UD AMS - Harini - Unit 2

2020

URBAN DESIGN
AR 8702

REGULATIONS 2017

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN AR. HARINI. S
SUBJECT CODE: AR8702
FACULTY: AR. HARINI. SECTION: IV YR A SECTION, 2019‐2020
AMS ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE
SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702
UNIT II MODERN URBANISM

1. Industrialisation and impact on urbanism.
2. American grid iron planning.
3. Theories, ideas and practice of good urban planning/cities
4. urbanism in early 20th century.
5. Outline of modernist cities and urbanism across the world.
6. Morphology of Indian modernist cities of Chandigarh, Bhuvaneshwar and Gandhi Nagar.
7. Components of modern urbanism such as blocks, density, neighbourhood, streets etc., and their interdependencies.
8. Evolution of urban design as a discipline, its scope and objectives.
2.1 INDUSTRIALISATION AND IMPACT ON URBANISM.
INDUSTRIALIZATION & CITY GROWTH Laissez Faire – no government interference in private businesses.
 Economic factors :
Industrial Revolution Internally, the purchase power of people was greater
Period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes Externally, production of cheap manufactured goods increased
in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and trade.
technology had a profound effect on the socio economic and  Technological factors :
cultural conditions of that times. Tool improvement, use of coal as a fuel, great use of iron, use of
steam power, invention of gunpowder and glass.
Industrialization:
Shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on ADVERSE LIVING & WORKING CONDITIONS OF LABOUR CLASS
industry (manufacturing) Industrialization leads to urbanization AND REFORMS ON HOUSING:
by creating economic growth and job opportunities that draw
people to cities. Urbanization typically begins when a factory or Causes of Industrial revolution in england ‐ Embargo Act 1807
multiple factories are established within a region, thus creating by president thomas Jefferson:
a high demand for factory labor During Naoplean wars, Britain’s navy seized Americans and their
cargo to help France.
Causes of the Industrial Revolution: Embargo act laid restrictions on trade with all foreign countries,
 Geographic factors : particularly on Britain & France. American hoped that would
Industrial revolution first started in England in 1780. England is a devastate Britain & France’s Economies, but it did the opposite,
seperated Island, yet close to European Continent. England forcing industrial revolution in England, that England started
enjoyed favourable geographical situation. producing its own goods, arms and amunitions & many other
 Political factors : equipments.
The government at that time was ready to provide conditions in
which trade, industry, banking, farming for profit making could WORKING CONDITIONS:
flourish at its best.  Terrible working environment
 Factories were being built, businessmen were in need of want the children to work in factories due to dangers
workers involved.
 longline of people willing to work. employees could set  Labour unions organised strikes and protests. More
wages as low as they wanted. People were willing to work immigrants came in, who were willing to work for lesser
as long as they got paid. wages, so labour unions often were unsuccessful.
 People worked 14 to 16 hours a day, six days a week. But  Rich became richer. Poor became poorer.
majority of workers wee unskilled. Skilled workers earned
more, but not significantly more. Women received 1/3rd
or ½ of the pay of men. Children forced to work for even
lesser wages.
 Owners were only concerned of making profit. And were
satisfied because of lesser cost of labour.
 Factories were not the best places to work. Only had one
light apart from sunlight. Their machines spit more smoke
and workers were covered with soot in some factories.
 There were plethora of machines with not much safety

precautions resulting in many accidents. LIVING CONDITIONS:
 Workers received a break only for lunch and dinner.
 Children were to work for 14hrs a day for only ten cents,  Business began to boom, national markets grew. More
and were used for simpler unskilled jobs. people began to move in , wanting for jobs.
 Due to lack of sunlight and exercise, there were many  Most people lived in slums
children with physical defornities. Use of children for long
 Five to nine people lived in a single room.
hours work with bad living conditions led to the formation
of labour unions.  Not only there was not enough space, but more people
 Labour unions formed because workers wanted to put a got sick as well. Diseases spread rapidly
stop to long hours work with little pay, workers  Lack of medicine and medical care resulted in deaths.
demanded more pay and fairer treatment. They didn’t  At the same time population was increasing rapidly, due
to more people moving in.
 Apartments became crowded and were in worse sanitary Birth of middle class, Birth of Suburbs and Slums
conditions.
 People had to fight for jobs and competed to live. HOUSING
 As industrialization occurred, middle class emerged. Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements (multistory
 Middle class were skilled workers, managers, clerks, buildings divided into apartments)Tenement = a substandard,
accountants and had the money they neede to survive. multi‐family dwelling, usually old and occupied by the poor
They also had left over leisure goods. This extra money  Built cheaply
enabled them to live with a bit of comfort.  Multiple stories
 Most middle class moved away from cities, since they
 No running water
thought “ slum” was unhygienic and unpleasant. This led
 No toilet
to the beginning of “ suburbs” or socially seggregated
neighbourhoods.  Sewer down the middle of street
 But majority of people living in industrialised areas, lived  Trash thrown out into street
in terrible harsh conditions because of the lack of money  Crowded (5+ people living in one room)
and overwhelming population.  Breeding grounds for diseases
 No proper sewage systems prevailed. Diseases like TB,  Pollution from factory smoke
cholera and typhoid spread rapidly.
During 19th century 10,000 people died of cholera and 60, 000 died
of TB.. The average life in london was only 37 yrs. 25% of children
died before they were 5 years old.

