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AS 3798-2007 Guidelines on
on earthworks for commercial and residential developments
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This Australian Standard®
Standard® was prepared by Committee CE-027,
CE-027, Earthworks. It was approved
on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 11 December 2006.
This Standard was published on 12 March 2007.
• AUSTROADS
• Association of Consulting
Consulting Engineers Australia
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• Association of Geotechnical
Geotechnical Testing Authorities
Authorities (Qld)
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• Australian Building
Building Codes Board
1 • Australian Geomechanics
Geomechanics Society
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( • National Association of Testing Authorities Australia
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draft form for comment
comment as DR 05390.
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i Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
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are living documents
documents that reflect progress in
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AS 3798—2007
3798—2007
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
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Australian Standard
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s Originated as AS 3798—1990.
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Amendment No. 1 (August 2008).
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B © Standards Australia
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M All rig hts are res erv ed. No part of thi s work may be rep rod uce d o r c opie d i n a ny for m o r b y
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any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
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i Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
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ISBN 0 7337 8096 2
AS 3798 —200 7 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee CE-027, Earthworks, to
supersede AS 3798—1996.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (August 2008). The changes required by the
Amendment are indi cated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number against the
clause, note, table, figure or part thereof affected.
The objective of this Standard is to provide guidance to those responsible for or involved in
the design, specification, supervision and control testing of earthworks for commercial and
residential developments.
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This Standard is a guideline, which is an informative document only.
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3 AS 3798 —200 7
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 3 DOCUMENTATION
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1 3.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 12
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1 3.2 INVESTIGATION AND PLANNING ...................................................................... 12
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SECTION 5 COMPACTION CRITERIA
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5.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 17
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5.2 COMPACTION OF SOILS ....................................................................................... 17
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5.3 PLACEMENT MOISTURE CONTENT ................................................................... 19
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5.4 COARSE MATERIAL .............................................................................................. 19
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5.5 TEST ROLLING ....................................................................................................... 20
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5.7 TRENCHES .............................................................................................................. 20
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SECTION 6 CONSTRUCTION
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SECTION 7 METHODS OF TESTING
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7.4 SAMPLE SELECTION FOR REFERENCE DENSITY............................................ 27
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7.7 PREPARATION OF LABORATORY REFERENCE DENSITY SAMPLES ........... 27
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8.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 29
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8.2 LEVEL 1 INSPECTION AND TESTING ................................................................. 29
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8.7 FREQUENCY OF TESTING .................................................................................... 30
AS 3798 —200 7 4
APPENDICES
A REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................ 32
B TYPICAL SITE RECORD SHEETS ......................................................................... 34
C STATISTICAL METHODS IN EARTHWORKS ..................................................... 40
D SUITABILITY OF COMPACTION EQUIPMENT FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF
FILL MATERIALS ................................................................................................... 42
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5 AS 3798 —200 7
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Guidelines on earthworks for commercial and residential developments
S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L
1.1 SCOPE
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This Standard provides guidance on the specification, execution, and control testing of
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1 earthworks and associated site preparation works for commercial and residential
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3 developments. This Standard does not in itself constitute a specification for earthworks and
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consideration.
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The Standard is not intended to be used for pavements, major roadworks, or water-retaining
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housing. The Standard is not intended to be sufficient for medium- or high-density
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professional before adopting this Standard.
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1.2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
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1.2.1 Cohesionless soil
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1 Poorly graded sand and gravel mixture, generally with less than 5% fines (i.e., particles
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moisture-density relationship when tested in accordance with AS 1289.5.1.1 or
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n Material that has a well-defined moisture-density relationship when tested in accordance
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1.2.3 Collapsing soil
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1.2.4 Compaction
The process whereby the density of a soil mass is increased by mechanical, usually
dynamic, means. This typically involves tamping, rolling, impact or vibration, or a
combination of these processes. This process results in a relocation of the soil particles and
in the expulsion of air from the soil mass, usually without significantly altering the amount
of water in the soil.
1.2.5 Consolidation
The process by which water, and sometimes air, is expelled from a soil mass over time due
to the action of an imposed static stress and causes settlement.
NOTE : The term s compaction a nd consolidation are not int erchangeable and consolidat ion should
not be referred to in earthworks specifications.
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1.2.6 Dispersive soil
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Soil that has the ability to pass rapidly into suspension in the presence of water.
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h The earth material immediately underlying and supporting any engineering structure; thus,
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s A lot is an area of work that is essentially homogeneous in relation to material type and
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, Material that is used in the construction of pavements.
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Clay soil, for which a change in moisture content results in a sufficient change in volume to
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a 1.2.11 Relative compaction
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1.2.13 Structural fill
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Any fill that will be (or may be), required to support structures or associated pavements, or
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d The earth material on which it is proposed to construct a pavement. This is often taken as
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1.2.15 Topsoil
A surficial soil containing some organic matter, usually darker than the underlying soils.
S E C T I O N 2 I N V E S T I G A T I O N , P L A N N I N G
A N D D E S I G N
The investigation, planning and design for projects involving earthworks require the
designer give consideration to those factors that may affect the works . Before site works are
commenced, some or all of the following details may need to be taken into account:
(a) Approvals The precise terms of approval of the project by relevant authorities,
including local government and heritage, planning and environmental protection
agencies, can influence the execution of the works.
The necessity to obtain approvals will extend to off-site locations, such as borrow
areas and haul routes.
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1 (b) Services Inspections, in conjunction with the relevant authority where necessary, to
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locate existing and proposed public utility services, which may be affected by or
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affect the works. Written requirements, in respect of such services, should be
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obtained from each relevant authority.
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(d) Regulations Working hours on site, warning signs, fencing or security requirements
e and emanations from the site including dust, water, silt, noise or smoke, are
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adjoining owners and the public.
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(e) Preservation items Surveys necessary to identify and locate aboriginal or historic
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a relocation.
