MODULE 1: CODES AND REGULATIONS
Presidential Decrees - were an innovation made by
President Ferdinand E. Marcos with the
proclamation of Martial Law. They served to arrogate
unto the Chief Executive the lawmaking powers of
Congress.
Republic Act - a piece of legislation used to create
policy in order to carry out the principles of the
Constitution. It is crafted and passed by the Congress
of the Philippines and approved by the President of
Philippines. It can only be repealed by a similar act of
Congress.
National Building Code of the Philippines
(PD 1096)
▪ Revising RA 6541 “An Act to Ordain and
Institute a National Building Code of the
Philippines”
Section 301. Building Permits
▪ No person, firm or corporation, including
any agency or instrumentality of the
government shall erect, construct, alter,
repair, move, convert or demolish any
building or structure or cause the same to be
done without first obtaining a building permit
therefor from the Building Official assigned in
the place where the subject building is
located or the building work is to be done.
Section 401. Types of Construction
Type I
- Shall be a wood construction
- The structural elements may be any of the
materials permitted by this Code.
Type II
- Shall be of wood construction with protective
fire-resistant materials and one-hour fire-
resistive throughout.
Type III
- Shall be of masonry and wood construction.
Type IV
- Shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry
construction.
Type V
- Shall be fire resistive. The structural elements
shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry
construction.
Chapter VII (Classification and General Requirement of All
Building by Use of Occupancy)
Section 701
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFIED:
Group A - Residential Dwellings
Group B - Residentials, Hotels and Apartments
Group C - Education and Recreation
Group D - Institutional
Group E - Business and Mercantile
Group F – Industrial
Group G – Storage and Hazardous
Group H – Assembly Other Than Group I
Group I – Assembly Occupant Load 1000 or More
Group J – Accessory
Section 704
LOCATION OF PROPERTY
▪ No Building shall be constructed unless it adjoins
or has direct access to a public space yard or
street on at least one of its sides.
▪ For the purpose of this Section, the center line of an
adjoining street or alley shall be considered an
adjacent property line.
▪ Eaves over required windows shall not be less than
750 millimeters from the side and rear property
lines.
FIRE RESISTANCE OF WALLS
▪ Distance shall be measured at right angles from the
property line. When openings in exterior walls are
required to be protected due to distance from property
line, the sum of the areas of such openings in any
storey shall not exceed 50 percent of the total area
of the wall in that storey.
▪ Buildings on Same Property and Buildings Containing
Courts For the purpose of determining the required
wall and opening protection, buildings on the same
property and court walls shall be assumed to have a
property line between them.
Section 705
ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREAS
▪ The allowable floor areas for one-storey building and
buildings over one-storey shall not exceed the limits
prescribed by the Secretary for each occupancy
groups and/or types of construction.
 Section 706
ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREA INCREASES
▪ May be increased in certain specific instances
and under appropriate conditions, based on the
existence of public space, streets or yards
extending along and adjoining two or more sides
of the building or structure subject to the approval
of the Building Official.
Section 707
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS
▪ The maximum height and number of storeys of
every building shall be dependent upon the
character of occupancy and the type of
construction as determined by the Secretary
considering population density, building bulk,
widths of streets and car parking
requirements.
▪ The height shall be measured from the highest
adjoining sidewalk or ground surface:
▪ Provided, that the height measured from the
lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such
maximum height by more than 3.00 meters:
▪ Except, that towers, spires, and steeples, erected
as part of a building and not used for habitation or
storage are limited as to height only by structural
design if completely of incombustible materials, or
may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters above
the height limits for each occupancy group if of
combustible materials.
Section 708
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP A DWELLINGS
a) Dwelling Location and Lot Occupancy
b) Light and Ventilation
c) Sanitation
d) Foundation
e) Post
f) Floor
g) Roof
h) Stairs
i) Entrance and Exit
j) Electrical Requirements
k) Mechanical Requirements
Section 709
REQUIREMENTS FOR OTHER GROUP OCCUPANCIES
▪ Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Secretary
shall promulgate rules and regulations for each of the
other Group Occupancies covering: allowable
construction, height, and area; location on
property, exit facilities, light, ventilation, and
sanitation; enclosures of vertical openings; fire
extinguishing systems; and special hazards.
Chapter VIII: Light and Ventilation
Section 801
▪ Every building shall be designed, constructed, and
equipped to provide adequate light and ventilation.
▪ All buildings shall face a street or public alley or a
private street which has been duly approved.
▪ No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to
reduce the size of any room or the relative area of
windows to less than that provided for buildings under
this Code.
▪ No building shall be enlarged so that the
dimensions of the required court or yard would be
less than that prescribed for such building.
Section 805
CEILING HEIGHTS
a) Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation
have ceiling heights not less than 2.40 meters
measured from the floor to the ceiling;
▪ •Provided that for buildings of more than one-storey,
the minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall
be 2.70 meters and that for the second storey 2.40
meters and succeeding storeys shall have an
unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less
than 2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above
stated rooms with a natural ventilation shall have
ceiling height not less than 2.70 meters.
b) Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height not
less than 1.80 meters above and below it.
Section 806
SIZE AND DIMENSIONS OF ROOMS
▪ Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal
dimensions shall be as follows:
▪ Rooms for Human Habitations. 6.00 square
meters with at least dimensions of 2.00
▪ Kitchens. 3.00 square meters with at least
dimension of 1.50 meters;
▪ Bath and toilet. 1.20 square meters with at least
dimension of 0.90 meters.
Section 807
AIR SPACE REQUIREMENTS IN DETERMINING THE SIZE
OF ROOMS
▪ Minimum space shall be provided as follows:
▪ School Rooms. 3.00 cubic meters with 1.00 square
meter of floor area per person
▪ Workshops, Factories, and Offices. 12.00 cubic
meters of space per person
▪ Habitable rooms. 14.00 cubic meters of space per
person
 Section 808
WINDOW OPENINGS
-Shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free
area of openings equal to at least ten percent of the floor
area of room, and such window shall open directly to a court,
yard, public street or alley, or open water courses.
Chapter IX: Sanitation
All buildings erected, altered, remodeled, relocated or
repaired for human habitation shall be provided with
adequate and potable water supply, plumbing
installation, and suitable wastewater treatment or disposal
system, storm water drainage, pest and vermin control,
noise abatement device, and such other measures
required for the protection and promotion of health of
persons occupying the premises and other living nearby.
Chapter X (Building Projection Over Public Streets)
Section1001
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
▪ No part of any building or structure or any of its
appendages shall project beyond the property line
of the building site, except as provided in this Code.
▪ The projection of any structure or appendage over a
public property shall be the distance measured
horizontally from the property line to the
outermost point of the projection.
Section 1002
PROJECTION INTO ALLEYS OR STREETS
▪ No part of any structure or its appendage shall
project into any alley or street, national road or
public highway except as provided in this Code.
▪ Footings located at least 2.40 meters below grade
along national roads or public highway may project
not more than 300 millimeters beyond the property
line.
Section 1003
PROJECTION OF BALCONIES AND APPENDAGES OVER
STREETS
▪ The clearance between the established grade of the
street and/or sidewalk and the lowest under surface
of any part of the balcony shall not be less than
3.00 meters.
Section 1005
CANOPIES (MARQUEES)
▪ A canopy or marquee is a permanent roofed
structure above a door attached to and supported
by the building and projecting over a wall or
sidewalk.
▪ The horizontal clearance between the outermost
edge of the marquee and the carb line shall be not
less than 300 millimeters.
▪ The vertical clearance between the pavement or
ground line and the under surface of any part of the
marquee shall not be less than 3.00 meters
Section 1006
MOVABLE AWNINGS OR HOODS
AWNING- is a movable shelter supported entirely
from the exterior wall of a building and of a type which
can be retracted, folded, or collapsed against the
face of a supporting building.
▪ The horizontal clearance between the awning and
the curb line shall not be less than 300
millimeters.
▪ The vertical clearance between the undermost
surface of the awning and the pavement or ground
line shall be not less than 2.40 meters.
Section 1007
DOORS, WINDOWS AND THE LIKE
▪ Doors, windows and the like less than 2.40 meters
above the pavement or ground line shall not, when
fully opened or upon opening, project beyond the
property line except fire exit doors.
Section 1008
CORNER BUILDINGS WITH CHAFLANS
▪ Every corner building or solid fence on a public
street or alley less than 3.60 meter in width shall be
truncated at the corner.
▪ If the building is arcaded, no chaflan is required
notwithstanding the width of the public street or alley,
less than 12.00 meters
Chapter XII (General Design and Construction
Requirements)
Section 1202
EXCAVATION, FOUNDATION AND RETAINING WALLS
▪ The design and quality of materials used
structurally in excavation, footings, and in
foundations shall conform to accepted engineering
practice.
Section 1203
VENEER
▪ Veneer - is a non-structural facing of brick,
concrete, tile, metal, plastic, glass, or other similar
approved materials attached to a backing or
structural components of the building for the
purpose of ornamentation, protection, or enclosure
that may be adhered, integrated, or anchored either
on the interior or exterior of the building or structure.
 Section 1205
FLOOR CONSTRUCTION
▪ All floors shall be so framed and secure into the
framework and supporting walls as to form an
integral part of the whole building.
▪ The types of floor construction used shall provide
means to keep the beam and girders from lateral
buckling.
Section 1206
ROOF CONSTRUCTION AND COVERING
▪ Roof covering for all buildings shall be either fire-
retardant or ordinary
▪ Roof trusses shall have all joints well fitted and
shall have all tension members well tightened before
any load is placed in the truss.
▪ Roof drains shall be installed at low points of the
roof and shall be adequate in size to discharge all
tributary waters.
▪ Flashing and counter flashing shall be provided at
the juncture of the roof and vertical surfaces.
Section 1207
STAIRS, EXITS AND OCCUPANT LOADS
▪ The construction of stairs and exits shall conform
to the occupant load requirements of buildings,
reviewing stands, bleachers and grandstands
Number of Exits.
▪ Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at
least one exit. In all occupancies, floors above the
first storey having an occupant load of more than 10
shall not have less than two exits.
▪ Each mezzanine floor used for other than storage
purposes, if greater in area than 185 square meters
or more than 18.00 meters in any dimension, shall
have at least than two stairways to an adjacent
