BTE- Metalwork’s B

Measurement
Topic Title

Introduction
Now a days measurement is one of the most important in our daily life
which is help us to make our job easier, measurement is the process of
associating numbers with physical quantities and phenomena.
Measurement is fundamental to the sciences; to engineering,
construction, and other technical fields; and to almost all everyday
activities. For that reason the elements, conditions, limitations, and
theoretical foundations of measurement have been much studied.

Measurement is the numerical quantitation of the attributes of an object

or event, which can be used to compare with other objects or events. The
scope and application of measurement are dependent on the context and
discipline. In natural sciences and engineering, measurements do not
apply to nominal properties of objects or events, which is consistent with
the guidelines of the International vocabulary of metrology published by
the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. However, in other
fields such as statistics as well as the social and behavioural sciences,
measurements can have multiple levels, which would include nominal,
ordinal, interval and ratio scales..

Measurement is a cornerstone of trade, science, technology, and

quantitative research in many disciplines. Historically, many
measurement systems existed for the varied fields of human existence to
facilitate comparisons in these fields. Often these were achieved by local
agreements between trading partners or collaborators. Since the 18th
century, developments progressed towards unifying, widely accepted
standards that resulted in the modern International System of Units (SI).
This system reduces all physical measurements to a mathematical
combination of seven base units. The science of measurement is pursued
in the field of metrology.

The word “measurement” comes from the Greek word “metron,” which
means “limited proportion.” Measurement is a technique in which
properties of an object are determined by comparing them to a standard.

Specific Learning Outcomes

1. To be able to determine the different quantity and units of
measurement.

2. To be able to use the different formulas of measurement.

3. To be able to convert measurement through the practice task and

learning activities.

4. To be able to value the important of measurement through

participating the activities and giving of feedbacks.

Motivation/Prompting Questions
1. What have you learned about the measurement?

2. Did you used measurement in your daily living?

Discussion
Standardization of measurement units
Measurements most commonly use the International System of Units
(SI) as a comparison framework. The system defines seven fundamental
units: kilogram, metre, candela, second, ampere, kelvin, and mole. Six of
these units are defined without reference to a particular physical object
which serves as a standard (artifact-free), while the kilogram is still
embodied in an artifact which rests at the headquarters of the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres near Paris.
Artifact-free definitions fix measurements at an exact value related to a
physical constant or other invariable phenomena in nature, in contrast to
standard artifacts which are subject to deterioration or destruction.
Instead, the measurement unit can only ever change through increased
accuracy in determining the value of the constant it is tied to.

The seven base units in the SI system. Arrows point from units to those
that depend on them.

Standards

With the exception of a few fundamental quantum constants, units of

measurement are derived from historical agreements. Nothing inherent
in nature dictates that an inch has to be a certain length, nor that a mile is
a better measure of distance than a kilometer. Over the course of human
history, however, first for convenience and then for necessity, standards
of measurement evolved so that communities would have certain
common benchmarks. Laws regulating measurement were originally
developed to prevent fraud in commerce.

Units of measurement are generally defined on a scientific basis,

overseen by governmental or independent agencies, and established in
international treaties, pre-eminent of which is the General Conference on
Weights and Measures (CGPM), established in 1875 by the Metre
Convention, overseeing the International System of Units (SI). For
example, the metre was redefined in 1983 by the CGPM in terms of the
speed of light, the kilogram was redefined in 2019 in terms of the Planck
constant and the international yard was defined in 1960 by the
governments of the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and South
Africa as being exactly 0.9144 metres.