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. (f) Reha bilitation Rehabilitation of areas affected by construction activities such as
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borrow pits, stockpiles, excavated or fill batters, spoil disposal areas, haul routes,
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(g) Drainage Temporary or permanent diversion of permanent or ephemeral
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watercourses prior to or during construction of the earthworks and associated works
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may affect the quantity or quality, or both, of the stormwater run-off. Therefore,
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special provisions may be necessary to minimize the effects and to protect the legal
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rights of adjacent and downstream landowners. Failure in providing for such
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Approval from the relevant authorities should be obtained prior to either the
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placement of fill on flood-prone lands or construction of drainage structures, i.e.,
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e The placement of fill or construction of cuts may impact the flow of subsurface water
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and may lead to localized instability. Special provisions may be necessary to account
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construction and after construction, needs to be taken into account. Run-off from the
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works, and areas affected by the works, may be subject to special provisions (see
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(i) Sloping ground Special precautions where the earthworks are constructed on sloping
ground include—
(i) benching of the surface of the natural ground to assist in the placing of the fill
and to key the fill to the foundation soil;
(ii) berms or benches above, within, or at the foot of cuts to intercept stormwater
run-off or detritus; and
(iii) special works.
(j) Slope stability The basis for the assessment of the short- and long-term stabilities of
natural slopes, cut-face slopes and fill slopes is—
(i) local experience with similar materials under similar conditions; or
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) (ii) geotechnical investigation and analysis.
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1 Each stability assessment needs to take into account any existing slopes, proposed
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d Each slope should be selected with regard to the required access, including
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i maintenance, e.g., mowing.
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p (k) Zoning Zones for fill may be designated by specific locations and levels within the
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(ii) granular fill in areas that may become wet during compaction;
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(iii) fill containing large fragments, i.e., rock or building rubble, not within the top
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services, or piers or piles have to penetrate the fill; and
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. (l) Soft or compressible foundation soils Soft or compressible soils do not form a good
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Alternatively, fill (which is readily compactable) may be placed in the lower levels of
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the earthworks immediately above such soils. Geosynthetics or some other ground
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improvement techniques may also be considered (see Item (v)).
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p programmed to avoid unnecessary loading of the foundation, e.g., appropriate routing
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s of fill haulage equipment or stage construction.
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The calculation of quantities needs to take into account the effect of compression of
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the foundation soils.
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b (m) Reactive soils The moisture content of reactive soils after compaction of fills should
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t approximate the estimated long-term moisture content, which may be about the same
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S as the moisture content for the undisturbed reactive soils at or about the depth of
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d (n) Low density or potentially collapsing soils Low density or potentially collapsing
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e soils lose volume when compacted in or beneath the earthworks. Calculation of
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quantities needs to take into account the effect of compression of the fill or
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B foundation, or both.
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t (o) Existing filled grou nd Existing filled ground, for which the conditions of the
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placement are not adequately documented as described in Clause 3.4, should not be
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assumed to be either of the standard of compaction or of the composition adequate to
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Site investigations, which may include test pits, test bores, test rolling (see
Clause 5.5), or other methods, are necessary to assess the degree of compaction and
composition of the existing filled ground. Analysis of the results obtained from these
investigations will allow an assessment of the adequacy of the existing filled ground
or the extent of remedial works that may be required. Such remedial works could
include complete removal.
(p) Non-potable water The suitability of non-potable water for increasing the moisture
content of fill should be evaluated by field and laboratory trials. Saline waters should
not be used—
(i) in the upper layers of fill, beneath either bituminous sealed pavements or areas
where vegetation may be established; and
(ii) in fill where steel is buried.
.
)
1
2
1 (q) Trenches Excavations for trenches require special consideration for support.
3
5
0
Relevant authorities place limitations on the maximum depth to which trenches may
0
1
( be excavated without shoring.
d
e
t
i (r) Compaction moisture content The optimum moisture content determined by
b
i
h
o
r laboratory methods is only a guide for field construction, as the optimum moisture
p
k
r content for compaction under field conditions will depend on the material type,
o
w
t equipment used, the layer thickness and the nature of the foundation. In general, the
e
n heavier the compaction effort or the thinner the layer, the lower the optimum moisture
n
o
e
content. Increased compaction effort may cause the soil to approach saturation and
s
u
r
higher densities may not result.
o
n
o
i
t
(s) Surcharging of slopes Cut face and fill slopes, sides of trenches and slopes
u
b
i
r
supported by retaining walls should not be loaded, e.g., by construction equipment,
t
s
i materials, soil and the like, unless the assessment of the slope stability (see Item (j))
d
,
e
g
included an allowance for particular load(s).
a
r
o
t
S
(t) Calculation of quantities In calculating quantities of fill, the following should be
.
y
l taken into account:
n
o
e
c (i) Volume changes due to excavation, spreading and compaction.
n
e A1
c
i
l
NOTE : The degree of volu me change is depe nden t on the typ e a nd geol ogical origin of
r
e the material and required relative compaction. It can be assessed as part of the site
s
u investigation, using field density tests and laboratory compaction tests.
l
a
n
o
s
r (ii) Compression of the foundation (see Items (l) and (n)).
e
p
r (u) Physical separation of dissimilar materials Filters, comprising material of selected
e
s
u particle size distribution and geosynthetics (see Item (v)), may be used to avoid the
1
. mixing of materials after placement. Filters and geosynthetics are used to avoid—
9
0
0
2
r (i) soft materials being forced into voids of granular material; or
e
b
m (ii) erosion of fine material into adjacent granular material.
e
t
p
e
S (v) Geosynthetics Proprietary products are available with particular properties suitable
7
n
o
to act as a filter, drainage layer and/or physical separator to allow water flow whilst
l
l
e avoiding migration of soil particles or as a tensile reinforcement layer. Such materials
d
d may be construction expedients, or may form part of the permanent earthworks.
e
P
n Geosynthetics should be carefully chosen for the intended purpose and have an
o
v
e adequate service life under the intended conditions.