Impact of industrialization on way of life:

2.2 AMERICAN GRID IRON PLANNING
 Philadelphia was the first city to use the indexical
system of numbers for north‐south streets and tree
names for east‐west streets.
 Because of this coordinate system, the intersection at
12th/Walnut has no more or less social or political
meaning than that at 18th/Cherry. Every plot of land is
essentially equal to every other.

WILLIAM PENN:
The grid ‐ development pattern since Hippodamus first used
in , Greece, 5th century BC.
In America, William Penn used grid as the physical foundation
for Philadelphia in 1682.
With that, the grid began its new life in the new America.
Penn’s instructions for laying out his orthogonal plan ‐
Philadelphia:
 The streets be uniform down to the water from the
country bounds…
 Let the houses built be only in a line, or upon a line, as
much as may be…
 Penn’s grid, influenced by Richard
Newcourt’s plan for London following the fire of 1666.
 Penn utilized the grid for its indexical qualities. Grid by its
nature has no built‐in hierarchy.
 The Grid promoted the Quaker value of equality

In Paragonah, Utah, the grid promoted the doctrine
of Mormonism.

OTHER AMERICAN GRID CITIES:
Following the precedent of Philadelphia, the grid has been used
extensively in a number of American cities in every one of our
now 50 states. Each of these cities, with their own purposes and
reasonings, adopted the grid as their foundation with varying

outcomes.
In Chicago, the grid was used as a vehicle to maximize both the
In San Francisco, the grid flatly ignored topography and
speed of development and financial speculation
created a city of dramatic hills and valleys.

Most famous of all American grids is that of Manhattan.
In 1811, the Commissioners adopted a master street plan
that would come to define the city of New York centuries later
Manhattan did grow and it grew well beyond all expectations
within only a single century. The grid was there to
accommodate that growth.

2.3 THEORIES, IDEAS AND PRACTICE OF GOOD URBAN PLANNING/CITIES
Urban Design ‐ Definitions of the complex relationships between all the elements
 The art of making Successful Places of the Built & Un‐built spaces.
 Urban design involves the arrangement and design of  The study of Urban Design deals with the relationships
buildings, public spaces, transport systems, services, between the physical form of the city and the Social
and amenities. forces that produce it. ‐ Urban design is a
 Urban design is the process of giving form, shape, and multidisciplinary activity involving planners, architects,
character to groups of buildings, to whole landscape architects and engineers, Working together to
neighbourhood, and the city. create and implement a vision for our cities, towns and
villages, for our neighbourhood and for new and existing
developments.
 Urban design is the collaborative and multi disciplinary
process of shaping the physical setting for life in cities,
town and villages, the art of making places, design in an
urban context. Urban design involves the design of
buildings, groups of buildings, spaces and landscapes and
the establishment of frameworks and processes that
facilitates successful development.

COMPONENTS OF URBAN SPACE

Buildings
Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design ‐
 Urban design is the design of treatments & relationships they shape and articulate space by forming the streetwalls of
between different buildings, streets, squares, parks & the city. Well designed buildings and groups of buildings work
spaces that make up the Public domain. It is the study together to create a sense of place.

Public Space
Great public spaces are the living room of the city ‐ the place
where people come together to enjoy the city and each other.
Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible ‐ they
form the stage and backdrop to the drama of life. Public spaces
range from grand central plazas and squares, to small, local
neighbourhood parks.

Transport
Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help shape
them, and enable movement throughout the city.
They include road, rail, bicycle, and pedestrian networks, and
together form the total movement system of a city.
The balance of these various transport systems is what helps
define the quality and character of cities, and makes them
either friendly or hostile to pedestrians.
The best cities are the ones that elevate the experience of the
pedestrian while minimizing the dominance of the private
automobile.
Streets
Streets are the connections between spaces and places, as well
as being spaces themselves. They are defined by their physical
dimension and character as well as the size, scale, and character
of the buildings that line them.
Streets range from grand avenues such as the Rajpath, Delhi to
small, intimate pedestrian streets.
The pattern of the street network is part of what defines a city
and what makes each city unique
Landscape FUNCTIONS OF ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves
throughout ‐ in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants,
flowers, and water in many forms. The landscape helps define
the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting
spaces and elements. Green spaces in cities range from grand
parks such as Central Park in New York City and the Washington
DC Mall, to small intimate pocket parks.