International System of Units

International System of Units

The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI from the French

language name Système International d'Unités) is the modern revision of
the metric system. It is the world's most widely used system of units,
both in everyday commerce and in science. The SI was developed in
1960 from the meter–kilogram–second (MKS) system, rather than the
centimeter–gram–second (CGS) system, which, in turn, had many
variants. The SI units for the seven base physical quantities are:

Physical Quantities and Their Units

A unit of measurement is a quantity used as a standard to expressed a

physical quantity. The following are the basic quantities being measured
and the respective units used:
Length 

A 2-metre carpenter's ruler

See also: List of length, distance, or range measuring devices
A ruler or rule is a tool used in, for example, geometry, technical
drawing, engineering, and carpentry, to measure lengths or distances or
to draw straight lines. Strictly speaking, the ruler is the instrument used
to rule straight lines and the calibrated instrument used for determining
length is called a measure, however common usage calls both
instruments rulers and the special name straightedge is used for an
unmarked rule. The use of the word measure, in the sense of a
measuring instrument, only survives in the phrase tape measure, an
instrument that can be used to measure but cannot be used to draw
straight lines. As can be seen in the photographs on this page, a two-
meter carpenter's rule can be folded down to a length of only 20
centimeters, to easily fit in a pocket, and a five-meter-long tape measure
easily retracts to fit within a small housing. .

1. Length

Length – describes how long something is. Distance, height, thickness, and depth
also use the same units.

Some of the common units are as follows:

• millimeter (mm) – a metric unit commonly used to express the length of very
small objects like keys, and thickness of small objects like notebook.

• centimeter (cm) – a metric unit commonly used to express the length of small
objects. It is also used in measuring the height of a person.

• inch (in) – an English unit commonly used to express the length of small objects
such as boxes and bottles.
• foot (ft) – an English unit equivalent to 12 inches. It is commonly used to express
short distances, and height of all objects like trees and buildings.

Ruler

A ruler is a common instrument used for measuring the length of small objects. It
usually has four units of measurement to choose from: millimeter, centimeter, inch,
and foot.

Meterstick

A meterstick is an instrument for measuring short distances. For short distances,

the metric unit meter (m) and the English unit yard (yd) are commonly used.

For long distances, the metric unit kilometer (km) and the English unit mile (mi)
are commonly used.
Time
Time is an abstract measurement of elemental changes over a non spatial
continuum. It is denoted by numbers and/or named periods such as hours, days,
weeks, months and years. It is an apparently irreversible series of occurrences
within this non spatial continuum. It is also used to denote an interval between two
relative points on this continuum.

3. Time

Time – describes how long it takes to do something.

Both the metric and English system uses the same units of measurement for time.

Some of the common units are as follows:

• second (s) – is the base unit for time. One second is equivalent to a tick of a
clock’s second hand.

UK• minute (min) – is a unit equivalent to one revolution of the clock’s second
hand or one tick of the clock’s long (minute) hand.
• hour (hr) – is a unit equivalent to one revolution of the clock’s long (minute)
hand or one tick of the clock’s short (hour) hand.

A clock is a common instrument for indicating time. It shows the time in hours,
minutes, and sometimes in seconds.

• day (d) – is a unit equivalent to two revolutions of the clock’s short (hour) hand.

• week (wk) – is a unit equivalent to 7 days.

• month (mo) – is a unit equivalent to 30 days. It is commonly used in determining

the age of an infant or a baby animal.

• year (yr) – is a unit equivalent to 12 months. It is commonly used in determining

the age of a person or an object.
Mass

Mass refers to the intrinsic property of all material objects to resist changes in their
momentum. Weight, on the other hand, refers to the downward force produced
when a mass is in a gravitational field. In free fall, (no net gravitational forces)
objects lack weight but retain their mass. The Imperial units of mass include the
ounce, pound, and ton. The metric units gram and kilogram are units of mass.

One device for measuring weight or mass is called a weighing scale or, often,
simply a scale. A spring scale measures force but not mass, a balance compares
weight, both require a gravitational field to operate. Some of the most accurate
instruments for measuring weight or mass are based on load cells with a digital
read-out, but require a gravitational field to function and would not work in free
fall.

2. Mass

Mass – describes how heavy something is.

Some of the common units are as follows:

• milligram (mg) - a metric unit commonly used to express the mass of very small
objects like candy.

• gram (g) – a metric unit which is the base unit for mass. It is commonly used to
express the mass of small objects like orange, egg, and tomato.

• ounce (oz) – an English unit commonly used to express the mass o

• kilogram (kg) – an English unit commonly used for measuring short distances,
and height of tall objects like trees and buildings.

• pound (lb) – an English unit commonly used for measuring short distances, and
height of tall objects like trees and buildings.