B
r
M (w) Vibration Construction activities, particularly those using equipment such as
o
t
d compactors or blasting, may cause vibrations that could damage nearby structures,
e
s
n either directly (due to the vibration transmitted to the structure) or indirectly (for
e
c
i
L example, by causing settlement of the foundations).
S E C T I O N 3 D O C U M E N T A T I O N
3.1 GENERAL
This Section includes details of the documentation for the design and construction of an
earthworks project.
.
(a) Outline of the need for, and objectives of, the project.
)
1
2 (b) Site investigation of the project and any associated sites, covering, where applicable,
1
3
5 the—
0
0
1
(
d (i) condition of the site(s) including—
e
t
i
b
i
h (A) present uses, i.e., buildings and v egetation; and
o
r
p
k
r
(B) evidence of past uses, i.e., demolition, filling and vegetation;
o
w
t
e (ii) foundation and subgrade materials;
n
n
o (iii) special areas due to groundwater, seepage, rock, r eactive and collapsing soils;
e
s
u
r
o
(iv) available fill materials and, where applicable, details of the overburden;
n
o
i
t
u
(v) suitability of the fill materials for the intended purposes;
b
i
r
t
s
i (vi) classification of materials to be removed off site;
d
,
e
g
a
(vii) availability of suitable pavement materials;
r
o
t
S
.
(viii) quantity and quality of the available water; and
y
l
n
o (ix) suitability of water for the placement of the fill.
e
c
n
e (c) Where applicable, an outline of other plans that have been considered in the
c
i
l
r
e
investigation. This should include the points discussed in Section 2.
s
u
l
a (d) The quality assurance requirements for the project.
n
o
s
r
e
p 3.3 DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION
r
e
s
u The functional requirements of the design should be documented in the specification and
1
.
9
drawings for the earthworks project. This documentation should be sufficiently complete to
0
0
2
allow the constructor to unambiguously carry out the works, and for t he superintendent (and
r
e the geotechnical inspection and testing authority, as necessary) to be able to interpret the
b
m
e
design and administer the contract.
t
p
e
S Such documentation will typically include (or have consciously excluded), the following, as
7
n well as any other matters that may be of particular importance to the particular project:
o
l
l
e
d (a) Adequate specification and drawings to allow the proper pricing, planning, execution
d
e and supervision of the works. Plans, sections and elevations should clearly show areas
P
n
o
v
of earthworks, identifying areas requiring specific treatments. Particularly on larger
e
B projects, the specification and drawings should adequately define the following:
r
M
o
t (i) The areas in which spoil may be dumped or stockpiled.
d
e
s
n
(ii) Restrictions on clearing and stripping.
e
c
i
L (iii) Drainage requirements during and after construction.
(iv) Criteria for selection of materials for placement in various parts of the fill and
for material to be excluded from fill. Material descriptions should be clear,
unambiguous and in accordance with AS 1726.
(v) Criteria for standard of surface trim of completed earthworks.
(vi) Details of tests, including minimum frequency, to be carried out for testing to
ensure the fill complies with the specified criteria.
(vii) The scope of the commission to be given to the geotechnical inspection and
testing authority (see Clause 1.3).
(viii) Either the methods to be used for construction or the requirements to be met by
test in the finished project. It is generally unwise to mix performance and
method specifications. Where a performance specification is adopted,
.
) restrictions on methods should be limited to those absolutely necessary (for
1
2 example, to limit the risk of damage to nearby structures).
1
3
5
0
0 (b) Site investigation information, including that given in Clause 3.2(b), together with
1
(
d details of, and provision for, access to any further relevant information for the
e
t
i purpose of design or construction planning. Selective provision of available site
b
i
h
o
r investigation data can give rise to serious problems, either engineering or legal, or
p
k
r both, and should not be done without due consideration of the issues involved. An
o
w
t overview of the issues is given in a m onograph on this subject. *
e
n
n
o (c) Any other relevant information in the possession of the designer.
e
s
u
r
o 3.4 CONSTRUCTION
n
o
i
t
u Adequate records need to be kept during construction, including conditions encountered,
b
i
r
t
s
i
works as executed, testing and any alterations to the specification and drawings. As a
d
,
e
minimum, these records should show the following:
g
a
r
o
t
(a) The areas in which fill is placed.
S
.
y
l (b) Levels after stripping.
n
o
e (c) Location of any trees or large shrubs that may have been removed.
c
n
e
c
i
l
r
(d) Materials exposed after stripping and the criteria upon which the decision to cease
e
s
u
stripping was made.
l
a
n (e) Levels after completion of the filling.
o
s
r
e
p
r
(f) Details of test rolling, if un dertaken.
e
s
u (g) Types of fill material in various zones.
1
.
9
0
0
(h) Sources of fill material in various zones, where applicable.
2
r
e
b
(i) Location and level of each compliance test, together with test results. Where a test is
m a retest of a lot that was previously rejected, this should be stated.
e
t
p
e
S (j) Action taken where testing indicated that the specified criteria had not been met.
7
n
o
l
l
Any areas in which the fill material or compaction is to be of a lesser standard or a greater
e
d
d
standard than elsewhere on the site should be clearly identified.
e
P
n
o
v
e
B
r
M
o
t
d
e
s
n
e
c
i
L *Guidelines for the provision of geotechnical information in construction contracts , Canberra, The Institution
of Engineers, Australia, 1987
S E C T I O N 4 M A T E R I A L S
4.1 GENERAL
The earthworks for most projects for which this Standard is intended will involve cut-to-fill
operations using on-site materials. Importation of suitable material on to the site may also
be required.
In some instances, materials may be encountered which are unsuitable for use as fill, or
which may r equire particular attention in their placement and control, if they are to b e used.