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

THEO
ORIES OF GOOD
G URB
BAN PLANN
NING THHEORIES OF
O URBAN PLANNING
G

CITTY INDUST
TRIALE
CITY IN
NDUSTRIALEE
ANTI UURBANISM A AND THE PICCTURESQUEE:
CITI BEEAUTIFUL
GARDEEN CITY MO OVEMENT
NEIGHHBOURHOOD D UNIT – CA
A PERRY
NEIGHHBOURHOOD D UNIT – CLA
ARENCE STEEIN ‐ RADBU
URN
OUTCOME OF INDUSTRIALIZATTION ON THE CITIES:
CITY N
NUOVO
Nottion Of Zoningg – major con ncept
BROAD DACRE CITY Reggulatory laws were impose ed
RADIAANT CITIES Hou using and sannitation standaards were sett
GEDDEESIAN TRIAD D Refformation of ssociety disordeers( due to inddustrialisationn) was
thee main objectivve of urban pllanners of earrly cities

IDEEOLOGIES & PR RINCIPLES:
Sepparation of spaaces by function through zo oning into several
categories.
He determined ggeneral standards of city an nd with zoningg
stanndards.
He developed deesigns that sup pplied people’’s materially aand
morally needs.
Garrnier ‘s Industrial city:
• Planned fo or approx 35.0 000 inhabitannts.
• Situated oon a area in so
outheast Francce on a plateaau with
high land aand a lake to tthe north, a vaalley and riverr to the
south.
SUBJECT NAME: URBAN D
DESIGN SUBJEC
CT CODE: AR8702 2
FACULTY: AR. HARINI. SECTIO
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020
• He envisaged a town of segregated uses with a
residential area, a train station quarter and an industrial
zone.
• Concept of zoning was strongly similar with Ebenezer
Howard Garden Cities of To‐morrow .
• All aspects of the city including governmental,
residential, manufacturing and agricultural practices were
considered.

• The various functions of the city were clearly related, but • Region of station is centre of the city and it includes all
separated from each by location and patterns. public trade facilities
• The city of labor divided into Four main Functions: Work, • A railway passes between the factory and the city, which
housing, health and leisure. is on a plateau, and further up are the medical facilities.
• The public area at the heart of the city was grouped into • The residential area is made up of rectangular blocks
three sections: Administrative services and assembly running east‐west which gives the city its characteristic
halls, museum collections and sport facilities. elongated form.
• Houses was situated into the large green areas to
benefit from sun & air.
• The residential districts ‐ first attempt towards energy
efficiency, passive solar architecture as the city was to be
powered by a hydroelectric station with dam located in
the mountains along with the hospital.
• Another significance is the hospital. sunshine & pure air
helped in overcoming diseases. There was a movement
breaking down big hospitals into units called pavilions,
thus giving patients close relationship to these amenities
and making them feel more relaxed than if they were in a
huge crowded environment.
•

• Materials & construction: ANTI URBANISM AND THE PICTURESQUE
Tony Garnier was the one of the pioneer in using concrete. The ANTI‐URBANISM
materials used are concrete for the foundations and walls, and It is hostility toward the city as opposed to the country.It is simple
reinforced concrete for floors and ceilings. rejection of the city, or a wish to destroy the city.
This hostility is not an individual sentiment, but a collective sentiment
sometimes evoked by the expression "urbophobia" or "urbanophobia"
Socialistic City: Tony believed in socialism. So his city is to be
This sentiment can become politicized and thus influence spatial planning.
governed by socialistic law and had no no law courts, police Antiurbanism is a global concept
stations, jail or church.

THE PICTURESQUE:
Happened by late 19th century. The adjective picturesque
meant"superficial," an overused and commercial mode of
representation
Characteristics:
• Contributions:
• Picturesque in detail
Garnier’ s industrial city was never built, but he contributed to
• Lack of moral depth and earnestness
the further planners such as Le Corbusier. Corbusier was the
• More concerned with surfaces than depth
first well‐ known architect to discuss about Garnier’ s works.
• Lost its grace vey soon.
After the industrial city project, Garnier designed many projects
• A group of city planners related literature and
that built in Lyon.=
Romanticism to the planning concepts, that gave birth to

english Romantic Gardens and the Picturesque cities – an It promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create
aesthetic notion that is seen and felt – intangible. moral and civic
Common titles at that time: virtue among urban populations.
Picturesque America, Picturesque Italy, Picturesque California, Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification
and Picturesque New York. New york became the first could promote a harmonious social order that would increase
picturesque american city. the quality of life. Critics of the Philosophy complained that the
The picturesque term played a formative role in the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense
representation of American modernization. of social reform. Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an
"architectural design cult."