floor.
Width
▪ The total width of exits in meters shall not be less
than the total occupant load served divided by 165.
Arrangement of Exit
▪ If only two (2) exits are required, they shall be placed
a distance apart to not less than one-fifth (1/5) of the
perimeter of the area served measured in a straight
line between exits.
▪ Where three (3) or more exits are required, they shall
be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if
one becomes blocked, the others will be available.
Distance to Exits
▪ No point in a building without a sprinkler system shall
be more than 45.00 meters from an exterior exit
door, a horizontal exit, exit passageway, or an
enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel.
In a building equipped with a complete automatic
fire extinguishing system, the distance from exits
may be increased to 60.00 meters.
Doors
▪ The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door
serving an area having an occupant load of more
than ten (10) or serving hazardous rooms or
areas.
Swing
▪ Exit door shall swing in the direction of exit travel
when serving any hazardous areas or when serving
an occupant load of fifty (50) or more.
Type of Lock or Latch.
▪ Exit door shall be openable from the inside
without the use of a key or any special knowledge
or effort.
Width and Height.
▪ Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to
permit the installation of a door not less than 900
millimeters in width and not less than 2.00 meters
in height.
Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies
▪ Every corridor or exit balcony shall not be less than
1.10 meters in width.
▪ Doors in any position shall not reduce the required
width of the corridor by more than one-half.
Stairways
▪ Stairways serving an occupant load of more than
50 shall not be less than 1.10 meters.
▪ Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 or less
may be 900 millimeters wide.
▪ Private stairways serving an occupant load of less
than 10 may be 750 millimeters.
Rise and Run
▪ The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed
200 millimeters and the run shall not less than 250
millimeters.
▪ The maximum variations in the height of risers and
the width of treads in any one flight shall be 5
millimeters.
Landing
▪ Every landing shall have a dimension measured in
the direction of travel equal to the width of the
stairway.
▪ Such dimension need not exceed 1.20 meters when
the stairs has a straight run.
▪ Landings when provided shall not be reduced in
width by more than 100 millimeters by a door when
fully open.
Exit Signs and Illuminations
▪ Exits shall be illuminated at any time the building is
occupied with light having an intensity of not less
than 10.7 lux at floor level
 Value of Architect
Architectural Code (Architect’s National Code) ▪ The Architect creates man’s environment through his
(RA 9266) awareness and sensitive handling of spaces that fit
▪ The Architecture Act of 2004 the scale of human experience. The resulting
quality of the form-envelope manifested as a structure
ARCHITECTURE or building gives rise to man’s appreciation of beauty
▪ the art, science or profession of planning, and order in his physical world.
designing and constructing buildings in their ▪ The Architects’ deliberation determine how people will
totality taking into account their environment, in be placed in relationship one to another, how
accordance with the principles of utility, strength whole societies will work, play, eat, sleep,
and beauty. recreate, travel, worship, or in short how people will
ARCHITECT live in consonance with their culture and national
▪ a person professionally and academically aspirations.
qualified, registered and licensed under this Act who ▪ His objective is to bring order to man’s
is responsible for advocating the fair and environment to cause it to function properly within a
sustainable development, welfare and cultural structure that is safe and healthful and to impart to the
expression of society’s habitat in terms of space, whole a beauty and distinction that is appropriate to
forms and historical context. our time.
Architect’s Services
ARCHITECT - OF -RECORD
▪ means the architect registered and licensed under
this Act, who is directly and professionally
responsible for the total design of the project for the
client and who shall assume the civil liability for CONSISTS OF NECESSARY
the plans, specifications and contract documents Conferences
he/she has signed and sealed. Deliberations
Discussions
ARCHITECT- IN - CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTION Evaluations
▪ means an architect registered and licensed under this Investigations
Act, who is directly and professionally responsible Consultations
and liable for the construction supervision of the Advice
project. Produces:
documents in the form of a data base report
ARCHITECTURAL FIRM architectural program
▪ a sole proprietorship, a partnership or a feasibility study
corporation registered with the proper government market study
agencies. appraisal report
AUTHORSHIP impact analysis report
▪ refers to the author or authors of a set of space-organizational set- up report
architectural plans or specifications who are in site planning analysis
charge of their preparation, whether made by them evaluation report
personally or under their immediate supervision. Prepares:
CONSULTING ARCHITECT architectural plans
▪ means the architect registered and licensed or structural plans
permitted to practice under this Act, who is electrical plans
professionally and academically qualified and with plumbing/sanitary plans
exceptional or recognized expertise or mechanical / air - conditioning
specialization in any branch of architecture. plans
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION civil work plans
▪ the act of conceiving, choosing and developing technical specifications
the type, disposition, arrangement and other bid documents.
proportioning of the structural elements of an post construction management documents
architectural work giving due consideration to safety operating manual
cost-effectiveness, functionality and aesthetic. maintenance manual
other forms of written and graphical documentations
SEVEN MAJOR SERVICES: EARTH MATERIAL - Is any rock, natural soil or fill or
Pre-Design Services any combination thereof.
Design Services EROSION - Is the wearing away of the ground surface
Specialized Allied Services as a result of the movement of wind or water
Construction Services EXCAVATION - Is the mechanical removal of earth
Post Construction Services materials
Comprehensive EXISTING BUILDING - Is a building erected prior to
Architectural Services the adoption of the code, or one for which a legal
Design-Build Services building permit has been issued.
EXISTING GRADE - Is the grade prior to grading
National Structural Code of the Philippines FAILURE - Defined as an unacceptable difference
(NSCP, Volume I, 7th Edition) between expected and observed performance.
FILL - Is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial
NSCP Volume I means
Composed of Seven Chapters FINISH GRADE - Is the final grade of the site that
1. General Requirements conforms to the approved plan.
2. Minimum Design Loads GENERAL COLLAPSE - Is the immediate, deliberate
3. Earthworks and Foundations demolition of an entire structure by a triggering event
4. Structural Concrete GRADE -Is the vertical location of the ground surface
5. Structural Steel GRADING - Is an excavation or fill or combined thereof
6. Wood KEY - Is a designed compacted fill placed on a trench
7. Masonry excavated in earth material beneath the toe of a slope.
LIMITED LOCAL COLLAPSE - Is a failure of a
Chapter 1 structural member without affecting the adjacent
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS members
- The purpose of this code is to provide minimum OCCUPANCY - Is the purpose for which a building or
requirements for the design of buildings, towers other structures or part thereof, is used or intended to
and other vertical structures and minimum standards be used.
and guidelines to safeguard life or limb, property and PREFABRICATED ASSEMBLY - Is a structural unit,
public welfare by regulating and controlling the the integral parts of which have been built up or
design, construction, quality of materials pertaining to assembled prior to incorporation in the building
the structural aspects of all buildings and structures PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE - Is the spread of an initial
within this jurisdiction. local failure from element to element, eventually
resulting in the collapse of an entire structure or
disproportionately large part of it.
ALTER or ALTERATION - Is any change, addition, or ROBUSTNESS - Is the insensibility of a structure to
modification in construction or occupancy local failure.
AS GRADED - Is the extent of surface conditions on ROUGH GRADE - Is the stage at which the grade
completion of grading approximately conforms to the approved plan.
BEDROCK - In – place solid or altered rock SITE - Is any lot or parcel of land or contiguous
BENCH - Is a relatively level step excavated into earth combination thereof, under the same ownership, where
material on which fill is to be placed. grading is performed or permitted.
BORROW - Is earth material acquired from an off – SLOPE - Inclined ground surface the inclination of
site location for use in grading on a site which is expressed as a ratio of vertical distance to
BUILDING - Is any structure usually enclosed by walls horizontal distance
and a roof, constructed to provide support or shelter for SOIL - Is naturally occurring superficial deposits overlying
an intended use or occupancy. bedrock.
COMPACTION - The densification of a fill by STRUCTURE - Is that which is built or constructed, an
mechanical or chemical means edifice or building of any kind, or any piece of work
CONSTRUCTION FAILURE - Is a failure that occurs artificially built up or composed of parts joined
during construction and they are considered to be together in some definite manner.
either a collapse or distress, of a structural system to STRUCTURAL FAILURE - Is the reduction of
such a degree that it cannot safely serve its intended capability of a structural system or component to such
purpose. a degree that it cannot safely serve its intended purpose.
 TERRACE - Is a relatively level step constructed in the
face of a graded slope surface for drainage and
maintenance purposes
Chapter 2
Minimum Design Loads
▪ This chapter provides the minimum requirements
for the design of buildings, towers, and other
vertical structures. Loads and appropriate load
combinations which have been developed to be used
together for strength design and allowable stress
design are set forth.
DEAD LOADS - Dead loads consist of the weight of all
materials of construction incorporated into the building
or other structure.
LIVE LOADS - Live loads should be the maximum loads
expected by the intended use or occupancy
WIND LOADS - Buildings and other vertical structures
shall be designed and constructed to resist wind
loads
EARTHQUAKE LOADS - To design seismic –
resistant structures to safeguard against major
structural damage that may lead to loss of life and
property.
ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM - Is an assembly consisting
of panels mounted on pedestals to provide an under –
floor space for the installation of mechanical, electrical,
communication or similar systems or to serve as an air –
supply or return – air plenum
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING - Is a structure designed
and considered to house farm implements, hay, grain,
poultry, livestock or other horticultural products
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) or
WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD) - A method of
proportioning and designing structural members such
that elastically computed stresses produced in the
members by nominal loads do not exceed specified
allowable stresses.
ASSEMBLY BUILDING - A building or portion of a
building for the gathering of 50 or more persons for such
purposes as deliberation, education, instruction, worship,
entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining, or awaiting
transportation.
AWNING - Architectural projection that provides weather
protection, identity or decoration and is wholly supported
by the building to which it is attached.