This Section provides guidelines regarding material acceptance and control. It is important
to note that the primary requirement of a fill is dimensional stability, that is, a fill should
.
)
1
2
not settle nor heave excessively in service. This relies upon control of (among other things)
1
3
5
the shrink-swell properties of the near surface materials and the modulus or stiffness of the
0
0
1
material. It is neither usual nor convenient for these properties to be directly controlled in
(
d works and as such the usual forms of specification only indirectly consider these properties.
e
t
i
b
i
h
o
r 4.2 MATERIALS SOURCED ON SITE
p
k
r
o
w
On many projects it may be assessed that material, or portion of the material, to be won
t
e from cuts or borrow pits on site will be suitable for the works. In such cases, the specifier
n
n
o may have an adequate understanding of this material to be able to relax the requirements
e
s
u that might apply to imported or other material.
r
o
n
o
i
t
u
4.3 UNSUITABLE MATERIALS
b
i
r
t
s
i Some materials are unsuitable for forming structural fill and should be either removed to
d
,
e spoil or used in non-critical areas. Unsuitable materials may include—
g
a
r
o
t (a) organic soils, such as m any topsoils, severely root-affected subsoils and peat;
S
.
y
l (b) materials contaminated through past site usage which may contain toxic substances or
n
o
e soluble compounds harmful to water supply or agriculture;
c
n
e
c NOTE : D ispo sal of suc h mat erials wil l genera lly req uire special cons iderati on, and often wil l
i
l
r
e
be subject to control by regulatory authorities.
s
u
l (c) materials containing substances that can be dissolved or leached out in the presence
a
n
o of moisture (e.g., gypsum), or which undergo volume change or loss of strength when
s
r
e
p disturbed and exposed to moisture (e.g., some shales and sandstones), unless these
r
e
s matters are specifically addressed in the design;
u
1
.
9
(d) silts, or materials that have the deleterious engineering properties of silt;
0
0
2
r
(e) other materials with properties that are unsuitable for the forming of structural fill;
e
b and
m
e
t
p (f) fill that contains wood, metal, plastic, boulders or other deleterious material, in
e
S
7 sufficient proportions to affect the required performance of the fill.
n
o A1
l
l In some circumstances a design may allow for the use of some of these materials in
e
d
d
e
structural fill. Before allowing for such use, advice from a g eotechnical professional should
P
n
be sought.
o
v
e
B
r
M
o
t
d
e
s
n
e
c
i
L
S E C T I O N 5 C O M P A C T I O N C R I T E R I A
5.1 GENERAL
In most situations, the required compaction should be specified as a minimum relative
compaction and not as an absolute dry density. The means by which such minimum relative
compaction will be specified will vary for each earthworks project. Projects involving large
areas of fill may use ‘statistical’ acceptance criteria (see Note), but otherwise it will be
common to adopt a ‘no value to be less than’ acceptance criterion. It should be appreciated
that the minimum value of relative compaction specified may be different for each type of
acceptance criterion for the same expected overall level of compaction.
. NOTE : The use of averaging or so- called ‘st ati sti cal ’ acce pta nce criteria for eart hworks is
)
1 common practice for large projects and is likely to further increase as this method of quality
2
1
3 acceptance testing becomes familiar; however, control-testing schemes involving statistical
5
0
0
1
acceptance criteria will be generally outside the scope of the projects to which this Standard
(
d applies. Some notes on the basis of such schemes are given in Appendix C. If, in the view of the
e
t
i project personnel, statistical criteria should be applied, specific advice should be obtained from a
b
i
h
o
r
geotechnical professional.
p
k
r
o
w
t 5.2 COMPACTION OF SOILS
e
n
n
o
This Section is applicable to soils that contain less than 20% by mass of particles coarser
e than 37.5 mm after field compaction. This will include many of the m aterials used in
s
u
r earthworks projects to which this Standard is applicable. Soils containing more than 20% of
o
n
o
i
t
particles coarser than 37.5 mm cannot be tested for relative compaction usin g the
u
b
i
r
procedures of AS 1289. Clause 5.4 discusses this situation.
t
s
i
d Minimum relative compaction values for different applications of various projects are given
,
e
g
a in Table 5.1. The values are based on historical data, which have taken into account the
r
o
t
S
uncertainty of measurement for each of the tests involved. They have been found to deliver
.
y
l acceptable performance, and are for a specification of the ‘no value to be less than’ type.
n
o They are not applicable where statistical control criteria (see Note to Clause 5.1) are
e
c
n
e
applied. In the latter circumstances, the minimum acceptance criteria will be different, and
c
i
l
r
dependent upon the scheme adopted. This Standard does not give guidance on such values.
e
s
u Guidelines for minimum r elative compaction values are given below. These should be taken
l
a
n as minimum values in areas of structural fill. It is possible that more stringent criteria may
o
s
r
e
p
be applicable in some circumstances, e.g., to assist in settlement control, shrink-swell
r
e
s
behaviour or to provide increased strength. Similarly, in non-structural fill areas, the
u
designer may wish to provide f or less stringent requirements.
1
.
9
0
0
2
r
e
b
m
e
t
p
e
S
7
n
o
l
l
e
d
d
e
P
n
o
v
e
B
r
M
o
t
d
e
s
n
e
c
i
L
TABLE 5.1
MINIMUM RELATIVE COMPACTION
In clay soils, large modern compaction equipment will often operate more effectively at
moisture contents that are substantially lower than the optimum moisture content
determined in the standard compaction test (see AS 1289.5.1.1); however, many types of
clays placed in this manner may swell significantly and lose strength if they are wetted up
after compaction. Such compaction of fill may affect the site classification determined in
accordance with AS 2870, or result in subgrade strengths less than assumed in design.
Some materials degrade rapidly during compaction (e.g., some weak or weathered rocks);
therefore, care is required to avoid over-compaction of such materials. In such a situation,
the designer may need to consider revision of the relative compaction guidelines of
Table 5.1 to take account of the associated changing compaction characteristics. This will
be particularly important where further breakdown occurs during laboratory compaction.