CITI BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
The City Beautiful Movement emerged in response to the 1893
World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
The fundamental idea expounded at the fair was that the city
was no longer a symbol of economic development and Washington DC – The Mall
industrialization, but to be seen as enhancing the aesthetic
environment of its inhabitants. In Washington, D.C., the city beautiful movement led to the
Ideologies & critics: creation of the McMillan Plan (named after Senator McMillan),
Introduced beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. the first governmental plan to regulate aesthetics.
The movement was originally associated mainly Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., Charles F. McKim,
with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., and sculptor Augustus Saint‐Gaudens contributed for the Mc
Millan Plan
EBBENEZER HOWARD: H G
GARDEN C
CITY
MO OVEMENT(( 1898)
Edeenezer Howard (1850‐1928) in his Book” A Peaceful paath to
Soccial Reform ‐18 898 & advocates a Satellitee town called a
Garrden City . Insspiration – book “ looking B Backward by eedward
bellamy ”.
6000 acres
a) 6
b) 332,000 inhabittants
c) A
A central areaa of 1,000 acre es
d) Individual plots 20 feet by 1 130 feet
charactteristics:
Gross density of 30 personss per acre 3
e) G
• Main emphasis – showy urb ban landscape es
Towwn Planning C Concepts Gard den City:
• Drew on “ beaaux arts “ traddition of france
Theere would be 6 6 boulevards eeach 120 feet wide extending
• TTowards classsical architectu
ure
radially from the centre. Bouleevards assist in n forming 6 w wards
• Iconography o of and for the urban elites
prooviding basis oof local governnment & community
• OOrderly and clean‐ people n need to be civvilized
servvices. “City” w
would be self sufficient in teerms of:
• AAesthetic rath
her than social sensibility
a) Employmeent
• GGrandiose & aambitious
b) Possessingg its own indusstry

c) c) Commerce
d) d) Shops
e) Agriculturral production n.
f) Residentiaal and agricultu ural lands
Dessigned for heaalthy living and d industry witth a social life,
surrounded by ru ural belt. Land
d being in public ownership or in
trussts. Each zonee ringed by agricultural belt.
Thee overall goal is to combine the traditionaal countrysidee with
thee traditional to
own.

DESIGN SUBJEC
CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020

First garden cities:
Letchwo orth –35000 peo
ople in 1903, 1000 factories & 16000 people in 1947
Wellwyn n – 40000 people 1in 1920, 75 ffactories & 1800
00 people in 194
47.

DESIGN SUBJEC
CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020
THE NEIGHBOU
N URHOOD U UNIT – C.A. PERRY PUR
RPOSE OF NEIGHBOURHOO OD PLANNING G:
Neighbborhood Unit: • To make tthe people soccialize with on ne and anotheer
The neiighbourhood is the planning unit for a to own. Evolved d due • To enablee the inhabitan nts to share th
he public amenities
to adveent of industrial the revolution and degraadation of the and recreaational facilitiees
city envvironment cau used due to • To supporrt a safe and aa healthy envirronment within the
 high
h congestioon, neighbourrhood
 heavy
h traffic movement
m throough the city, • To providee safety andeffficiency to ro oad users and
 innsecurity to scchool going chhildrens, distaant location off pedestrian ns
shopping
s and recreation
r actiivities; etc. • To maintaain, enhance aand improve area for reccreeational
Perry’s Neighbourho ood Unit conccept began as a means of activities
insulatiing the comm munity from th he ill – effects of rapidly • To determ mine community’s prospects for the futurre.
increassing vehicular traffic.

NEIGHB BORHOOD UN NIT TO HAVE TTHE FOLLOWING:

 To create a saf
T fely healthy physical enviro onment in which
children will ha
c ave no Traffic streets to cro oss on their way
to school,
t
 Schools which
S are within waalking distance e from home
 An environme
A nt in which women may haave an easy waalk
to a shopping
t centre Wheree they may gett the daily
households go
h oods, Thee neighbour=h hood unit of CC A Perry
 Employed peo
E ople may find cconvenient traansportation tto
and from work
a k. ‐ Boorn as a resultt of growing trrafficand conggestion.
 Well equipped
W d playground is located near the house ‐ Prrovided a neww plan for regio onal expansion
where children
w n may play in Safety with th heir friends for ‐ Idea of self conttained unit
healthy develo
h opment of theeir mind and spirit. ‐ Ceentered on sch hools and commmunity centrre
‐ Boound by arteriial roads
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CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020
‐ No thrrough vehicular traffic in neeighbourhood d THHE NEIGHB BOURHOOD D UNIT - C CLARENCE
‐ Typicaal unit – schoo
ol, residences,, shops, parks,, amenities. STTEIN RADB BURN
Raddburn:
Thee neighbourhoood unit
Clarence Stein & Henry Wrightt prepared thee layout for Raadburn
– newjersy, new york in 1928.
Objjectives:
• Decentralised self containeed settlements ppromoting comm munity
life.
• n pattern for roaads
No grid iron
• Overall plan
nning of whole n neighbourly areaas
• Safe and segregated pedesttrian routes from m vehicular trafffic
• Houses turnned inside out
• Communityy park spreading on whole of thee area.
• Walking disttance – one milee radius
• Residential sstreets suggesteed as Cul‐de_saccs to eliminate th
hrough
traffic
• Park space fflows into the neeighbourhood.
• Footpath an nd underpasses
• Population MMeant for 30,00 00

