown below. 2.5, and 4 on the same graph.
e. ANALYTICAL For each graph in part d,
describe the values of S n as n .
f. ANALYTICAL Make a conjecture about what
happens to S n as n for S n = .

SOLUTION:
a.
The third term can also be written as a 3 =

and the fourth term can be

written as a 4 = .

Upon substituting, a 4 = . If we let 4 =

n and 3 = n – 1, the formula becomes a n = b.

. Therefore, a recursive formula

that can be used to describe the amount of
medicine in a patient's system immediately
following the nth dose is a 1 = d, a n = a n–1 +

104. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this c. From the graph for r = 0.2, it appears that as n
∞, S n 1.25. From the graph for r = 0.5, it
problem, you will investigate the limits of .
appears that as n ∞, S n 2. From the graph
a. GRAPHICAL Graph S n = for r = 0.2, for r = 0.9, it appears that as n ∞, S n 10.
0.5, and 0.9 on the same graph.
b. TABULAR Copy and complete the table d.
shown below.

c. ANALYTICAL
eSolutions For each
Manual - Powered by Cognero graph in part a, e . It appears that as n ∞, S n ∞. Page 36
describe the values of S n as n .
f. Because 8.6 > 1, as n , Sn ∞.
 situation is 5, 3.25, 3.25, 2.1125, 2.1125, … . The
corresponding series can be written as the sum of
the two infinite geometric series: one series that
represents the distance the ball travels when falling
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series and one series that represents the distance the ball
travels when bouncing back up.
e . It appears that as n ∞, S n ∞. Series 1 5 + 3.25 + 2.1125 + …
Series 2 3.25 + 2.1125 + 1.373125 + …
f. Because 8.6 > 1, as n , Sn ∞.
Find the sum of each series.
105. ERROR ANALYSIS Emilio believes that the sum
of the infinite geometric series 16 + 4 + 1 + 0.25 +
… can be calculated. Annie disagrees. Is either of
them correct? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
Find the common ratio. Therefore, the total vertical distance the ball travels
4 ÷ 16 = 0.25 is 14.29 + 9.29 or about 23.6 meters.
1 ÷ 4 = 0.25
b. In this sequence, a 1 = 2 and r = 0.8. Find the
Sample answer: The common ratio is less than 1, so
the sequence is converging to 0, and the sum of the sum of the related series.
series can be calculated. Therefore, Emilio is
correct.

106. CHALLENGE A ball is dropped from a height of

5 meters. On each bounce, the ball rises to 65% of Therefore, the total amount of time that the ball
the height it reached on the previous bounce. bounces is 10 seconds.

107. WRITING IN MATH Explain why an infinite

geometric series will not have a sum if ‫׀‬r|> 1.
SOLUTION:
If then increases without limit.
Therefore, the corresponding sequence will be
divergent, and the sum of the series cannot be
a. Approximate the total vertical distance the ball calculated.
travels, until it stops bouncing. Consider the following geometric series.
b. The ball makes its first complete bounce in 2 9 + 3 + 1 + ....
seconds, that is, from the moment it first touches
the ground until it next touches the ground. Each
complete bounce that follows takes 0.8 times as
long as the preceding bounce. Estimate the total
amount of time that the ball bounces.
SOLUTION:
a. The ball is dropped from a height of 5 meters,
bounces back up 0.65(5) or 3.25 meters, falls 3.25 9 + 12 + 15 + ....
meters, bounces back up 0.65(3.25) or 2.1125
meters, falls 2.1125 meters, and so on. So, an
infinite sequence that can be used to represent this
situation is 5, 3.25, 3.25, 2.1125, 2.1125, … . The
corresponding series can be written as the sum of
the two infinite geometric series: one series that –4.5 is not the correct value for the series, Thus,
represents the distance the ball travels when falling the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric
and one series that represents the distance the ball series does not work when .
travels when bouncing back up.
Series 1 5 + 3.25 + 2.1125 + … REASONING Determine whether each
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Series 2 3.25 + 2.1125 + 1.373125 + … statement is true or false . Explain your Page 37
reasoning.
Find the sum of each series. 108. If the first two terms of a geometric sequence are
 –4.5 is not the correct value for the series, Thus,
You can not solve this because there are two
10-3 the formula for the
Geometric sum of an infinite
Sequences and geometric
Series unknown. a 1 and a n.
series does not work when .