BASE - The level at which the earthquake motions are
considered to be imparted to the structure or the level at
which the structure, as a dynamic vibrator, is supported
BASE SHEAR - The total design lateral force at the base
of a structure
BEARING WALL SYSTEM - Is a structural system that
does not have a complete vertical load-carrying space
frame
BOUNDARY ELEMENT - Is an element at edges of
Openings or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms.
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM - is essentially a complete
space frame that provides support for gravity loads.
BUILDING ENVELOPE - refers to cladding, roofing,
exterior wall, glazing, door assemblies, window assemblies,
skylight assemblies, and other components enclosing the
building.
OPEN BUILDING - Refers to a building having each wall
at least 80% open.
PARTIALLY ENCLOSED BUILDING - A building that
complies with both of the following conditions:
▪ Total area of openings in a wall that receives positive
external pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of
openings in the balance of the building envelope
(walls and roof) by more than 10%
▪ Total area of openings in a wall that receives positive
external pressure exceeds 0.5 m2 or 1% of the area
of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage
of openings in the balance of the building envelope
does not exceed 20%
Chapter 3
Earthquake and Foundations
▪ This chapter set forth requirements for excavation,
fills, footings and foundations for any building or
structure.
▪ Excavation or fills for the buildings or structures
shall be constructed or protected such that they do
not endanger life or property.
▪ All fills shall be compacted in lifts not exceeding
20cm in thickness to a minimum of 90% of
maximum density as determined by ASTM
▪ The slope of fill surfaces shall not be steeper than is
safe for intended use. Fill slope shall be no steeper
than 50% slope.
Chapter 4
Structural Concrete - This chapter provides the minimum
requirements for the materials, design, construction, and
strength evaluation of structural concrete members and
systems in any structure within NSCP Volume I.
Chapter 5
Structural Steel - This chapter sets forth criteria for the
design, fabrication, and erection of structural steel buildings
and other structures.
▪ The design of members and connections shall be
consistent with the intended behavior of the
framing system and the assumptions made in the
structural analysis.
 Chapter 6
Wood - The provisions of this chapter shall govern the
materials, design, construction, and quality of wood
members and their fastener.
Definition of terms:
FIBERBOARD - A fibrous, homogenous panel made
from lignocellulosic fibers and having a density of less
than 50 kg/m3 but more than 160 kg/m3
GRADE (LUMBER) - The classification of lumber in
regard to strength and utility in accordance with the
grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.
HARDBOARD - A fibrous – felted, homogenous panel
made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat
and pressure in a hot press to a density not less that 50
kg/m3.
PARTICLEBOARD - A manufactured panel product
consisting of particles of wood or combinations of wood
particles and wood fibers bonded together with synthetic
resins or other suitable bonding system
PLYWOOD - A panel of laminated veneers conforming
to Philippine National Standards (PNS 196)
TREATED WOOD - Wood treated with an approved
preservative under treating and quality control
procedures.
Chapter 7
Masonry - Materials used in masonry shall conform to the
requirements stated in the code. If no requirements are
specified in this particular chapter / section for a material,
quality shall be based on generally accepted good
practice.
Definition of Terms:
CELL - Void space having a gross cross – sectional area
greater than 900mm2
COLLAR JOINT - Mortared or grouted space between
wythes of masonry
MASONRY UNIT - Brick, tile, stone, glass block or
concrete block
Hollow
▪ Net Cross – Sectional Area < 75% of Gross Cross –
Sectional Area
Solid
▪ Net Cross – Sectional Area > 75% of Gross Cross –
Sectional Area
SHELL - Outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as
placed in masonry.
CAVITY WALL - Wall containing continuous air space
with a minimum width of 50mm and a maximum width
of 100mm between wythes which are tied with metal ties.
WALL TIE - Mechanical metal fastener which connects
wythes of masonry to each other or to other materials
WEB - Interior solid portion of a hollow – masonry unit
as placed on masonry.
WYTHE - The portion of a wall which is one masonry
unit in thickness.
Electrical Code of the Philippines
RA 7920
▪ An act providing for a more responsive and
comprehensive regulation for the practice,
licensing, and registration of electrical engineers
and electricians.
▪ New Electrical Engineering Law
Purpose:
▪ Practical Safeguarding
▪ Adequacy
▪ Intention
▪ Relation to Other General
▪ Standards
Scope:
▪ Public and private buildings
▪ Electric generating plants
▪ Industrial plants
▪ Transformer stations
▪ Permanent and temporary substations, etc.
▪ Yards, carnival, parks, parking and other lots
▪ Quarries and mines
▪ Watercraft
▪ Dockyards
▪ Trailers
▪ Mobile homes and recreational vehicles
▪ Offshore facilities
▪ Airfields
▪ Railways switchyards
Electrical Permit:
▪ Electrical Permit Needed Before Work is Started.
▪ According to P.D. 1096, no plans is required for
building made of indigenous materials or which cost
is not more than P15,000.00.
Requirements:
▪ Appliance receptacle outlets installed in a dwelling
unit for specific appliances, such as laundry
equipment, shall be installed within 1800 mm of the
intended location of the appliance.
▪ Bathrooms. In dwelling units, at least one receptacle
outlet shall be installed in bathrooms within 900 mm
of the outside edge of each basin. The receptacle
outlet shall be located on a wall or partition that is
adjacent to the basin or basin countertop.
▪ Outdoor Outlets. For a one-family dwelling and each
unit of a two-family dwelling that is at grade level, at
least one receptacle outlet accessible at grade level
and not more than 2000 mm above grade shall be
installed at the front and back of the dwelling.
 ▪ Hallways. In dwelling units, hallways of 3000 mm or
more in length shall have at least one receptacle Electrical Conductors
outlet. Silver
Iron
Services - A building or other structure served shall be Copper
supplied by only one service. Tin
Exceptions: Aluminum
1. For fire pump where a separate service is required. Lead
2. For emergency electrical system where a separate service Nickel
is required. Brass
3. Multiple-Occupancy building Zinc
4. Capacity Requirements. Two or more services shall be Platinum
permitted:
a) Where the capacity requirements are in excess of Insulating Materials
2,000 amperes at a supply voltage of 600 volts or Rubber
less; or Porcelain
b) Where the load requirements of a single-phase Varnish
installation are greater than the serving agency Slate
normally supplies through one service; Glass
5. Building of Large Area (10,000 m2 or more Total Area). Mica
6. For different voltage characteristics, such as for different Latex
voltage, frequencies, or phases, or for different uses, such as Asbestos
for different rate schedules. Thermoplastics
Service Entrance: Paper
Service - is defined as the portion of the supply which Oils
extends from the street main duct or transformer to the Wax
service switch or switchboard of the building supply. Dry Air
TYPES
Overhead service entrance - The most common Wires and Cables
type of service entrance employed by the power Wires are those electrical conductors which are 8
companies supplying electricity which is either a mm2 (AWG no. 8) or smaller.
2, 3 or 4-wire connection. Cables are those larger than the wires.
Underground service entrance -The underground They are either solid or stranded.
service entrance consists of a raceway conduit
extending from the building to the property line where Stranded wire - consists of a group of wires
it is tapped to the main. twisted to form metallic string.
Cord is the term given to an insulated stranded wire.
Panelboard -A panelboard is a single panel or group of Circular Mil. - This is the unit of cross section in the
panel units designed for assembly in the form of a single American wire gauge. The term “mil” means one-
panel. thousandth of an inch (0.001 in.).
Main - Is the feeder interior wiring extending from
service switch, generator bus, or converter bus to the main Types of Cables
distribution. Armored Cable
Branch Circuit - Defined as the circuit conductors Power and Control Tray Cable
between the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit Metal Clad Cable
and the outlets. Mineral Insulated Cable
Circuit Breaker - An overcurrent protective device also Flat Cable Assemblies
designed to function as a switch. It is equipped with an Non – Metallic Sheathed Cable
automatic tripping device to protect the branch circuit Flat Conductor Cable
from overload and ground fault. Shielded Non – Metallic Cable
Fuse -An overcurrent protective device with a circuit Service Entrance Cable
opening fusible element which opens when there is an Underground Feeder and Brach Circuit Cable
overcurrent in the circuit. It is considered as the Medium Voltage Cable
simplest and the most common circuit protective
device used into the house wiring connection.
 Outlets
OUTLET- is a point in the wiring system at which
current is taken to supply utilization equipment.
KINDS OF OUTLETS are:
a. convenience outlet or attachment cap,
b. lighting outlet,
c. receptacle outlet.
Types of Wires
T, TW, THW - The most ordinary type of plastic
insulated wire
THHN, THWN - These are comparatively new types
of wire, consisting of the basic Type THH and THW
but with less thermoplastic insulation, and with a
final extruded jacket of nylon.
XHHW - The insulation is “cross-linked synthetic
polymer,” which has an extraordinary property as
to insulating value, heat resistance, and moisture
resistance.
RUBBER COVERED WIRE - It consists of copper
conductor, tinned to make it easier to remove the
insulation, and for easy soldering.
Fire Code
(RA 9514)
▪ An Act Establishing a Comprehensive Fire Code of
the Philippines, Repealing PD 1185 and for Other
Purposes
▪ This Act shall be known as the “Fire Code of the
Philippines of 2008”.
▪ It is the policy of the State to ensure public safety,
promote economic development through the
prevention and suppression of all kinds, of destructive
fires, and promote the professionalization of the
fire service as a profession.
BLASTING AGENT - Any material or mixture
consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off
explosives.
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID - Any liquid having a flash
point at or above 37.8°C (100 °F).
CORROSIVE LIQUID - Any liquid which causes fire
when in contact with organic matter or with certain
chemicals.
CURTAIN BOARD -A vertical panel of non-
combustible or fire resistive materials attached to
and extending below the bottom chord of the roof
trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into
separate compartments so that heat and smoke will
be directed upwards to a roof vent.
DAMPER -A normally open device installed inside
air duct system which automatically closes to restrict
the passage of smoke or fire.
DUCT SYSTEM -A continuous passageway for the
transmission of air.
FIRE TRAP -A building unsafe in case of fire because
it will burn easily or because it lacks adequate
exits or fire escapes.
FIRE ALARM -Any visual or audible signal
produced by a device or system to warn the
occupants of the building or fire fighting elements of
the presence or danger of fire to enable them to
undertake immediate action to save life and
property and to suppress the fire.
FIRE DOOR -A fire resistive door prescribed for
openings in fire separation walls or partitions.
FIRE HAZARD -Any condition or act which
increases or may cause an increase in the
probability of the occurrence of fire, or which may
obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with firefighting
operations and the safeguarding of life and
property.
FIRE LANE -The portion of a roadway or public-
way that should be kept opened and unobstructed at
all times for the expedient operation of firefighting
units.
FLASH POINT -The minimum temperature at which