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CT CODE: AR8702 2
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ELEMENTS OF RADBURN NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT
 Park s
backbone of neighbourhood.
 Special Highway system
seperation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic with 21% road area
 Cul – de‐ sacs

seperatuon of vehicular and pedestrian traffic achieved through the
use of superblocks and pedestrian only pathways aroung the cul‐
de‐sacs.
Superblocks those radburn houses designed to have two house
fronts. The backside of the house, what we would normally
consider the front side, faced the cul‐de‐sac and parking.

CITY NUOVA
 Futurist Architecture and La Citta Nuova (The New City)
 Antonio Sant’elia’s “Futurist Architecture” discusses
modernity and new ways of designing.
 Living in buildings designed for previous generation is
foolish.
 Each new generation should design a new architecture,new
city.
 Modern architecture should be separate from tradition and
that new design should stem from new needs and new
technology.
 Architecture should be built and rebuilt to suit the needs of
a new generation, a new city – a new society.
 Monumental designs - static in nature, new design to be
practical, focusing on light, feel of the building or space as
opposed to the appearance.
 Modern architecture needs to be dynamic, and stripped of
ornamentation.
 New materials need to govern the building, glass facades
with prominent elevators as opposed to grand staircases
because elevators are the wave of the future – they
represent progress and innovation.  Sant’elia readily admits that futurist buildings will not last
for long periods of time, but that simply reinforces the
 Sant’elia’s designs for La Citta Nuova are dynamic, elastic, idea of futurism: that buildings can change and newstyles,
and light. forms, materials, and programs can define and redefine a
 His buildings take new shapes and use new materials. new type of building as each generation rebuilds. And
that is a lot like modernism, trying to reshape and
redefine itself so that its meaning and form are constantly
in flux
RADIANT CITY – LE CORBUSIER
Introduction: Grew out of new conception of capitalist authority &
pseudo appreciation for workers’ individual freedoms. The plan was like
Contemporary City ‐ clearance of the historic cityscape & rebuilding,
utilizing modern methods of production.
Planning concepts:
 The pre‐fabricated apartment houses, les unites, were at
the centre of "urban" life.
 Sunlight and recirculating air were provided as part of
design.
 The scale of the apartment houses was fifty meters high,
accommodating 2,700 inhabitants with fourteen square
meters of space per person.
 The buildings pilotis,5 meters off the ground, so that
more land could be given to nature.
 Setback from other unites created a pattern to lessen the  Automobile traffic to circulate on pilotis supported
effect of uniformity. roadways five meters above the earth.. entire ground was
 Inside les unites were the vertical streets, i.e. the given as a "gift" to pedestrians, with pathways running in
elevators, and the pedestrian interior streets that orthogonal and diagonal projections. subways and trucks,
connected one building to another separated from automobiles.
 The skyscrapers to provide office space for 3,200 workers
per building.
 Each apartment block was equipped with a catering
section, laundry chores in basement.
 Directly on top of the apartment houses were the roof
top gardens and beaches, where residents sun
themselves in A natural" surroundings ‐ fifty meters in the
air.

 Children were
C to be dropped off at les un nites’ day caree Critticism:
centre and rais
c sed by scientiffically trained professionalss. Lacck of human sccale and connection to its surrounding
Corbusier
C calleed it the verticcal garden city
y. Malls alienating sstreet space
Higgh rise with no
o reason
ORBUSIER’S RADIANT CITY
PRINCIPLES OF LE CO Higghrise breakingg social ties in
ntegral to com
mmunitydevelo
opment.

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CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020
GEDEESIAN TRIAD – CONSERVATIVE SURGERY


BROADACRE CITY – F.L. WRIGHT

2.4 URBANISM IN EARLY 20TH CENTURY.
NEW TOWNS – 1960S
Bringing Howard’s garden city back to life.
Post WWII housing rehabilitation need.
Decentralisation of city recognised as necessary by County of
London. Displacement of population and employment for a
desirable density.
Introduction of satellite suburbs ‐ Virginia, Columbia, Maryland.