REASONING Determine whether each
statement is true or false . Explain your
reasoning.
108. If the first two terms of a geometric sequence are
positive, then the third term is positive.
SOLUTION:
If the first two terms are positive, then the common
ratio must be a positive. Therefore, the third term,
which equals the second term times the common
ratio, must also positive. So, the statement is true.
Consider the sequence 2, 4, ...
The common ration is 4 ÷ 2 = 2.
Find the next term.
4 · 2 = 8. Which is positive.
109. If you know r and the sum of a finite geometric
series, you can find the last term.
SOLUTION:
If the sum of the series and the common ratio are
given, you can use the formula for the nth partial
sum of a geometric series, , to find
the last term. However, the value of the first term
must also be known. Therefore, this statement is
false.
110. If r is negative, then the geometric sequence
converges.
SOLUTION:
Whether a geometric sequence converges or
diverges depends on the absolute value of the
common ratio. If < 1, the sequence will
converge, and if > 1 the sequence will diverge.
Therefore, this statement is false.
The series 27, 9, 3, 1, ... converges as well as –27,
–9, –3, –1, ... .
The sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, ... and –1, –3, –9, –27, ...
both diverge.
111. REASONING Determine whether the following
statement is sometimes, always, or never true.
Explain your reasoning.
If all of the terms of an infinite geometric series
are negative, then the series has a sum that is a
negative number.
SOLUTION:
If |r| < 1, then the series has a sum, and the sum is
a negative number. If |r| > 1, the corresponding
sequence is divergent, and the series has no sum.
Therefore, the statement is sometimes true.
Consider the series –27 + (–9) + (–3) + (–1) + ...

Consider a series with S n = 58,590 and r = 5. Find

a n.

The sum is – 40.5.

You can not solve this because there are two
Consider the series –1+ (–3) + (–9) + (–27) + ...
unknown. a 1 and a n.

110. If r is negative, then the geometric sequence

converges.
SOLUTION:
Whether a geometric sequence converges or
diverges depends on the absolute value of the The sum is – 1.5, which is not correct since the
common ratio. If < 1, the sequence will sum of the first 4 terms is – 40. Thus, there is not
converge, and if > 1 the sequence will diverge. sum.
Therefore, this statement is false.
112. CHALLENGE The midpoints of the sides of a
The
eSolutions series
Manual 27, 9, 3,
- Powered by1, ... converges
Cognero as well as –27, square are connected so that a new square is Page 38
–9, –3, –1, ... . formed. Suppose this process is repeated
The sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, ... and –1, –3, –9, –27, ... indefinitely.
 sequence of perimeters are a 1 = 16 and a 2 = 8 .
The sum is – 1.5, which is not correct since the
Find the common ratio.
sum of the first 4 terms is – 40. Thus, there is not
10-3 sum.
Geometric Sequences and Series a2 ÷ a1 = 8 ÷ 16 or
112. CHALLENGE The midpoints of the sides of a
square are connected so that a new square is
formed. Suppose this process is repeated The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, the
indefinitely.
infinite geometric series of perimeters 16 + 8 +

… has a sum. Substitute a 1 = 16 and r = into

the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric
series.
a. What is the perimeter of the square with side
lengths of x inches?
b. What is the sum of the perimeters of all the
squares?
c. What is the sum of the areas of all the squares?
SOLUTION:
a. The triangle formed by two midpoints and an
included corner of the largest square is a right
triangle with side lengths of 4 ÷ 2 or 2 inches, and a
hypotenuse of x inches.