• ton – an English unit commonly used for measuring short distances, and height
of tall objects like trees and buildings.

A weighing scale is an instrument commonly used for measuring the mass of

fruits, vegetables, and meat. The scale is calibrated in grams and kilograms
4. Area
Area – describes how much surface is occupied by something.

The measurement for area uses the same units of measurement for length. The only
difference is that the units are "squared" since area is a product of two dimensions
(usually length and width, which uses the same unit).

Some of the common units are as follows:

• square centimeter (cm2 or sq. cm) – is a metric unit equivalent to a square with
sides 1 cm each. Typically used in measuring small areas such as chessboard.

• square foot (ft2 or sq. ft) – is an English unit equivalent to a square with sides 1
ft each. Typically used in measuring the floor or room area.

• square meter (m2 or sq. m) – is a metric unit equivalent to a square with sides 1
m each. Typically used in measuring the area of a residential lot.

• acre – is an English unit used to measure land area such as farms and amusement
parks.

• hectare (ha) – is a metric unit equivalent to a square with sides 100 m each. Like
acre, it is primarily used in land measurement.
A football field usually measures about 1 hectare.
5. Volume – describes how much space (or liquid) is occupied (or contained) by
something. Similar to area, volume also uses the units of length but the only
difference is that the unit is “cubed”. Cubed units are typically used for volumes of
space while there are also units of volume dedicated for liquid measurements.

Some of the common units are as follows:

• milliliter (mL) – is a metric unit commonly used for measuring small amounts of
liquid such as perfume.

• cubic centimeters (cm3 or cc) – is a metric unit for volume (both space and
liquid) corresponding to a cube with sides 1 cm each. A cubic centimeter is
equivalent to a milliliter.

• fluid ounce (fl oz) – is an English unit commonly used for measuring liquids in
bottles such as soft drinks.

• cup – is an English unit equivalent to 8 fluid ounces. It is commonly used in

measuring ingredients for cooking and baking.
A measuring cup is a kitchen utensil used to measure the volume of liquid or
ingredients like flour and sugar.

• pint (pt) – is an English unit equivalent to 2 cups. It is commonly used in

different commodities.

• quart (qt) – is an English unit equivalent to a quarter of a gallon.

• liter (L) – is the base unit for volume. It is commonly used in measuring large
amount of liquid such as gasoline.

• gallon (gal) – is an English unit counterpart for liter.

A gasoline container usually measures 1 gallon.

6. Temperature

Temperature – describes how hot or cold something is.

The following are the common units:

• Celsius scale (°C) – is a metric unit for temperature and the most commonly used
unit of temperature worldwide. In this scale, the boiling point of water is at 100°C
while the freezing point is at 0°C.

• Fahrenheit scale (°F) – is an English unit for temperature, which is commonly

used in United States. In this scale, the boiling point of water is at 212°F while the
freezing point is at 32°F.

• Kelvin scale (K) – is a SI unit for temperature. Unlike the other two temperature
scales, the Kelvin scale does not use degrees. Its zero point, 0 K, is defined as the
coldest possible temperature which is also called absolute zero.
The thermometer is the most common instrument for
measuring temperature. It is usually calibrated on both the
Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.

FORMULA OF MASS/ Gravity, weight and mass

The mass concept measures the quantity of matter
existing in an object. It is a quantitative property of an
object against the acceleration. The mass and weight of
an object are not the same. The molar mass (M) is a
physical property and it is defined as the mass of one
mole of the chemical substance or it is a ratio of the mass
of a chemical compound to its amount of chemical
substance. The unit of molar mass is kg/mol.

The mass formula is given as

Mass = ρ × v
Where,
ρ = density and
v = the volume
The weight mass formula is given as
m=w/g
Where,
w= weight
m = mass
g = gravity
The mass formula is also given as
m=F/a
If acceleration itself is the gravity, then
M=F/g
Where,
F = force
G = gravity
According to Einstein’s mass-energy relation
m = (E / c2)

Where,
m = mass
E = energy
c = speed of light (3×108 m/s)
The kinetic energy mass formula is given as
K.E = ½ mv2
Where,
m = mass,
v = velocity.