NEW TOWNS – 1970S
Era that broke the notion that planning and architecture could
result in social reform (which was an integral dimension of
Modernism)
Need for integrated development
Bringing back the opinion of the people
Aim to create diversity, flexibility and change (Jane Jacobs –
The Death and Life of Great American Cities)
Accept and bring to light social differences

SATELLITE TOWNS RIBBON DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABLE CITIES

 Development that improves the long‐term social and ecological
health of cities and towns.
 A sustainable city is a city that is compact, has efficient land use,
less automobile orientated, has efficient resource use, able to
restore the natural system, allows community participation,
improves health of people and has a sustainable economy
 Contrast to Modernism and Post Modernism.
 Less environmentally damaging cities.
 Concentration on energy conservation.
 Focussing on “reduce recycle reuse”
 Compact development, pedestrian friendly, neighbourhood
centres.
IDEAS OF GOOD URBAN PLANNING

PRACTICE OF GOOD URBAN PLANNING
ASPECTS OF URBAN DESIGN
1. Character -
a place with its own identity.

Santorini: Where setting becomes the character

Few otherexamples
2. quality
q of the
t Public Realm 4. Adaptabiliity
a place with a
a ttractive & su
uccessful outd
door areas place that can change easily. Buildings maay come and ggo. But
A p
thee character of street / spacee has to be rettained.
A p
place that servves different fu
unctions in diffferent times

5.DDiversity
a place with varieety & choice

3. Eas se of move ement

a place that is easy to
o get to & mo
ove through.

6. Continuity y & Enclosure
a place where pu
ublic & privatee spaces re cleearly distinguisshed.

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CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020
7.Legibility
a place that has a clear image, easy to understand , clear to find
without being lost.

THE URBAN DESIGN STRUCTURE Articulation by proportion
ARTICULATION OF URBAN SPACES
The urban structure defines the urban form and the building
form. Creative articulation of space is the most prominent
aspect of urban design. The following artistic principles are an
integral part of creating form and spatial definition:

articulation by symmetry / balance

Articulation by detail

Articulaation by hierarchy Articulation by rh
hythm

Articulation by co
ontrast

Articulaation by conteext

Articulation by order

DESIGN SUBJEC
CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020
Articulaation by texture Articulation by beauty

DESIGN SUBJEC
CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020
2.5 OUTLINE OF MODERNIST CITIES AND URBANISM ACROSS THE WORLD
CITY OF COPENHAGEN GREEN PLANNING:

INTRODUCTION  Finger Plan
The city was redeveloped based on the concept of “ New  Contains urban area in fingers
Urbanism” – sustainability , pedestrian friendly, walkable cities.  Increased access to green space
The successes ofCopenhagen city is due to Sustainability and  Clear harbour to swim
green planning., transporatation planning and initiatives
Increased Public Transportation and sustainable Urban
Environment

REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS
 Encouraging public transportation
 Pesestrian friendly streets / lanes
 Encouraging cycling.

GREATLY IMPROVED QULITY OF LIFE
 Rated among highest quality of life
 Hea;th benefits
 Economic benefits


PLANNING –FINGER PLAN between mansions, larger houses, garden cities
The Finger Plan (Danish: Fingerplanen) is an urban and mid‐size houses. The area has a population of
plan from 1947 which provides a strategy for the around 270,000 inhabitants.
development of the Copenhagen metropolitan
The ring finger
area, Denmark.
According to the plan, Copenhagen is to develop The north‐northwestern part of the suburbs forms
along five 'fingers', centred on S‐train commuter the ring finger. The area is to a large extent
rail lines, which extend from the 'palm', that is the formed by detached middle‐class dwellings, with
dense urban fabric of central Copenhagen. some exceptions of housing projects or upper‐
In between the fingers, green wedges are class areas. The area has a population of around
supposed to provide land for agriculture and 100,000 inhabitants.
recreational purposes.
The middle finger
By the definition in the Finger Plan the
metropolitan area has a population of 1,930,260 The northwestern suburbs form the middle finger.
(1 October 2011) and an area of It consists of a mixed area of both detached
3,030 km2 (1,170 sq mi) over 34 municipalities middle‐class dwellings, widespread garden cities
and large, low‐rise public housing projects. The
The little finger
area has a considerable part of the industrial areas
The northern suburbs form the little finger of the of metropolitan Copenhagen, mostly in the
plan and are traditionally the wealthiest. In traditional sectors of manufacturing. The area has
popular language, the area is known as "The a population of around 110,000 inhabitants.
Whiskey Belt", although the area is mixed

The index finger
The index finger forms the western suburbs, which
are those with the lowest income per capita and
the highest crime rate. Total of 145,000
inhabitants, some 20% are immigrants of first or
second generation.
The thumb
The southwest suburbs along the coast form the
thumb of the plan. While the central parts of these
suburbs are dominated by high‐rise housing
projects and low‐income inhabitants, the distant
part is dominated by detached middle‐class
houses. These suburbs have a population of some
215,000 inhabitants, with a sizeable number of
immigrants.