any material gives off vapor in sufficient
concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air.
HOSE BOX -A box or cabinet where fire hoses,
valves and other equipment are stored and arranged
for firefighting.
HOSE REEL -A cylindrical device turning on an axis
around which a fire hose is wound and connected.
JUMPER -A piece of metal or an electrical conductor
used to bypass a safety device in an electrical
system.
STANDPIPE SYSTEM -A system of vertical pipes
in a building to which fire hoses can be attached on
each door, including a system by which water is
made available to the outlets as needed.
VESTIBULE -A passage hall or antechamber
between the outer doors and the interior parts of a
house or building.
VERTICAL SHAFT -An enclosed vertical space of
passage that extends from door to door, as well as
from the base to the top of the building.
APPLICABILITY
▪ The provisions of the Fire Code shall apply to all
persons and all private and public buildings,
facilities or structures erected or constructed before
and after its effectivity.
 INSPECTIONS
INSPECTIONS, SAFETY MEASURES, FIRE SAFETY,
CONSTRUCTIONS AND PROTECTIVE AND/OR WARNING
SYSTEMS
1.Inspection Requirement
2.Safety Measures for Hazardous Materials
3.Safety Measures for Hazardous Operation /
Processes
4. Provisions of Fire Safety Construction, Protective
and Warning System
PENALTIES
Penalties can be given to:
1. Against the private individual
2. Against the public officer / employee
National Plumbing Code
RA 1378
An Act to Regulate the Trade of Master Plumber
This Act shall be known as the “Plumbing Law”.
To ensure the qualified observance of the latest
provision of the plumbing and environmental
laws.
Basic Principles:
Principle No. 1 - All premises intended for human use or
habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and
wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply
nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage.
Principle No. 2 - Plumbing fixtures, devices and
appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient
volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and
without undue noise.
Principle No. 3 -Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to
use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.
Principle No. 4 -Devices for heating and storing water shall
be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from
explosion through overheating.
Principle No. 5 -Every building abutting on a street, alley or
easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing
fixtures to the sewer system.
Principle No. 6 -Each family dwelling unit shall have at least
one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a
bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation
and personal hygiene.
Principle No. 7 -Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth
non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces
and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
Principle No. 8 -The drainage system shall be designed,
constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling,
deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes may be readily cleaned.
Principle No. 9 -All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-
approved materials, free from defective workmanship,
designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to
ensure satisfactory service.
Principle No. 10 -Each fixture directly connected to the
drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.
Principle No. 11 -The drainage pipes piping system shall be
designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from
siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary
use.
Principle No. 12 -Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air
and installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to
the building.
Principle No. 13 -Plumbing systems shall be subjected to
such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.
Principle No. 14 -Substance which will clog the pipes,
produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or
interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not
be allowed to enter the building drainage system.
Principle No. 15 -Proper protection shall be provided to
prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar
materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture,
device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the
building drainage system.
Principle No. 16 -No water closet shall be located in a room
or compartment which is not properly lighted and
ventilated.
Principle No. 17 -If there is no sewer system in the area,
suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of building
sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
Principle No. 18 -Where a plumbing drainage system may be
subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be
made to prevent its overflow in the building.
Principle No. 19 -Plumbing systems shall be maintained in
serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
Principle No. 20 -All plumbing fixtures shall be installed
properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use.
Principle No. 21 -Plumbing shall be installed with due
regard to the preservation of the strength of structural
members and the prevention of damage to walls and other
surfaces through fixture usage.
Principle No. 22 -Sewage or other waste from plumbing
systems, which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface
waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any
waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection
to some acceptable form of treatment.
Plumbing -The art and technique of installing pipes,
fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings.
Plumber -The one who works or engages in the
business of installing in buildings the pipes fixtures and
other apparatus for bringing in the water supply and
removing liquid and waterborne wastes.
▪ Apprentice
▪ Journeyman
▪ Master
 Plumbing System
Constitutes the following:
▪ The water supply and water distribution system.
▪ The plumbing fixtures.
▪ The drainage system.
Application for Existing Plumbing System
1. Additions, Alterations or Repair
2. Changes in Building Occupancy
3. Maintenance
4. Moved Buildings
Inspection
▪ All plumbing systems for which permits are required
by this Code shall be inspected by the
Administrative Authority.
▪ No portion of any plumbing system shall be
concealed until inspected and approved.
Connection Approval
Permanent Connections - No person shall install
connections to any water· supply line, sewer or
storm drain systems as required by this Code and
for which· other applications and permits are also
required from other Agencies before· approval by
the Administrative Authority.
Temporary Connections - Administrative
Authority will endorse to other authorities or
government agencies the issuance of temporary
connections of the plumbing equipment to the water
supply sewer main, power line and gas main for the
purpose of testing the equipment.
Disposal of Wastewaters -It shall be unlawful for
any person to cause, suffer or permit the disposal
of sewage, human excrement or other waste
waters in any place or manner, except through and
by means of an approved Excreta and Storm
Drainage Systems installed and maintained in
accordance with the of this Code.
Sewer Required
▪ Every building where plumbing fixtures are installed
shall have a sewer service connection to a public
or private sewer systems
▪ When a Public or Private Sewer is not available for
use, excreta drainage piping from buildings and
premises shall be connected to an approved
Private Sewage System
Industrial Wastes
▪ Wastes detrimental to the public sewer system or to
the functioning of the sewage treatment plant shall
be treated and disposed of as found necessary.
▪ Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system
which may be deleterious to surface or subsurface
waters, shall not be discharged into the ground or
into any waterway
Quality of Fixtures
▪ Plumbing fixtures shall be manufactured of dense,
durable, non-absorbent materials and must have
impervious surfaces, free from unnecessary
concealed fouling surfaces. Except as permitted
elsewhere in this Code.
Running Water Required
▪ Each plumbing fixture shall be provided with an
adequate supply of potable running so arranged
as to flush and keep same in dean and healthful
conditions without danger of backflow or cross-
connection.
Sanitation Code of the Philippines
(PD 856 )
PRESCRIBED STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES -
Standards for drinking water and their bacteriological and
chemical examinations, together with the evaluation of results,
shall conform to the criteria set by the National Drinking
Standards.
TYPES OF WATER EXAMINATIONS REQUIRED
Initial Examination
Periodic Examination
EXAMINING LABORATORIES AND SUBMISSION
OF WATER SAMPLES - The examination of drinking
water shall be performed only in private or
government laboratories duly accredited by the
Department.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Washing clothes or bathing within a radius of 25
meters from any well or other source of drinking
water is prohibited.
No artesian, deep or shallow well shall be
constructed within 25 meters from any source of
pollution.
No radioactive sources or materials shall be
stored within a radius of 25meters from any well or
source of drinking water unless the radioactive
sources adequately and safely enclosed by
proper shielding.
No person charged with the management of a public
water supply system shall permit any physical
connection between its distribution system and
that of any other water supply.
The installation of booster pump to boost water
direct from the water distribution line of a water
supply system, where low-water pressure prevails is
prohibited.
 Food Establishments Section 42. Emotional Environment
SANITARY PERMIT ▪ Suitable Location
▪ No person or entity shall operate a food ▪ Recreational Facilities
establishment for public patronage without ▪ ü Restrooms
securing a permit from the local health office.
▪ Every Sanitary Permit shall be posted in a Module 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
conspicuous place of the establishment CHAPTER 1: SPACE PLANNING
WHAT ARE THE QUESTIONS TO BE CONSIDERED?
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS 1. Primary functions
Food establishments shall be constructed in accordance 2. Secondary functions
with the following requirements: 3. Conflict between primary & secondary functions
▪ No person shall use any room or place for or in 4. Number of people
connection with the preparation, storage, handling or 5. Children
sale of any article of food 6. Special needs and disabilities
▪ No sanitary permit shall be issued for any premises 7. Pets
to be used for the preparation, handling and sale of 8. Flow of the room
food unless it is constructed in accordance with 9. Storage requirements
the requirements. 10.Temperature
11. Lighting
Markets & Abattoirs
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
PRESCRIBED STANDARDS -The construction of markets 1. Proportion
and abattoirs shall conform to standards prescribed by the 2. Scale
Department. 3. Balance
GUIDELINES 4. Harmony
1.Suitability of site insofar as elimination of nuisance 5. Unity and Variety
condition and prevention of contamination are 6. Rhythm
concerned. 7. Emphasis
2. Availability of ample water supply for cleaning;
3. Accessibility of adequate drainage facilities;
DESIGN ELEMENT
4. Durability of construction to protect vendors and
1. Color
customers from any hazard and exposure to the
2. Line,
elements; and
3. Shape
5. Facilities for sanitation maintenance, such as
4. Form
cleaning and elimination of harborages of vermin.
5. Texture
6. Pattern
School Sanitation and Health Services
7. Value
Section 40.
▪ School - An institution of learning which may be
3 BASIC INTERIOR ZONES
public, private or parochial.
1. Living Area / Social - Used for activities and entertainment
▪ Special School -A school which utilizes cadavers,
2. Service Area - Where household work is done
plants, animals, bacterial and viral cultures for
3. Private Area - for sleeping and relaxing
studies and research.
▪ Physical Environments -The school plant,
BLUEPRINT SYMBOL
grounds and facilities.
▪ Emotional Environments -Factors which affect the
emotional health of students and members of the
faculty.