Therefore, the sum of the perimeters of all the

squares is 32 + 16 or about 54.6 inches.
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x.
2
c. The area of a square is given by A = s , so the
2
area of the largest square is 4 or 16, and the area
2
of the second largest square is (2 ) or 8. So, a 1

= 16, a 2 = 8, and r = 8 ÷ 16 or .
The perimeter of a square is given by P = 4s,
where s is the length of one side. So, the perimeter
of the square with side lengths of x or 2 inches The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, the
is 4(2 ) or 8 inches.
infinite geometric series of areas 16 + 8 + … has a
b. The perimeter of the largest square is 4(4) or 16 sum. Substitute a 1 = 16 and r = into the formula
inches, and the perimeter of the second largest
for the sum of an infinite geometric series.
square is 8 inches. So, the first two terms in the
sequence of perimeters are a 1 = 16 and a 2 = 8 .
Find the common ratio.

a2 ÷ a1 = 8 ÷ 16 or

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 39

The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, the
 The common ratio r is < 1. Therefore, the
infinite geometric series of areas 16 + 8 + … has a
10-3 sum.
Geometric
Substitute aSequences
1 = 16 and r =and Series
into the formula
for the sum of an infinite geometric series.
114.

SOLUTION:

The first term of this series is 13 and the last term

is 25. The number of terms is equal to the upper
bound minus the lower bound plus one, which is 7 –
Therefore, the sum of the areas of all the squares is 3 + 1 or 5. Therefore, a 1 = 13, a n = 25, and n = 5.
2 Find the sum of the series.
32 in .

Find each sum.

113.

SOLUTION:
115.

The first term of this series is 3 and the last term is
15. The number of terms is equal to the upper
bound minus the lower bound plus one, which is 7 –
1 + 1 or 7. Therefore, a 1 = 3, a n = 15, and n = 7.
Find the sum of the series.
SOLUTION:
The first term of this series is 13 and the last term
is 311. The number of terms is equal to the upper
bound minus the lower bound plus one, which is 150
– 1 + 1 or 150. Therefore, a 1 = 13, a n = 311, and n
= 150. Find the sum of the series.

114.

SOLUTION: 116. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS To prove that

The first term of this series is 13 and the last term
is 25. The number of terms is equal to the upper
bound minus the lower bound plus one, which is 7 –
3 + 1 or 5. Therefore, a 1 = 13, a n = 25, and n = 5.
Find the sum of the series.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
115.
objects of different weights fall at the same rate,
Marlene dropped two objects with different weights
from the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. The
objects hit the ground at the same time. When an
object is dropped from a tall building, it falls about
16 feet in the first second, 48 feet in the second
second, and 80 feet in the third second, regardless
of its weight. If this pattern continues, how many
feet would an object fall in the sixth second?
SOLUTION:
In this sequence, a 1 = 16, a 2 = 48, and a 3 = 80.
Find the common difference.
48 – 16 = 32 Page 40
80 – 48 = 32
 112 + 32 = 144
144 + 32 = 176

10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series Therefore, the object will fall 176 feet in the sixth
second.

116. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS To prove that 117. TEXTILES Patterns in fabric can often be
objects of different weights fall at the same rate, created by modifying a mathematical graph. The
Marlene dropped two objects with different weights pattern can be modeled by a lemniscate.
from the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. The
objects hit the ground at the same time. When an
object is dropped from a tall building, it falls about
16 feet in the first second, 48 feet in the second
second, and 80 feet in the third second, regardless
of its weight. If this pattern continues, how many
feet would an object fall in the sixth second?
SOLUTION: a. Suppose the designer wanted to begin with a
lemniscate that was 6 units from end to end. What
In this sequence, a 1 = 16, a 2 = 48, and a 3 = 80. polar equation could have been used?
Find the common difference. b. What polar equation could have been used to
48 – 16 = 32 generate a lemniscate that was 8 units from end to
80 – 48 = 32 end?

Find a 6. SOLUTION:
80 + 32 = 112 a. The equation for a lemniscate is given by r2 = a 2
112 + 32 = 144 2 2
cos 2 or r = a sin 2 . If the lemniscate is 6
144 + 32 = 176 units from end to end, a = 6 ÷ 2 or 3. Therefore,
2 2
the corresponding equations are r = 3 cos 2 or
Therefore, the object will fall 176 feet in the sixth 2 2 2 2
second. r = 9 cos 2 and r = 3 sin 2 or r = 9 sin 2
.
117. TEXTILES Patterns in fabric can often be
created by modifying a mathematical graph. The b. If the lemniscate is 8 units from end to end, a =
pattern can be modeled by a lemniscate. 8 ÷ 2 or 4. Therefore, the corresponding equations
2 2 2 2 2
are r = 4 cos 2 or r = 16 cos 2 and r = 4
2
sin 2 or r = 16 sin 2 .