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
 Multimodal
 Inter-Connected Via Finger Plan
 Busses - Integrated Train (S-Tog)
 Metro - Water Taxi- Public Bicycle
 Walking Networks & Cycling Networks
 Social and EconomicSuccess without high car use
 Integration Between Public Transportation and Urban
DensityDensity of jobs and residents is clustered around
majorpublic transport nodes
 Accessibility Distances to Rail and Metro Station

COPENHAGENIZATION AND CYCLING COMMUNITY


INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR CLEAN HARBOUR ELECTRICITY FROMWIND POWER

LANDFILL AS LEAST FAVOURED OPTION _ SWM

2.6. OUTLINE OF MODERNIST CITIES AND URBANISM ACROSS THE WORLD
ASSIGNMENTS
(HAND WRITTEN)
1. MASDAR
2. LAVASA
3. BOSTON
4. CAPE TOWN – SOUTH AFRICA
2.6.MORPHOLOGY OF INDIAN MODERNIST CITIES
CHANDIGARH
DESIGN SUBJEC
CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020
DESIGN SUBJEC
CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS THE ASSEMBLY HALL
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE

THE SECTETARIAT

2.6.MORPHOLOGY OF INDIAN MODERNIST CITIES
SEMINARS
5. MORPHOLOGY OF INDIAN MODERNIST CITY – BUBANESHWAR
6. MORPHOLOGY OF INDIAN MODERNIST CITY – GANDHI NAGAR
2.7 COMPONENT
TS OF MOD
DERN URBA
ANISM THE
EIR INTER
RDEPENDENCIES.
COMPO ONENTS OF M MODERN URBAN DESIGN URBAN STRUCTU URE

This diaagram shows tthe approximaate hierarchiccal relationshipp Thee overall frameework of a reggion, town or precinct, show wing
betwee en the elemennts of urban deesign, followe
ed by a brief relaationships bettween zones oof built forms, land forms, n
natural
definition of each of the elementss. envvironments, acctivities and o
open spaces. Itt encompasses
The secction below prrovides basic eexplanations ffor terms thatt bro
oader systems including tran nsport& infraastructure networks.
are commmonly used ffor urban desiign.

URBAN GRAIN
Thee balance of open space to built form, and the nature aand
extent of subdiviiding an area iinto smaller parcels or blocks. For
exaample a ‘fine uurban grain’ m
might constitute a network of small
or d
detailed streetscapes. It takkes into consid
deration the
hierarchy of street types, the pphysical linkagges and movement
bettween location ns, and modess of transport. Coarse urban grain
Reffers to looselyy packed area

INTERD
DEPENDENCIEES IN URBAN D
DESIGN
DESIGN SUBJEC
CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020

DENSITY + MIX
The intensity of development and the range of different uses
(such as residential, commercial, institutional or recreational
uses).

STREETSCAPE + LANDSCAPE
The design of public spaces such as streets, open spaces and
pathways, and includes landscaping, microclimate, shading and
planting.

HEIGHT + MASSING
The scale of buildings in relation to height and floor area, and
how they relate to surrounding land forms, buildings and
streets. It also incorporates building envelope, site coverage and
solar orientation.
Height and massing create the sense of openness or enclosure,
and affect the amenity of streets, spaces and other buildings.

FACADE + INTERFACE
The relationship of buildings to the site, street and neighbouring
buildings (alignment, setbacks, boundary treatment) and the
architectural expression of their facades (projections, openings,
patterns and materials).

DETAILS + MATERIALS
The close‐up appearance of objects and surfaces and the
selection of materials in terms of detail, craftsmanship, texture,
colour, durability, sustainability and treatment. It includes street
furniture, paving, lighting and signage. It contributes to human
comfort, safety and enjoyment of the public domain.

PUBLIC REALM
Much of urban design is concerned with the design and
management of publicly used space (also referred to as the
public realm or public domain) and the way this is experienced
and used.
The public realm includes the natural and built environment
used by the general public on a day‐to‐day basis such as streets,
plazas, parks, and public infrastructure. Some aspects of
privately owned space such as the bulk and scale of buildings, or
gardens that are visible from the public realm, can also
contribute to the overall result.

SOCIAL + ECONOMIC FABRIC
The non‐physical aspects of the urban form which include social
factors (culture, participation, health and well‐being) as well as
the productive capacity and economic prosperity of a
community. It incorporates aspects such as demographics and
life stages, social interaction and support networks.

TOPOGRAPHY, LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENT
The natural environment includes the topography of landforms,
water courses, flora and fauna—whether natural or introduced.
It may be in the form of rivers and creeks, lakes, bushland, parks
and recreational facilities, streetscapes or private gardens, and
is often referred to as ‘green infrastructure’.