Section 40. Physical Environment

▪ Site
▪ Grounds
▪ Building
▪ Sanitary Facilities
 Quantity of Materials
Cost of Project
QUANTITY SURVEY (BASED ON FORMATIVE)
CHAPTER 2: CALCULATIONS Structural Plan – FOUNDATION PLAN, ROOF DECK
EARTHWORKS FRAMING PLAN
• Excavation Architectural Plan – FLOOR PLAN, ROOF PLAN
• Embankment Electrical Plan – CONDUITS, WIRINGS
CONCRETE Plumbing Plan – DRAINAGE
• Cement
• Gravel COST ESTIMATE
• Sand Quantity of each material
• Admixtures Canvas of material cost
STEEL Cost of the construction
• Main reinforcing bars
CHAPTER 5 BUILDING PERMIT
• Tie wires
BRICKS AND BLOCKS
Building Permit - document issued by Department of Building
• Hollow Blocks (CHB)
Official that serves as your official consent to commence any
• Mortar construction, demolition, addition, or renovation of your property
▪ Cement
▪ Sand
▪ Water MODULE 3: BUILDING ENVELOPE SYSTEMS AND
FLOORING ASSEMBLIES
▪ Tileworks
▪ Wood planks - Building envelope, which separates the interior
WOOD conditioned from exterior unconditioned environment
▪ Ceiling of a building, is the key determinant of thermal and
PAINTING energy performance in many types of buildings. (Azari,
▪ Wood 2010)
▪ Steel
▪ Concrete BUILDING ENVELOPE - The building envelope is primarily
▪ Roof designed to restrict the heat transfer between inside and outside
in order to regulate the thermal characteristics of the interior
CHAPTER 3: SPECIFICATIONS environment and reduce the heating, cooling and electric
Drawings are intended to depict the general lighting demand of buildings.
configuration and layout of a design, including its size,
shape, and dimensions. “Energy Efficiency = Building Envelope = Less Emissions”
Technical specifications are a critical component of the
contract documents as they reflect the design intent - The building envelope may also be described as what
and describe in detail the quality and character of separates the interior areas that are temperature controlled
materials (conditioned) space from exterior unheated (unconditioned)
It is difficult to envisage the project being properly space.
executed without clear, concise, accurate, and easily
understood contract documents that include a well FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING ENVELOPE
written specification 1. Support (to resist and transfer mechanical loads)
Interior 2. Control (the flow of matter and energy of all types)
Kitchen 3. Finish (to meet human desires on the inside and outside
Batch
Utilities AIR CONTROL - Controlling air flow is key to controlling energy
Exterior and Construction consumption, ensuring indoor air quality, avoiding
Insulation condensation, and to providing comfort. Control of air movement
Miscellaneous includes flow through the enclosure or through components of
the building envelope itself, as well as into and out of the interior
CHAPTER 4: QUANTITY SURVEY AND COST ESTIMATE space.
QUANTITY AND COST
AIR CONTROL - Physically the envelope components include,
Roof, Ceiling, Walls, Doors, windows.
AIR CONTROL - Effectiveness includes physical protection
from weather and climate (comfort), indoor air quality (hygiene
and public health), durability energy efficiency.
THERMAL ENVELOPE - Also known as a heat flow control
layer, a thermal envelope is part of a building envelope but may
be in a different location such as in a ceiling.
CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF PERFORMANCE
CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Health - Creating and maintaining a healthy environment
inside your new home.
2. Comfort - it starts with fresh air, abundant natural light, and
protection from noise
3. Carbon Footprint - a high-performance home can reduce
energy consumption by up to 90% compared to a conventional
build
4. Sustainable Materials - a home is only as sustainable as
the materials used in its construction
5. Cost to Operate - higher energy efficiencies lead to higher
home values
TYPES OF ENVELOPE
1. Tight Building Envelope - A tight envelope is accurately
constructed to allow as little air leakage as possible. This
requires more insulation, caulk, sealants, and energy-efficient
windows to acquire a tight shell for the building.
2. Loose Building Envelope - A loose envelope on the other
hand allows air to flow a lot more freely from the exterior of the
building to the interior. This type of envelope is either by design
or by poor construction abilities.
CHAPTER 2 AESTHETICS
- The term aesthetics comes from the Greek word
"aisthetike" meaning “to perceive”.
- The philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten
defined it as "the science of how things are known
through the senses. in 1735.
- The essence of design is "to create things according
to the laws of beauty".
- (Qu, Mao, & Li, 2018) The factor of beauty is one of
the most important criteria to evaluate the quality of
design, and consumers will recognize those products
with perfect combination of technology and form.
- (Gabr, 2009) Aesthetics is important for the
physiologically and psychologically well- being of
humans, the importance of finding ways to make the
environment “livable” and more pleasing through
aesthetic approaches should be understood by the
architects and designers.
- Aesthetics is considered as one of the main qualities
of architecture according to Roman architect Vitruvius
(15 B.C.). His definition of good architecture
depends on three critera as venustas (beauty),
utilitas (utility) and firmitas (firmness). (Cho, 2011)
- Recently, these aspects of architecture were
interpreted as form, function and construction (Cho,
2011)
CHAPTER 3 MOISTURE TRANSFER
- Heat and moisture transfer in a room is critical for the
indoor comfort (Kunzel, et.al., 2003)
- A great amount of moisture is produced in the
households during the day and the fluctuations of the
relative humidity depends on the capacity of the room
and the conditioning equipment to dump it. (Liuzzi &
Stefanizzi, 2015)
- PARAMETERS:
1. the climatic data (temperature, relative humidity,
winds, solar radiation, etc.);
2. the shape of the building envelope versus the
climate area features;
3. the building materials and the compatibility
between themselves.
- The moisture content in a building material can be of
three phases: vapour, liquid, solid.
- The sum of these three forms is taken into account as
total water content.
Depending on the type of moisture present in a building
material, three different regions can be classified:
1. Hygroscopic region - The hygroscopic region
characterizes the hygroscopic building materials as clay.
2. Capillary water region - The capillary water region
refers to capillary-active building materials.
3. Supersatured region - In supersaturated region the
suction process occurs under pressure.
CHAPTER 4 DURABILITY
- The durability is to be based on anticipated effects
arising from the presence of internal and exterior
thermal effects and moisture on or in wall assemblies
when they are subjected to thermal and moisture
loads.
ACTION EFFECTS - Effect of an
environmental action on a material,
component, or assembly of a structure that
brings about physical, chemical or biological
changes (e.g. damage, reduced resistance,
internal force or moment, displacement,
rotation, change in appearance).
AGENT - Chemical or biological substance or
physical process (e.g. UV degradation) or
biological (e.g. insect attack) process that,
alone or together with other agents, including
 contaminants in the material itself, acts on a
structure or material, component, or
assembly to cause degradation.
ASSEMBLY - An arrangement of more than
one building material or component to serve
specific purposes; e.g. building envelope
assembly, wall assembly, roofs, or parapet
assemblies
BUILDING ELEMENT - A portion of a
building comprised of either a building
material, building component or building
assembly.
BUILDING SCIENCE - The study and
application of principles governing
environmental actions and transfer
mechanisms to predict action effects on an
assembly due to loads from the structure
environment placed on materials and
components on and within the assembly.
COMPONENT - Any building unit. It may be structural
or non-structural. It may be manufactured,
prefabricated, or built or formed onsite, and may be a
basic unit such as a nail, a cladding anchor, a
reinforcing bar, or membrane or may be a complex unit
such as a cast reinforced concrete slab or window and
door unit.
DEGRADATION - Deterioration or deformation that
leads to adverse changes in a critical property of a
material, component, assembly or system.
DESIGN SERVICE LIFE - The service life specified by
the designer in accordance with expectations or
requirements.
DURABILITY - The ability of a building, or of a
material, component, assembly or system of the
building to perform its functions to the required levels
over a period of time in it’s service environment under
the influence of environmental actions, or as a result of
a self-ageing process, without unforeseen cost for
maintenance or repair.
ENVELOPE - An environmental separator, generally
between the inside and outside of a building (including
the ground), but also between dissimilar environments
within the building.
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION - Chemical,
electrochemical, biological, physical and or mechanical
action causing degradation of a material, component,
assembly or system
FAILURE - The loss of performance coincident with the
inability of a material, component, assembly or system
to perform its required function.
LIMIT STATE - State beyond which a material,
component, assembly or system no longer satisfies its
design performance requirements
MAINTENANCE - The actions and measures taken
periodically during a service life to maintain a required
level of performance.
MODEL - Simplified conceptual or mathematical
idealization or test setup simulating the structure
environment, transfer mechanisms, environmental
action, action effects and structural behaviour that can
lead to failure, for the purposes of analysis, design, and
verification
PERFORMANCE - The behaviour of a building or any
of it’s materials, components, assemblies, or systems
as related to intended use
PREDICTED SERVICE LIFE - Service life forecast
from recorded performance, previous experience, tests
or modeling.
PREMATURE FAILURE - Failure occurring prior to
achieving the design service life / design working life.
QUALITY - The totality of features and characteristics
of a product, service, or activity that bears on the
degree to which it fulfills specified requirements.
RELIABILITY - Ability of a structure, material,
component, assembly or system to satisfy the specified
design performance requirements within the design
service life.
REPAIR - The action and measures taken, including
replacement, to restore performance to the required
level.
SERVICE LIFE - The actual period of time during
which the building or a building material, component,
assembly or system perform to the required levels
without unforeseen costs or disruption for maintenance
and repair.
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (SLS) - State that
corresponds to conditions beyond which specified
serviceability requirements for a structure or it’s
materials, components, assemblies or systems are no
longer satisfied.
STRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT - External influences
(atmospheric and ground conditions, including
pollution) and inside influences (indoor atmosphere
and materials) to which materials, components,
assemblies and systems are subjected and
transformed into one or more agents causing
environmental actions
TRANSFER MECHANISM - Mechanism by which
influences in the structure environment are, over time,
transferred into agents on and within materials,
components, assemblies or systems, or prevent such
transfer
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE - (ULS) State associated
with collapse, maximum load capacity, maximum
strain, or with other similar forms of structural failure
KEY ELEMENTS
Structure Environment
 Transfer Mechanisms
Environmental Actions
Action Effects (Lacasse, et al., 2018)
CHAPTER 5: ENERGY AND MATERIAL RESOURCES
Buildings account for ∼40% of global energy demands, and the
increased adoption of innovative solutions for buildings
represents an enormous potential to reduce energy demands
and greenhouse gas emissions. (Koebel, Wernery, & Malfait,
2017)
SUSTAINABLE IMPLEMENTATION - Adoption of
multidisciplinary approach covering a number of features such
as: energy saving, improved use of materials, material waste
minimization, pollution and emissions control etc.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
Resource Conservation
Cost Efficiency
Design for Human Adaptation
RESOURCE CONSERVATION - means achieving more with
less. It is the management of the human use of natural
resources to provide the maximum benefit to current
generations while maintaining capacity to meet the needs of
future generations.
✓ Energy Conservation
✓ Material Conservation
✓ Water Conservation
✓ Land Conservation
COST EFICIENCY
INITIAL COST - Also referred to as the acquisition cost or the
development cost, the initial cost covers the entire cost of
creating, or remodelling, the building, such as cost of