NOTE : If further brea kdow n occu rs duri ng laboratory compaction, the res ulting moi stu re densit y
. relationship may not satisfactorily relate to that which existed at the time of field compaction. As
)
1 a consequence, comparison of the field dry density to the laboratory maximum dry density
2
1
3
5
(MDD) may not adequately reflect the design intent (if MDD reduces with breakdown), or may
0
0 unfairly penalize the constructor (if MDD increases with breakdown). Where such variations are
1
(
d likely, testing should be carried out at the time of design and realistic requirements, which reflect
e
t
i the design intentions, should then be specified. It is not appropriate in these circumstances to
b
i
h sample material for laboratory testing before field compaction (see Clause 7.4).
o
r
p
k
r
o
w
t
5.3 PLACEMENT MOISTURE CONTENT
e
n
n
o
For potentially reactive or moisture-sensitive soils it will be necessary to specify a range of
e
s moisture content within which the fill is to be placed and compacted, as their subsequent
u
r
o
engineering performance may be dependent upon their placement moisture.
n
o
i
t
u
It is not necessary to routinely specify and enforce moisture control in other non-critical
b
i
r
t areas, or in materials where subsequent engineering performance is unlikely to be adversely
s
i
d
,
affected by placement moisture. Inclusion of such a requirement is likely to increase the
e
g
a
cost of placement.
r
o
t
S
.
Where it is required to reduce the potential for swelling of reactive clays when placed as
y
l
n compacted fill, it may be desirable to specify a maximum as well as a minimum level of
o
e
c
relative compaction, and to be quite specific about the moisture content at which the
n
e
c
compacted fill is to be placed and maintained, until topsoiling or similar takes place. It is
i
l
r
e desirable for reactive clays to be placed close to their equilibrium moisture content (not a
s
u
l soil property, but dependent on the soil and environment). In temperate climates, the
a
n
o equilibrium moisture content is often close to the optimum moisture content (standard
s
r
e compaction). In arid and semi-arid environments, the equilibrium moisture content may be
p
r considerably drier than in temperate climates. Material in borrow areas at or about the d epth
e
s
u of seasonal influence is often close to the equilibrium moisture content and, therefore, the
1
. potential for problems may be minimized by placing material directly from cut to fill.
9
0
0
2
r Where reactive soils are to be used as fill, it will normally be necessary to specify the
e
b placement moisture content to be within a specified range, e.g., ‘90% to 110% of the
m
e
t
p standard optimum moisture content (see A S 1289.5.1.1), or ‘moisture variation to not
e
S exceed ± 2%’.
7
n
o
l
l
e
d
5.4 COARSE MATERIAL
d
e
P Where ripped rock or coarse material is used for filling, the after-compaction quantity of
n
o material coarser than 37.5 mm may exceed 20%. With such material, the test procedures for
v
e
B
r
in situ determination of dry density ratio specified in the relevant parts of AS 1289 are not
M
o
applicable and special consideration should be given to alternative methods of testing for
t
d
e
compaction. In such circumstances, it is comm on to adopt a method specification.
s
n
e
c
i
L
S E C T I O N 6 C O N S T R U C T I O N
S E C T I O N 7 M E T H O D S O F T E S T I N G
7.1 GENERAL
This Section describes the procedures to be followed when carrying out acceptance testing
of field compaction. In considering this Section, it will be necessary to have established the
requirements of the specification for the work to be tested and of the relevant test
procedures.
Acceptance testing, based on a comparison of the density achieved in the field with that of
some reference density established in a laboratory, provides an indirect measurement of the
performance of the compacted fill material. Consequently, it is essential that the
.
) documentation (see Clause 3.3) include a satisfactory basis for achieving the r equired
1
2 performance. Measurement of relative compaction in general is not sufficient to assess
1
3
5 compliance and should be used in conjunction with visual inspection of the compaction
0
0
1
( process and, where applicable, test rolling.
d
e
t
i
b
i
Strength or other tests may provide a measurement of the performance of the compacted fill
h
o
r material.
p
k
r NOTE : Co mment on the application of s tat ist ica l m eth ods in eart hworks is giv en in Appe ndix C.
o
w
t
e
n
n 7.2 FIELD DENSITY
o
e
s Methods for the determination of field dry density are as follows:
u
r
o
n
o
i
(a) Direct The methods are as specified in AS 1289.5.3.1, AS 1289.5.3.2, AS 1289.5.8.1
t
u
b
i
and AS 1289.5.5.
r
t
s
i NOTE :Al though the met hod spec ifi ed in AS 1289. 5.8.1 relies upon correlation of recorded
d
, density count against standard blocks (see AS 1289.5.8.4), provided calibration has been
e
g
a
r carried out as specified, it is for the purpose of this Standard, a direct method.
o
t
S
.
y
l
(b) Indirect These methods provide an empirical measure of achieved density by
n
o measurement of another engineering property, principally shear strength. Correlation
e
c
n with local materials and conditions is required. The methods include those specified
e
c
i in AS 1289.6.3.2, AS 1289.6.3.3 and AS 1289.6.5.1. Correlation with local materials
l
r
e and conditions is required. Such correlation should include the effects of
s
u
l depth/confining pressure, moisture content, material type and local conditions when
a
n
o comparisons with the methods specified in Item (a) (this Clause) are proposed.
s
r
e
p
r
e
The specification should designate which test procedure governs acceptance.
s
u
1
. 7.3 ESTABLISHME NT OF A REFERENCE DENSITY FOR CALCULATION OF
9
0
0
2
RELATIVE COMPACTION
r
e
b To permit relative compaction to be calculated, it is necessary to establish a laboratory
m
e
t
p reference density. Procedures for establishing such reference densities have been developed
e
S empirically over many years and standardized with the test procedures of AS 1289.5.1.1,
7
n
o
AS 1289.5.2.1, AS 1289.5.5.1 and AS 1289.5.7.1.
l
l
e
d
d
In each of the above procedures, a ‘m aximum’ density is obtained (in AS 1289.5.5.1, a
e
P ‘minimum’ dry density is also obtained). It must be appreciated that these do not represent
n
o
v
the maximum (or minimum) achievable, but that which can be achieved using the test
e
B procedures specified.
r
M
o
t
d
e
s
n
e
c
i
L
.