Example 1
Calculate the mass if the weight of a body is 80 N.

Solution:
Given,
weight of the body = 80 N
The mass of the body is expressed by
m=w/g
m = 80 / 9.8
m = 8.163 kg
Example 2
Determine the mass of a body if the K.E is 70 J and
velocity is 8m/s.
Solution:
Given:
K.E = 70 J
v = 8 m/s
the mass is expressed by
m = 2 K.E / v2
m = (2 × 70)/ 82
m = 14o/64
m= 2.18 kg

FORMULA OF TIME Compute speed

Simple formulas are as given below:

1) To compute the Speed:

Speed = \(\frac{Distance}{Time}\)
2) To compute the Distance:
Distance = Speed × Time
3) To compute the time:
Time = \(\frac {Distance}{Speed}\)
In terms of mathematical we have these formulas as
below:
s = \(\frac{d}{t}\)
d=s×t
t = \(\frac {d}{s}\)
Where,
s Speed
d Distance
t Time
Speed is measured in the unit of a meter per second i.e. \
(ms^{-1}\). As distance is measured in meter and time is
measured in seconds.
2: A golf cart is driven at a maximum speed of 27 km per
hour for a duration of 10 minutes. Calculate the distance
traveled in meters by the golf cart.
Solution: At the first step for solving this problem we
will change the units of the speed and time. So that the
answer found will be in the meter.
Thus,
s = 27.0 km per h
s = \(27 \times \frac{18} {5}\)
= \(7.5 \; m per sec\).
Now, the time of cart traveled was:
t = 10 minute
t = 10 × 60 sec
= 600 sec
Now the formula for distance traveled,
d=s×t
d = 7.5 × 600
= 4500 meter
The golf cart traveled 4500-meter distance. This is equal
to 4.50 km.
FORMULA OF TEMPERATURE convert, Temperature to
Fahrenheit
Explanation
There are two main temperature scales:
°C, the Celsius Scale (part of the Metric System, used in
most countries)
°F, the Fahrenheit Scale (used in the US), and
They both measure the same thing (temperature!), but
use different numbers:
Boiling water (at normal pressure) measures 100° in
Celsius, but 212° in Fahrenheit
And as water freezes it measures 0° in Celsius, but 32° in
Fahrenheit
Looking at the diagram, notice:
The scales start at a different number (0 vs 32), so we will
need to add or subtract 32
The scales rise at a different rate (100 vs 180), so we will
also need to multiply
And so, to convert:
from Celsius to Fahrenheit: first multiply by 180/100 ,
then add 32
from Fahrenheit to Celsius: first subtract 32, then
multiply by 100/180
180/100 can be simplified to 9/5 , and 100/180 can be
simplified to 5/9 , so this is the easiest way:

Example: Convert 25° Celsius (a nice warm day) to

Fahrenheit
First: 25° / 5 = 5
Then: 5 × 9 = 45
Then: 45 + 32 = 77° F

FORMULA OF AREA
There are special formulas for certain shapes:

The basic unit of area in the metric system is the square

meter, which is a square that has 1 meter on each side:
FORMULA OF LENGTH

Distance Formula as the Derivative of the Pythagorean

Theorem
The distance dd between two points
Below is an illustration showing that the Distance
Formula is based on the Pythagorean Theorem where
the distance dd is the hypotenuse of a right triangle.

a) The expression {x_2} - {x_1}x

2 −x 1 is read as the “change in xx“.
b) The expression {y_2} - {y_1}y
2 −y 1 is read as the “change in yy“.

Example
Find the distance between the two points (–3, 2) and (3,
5).
Label the parts of each point properly and
substitute it into the distance formula.
If we let \left( { - 3,2} \right)(−3,2) be the first point
then it will take the subscript of 1, thus, {x_1} = - 3x
1 =−3 and {y_1} = 2y
1 =2. Similarly, if \left( {3,5} \right)(3,5) be the
second point it will have the subscript of 2, thus,
{x_2} = 3x
2 =3 and {y_2} = 5y 2 =5.