SCALE URBAN FORM
The size, bulk and perception of a buildings and spaces. Bulk The arrangement of a built up area. This arrangement is made
refers to the height, width and depth of a building in relation to up of many components including how close buildings and uses
other surrounding buildings, the street, setbacks and are together; what uses are located where; and how much of
surrounding open space. For example, a large building set the natural environment is a part of the built up area.
amongst other smaller buildings may seem ‘out of scale’.


Urban functions
This relates to the purpose of a land use for residential areas,
recreation, industry etc.

0.8
0 EVOLU
UTION OF URBAN DE
ESIGN AS A DISCIPL
LINE, ITS SCOPE
S AND
D OBJECTIVES.
SCOPE OF URBAN DEESIGN
NEEED FOR URBA
AN DESIGN AS A DISCIPLINEE
supportss planning policies
Facilitate
es collaborationn
express vvision
set desiggn standards
indicate the next steps
 Analysis:
A
An auditt of the characteeristics of a site tto give a sense o
of place
 Collaboration:
C
the need d for urban desiggners to work w with others, including local
commun nities
 Policy Formulati
P on:
required d to deal with the breadth of urb ban design issue es and activities
 Design Generatio
D on:
Building,, landscape and engineering dessign, site plannin ng, master plann ning
framewo ork design, illusttrative design, annd visioning
 Im mplementation:
attention n to how plans aand proposals co ould be impleme ented requires aa
capacity for
initiative
e, innovation, creeativity, negotiaation, collaboration, and
managem ment.

RIA FOR URBAN DESIGN:
CRITER
OBJJECTIVES OF U
URBAN DESIG GN AS A DISCIP
PLINE
What mmay dictate ann urban design n undertaking??

Appeal (…how places look….)
 Aestheticss Strong Visuaal Impact
on …(how placces work…);
Functio
 Developmment: New Inve estment & Em
mployment
Qualityy of urban areas; (ambiencee)
opportunities
Commu unity well‐beiing: Vitality; saafety;
DESIGN SUBJEC
CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020
 Functional Effficiency • Suupport the preseervation of historric buildings and
d the achievemennt of the
 Improved Environmental co onditions urba an potential of a
adjacent neighbo orhoods consisteent with approveed
Neig ghborhood Planss
 Safety
S
• Coomplement the ccontext and qua alities of adjacen
nt neighborhoodss with an
 Solutions to u
S nique problem
ms apppropriate scale, mmassing and cha aracter of the bu
uilt form
 Community In
C ntegration • Fooster opportunitiies for future deevelopment and maintain the via ability of
exissting uses
To proviide safety and co omfort of pedesstrians, bicyclistts, and transit, • M
Minimize leftover spaces that beccome opportunitties for anti‐socia al
freight aand other vehicles behavior
• Createe appropriate traansitions from hiighway facilitiess to urban streetss
• Providee adequate spacce and linkages ffor pedestrians, cyclists, and tra ansit
and freig ght vehicles
• Providee a walkable ped destrian‐orienteed environment tthat is supportivve of
transit
• To impprove public safeety
• Empha asize design features which bufffer pedestrians ffrom moving traf affic

Reinforcce the sense of p place and give sttructure and orientation to the e
urban exxperience
• Mainta ain key views an
nd vistas to the ccity skyline, natu
ural features andd
iconic eleements Conntribute to the sustainability of the urban envirronment
• Reveall the features of the natural and d urban landscap pe that contributte to • Incorporate best m management prractices in the deesign of the stormm water
unique id dentity and sensse of place systtem
• Createe an appropriate sense of arrivall and departure iinto and from th he • Uttilize elements th
hat promote eneergy conservatio on
City • En
ncourage the usee of local and recycled materialss
• Establiish a vocabularyy of elements tha at integrate welll with the urban • En
ncourage an urb ban environmentt that supports h healthy and activve living
context a and that enhancce its legibility .Pro
otect and preservve natural and ccultural resourcees
• Enhancce intuitive way‐‐finding and a seense of orientatiion and destinattion
• Providee lighting that not only meets fu unctional requireements but
enhancees the scenic qua alities and night‐‐time experiencee of the city

Contribu ute positively to
o the fabric of th unique qualities of
he city and the u
adjacentt neighborhoods END OF
O UNIT II
DESIGN SUBJEC
CT CODE: AR8702 2
ON: IV YR A SECTIO
ON, 2019‐2020


UD AMS - Harini - Unit 2

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3. Eas se of move ement

CITY OF COPENHAGEN GREEN PLANNING:

4. CAPE TOWN – SOUTH AFRICA

5. MORPHOLOGY OF INDIAN MODERNIST CITY – BUBANESHWAR

6. MORPHOLOGY OF INDIAN MODERNIST CITY – GANDHI NAGAR

COMPO ONENTS OF M MODERN URBAN DESIGN URBAN STRUCTU URE

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