The sample for the laboratory reference density test should be taken from the compacted
)
1 material immediately after (or during) the field density determination. Only when it has
2
1
3 been established that the influences of field compaction do not affect the value of the
5
0
0 laboratory reference density, is it appropriate to sample from the stockpile or the test area
1
(
d
e
prior to compaction.
t
i
b
i
h
o
AS 1289.5.4.1 and AS 1289.5.7.1 require that a laboratory reference density v alue be
r
p determined for each field density determination.
k
r
o
w
t The requirement for a laboratory reference density test for each field density should apply
e
n
n equally to any retest of an area, whether such retesting be required after previous testing has
o
e
s
indicated inadequate compaction and further compaction has been carried out, or whether
u
r merely checking compaction after some period of time but without further work having
o
n
o
i
been carried out on the area.
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i 7.5 USE OF DIFFERENT TEST PROCEDURE
d
,
e
g
a
In general, the test procedure for determination of relative compaction should not be varied
r
o
t for a given soil type by using more than one test procedure for either field density or
S
. reference density. In particular, control of moisture content, relative to optimum moisture
y
l
n
o content determined in accordance with AS 1289.5.7.1, should not be included with or
e
c compared to those determined in accordance with AS 1289.5.1.1 and AS 1289.5.2.1,
n
e
c
i as different results may be obtained. The use of different test procedures may be misleading
l
r
e for some clays of high plasticity.
s
u
l
a
n
o
In certain circumstances, alternative testing strategies may be appropriate, e.g., in the case
s
r
e of verifying deep compaction achieved by impact rollers or impact compaction. Trial
p
r
e programs may be required to develop the most appropriate testing regime for any particular
s
u project or site.
1
.
9
0
0 7.6 PERMISSIBLE OVERSIZE
2
r
e
b AS 1289.5.1.1 and AS 1289.5.2.1 restrict the maximum particle size in the test specimen to
m
e
t
p 37.5 mm. Many engineering materials contain a proportion of larger material, which can be
e
S accommodated in the field density determination, provided appropriate test procedures are
7
n
o
followed. AS 1289.5.4.1 and AS 1289.5.7.1 prov ide a basis for adjusting the reference
l
l
e density to make allowance for the presence of this oversize material in the field and its
d
d
e exclusion from the laboratory reference density test.
P
n
o
v
e
B
7.7 PREPARATION OF LABORATORY REFERENCE DENSITY SAMPLES
r
M
o
All samples for laboratory reference density testing should be prepared in accordance with
t
d
e
AS 1289.1.1. This requires the soil to be prepared over a 10 mm screen.
s
n
e
c
i
L
S E C T I O N 8 I N S P E C T I O N A N D T E S T I N G
8.1 GENERAL
To assess whether the quality of materials and workmanship provided on a project are
consistent with the design requirements, the earthworks for a project should be inspected
and tested at regular and appropriate intervals, having regard to the nature of the work, its
required function and the specification. The specification should detail the level of
inspection and testing required as detailed in Clauses 8.2 and 8.3.
Adequate control of earthworks will require appropriate inspection and should not rely on
test results alone. These inspection measures may include visual assessment of fill or
.
) foundation materials, test rolling, surveillance of compaction procedures and compaction
1
2
1 trials. Relative compaction testing may be supplemented by other testing.
3
5
0
0
1
( 8.2 LEVEL 1 INSPECTION AND TESTING
d
e
t
i
b
i The primary objective of Level 1 Inspection and Testing is for the geotechnical inspection
h
o
r and testing authority (GITA) to be able to express an opinion on the compliance of the
p
k
r work. The GITA is responsible for ensuring that the inspection and testing is sufficient for
o
w
t this purpose.
e
n
n
o The GITA needs to have competent personnel on site at all times while earthwork
e
s
u operations are undertaken. Such operations include the following:
r
o
n
o
(a) Completion of removal of topsoil.
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
(b) Placing of imported or cut material.
s
i
d
,
e
(c) Compaction and adding/removal of moisture.
g
a
r
o
t
(d) Trenching and backfilling, where applicable.
S
.
y
l (e) Test rolling.
n
o
e (f) Testing.
c
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e
c
i
l
r
The superintendent should agree on a suitable inspection and testing plan prior to the
e
s
u
commencement of the works.
l
a
n On completion of the earthworks, the GITA will usually be required to provide a report
o
s
r
e
p
setting out the inspections, sampling and testing it has carried out, and the locations and
r
e
s
results thereof. Unless very unusual conditions apply, the GITA should also be able to
u
express an opinion that the works (as far as it has been able to determine) comply with the
1
.
9 specification and drawings.
0
0
2 A1
r
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b 8.3 LEVEL 2 SAMPLING AND TESTING
m
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A geotechnical testing authority (GTA) will be appointed to carry out sampling and testing
S
7
as required or specified. The GTA is responsible for selecting the location of sampling and
n testing operations within each visit made to the site. The superintendent is responsible for
o
l
l
e
d
advice as to when such visits are required and is responsible for ensuring that sufficient
d
e
P
samples and tests are taken ov er the project.
n
o
v
e
On completion of the earthworks, the GTA may be required to provide a report, setting out
B the sampling and testing it has carried out, and the locations and results thereof. The GTA
r
M
o
t
will not be in a position to express any opinion beyond this as to the compliance of the
d
e works with the specification or their suitability for any particular purpose.
s
n
e
c
i
L
It should not be assumed that a test result applies only to the area immediately surrounding
it. Where any test in a lot (see Clause 1.2.8) indicates that compliance with the specification
has not been achieved, the lot is considered to have failed. On this basis, the entire lot needs
to be reworked and retested. Selection of a lot for testing requires careful consideration.