Graph each polar equation on a polar grid.

118. =

a. Suppose the designer wanted to begin with a SOLUTION:

lemniscate that was 6 units from end to end. What
polar equation could have been used? The solutions of θ = are ordered pairs of the
b. What polar equation could have been used to
generate a lemniscate that was 8 units from end to form , where r is any real number. The
end?
graph consists of all points on the line that make an
SOLUTION:
a. The equation for a lemniscate is given by r2 = a 2 angle of with the positive polar axis.
2 2
cos 2 or r = a sin 2 . If the lemniscate is 6
units from end to end, a = 6 ÷ 2 or 3. Therefore,
2 2
the corresponding equations are r = 3 cos 2 or
2 2 2 2
r = 9 cos 2 and r = 3 sin 2 or r = 9 sin 2
.

b. Manual
eSolutions - Powered by is
If the lemniscate Cognero
8 units
from end to end, a = Page 41

8 ÷ 2 or 4. Therefore, the corresponding equations

2 2 2 2 2
are r = 4 cos 2 or r = 16 cos 2 and r = 4
 b. If the lemniscate is 8 units from end to end, a =
8 ÷ 2 or 4. Therefore, the corresponding equations
2 2 2 2 2
are r = 4 cos 2 or r = 16 cos 2 and r = 4
10-3 Geometric
2 Sequences and Series
sin 2 or r = 16 sin 2 .

Graph each polar equation on a polar grid. 120. = −150°

118. = SOLUTION:
The solutions of θ = −150° are ordered pairs of the
SOLUTION: form (r, −150°), where r is any real number. The
graph consists of all points on the line that make an
The solutions of θ = are ordered pairs of the
angle of −150° with the positive polar axis.

form , where r is any real number. The

graph consists of all points on the line that make an
angle of with the positive polar axis.

Find the cross product of u and v. Then show

that u × v is orthogonal to both u and v.
121. u = ,v=
SOLUTION:
119. r = 1.5 Find the cross product of u and v .
SOLUTION:
The solutions of r = 1.5 are ordered pairs of the
form (1.5, θ), where θ is any real number. The
graph consists of all points that are 1.5 units from
the pole, so the graph is a circle centered at the
origin with radius 1.5.

To show that is orthogonal to both u and v ,

find the dot product of with u and with
v.

120. = −150°
SOLUTION:
The solutions of θ = −150° are ordered pairs of the
form (r, −150°), where r is any real number. The
graph consists of all points on the line that make an
angle of −150° with the positive polar axis.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 42

Because both dot products are zero, the vectors are

 Because both dot products are zero, the vectors are
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series orthogonal.

Find the cross product of u and v. Then show 122. u = ,v=

that u × v is orthogonal to both u and v.
121. u = SOLUTION:
,v=
Find the cross product of u and v .
SOLUTION:
Find the cross product of u and v .

To show that is orthogonal to both u and v ,

find the dot product of with u and with
To show that is orthogonal to both u and v ,
v.
find the dot product of with u and with
v.

Because both dot products are zero, the vectors are

orthogonal.
Because both dot products are zero, the vectors are
orthogonal. 123. u = ,v=
SOLUTION:
122. u = ,v= Find the cross product of u and v .
SOLUTION:
Find the cross product of u and v .

To show that is orthogonal to both u and v ,

find the dot product of with u and with
ToManual
eSolutions Powered by is
show -that Cognero to both u and v ,
orthogonal v. Page 43
find the dot product of with u and with
v.
10-3 Because both dot
Geometric products are zero,
Sequences and the vectors are
Series Because both dot products are zero, the vectors are
orthogonal. orthogonal.

123. u = ,v= Find the component form and magnitude of

with the given initial and terminal points.
SOLUTION:
Then find a unit vector in the direction of .
Find the cross product of u and v . 124. A(6, 7, 9), B(18, 21, 18)
SOLUTION:
Find the component form of .

Use the component form to find the magnitude of

.

To show that is orthogonal to both u and v ,

find the dot product of with u and with
v. Using this magnitude and component form, find a
unit vector u in the direction of .