land/building acquisition costs, professional consultants fee, the
cost of the materials that compromise the completed building,
and the cost of putting it all together.
1. The design should optimize the use of locally-available
materials.
2. Use of cost saving construction technology.
3. Identify opportunities to minimize initial construction costs.
4. Use common, readily available components.
5. Using recycled and reclaimed materials.
COST IN USE - Otherwise known as the running cost or
operation cost, the cost in use is set by the decisions made at
the briefing stage and the subsequent decisions made during
the design and assembly phases.
1. Taking adequate measures within the design of key building
elements.
2. Ensuring that the skills required are within the competence of
available labour supply.
3. Choosing minimum-maintenance materials.
4. Adopting an appropriate process during the design stage to
protect materials from destructive elements.
5. Provide easy-to-understand and easy-to-use building control
systems
RECOVERY COST - third cost that is rarely considered – the
cost of demolition and material recovery
1. Recycling potential and ease of demolition should be
considered during the design phases and costed into the
development budget.
2. The adaptive reuse of an existing project significantly
reduces waste and conserves the energy used for material
manufacturing and construction.
3. Reusing building materials or components.
DESIGN FOR HUMAN ADAPTATION
Main purposes of a sustainable building is to provide
healthy and comfortable environments for human
activities
The building must supply a healthy and comfortable
indoor climate to the people using it.
PROTECTING HUMAN HEALTH AND COMFORT 1.
Thermal Comfort
2. Acoustical Environment
3. Daylighting
4. Natural Ventilation
5. Building Functionality
6. Building Aesthetics
PROTECTING PHYSICAL RESOURCES - Protecting
physical resources is one of the most important
principles of sustainable design and construction.
PROTECTING PHYSICAL RESOURCES
1. Plan for fire protection
2. Resist natural hazards
3. Crime prevention
MODULE 4: BUILDING MATERIALS AND
ASSEMBLIES
BUILDING MATERIALS
The implementation of a value engineering
process is challenging, and it needs much effort
and many brainstorming sessions to be achieved.
CHAPTER 1: APPROPRIATE SELECTION OF
INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR CONSTUCTION
MATERIALS
MATERIAL SELECTION
▪ Strength - Strength is an essential parameter for
quality control in the construction and most important
selection criteria for building material. It shows the
ability of a material to withstand the failure under the
action of stresses caused by loads such as
compression, tension, bending and/or impact etc. that
can be caused either due to the forces of nature or
can be man-made.
▪ List/Life of the material - House is what you make
one time in a lifetime. Hence for the long life of the
building, all materials should have long and
maintenance free life. The durability of the house
depends on the materials used so don’t cut corners or
else be ready to pay hefty maintenance costs.
▪ Budget / Cost of the material - Cost of material is
one important factor while choosing the material for
construction as ultimately it will lock your choice
willingly.
▪ Handling and storage - While selecting the building
materials, it’s necessary to take into account their
handling and storage because it affects the
construction time, requirement of labour and
equipment for handling, and of course the cost.
▪ Local availability - Availability of building materials
also affects the cost and the time of construction
because certain materials are available at a particular
place and are difficult to transport. In that case, not
only the transportation costs will be very high but it
will also delay the work. On the other hand, if the
material is locally available it decreases the
transportation cost. It’s also a time saver and
construction work can also be done smoothly.
▪ Climate - Another important aspect of the choice of
materials is the climate. Factors like the average
range of temperature throughout the year, rain or
snowfall, seasons, amount of sunlight, required
ventilation and wind are areas of concern. Hence
chosen material for construction should complement
the climate. When climate comes in the picture
automatically the properties of materials also come in
the picture.
▪ Skill required and its availability - While selecting
the material it is important to know the extent of skill
required to use such materials. It may increase the
cost of the construction because you have to
appoint/hire a skilled person (labour) to use that
material and if the skilled person or labour is not
available particularly in remote areas then it will delay
the work.
▪ Sustainability - With the development of the
construction industry, the demand for building
materials is increasing, and also responsible for the
rise in carbon footprint, i.e. use of cement increases
the carbon emission. Hence eco-friendly and
sustainable building materials like GGBS- ground
granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, meta kaolin,
silica fume, rice husk ash etc. rather than the use of
cement.
▪ Nature of the project - Choice of material is a great
deal in construction. The choice of material should be
done cautiously as it directly affects the user. One
significant area of concern which governs the choice
of material is the nature of the project. Nature of
project means residential, commercial, gathering
space etc. The material used defines the built space.
It also leads to other key factors like investment
budget.
▪ Aesthetic appeal - Everyone has different tastes and
requirements and therefore, if one person considers
something attractive, it may not appeal to the next.
Only you know what kind of
home/construction/building you will like to live in. As
an example, the type of flooring material you select
can change the look of the home or building. Hence,
you have to select a flooring material which will not
only suit your tastes but also fits into your budget
such as e vitrified tiles, ceramic tiles, granite, marble,
kota stone, wood etc.
▪ Specification - Based on your requirements like
strength, aesthetic look etc. you should define the
specifications and quality of materials that would go
into the house. Assume you want to purchase
cement for construction then it’s essential to know
what type of cement you want to purchase
whether OPC or PPC, cement grade etc.
▪ Warranty or guarantee - While buying any material
also check the product literature, technical
specifications, terms and conditions of the warranty,
guarantee etc. that is usually mentioned on the
packaging or described on the website of the dealer
or manufacturers because sometimes what the
salesperson presents to you or otherwise what is
understood by you can be an eyewash.. So, take time
when you go through the product literature so that
you have the right products and no regrets.
▪ After sales support and service - While purchasing
the materials keep in mind that support and services
are essential after sales. Hence, you have to check
that seller provides support and service like spares,
normal repairing or annual maintenance etc.
▪ Maintenance - Maintenance is also an important
selection criterion for construction material because
the good materials are those which are easy and
economical to maintain. Maintenance will help to keep
the look of building for a long time period and will
increase the life of the building.
INTERIOR MATERIALS
Interior Finishing Materials visually identify and reflect
the character of the space.
 To have appropriate visual appearance with the
function of the space and proper texture and color
with the user’s requirements.
Finishing materials are usually affected by the
mechanical factors because of the direct contact
with the user.
Interior finishing materials have to allow vapor
movement to prevent condensation and mold
problems, and if necessary, a vapor barrier has to
be added
Interior finishing materials should absorb the noise
and provide the acoustic balance of interior space.
EXTERIOR MATERIALS
QUALITY CRITERIA AFFECTING EXTERIOR WALLS
MATERIALS SELECTION:
Wind Load Resistance
Thermal Insulation
Weight
Sound Transmission
Fire Resistance
Water Penetration Resistance
Aesthetic
Maintainability & Durability
WIND LOAD RESISTANCE - The enclosure is encountered by
considerable exterior loads that must be resisted
THERMAL INSULATION - The role of walls containing thermal
insulation is not limited only to create a more convenient indoor
thermal environment but also ensure the energy consumption
saving of the heating or air conditioning system.
WEIGHT - Be made of lightweight materials, to avoid any
overload bearing on structural elements, particularly when the
height of the story level is high, or when the exterior walls are
loaded on the cantilever.
SOUND TRANSMISSION - Exterior noise may negatively
affect human health
The purpose of this insulation requirement is to limit effectively
the interior building noise level that caused by the exterior one.
FIRE RESISTANCE- Preventive measures against fires
The fire protection and smoke control properties of a
facade are crucial for preventive measures of fire
protection and thus for the human life and property
protection
WATER PENETRATION RESISTANCE
- Water management involves water penetration and discharge.
- Materials such as concrete, masonry, wood, and stone contain
different levels of porosity.
AESTHETIC - Exterior walls are estimated as the most
significantly distinct and notable artistic feature of a building.
The most inevitable and recognizable elements of a
building.
MAINTAINABILITY AND DURABILITY - All enclosures
seriously need a good maintenance to maximize their service
life ranging from cleaning the glass and metal surfaces to
repair of materials or replacement
The probability of repair in a given time.
CHAPTER 2: FINISHES, PRODUCTS AND COMPONENTS
A lot of materials had been used for this purpose for
centuries. Although these materials were limited before
the Industrial Revolution, they have increased with the
development of modern technologies.
FINISHES
Cement – based
Earth – based
Glass
Metals
Polymers
Natural Stones
Textiles
Wood & Wood Composites
CEMENT BASED - Cement-based finishing materials are
composed of mortar by mixing cement, aggregates, and water.
EARTH BASED - Earth-based materials are used in the
building because they can easily be found since the prehistoric
times
The most significant property of the baked earthbased
materials is their high heat insulating ability.
GLASS - Glass is used since prehistoric times and it
is defined as a kind of ceramic
Glass is formed by melting the ingredients
together at high temperatures, shaping and
annealing of the material.
Tempered and laminated large glass panels
can also be used at floor voids.
METAL – Metals are resistant and shiny materials
obtained from the mines.
Metal has a high heat and electric conductivity
due to its regular atomic structure
Metals can also be used for many years in non-
corrosive environments and are recycled at high
rates.
POLYMERS - The high resistance against
environmental factors, low cost and the unlimited
 production forms has increased its usage area and 2. Pendants
production amounts. 3. Wall Fixtures
- Plastics are used as panels, sandwich panels, 4. Track Light
stretch ceilings, polymer and epoxy floors in 5. Recessed Fixtures
interior space.
TASK LIGHTING:
NATURAL STONES - Natural stones are obtained by ▪ Task lighting helps you perform specific tasks
cutting the solid layer under the soil ▪ Task lighting should be free of distracting glare and
- Natural stones are used as wall and floor coating shadows and should be bright enough to prevent
material in interior space eyestrain.
- Where there is low human traffic, softer stones THINGS TO CONSIDER:
can be preferred such as marble and limestone 1. Color Rendering Index
2. Color Temperature
TEXTILES - Textile is used as carpets and upholstery 3. Illumination Levels
fabric for furniture and curtains. 4. Placement
- For this purpose wool, cotton, linen, leather are
used; polymers such as nylon and perlon can also COMMON TYPES:
be used. 1. Fixed Type Lighting
2. Localized Lighting
WOOD AND WOOD COMPOSITES - The simple cell 3. Adjustable Task Lighting
structure seen in coniferous wood makes it more 4. Magnifying Task Lighting
flexible, homogeneous, smooth and slightly fibrous. 5. Asymmetric Task Lighting
- Wood can be used in the structure as solid or
composite wood ACCENT LIGHTING
- Wood is one of the most common coating - Accent Lighting adds drama to a room by
materials in interior space. creating visual interest
- Accent lighting requires at least three times as
CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND REUSE OF much light on the focal point as the general lighting
MATERIALS around it.
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS - Finishing materials have to be THINGS TO CONSIDER:
dimensionally stable, resistant to chemicals and sunlight, easy 1. Color Rendering Index
cleanable and durable. 2. Color Temperature
3. Illumination Levels
MODULE 5 : BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEM 4. Fixture Choices
CHAPTER 1: LIGHTING 5. Diffusion Versus Directional