TABLE 8.1
FREQUENCY OF FIELD DENSITY TESTS
APPENDIX A
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
AS
1289 Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes
1289.1.1 Method 1.1: Sampling and preparation of soils—Preparation of disturbed
soil samples for testing
1289.1.4.2 Method 1.4.2: Sampling and preparation of soils—Selection of sampling or
test sites—Stratified random number method
1289.5.1.1 Method 5.1.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry
density/moisture content relation of a soil using standard
.
) compactive effort
1
2 1289.5.2.1 Method 5.2.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry
1
3
5 density or moisture content relation of a soil using modified
0
0
1
( compactive effort
d
e
t
i 1289.5.3.1 Method 5.3.1: Determination of the field density of a soil—Sand
b
i
h replacement method using a sand-cone pouring apparatus
o
r
p 1289.5.3.2 Method 5.3.2: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the
k
r
o field dry density of a soil—Sand replacement method using a
w
t
e
n
sand pouring can, with or without a volume displacer
n 1289.5.3.5 Method 5.3.5: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the
o
e
s
u
field dry density of a soil—Water replacement method
r
o 1289.5.4.1 Method 5.4.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Compaction control
n
o
i test— Dry density ratio, moisture variation and moisture
t
u
b
i ratio
r
t
s
i
d 1289.5.5.1 Method 5.5.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the
,
e minimum and maximum dry density of a cohesionless
g
a
r
o
t material— Standard method
S
.
y
1289.5.6.1 Method 5.6.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Compaction control
l
n test— Density index method for a cohesionless material
o
e
c
n
1289.5.7.1 Method 5.7.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Compaction control
e
c
i
l test— Hilf density ratio and Hilf moisture variation (rapid
r
e
s method)
u
l
a 1289.5.8.1 Method 5.8.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of field
n
o
s density and field moisture content of a soil using a nuclear
r
e
p surface moisture-density gauge—Direct transmission mode
r
e 1289.6.3.2 Method 6.3.2: Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of the
s
u
1 penetration resistance of a soil—9 kg dynamic cone
.
9 penetrometer test
0
0
2
r
1289.6.3.3 Method 6.3.3: Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of the
e
b penetration resistance of a soil—Perth sand penetrometer test
m
e
t 1289.6.5.1 Method 6.5.1: Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of the
p
e
S static cone penetration resistance of a soil—Field test using a
7
n mechanical and electrical cone or friction-cone penetrometer
o
l
l
e
d 1726 Geotechnical site investigations
d
e
P
n 2870 Residential slabs and footings—Construction
o
v
e
B 4482 Guide to the investigation and sampling of sites with potentially
r
M contaminated soil
o
t
d
4482.1 Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds
e
s
n
e
c
i
L
ISO
ISO/IEC General criteria for the operation of various types of bodies performing
17020 inspection
17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories
AUSTROADS
NTR-09 Pavement materials: statistical assessment of quality
.
)
1
2
1
3
5
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1
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APPENDIX B
.
Date:
)
1
2
1
Job No.:
3
5
0
0
Project:
1
(
d Owner:
e
t
i
b
i Constructor:
h
o
r
p Superintendent:
k
r
o Inspection and testing by (GITA/GTA):
w
t
e
n Level 1 or 2:
n
o
e GITA/GTA retained by:
s
u
r Earthworks in current progress:
o
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
,
e
g
a
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o
t
S
.
y
l
Materials testing: Refer to material, type, source, purpose of testing, sampling methods
n and locations, test types, sample reference numbers, results obtained, and to whom
o
e distributed.
c
n
e
c
i
l
r
e
s
u
l
a
n
o
s
r
e
p
r
e Field density testing: Refer to types of test, section of work to which tests apply, test
s
u
1
locations and levels, test reference numbers, results obtained, and to whom distributed.
.
9
0
0
2
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7
n
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Works meeting geotechnical requirements: Refer to work type (e.g. stripping, subgrade
compaction), basis of assessment (e.g. inspection, test reference numbers, and the like),
.
)
extent of works apparently complying and requirements met.†
1
2
1
3
5
0
0
1
(
d
e
t
i
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i
h
o
r
p
k
r
o
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Works failing to meet geotechnical requirements: Refer to work type (e.g., stripping,
e subgrade compaction), basis of assessment (e.g., inspection, test reference numbers,
n
n and the like), extent of work apparently failing to comply, requirements not met, action
o
e taken (instructions issued, retests ordered, and the like)†.
s
u
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o
n
o
i
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u
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i
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s
i
d
,
e
g
a
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S
. Remarks: Include observations on works, site conditions, meetings or conversations on
y
l
n
o site, and the like.
e
c
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s
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.
9 SIGNED: POSITION: DATE:
0
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2 † As appropriate
r
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.
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1
2
1
3
5
0
0
1
(
d
e
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i
b
i
h Instructions, advice or results given on site: Nature of instructions, to whom, action
o
r
p observed.
k
r
o
w
t
e
n
n
o
e
s
u
r
o
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t Method of recording locations and/or levels: By whom, reference marks, bench marks,
s
i
d whe re recorded.
,
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g
a
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o
t
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.
y
l
n
o
e
c
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e
c
i
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s
u Remarks: Include observations on works, site conditions, meetings or conversations on
l
a site, etc.
n
o
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
u
1
.
9
0
0
2
r
e
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t SIGNED: POSITION: DATE:
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.