Here is the calculation,

Therefore, the distance between two points (–3, 2) and
(3, 5) is 3\sqrt 5 3√5. This is how it looks on a graph.
Current
The standard units of electrical measurement used for
the expression of voltage, current and resistance are the
Volt [ V ], Ampere [ A ] and Ohm [ Ω ] respectively.
These electrical units of measurement are based on the
International (metric) System, also known as the SI
System with other commonly used electrical units being
derived from SI base units.
Sometimes in electrical or electronic circuits and systems
it is necessary to use multiples or sub-multiples
(fractions) of these standard electrical measuring units
when the quantities being measured are very large or
very small.
The following table gives a list of some of the standard
electrical units of measure used in electrical formulas
and component values.
Standard Electrical Unit Measure
Multiples and Sub-multiples
There is a huge range of values encountered in electrical
and electronic engineering between a maximum value
and a minimum value of a standard electrical unit. For
example, resistance can be lower than 0.01Ω or higher
than 1,000,000Ω. By using multiples and submultiple’s of
the standard unit we can avoid having to write too many
zero’s to define the position of the decimal point. The
table below gives their names and abbreviations.
So to display the units or multiples of units for either
Resistance, Current or Voltage we would use as an
example:

1kV = 1 kilo-volt – which is equal to 1,000 Volts.

1mA = 1 milli-amp – which is equal to one thousandths
(1/1000) of an Ampere.
47kΩ = 47 kilo-ohms – which is equal to 47 thousand
Ohms.
100uF = 100 micro-farads – which is equal to 100
millionths (100/1,000,000) of a Farad.
1kW = 1 kilo-watt – which is equal to 1,000 Watts.
1MHz = 1 mega-hertz – which is equal to one million
Hertz.

Current Formula
The Formula for Electric Current
The magnitude of the flow of current at any section of
the conductor is defined as the rate of flow of electrons.
Mathematically, this can be represented as:

I = Q/t
Where,
I Electric current
Q Electric Charge
T Time
Electric current is the rate of change of electric charge
through a circuit. This electric current is related to the
voltage and resistance of the circuit. Using Ohm’s law,
we can represent as the formula:
I= V/R
Where,
V Electric Voltage
R The resistance of the metallic wire
I Electric Current

Solved Examples on Electric Current Formula

Q.1: Calculate the electric current passing through
the circuit in which the voltage and resistance be
25V and 5ω respectively?
Solution:
V = 25 V
R = 5ω
Here, we have to apply ohm’s law formula.
The equation for the electric current using Ohm’s
law is,
I= V/R
Putting the known values, we get
I = 25/5
I= 5 A

Thus the value of electric current is 5 A.

Learning Activities/Exercise

1. If 12 inch is equal to 1 ruler, how many inch in 1

meter?
A. 24
B. 36
C.
2. If 24 hours is equal to one day, How many hours
in one week?
A.
B.
C.
3. One thousand gram is equal to one kilogram
how many Kilogram in One Tons?
A.
B.
C.
4. Junjoy live in amlan and she want to go to school
but she already 10 minutes late, What she need to
do to come in school early?
A. Time management
B. Mass management
C. Length management

5. Johnnie is an athlet runner and he joined in

100meter dash, What is the measurement he use?
A. Time
B. Length
C. Mass
D. Time and Length
E. All of the above
Practice Task/Assessment
True or false
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.
Feedback to Assessment
1. What i need to know?
2. What i know?
3. What i have learned?
4. What i can do?

Assignment
1. If measurement is related in our daily living, Why it is
important to us to know proper measuring?

References 3 sources

1. ^ a b Pedhazur, Elazar J.; Schmelkin, Liora Pedhazur (1991). Measurement, Design, and
Analysis: An Integrated Approach (1st ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
pp. 15–29. ISBN 978-0-8058-1063-9.
2. ^ a b International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and
Associated Terms (VIM) (PDF) (3rd ed.). International Bureau of Weights and Measures.
2008. p. 16.
3. ^ Kirch, Wilhelm, ed. (2008). "Level of measurement". Encyclopedia of Public Health. 2.
Springer. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-321-02106-9