125. A(24, −6, 16), B(8, 12, −4)

Because both dot products are zero, the vectors are
orthogonal. SOLUTION:
Find the component form and magnitude of Find the component form of .
with the given initial and terminal points.
Then find a unit vector in the direction of .
124. A(6, 7, 9), B(18, 21, 18)
SOLUTION: Use the component form to find the magnitude of
Find the component form of . .

Use the component form to find the magnitude of Using this magnitude and component form, find a
. unit vector u in the direction of .

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 44

Using this magnitude and component form, find a
unit vector u in the direction of .
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series

125. A(24, −6, 16), B(8, 12, −4) 126. A(3, −5, 9), B(−1, 15, −7)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the component form of . A(3, −5, 9), B(−1, 15, −7)
Find the component form of .

Use the component form to find the magnitude of

. Use the component form to find the magnitude of
.

Using this magnitude and component form, find a

unit vector u in the direction of . Using this magnitude and component form, find a
unit vector u in the direction of .

127. SAT/ACT In the geometric sequence , , ,.

. . , each term after the first is equal to the previous
th
term times a constant. What is the value of the 13
126. A(3, −5, 9), B(−1, 15, −7) term?
SOLUTION:
7
A(3, −5, 9), B(−1, 15, −7) A2
Find the component form of . B 28
9
C2
D 210
11
E2
Use the component form to find the magnitude of SOLUTION:
. First, find the common ratio.
÷ =2

÷ =2
Using this magnitude and component form, find a
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Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find a 13.
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series
Therefore, the correct answer is C.

128. REVIEW The pattern of dots shown below

127. SAT/ACT In the geometric sequence , , ,. continues infinitely, with more dots being added at
. . , each term after the first is equal to the previous each step.
th
term times a constant. What is the value of the 13
term?

7
A2
B 28
9 Which expression can be used to determine the
C2
number of dots at the nth step?
D 210
11 F 2n
E2 G n(n + 2)
SOLUTION: H n(n + 1)
First, find the common ratio. J 2(n + 1)

÷ =2 SOLUTION:
In this sequence, a 1 = 4, a 2 = 6, and a 3 = 8. First,
÷ =2 find the common difference.
6– 4=2
8– 6=2
Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric
sequence to find a 13. Substitute a 1 = 4 and d = 2 in the formula for the
nth term of an arithmetic sequence.

Therefore, the correct answer is C. Therefore, the correct answer is J.

128. REVIEW The pattern of dots shown below 129. The first term of a geometric series is −1, and the
continues infinitely, with more dots being added at common ratio is −3. How many terms are in the
each step. series if its sum is 182?
A6
B7
C8
D9
SOLUTION:
Which expression can be used to determine the The first term in the series is –1, the common ratio
number of dots at the nth step? is –3, and the sum is 182. Use the formula for the
F 2n sum of a finite geometric series to find the number
G n(n + 2) of terms n.
H n(n + 1)
J 2(n + 1)
SOLUTION:
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In this sequence, a 1 = 4, a 2 = 6, and a 3 = 8. First,
find the common difference.
6– 4=2
10-3 Geometric Sequences and Series
Therefore, the correct answer is J. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

129. The first term of a geometric series is −1, and the 130. REVIEW Cora begins a phone tree to notify her
common ratio is −3. How many terms are in the friends about a party. In step 1, she calls 3 friends.
series if its sum is 182? In step 2, each of those friends calls 3 new friends.
A6 In step 3, each of those new friends calls 3 more
B7 new friends. After step 3, how many people know
C8 about the party, including Cora?
F 12
D9
G 13
SOLUTION: H 39
The first term in the series is –1, the common ratio J 40
is –3, and the sum is 182. Use the formula for the
sum of a finite geometric series to find the number SOLUTION:
of terms n. First, find the common ratio.
9÷3=3
27 ÷ 9 = 3

The common ratio is 3. Find the sum of the series.

Including Cora, 40 people know about the party.

Therefore, the correct answer is J.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

130. REVIEW Cora begins a phone tree to notify her

friends about a party. In step 1, she calls 3 friends.
In step 2, each of those friends calls 3 new friends.
In step 3, each of those new friends calls 3 more
new friends. After step 3, how many people know
about the party, including Cora?
F 12
G 13
H 39
J 40
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio.
9÷3=3
27 ÷ 9 = 3

The common ratio is 3. Find the sum of the series.

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