TYPES OF LIGHTING COMMON APPLICATIONS:

1. General Lighting 1. Wall Lights
2. Task Lighting 2. Recessed Lights
3. Accent Lighting 3. Landscape Lighting

GENERAL LIGHTING – CHAPTER 2: MECHANICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDING

▪ Provides an area with overall illumination. INCLUDING VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION
▪ Also known as ambient lighting, general lighting
radiates a comfortable level of brightness, enabling MECHANICAL SYSTEMS - Mechanical systems includes
one to see and walk about safely. plumbing, elevators, escalators, and heating and air –
THINGS TO CONSIDER: conditioning systems.
1. Color Rendering - Vertical transportation systems refers to the service component
2. Color Temperature within a building which enables us to travel vertically between
3. Ceiling Height floors much quicker and effortlessly.
4. Illumination Levels TYPES:
5. Smart Control ELEVATOR
ESCALATOR
APPLICATIONS: INCLINED TRAVELLATOR
1. Chandeliers
 ELEVATOR
▪ Also called lift,
▪ Car that moves in a vertical shaft to carry passengers
or freight between the levels of a multistory building.
▪ Elevators are propelled by electric motors.
ESCALATOR
▪ Moving staircase used as transportation between
floors or levels in subways, buildings, and other mass
pedestrian areas.
▪ equipment to suit internal and external conditions or
INCLINED TRAVELLATOR
▪ A slow-moving conveyor mechanism that transports
people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a
short to medium distance.
CHAPTER 3: PLUMBING SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS
CONTOLLED:
1. Fire detection and suppression,
2. Movement and protection of people
3. Smoke control including pressurization and barriers
4. Safe places of refuge and
5. Emergency arrangements and communication.
SECURITY AND CONTROL
MEASURES FOR SECURITY AND CONTROL
- Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning plant and
programmed requirements.
- Data collection for maintenance and resource
management, particularly energy use and analysis,
programmed responses to suit anticipated
emergencies
- Security interlocks, surveillance and access control.