Project:
)
1
2
1
Owner:
3
5
0 Constructor:
0
1
(
d Superintendent:
e
t
i
b
i Level of engagement of geotechnical inspection and testing authority in accordance with
h
o
r AS 3798, Section 8.
p
k
r
o
w
t
e
n
n
o Prior usage of project site:
e
s
u Purpose of present development:
r
o
n
o
i
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i
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i
d
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g
a
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.
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Broad description of earthworks undertaken, extent of fill, etc.:
e
c
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c
i
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s
u
l
a
n
o
s
r
e
p
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s Observations on stripping and site preparation:
u
1
.
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APPENDIX C
C1 GENERAL
Earth materials are inherently variable and, whilst working from borrow to fill often acts to
reduce the variability, compacted fill is also variable. Thus the density and moisture content
of a fill will vary from any one location to other locations, even if considerable care is
taken to attempt to achieve a uniform result.
The ‘not any to fail’ specification commonly applied to small earthwork projects is based
.
on a successful history of producing suitable fills and only indirectly accounts for the
)
1
2
inherent variability. So-called ‘statistical’ methods have been applied to earthworks, in an
1
3
5
attempt to quantify the variability. These methods are used for two general purposes as
0
0
1
follows:
(
d
e
t
i (a) Quality control (QC ) — to control the process, the contractor uses quality control to
b
i
h provide advance warning of any changes in the earthwork quality so that the method
o
r
p can be changed to ensure continuing satisfactory placement. It can also be used to
k
r
o estimate the in situ properties of the fill.
w
t
e
n (b) Quality assurance (QA)—to ensure that the product (fill) quality is within
n
o
e specification requirements. In this Standard, it is quality assurance that is being
s
u considered and two terms require definition as follows:
r
o
n
o
i
t
(i) Owner’s risk (often B) —the risk of accepting fill as having a certain quality
u
b
i
r
when, in fact, it does not.
t
s
i
d (ii) Contractor’s risk (often α) —the risk of fill being rejected as not having a
,
e
g certain quality when, in fact, it does.
a
r
o
t
S The owner’s risk can always be reduced to zero simply by always rejecting the product.
.
y
l
n
o
There is then no chance of accepting poor quality material. The obvious problem with this
e is that the contractor’s risk is 100% and good quality material is always rejected. Statistical
c
n
e methods should aim to balance these risks. To reduce both risks simultaneously requires a
c
i
l
r
e
s
reduction in the uncertainty regarding the actual quality of the product, which is generally
u
l
a
achieved by increasing the number of samples used in decision-making.
n
o
s
r At present, statistical QA schemes find little application in works within the scope of this
e
p Standard. In Australia, such schemes find their main use in larger road construction
r
e
s projects, under the control of state road authorities.
u
1
.
9 In large areas or for large volumes of earthworks, the amount of testing for field moisture
0
0
2 content and density may be considerable. More efficient use of testing may be made by
r
e applying statistical methods to selection of test sites and to the test results based on lots of
b
m
e
t work.
p
e
S The publication AUSTROADS NTR-09 provides a working basis for the development of
7
n suitable statistical specifications for earthworks covered by this Standard, by the suitable
o
l
l
e
d
selection of proportion defective, acceptable quality levels and operating characteristic
d
e curves.
P
n
o
v
e
B
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d
e
s
n
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c
i
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C3 ACCEPTANCE
.
) When using statistical acceptance schemes, the acceptance values are based on
1
2
1 characteristic values of the properties, e.g., density ratio.
3
5
0
0
1
The characteristic values are calculated using the following equation:
(
d
e
t
i
b
i
h C = Mean − k × s
o
r
p
k
r where
o
w
t
e
n
C = characteristic value
n
o
e
k = a constant depending on proportion defective, the number of values and the
s
u
r
contractor’s risk
o
n
o
i
t
s = standard deviation of the values in the lot for the number of tests performed
u
b
i
r
t
s
Acceptance may be unconditional or conditional as follows:
i
d
,
e (a) Unconditional quality acceptance In an unconditional quality assessment system,
g
a
r
o
the choice lies between acceptance or rejection of the product without application of
t
S
. conditions or demand for further treatment.
y
l
n
o (b) Conditional quality acceptance In a conditional acceptance system, work that meets
e
c
n a specification limit is accepted without condition but work just outside the
e
c
i
l
r
specification limits may be accepted subject to either—
e
s
u
l (i) further treatment, and possibly further testing; or
a
n
o (ii) adjusted payment.
s
r
e
p
r
e Suitable k values for different number of tests and different levels of risk are shown in
s
u AUSTROADS NTR-09.
1
.
9
0
0 C4 OUTLIER RESULTS
2
r
e
b AUSTROADS NTR-09 provides information on the treatment of outlier results. In cases
m
e
t
p where a result or results are outliers, it is preferable to retest the lot rather than to adjust the
e
S acceptance criteria based on a reduced num ber of samples in order to reduce bias.
7
n
o
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APPENDIX D
.
Grid rollers Weathered rock, well-graded coarse soils
)
1
2
1 Sheepsfoot rollers:
3
5
0
0
1
Static Fine-grained soils with more than 20% fines
(
d
e
t
i
Vibrating As for static, sand-gravel mixtures
b
i
h
o
r
Vibrating plate (light) Coarse-grained soils with 4–8% fines
p
k
r
o Tampers, rollers All types
w
t
e
n Impact rollers, impact compaction Wide range of soil types and moisture
n
o regimes
e
s
u
r
o
NOTE: This Appendix is based on Table 2.3 in Haus mann, Manfred R. (1990),
n Engineering Principles of Ground Modification. McGraw-Hill.
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AS 3798—2007
CORRECTION
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to the Preface, Section 2, Clauses 4.3, 4.4, 6.1.5, 6.2.6, 8.3 and 8.4, and
.
Table 8.1.
)
1
2 Published on 5 August 2008.
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AS 3798 —200 7 44
NOT ES
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1 Standards Australia develops Australian Standards® and other documents of public benefit and national interest.
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