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01 Electronic Components
01 Electronic Components
In view of the above, the range of Power Electronics application and its control can be
divided into the following four major classifications:
Significant among low power circuits are Electronic Ballast, Light dimmers,
Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS), Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS),
Voltage Stabilizers, Inverters, Converters and a wide variety of consumer
electronics etc. A fairly large number of users of such systems have come up
during the past three decade, which has brought in many manufacturers with
highly competitive prices and also good product specifications
2. Medium Power Circuits and Applications
This includes large power Variable Speed Drives (VSD) in MW range, Static VAR Control
in transmission networks and Electric Arc Furnaces etc. These applications too are very
widely acclaimed in industry and many such applications have since been accomplished.
Applications like High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission, Active Power Filters (APF),
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), Electric Traction and ; where several mega
watts of power is transmitted, compensated and distributed, fall under this category.
Several projects and new installations in this category of applications have been
successfully commissioned and completed
Electronic Components
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
a)Analog Electronic components
b)Digital Electronic Components
Analog Electronic components
1. PASSIVE COMPONENTS :-
RESISTOR, CAPACITOR, INDUCTOR
2. ACTIVE COMPONENTS :- which rectify / amplify / can
work as switches
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
RESISTOR
RESISTOR
2. SYMBOL - R
Material ρ in Ωcm
Silver 1.5x10-6
Glass 10³
PARAMETER OF A RESISTOR
4. Power Rating :-
P = I ². R in Watts.
Power Rating of a Resistor is the maximum continuous
power in watts
6. Drift or Time-Stability :-
1. RESISTANCES IN SERIES
R = R1 + R2 + R3
(solve V=V1+V2+V3)
2. RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL
0 Black B
1 Brown B
2 Red R
Resistance value,
first three bands. 3 Orange O
1st band - 1st digit 4 Yellow Y of
2nd band - 2nd digit 5 Green Great
3rd band - number
of zeros. 6 Blue Britain has a
7 Violet Very
8 Gray Good
9 White Wife
5% Gold
4th band, 10% Silver
tolerance
20% No band
RESISTOR COLOUR CODE
BANDS OF 4.7 K RESISTOR
TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE RESISTOR OR THERMISTOR
Contribution to
complex Phasor diagram
impedance
Arising from Faraday's law, the inductance L may be defined in terms of the
emf generated to oppose a given change in current:
Effect of N ; (L α N2) Effect of D, L α r2
Factors
Affecting
Effect of coil length (L) Inductance (L)
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
K = Coefficient of coupling
= ratio of flux cutting one coil to the
flux originated in other coil
DEVELOPMENT OF CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT
Inductor AC Response
jωL
= 2 π f L =Inductive Reactance
Why “current lags” or “voltage leads” by
900 or π/2 in a pure inductive circuit
since, i = Im.Sin ωt dt
2. SYMBOL - C
Tantalum Oxide 25
Ceramic 10³
PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS OF CAPACITOR
1. It stores energy.
2. It blocks DC.
3. It passes AC.
4. It is used as Filter.
5. It is used as Tuner.
2. Tantalum Capacitors
3. Ceramic Capacitors
5. Mica – Dipped & Metal Clad 6. Oil - Hermetically sealed – axial & radial
TYPES OF CAPACITORS
Contribution to
Phasor
complex
diagram
impedance
since, i = Im.Sin ωt dt
Xc=1/ωC=1/(2Πf)C
, for high f ;
RC CIRCUIT – HIGH PASS FILTER or
LOW FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATOR
RC FILTER - CHARACTERISTICS
RESONANCE CIRCUITS
SERIES RESONANCE – RLC CIRCUIT
The resonance of a series RLC circuit occurs when the inductive and capacitive
reactances are equal in magnitude but cancel each other because they are 180
degrees apart in phase. The sharp minimum in impedance which occurs is useful
in tuning applications. The sharpness of the minimum depends on the value of R
and is characterized by the "Q" of the circuit.
1. POLARISED OR NON-POLARISED
2. AXIAL OR RADIAL
3. FIXED OR VARIABLE
4. TYPE OF DIELECTRIC
5. TYPE OF MANUFACTURING
TYPES OF DIELECTRIC
1. Mica :- Mica layers sandwiched between tin-lead foils. Highly stable over
a wide temperature range of -55°C to 1500°C, and available in values from 1pF to
0.1F.
2. Silvered Mica :- Fine layers of silver, spread over mica, to work as conducting
electrode. Advantages are higher mech. strength & a more uniform
characteristics.
VC,max =
Voltage 0
QC,max/C
Charge 0 QC,max
RESISTOR
VR,max =
Voltage 0
IR,max R
Current IR,max 0
CHARGING OF RC SERIES CIRCUIT
Applying V = I R, Q = C V and I = dQ / dt in the circuit, we get :-
Inductance of a Coil
For a fixed area and changing current,
we obtain
Power = vi = μ = μ0 . μr
rate of change of energy μ0 = permeability of free
space = 4π × 10-7 H/m
μr = relative permeability of
core material.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A CAPACITOR
If two unlike charges are placed on opposite sides of an atom whose outermost
electrons cannot escape their orbits, the orbits of the electrons are distorted. When
switch S1 is opened, the battery is removed from the circuit and the charge is retained
by the capacitor. This occurs because the dielectric material is an insulator, and the
electrons in the bottom plate (-charge) have no path to reach the top plate (+charge).
The distorted orbits of the atoms of the dielectric, plus the electrostatic force of attraction
between the two plates hold the positive and negative charges in their original position.
Thus, energy received from battery is now stored in the electrostatic field of capacitor.
AC TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF C & L