PLUMBING SYSTEM SECURITY TECHNIQUES

Bring water into the structure 1. Planning a security program
Remove wastewater 2. Determining whether to outsource security
3. Identifying responsibilities for the security director
TYPES OF PLUMBING SYSTEM 4. Mobility
1. Portable Water System 5. Access control
2. Sanitary Drainage System 6. Visitor management
3. Stormwater Drainage System 7. Elevators
8. Interior doors
Portable Water System 9. Parking security
▪ Brings water into a structure
▪ This water comes from the community water PLANNING A SECURITY PROGRAM- The plan
main. would start with the most pressing security needs and
move ahead as the budget allowed.
Sanitary Drainage System DETERMINING WHETER TO OUTSOURCE
▪ Removes wastewater from a building. SECURITY- It eliminates the time required to hire and
▪ It consists of pipes that take out human waste and manage personnel
fecal matter as well as wastewater from cooking, - Staff security officers, for example, have a direct
laundry, etc. relationship with the company
MOBILITY - Security officers must move around the
Stormwater Drainage System property, when on patrol as well as when responding
▪ The purpose is to carry rainwater away from a to incidents.
structure. ACCESS CONTROL - Older buildings receive
upgrades to turnstiles as existing card access systems
CHAPTER 4: ELECTRICAL, COMMUNICATION AND reach the end of their useful life.
SECURITY’ - Other kinds of turnstiles use laser beams instead
of hard physical barriers.
BUILDING SECURITY - Building security and control system
have become necessary with increasing size and VISITOR MANAGEMENT -Visitors typically must
complexity of buildings. acquire access cards when visiting a high-rise
- The building security and control system is ELEVATOR - Another very important aspect of access
designed to monitor and control mechanical and electrical control security is managing elevators.
installations, fire protection and escape, burglary, assault and
emergency communication. INTERIOR DOORS - While building security manages
- access to doors throughout the common areas of a
SPECIAL SYSTEM TO BE MONITORED AND
 high-rise, tenants are responsible for managing doors
within their leased spaces.
PARKING SECURITY - Parking facilities should
undergo a formal security assessment that looks at the
surrounding neighborhood, crime statistics and
patterns of use.
CHAPTER 5
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
WHAT START’S FIRE?
▪ Combustible Materials
▪ Oxygen or Air HOSPITALS
▪ Source of Ignition
FIRE HAZARDS
▪ Any actions, materials, or conditions that might
increase the size or severity of a fire or that might
cause a fire to start
▪ Common fire hazards are found in most occupancies
and are not associated with any special occupancy.
HAZARDS BY OCCUPANCY
MULTI – UNIT RESIDENCES
Blocked exits.
Unserviced or missing extinguishers.
Excessive storage in basement.
Cluttered attic, garage, under stairs, heating room. OFFICE BUILDINGS
Lack of (and/or not visible) exit signs.
Accumulation of dust and lint in laundry room.
Combustibles next to water heater.
Transoms in old buildings (window over door).
Faulty fire escapes or escapes blocked at ground
level.
Faulty, untested standpipes.
Penetrations in fire separations.
Incomplete or missing evacuation plans.
Stairway doors blocked open.
ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES MANUFACTURING
Blocked exits (constant problem).
No exit signs; exit lights out.
Doors locked during hours of occupancy.
Extinguishers not serviced or nonexistent.
Overcrowding, no occupant load sign.
Aisles not adequate.
Candles on tables in unsafe holders.
Extension cords and other electrical problems.
Decorations (combustible or flammable type).
Non-flame-retardant drapes.
Smoking problems.
Heating hazards.
RESTAURANTS
Grease accumulation on filters and in ducts.
Hood system not serviced, nonexistent, or improperly
installed.
Exiting problems, the same as assembly.
Decoration problems the same as assembly.
Smoking problems.
Cluttered storeroom.
Electrical hazards.
Heating hazards.
Extension cords.
Fire protection equipment not in service.
Extension cords.
Concealed smoking by patients.
Cafeteria hazards.
Exits locked and blocked.
Fire separations and doors blocked open.
Excessive storage of combustibles.
Emergency generator not tested.
Sterilizer room cluttered with combustibles.
Employees smoking in linen storage room.
Improper storage of gases.
Improper storage, handling, and use of anesthetics.
Combustibles next to heating equipment.
Lack of proper maintenance of heating equipment.
Evacuation plan outdated, inadequate, or not posted.
Exiting problems.
Extension cords.
Extinguishers not serviced or missing.
Poor record storage.
Wastepaper handling.
Smoking hazards.
Heating equipment near combustibles.
Fire escape maintenance and obstruction.
Lack of proper maintenance and testing of fire
protection systems.
Electrical machinery.
Misuse of extension cords.
Improper use and storage of flammable liquids.
Faulty use and storage of chemicals.
Improper use and storage of gases.
Blocked and obstructed exterior doors, fire doors, etc.
Improper storage of fire protection equipment.
Improper maintenance of fire separations.
Cluttered storerooms.
Unsafe smoking practices.
Inadequate aisles and exits.
Cluttered storage of business records.
Heating equipment problems.
 BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION
1. Unplug all electrical equipment when not in use and
SCHOOLS regularly check electrical equipment to avoid overloading of
Blocked exits. electrical circuits.
Chained exits.
Exit lights not functioning. 2. When using cooking gas, check for gas leaks and always
Fire protection equipment not maintained. ensure that the LPG tank is stored in a well-
Unsafe chemistry lab (storage and equipment). ventilated area to avoid the accumulation of gas vapors.
Flammable liquids such as solvents, paints, cleaners,
and duplicating fluids stored in offices, shops, and 3. Enforce “No Smoking” policy inside or outside the
classrooms. house and dispose of cigarette butts properly.
Shop hazards same as "manufacturing."
Excessive storage. 4. Practice proper housekeeping and keep flammable
Lack of fire drills. materials out of reach of children. Flammable
materials include candles, lighters, and matches,
COMMON CAUSES which should be kept properly and securely.
1. Cooking Equipment
2. Heating 5. Plan ahead--establish an emergency and evacuation
3. Smoking in Bedrooms plan at home and familiarize with escape routes. And
4. Electrical Equipment most importantly, keep flammables away from your
5. Candles children
6. Curious Children
7. Faulty Wiring 6. In case of fire, close the door of the burning area to
8. Barbeques stop the spread of fire. As smoke rises up, breathe
9. Flammable Liquids slowly, and get a piece of wet cloth to cover the nose
10.Lighting and mouth to avoid suffocation.

7. When trapped in a fire hit area, it is highly

TYPES OF FIRES
Class A – easiest to put out. They involve solid
materials like wood, paper, plastic, or clothing.
Class B – involve flammable liquids like oil, alcohol,
or gasoline.
Class C – involve a source of electricity.
Class D – are rare, but can happen when a metal
ignites.
Class K – they involve cooking oils such as vegetable
oil or animal fats.
TYPES OF EXTINGUISGHERS
CLASS A - Ordinary Combustibles such as wood,
paper, rubber, plastic, cloth, etc.
CLASS B - Surface Fire (Flammable/Combustible
liquids and gases) such as gasoline, alcohol, paints,
thinner, grease, LPG release of gas
CLASS C - Electrical Fire (Involves live electrical
equipment) such as motors, electric fan, air
conditioning unit, computer, etc.
CLASS D - Combustible Metals such as aluminum,
magnesium, sodium, titanium, etc.
CLASS K - Kitchen Fire (Involving combustible
vegetable or animal oils and fats in cooking
equipment)
recommended to go to a room with windows leading
outdoors.
8. If clothes catch fire, do not run or panic, do the:
“Stop, Drop, and Roll. “In this life-threatening
situation, shout for help or wave a cloth outside the
window to alert the people around you and keep in
mind to remain calm.
9. The most important thing to do is to call 911, the
nationwide emergency hotline number, and tell the
emergency operator of your location right away.
10.Fire incidents are potentially deadly and very
dangerous, but by following these safety precautions
from authorities, we can prevent untoward incidents
from happening. Just remember that having the
presence of mind in any situation can also spell the
difference between being a victim and being a fire
survivor.
Fire drills are essential and allows everyone the chance
to rehearse proper evacuation procedures.

TIPS TO PREVENT FIRE

MODULE 6: FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF BUILDING COSTS
Construction cost estimating is the process of
forecasting the cost of building a physical structure.
Project owners use cost estimates to determine a
project’s scope and feasibility and to allocate budgets.
PHASES OF BUILDING A PROJECT
1. Commissioning a Project - Commissioning is essentially
a verification process that ensures a builder designs,
constructs, and delivers a project according to the owner’s
requirements.
2. Determining Requirements- The first real step in
constructing a project is a pre-design phase or planning phase.
3. Forming a Design Team - The project owner contracts with
an architect who will then select other specialized consultants
to form a design team
4. Designing the Structure - This step deals with the architect
creating a series of designs.
5. Bidding Based on Scope of Works - Once the
construction documents are finalized, they are released to
contractors who wish to bid on the project
6. Signing the Contract - Once the contractor has been
selected, they execute a set of contract documents with the
owner
▪ Lumpsum
▪ Unit Cost
7. Construction - During the construction phase, the
contractor oversees building in accordance with the
construction documents.
8. Close – out - The contractor provides the architect with a
document called the punch list
9. Completion - After the contractor completes all the
incomplete work detailed on the punch list, the architect
performs a final inspection.
COST ESTIMATES:
FIVE LEVELS:
1 – ORDER OF MAGNITUDE ESTIMATE
2 – SCHEMATIC DESIGN ESTIMATE
3 – DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ESTIMATE
4 – CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENT ESTIMATE
5 – BID ESTIMATE
PRIMARY CATEGORIES
Design Estimates - These estimates, prepared during a
project’s pre-design and design phases, start with an order of
magnitude estimate, or screening estimate,
which determines which construction methods and types are
most feasible.
Bid Estimates - Contractors prepare bid estimates when
bidding to construct the project
Control Estimates - Prepared after one signs a contractor
agreement and before construction
gets under way
ELEMENTS OF
CONSTRUCTION COST
ESTIMATES:
1. Quantity Take – off - measures the materials and
labor needed to complete a project
2. Labor Hour - a unit of work that measures the output of one
person working for one hour
3. Labor Rate - the amount per hour one pays to skilled
craftsmen
4. Material Prices - cost of materials is prone to fluctuation
based on market conditions
5. Equipment Cost - refer primarily to the cost of running, and
possibly renting, heavy machinery, such as cement mixers and
cranes
6. Subcontractor Quotes - Most contractors will hire multiple
specialist subcontractors to complete parts of the construction
7. Indirect Costs - Indirect costs are expenses not directly
associated with construction work
8. Profits - the contractor adds a margin on to the cost of
completing the work
9. Contingencies - an estimate will usually have a
predetermined sum of money built in to account for added
costs.
10.Escalation - refers to the natural inflation of costs over
time, and it’s especially vital to take into account for long-
running projects
11.Bonds - The bond functions as a kind of guarantee of
delivery
12.Capital Costs - costs are simply the costs associated with
establishing a facility
13.Operations and Maintenance Costs - More a concern for
the owner than the contractor, one accounts for operations and
maintenance costs during the design phase.
14.Variances - Owners will often allocate construction budgets
that are larger than cost estimates because even good,
thorough cost estimates have a tendency to underestimate
actual construction costs.
CHAPTER 2 : LIFE – CYCLE COSTS
Life cycle cost analysis is ideal for estimating the
overall cost of a project’s alternatives.
▪ It is also used to choose the right design to ensure
that the chosen alternative will offer a lower overall
ownership cost that is consistent with function and
quality.
▪ LCC can be defined as the method for assessing the
economic value of decisions of a design project.
A life cycle cost is not just used in construction. It’s
something that is used in all sorts of projects because
of how it determines current and future costs. This is
why it’s important to note the exact features of a
building’s life cycle cost.

BUILDING LIFE – CYCLE COSTS

1. Resource Extraction - A company will look at
where the actual resources for the building should
come from
2. Manufacturing - The actual manufacturing of the
materials needed for the project will be done
3. On – site Construction - This is the main
component of a construction company and is the
most looked at area of the entire project
4. Occupancy and Maintenance- The occupancy
and maintenance of a project should be just as
heavily looked at as everything else.
5. Demolition - Demolition is the key factor in ending
the life cycle of a building
6. Recycling, Reuse, Disposal - After demolition
occurs, the recycling, reusability, and how disposable
the resources should be determined.

Life cycle cost analysis can be used to assess

different infrastructural sectors such as rail and urban
transport, airports, highways, and ITS, as well as
ports and industrial infrastructure
The other thing that is important in infrastructural
development is operating expense,
Replacement costs are incurred every cycle based on
the predefined age of replacement for different assets
and the manufacturer’s preference.
Another important element of LCCA is disposal cost