A Project Report On in Partial Fulfilment of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering During Academic Year 2021 - 2022

AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
A PROJECT REPORT ON
“SOLAR DRYER”
In Partial fulfilment of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

During academic year 2021 – 2022
SUBMITTED BY
Chinmay Gawand (195013)
Prasad Devkate (195038)
Siddhesh Shinde (195049)
Jaideep Mahala (195015)
GUIDED BY
Prof. Premkumar Joshi
AGNEL POLYTECHNIC
Sector 9-A, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, 400703
Telephone: 27664116, 27661924
Sector 9-A, Vashi, Navi Mumbai-400703
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Telephone: 2766 29 49. 2766 19 24.
Date:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shri/Kum ______________, Enrollment. No._ students

Semester 6 of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering has submitted this Report after
th
satisfactory completion of Project on “xxxxxxxxxxxx” from February 2021 to May 2022

as prescribed by Maharashtra State board of Technical Education, Mumbai.
I have instructed /guided him/ her for the said work from time to time
and I found his/her performance satisfactory.
This said project is assessed by me and I am satisfied that the same is upto
the standard envisaged for the level of the course.
PROJECT GUIDE: Signature:

Name:Premkumar Joshi
Date:
HEAD OF THE DEPT.: Signature:

Name:Beenu J.
Date:
EXAMINER: Signature:
Name:
Date:
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ANNEXURE (A)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr / Ms having Enrollment No:
1) Chinmay Gawand – 1904230176
2) Prasad Devkate – 1904230201
3) Siddhesh Shinde – 1904230212
4) Jaideep Mahala – 1904230
Has completed Project Planning Report having title “Solar Dryer ”

in a group working together under the guidance of Mr.Premkumar
Joshi.
Name & Signature of Guide: …………………
Name & Signature of HOD: ………………….
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No Objection Certificate
This is to certify that …………………, Diploma Engineering Students of AGNEL

POLYTECHNIC, VASHI has successfully completed Project on “Solar Dryer”
from ………………… to ………………. and this is a bonafide record of the work done
by them personally.
This report is not confidential and hence, not objectionable.
Mr. Premkumar Joshi Mrs. Beenu J.K

Lecturer Head of Mechanical Engg Dept.
Agnel Polytechnic, Vashi Agnel Polytechnic, Vashi
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PREFACE
It gives us great pleasure to present the project on "Solar Dryer" prepared sincerely,
punctually and with utmost efforts. The contents of this book are presented into many
chapters, in order to ease the reading. The project has been illustrated with precise data
elucidated with neat Design, Market Survey, Technical Specifications and CAD drawings
used that simplify the understanding of the project. The project includes samples of market
survey analysis and feasibility reports for better understanding.
Meticulous care has been taken to make this project perfect & useful in every respect.
The Team
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Acknowledgement
It is our pleasure to present our project “Solar Dryer”. The completion of the project work
is a milestone in student life and its execution is inevitable in the hands of guide. We are
thankful to our project guide, Mr.Premkumar Joshi, for being generous in sharing his
time & knowledge with us right from the beginning coupled with his constant guidance in
the preparation of this project and report. The enduring efforts, patience and enthusiasm,
of our project guide as well as our Head of Department, Mrs. Beenu .J .K has given a
sense of direction and purpose to this project and ultimately made it a success.
We like to thank all our professors as well as our colleagues in the mechanical
engineering department & workshop who have selflessly enriched us & this project in
ways beyond measures.
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ABSTRACT
The unpredictable rise and frequent scarcity of fossil fuel accelerated the continuous
search for an alternative power source. Solar is one of the renewable and sustainable
sources of power that attracted a large community of researchers from all over the world.
This is largely due to its abundant in both direct and indirect form. As such the
development of efficient and inexpensive equipment for the drying of agricultural and
marine products using solar power evolved thereby improving the quality of the products
as well as improving the quality of life. The use of solar dryers in the drying of
agricultural products can significantly reduce or eliminate product wastage, food
poisoning and at the sometime enhance productivity of the farmers towards better
revenue derived. A solar crop drying system does not solely depend on solar energy to
function; it combines fuel burning with the energy of the sun, thus reducing fossil fuel
consumption. In this paper a review of the solar dryer is presented. The various design of
the solar dryer is reportedin the literature thus far is presented.
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Content Page
CERTIFICATE …………………………………………………………. Page no
CERTIFICATE (ANNEXURE A) ……………………………………...
NO OBJECTION CERTIFICATE ……………………………………...
PREFACE ……………………………………………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT …………………...

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT …………………………………..
1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION ………………………………………….
1.3 CAUSE AND EFFECT (FISHBONE) DIAGRAM ……………….
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ………………………………...
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY ……………………………

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY …………………………………………...
2.2 GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES ……………………………………
CHAPTER 3: SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ………………………….

3.1 FEASIBILITY ……………………………………………………….
3.2 COST ESTIMATION OF PROPOSED PROJECT ………………………………
3.3 ACTION PLAN ……………………………………………………...
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN …………………………………………………

4.1 MATERIAL SELECTION …………………………………………...
4.2 DESIGN ………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES ………………………………………….
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CHAPTER:1
INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
BACKGROUUND OF PROJECT REPORT
Drying is one of the methods used to preserve food products for longer periods. The heat from the
sun coupled with the wind has been used to dry food for preservation for several years.
Drying is the oldest preservation technique of agricultural products and it is an energy intensive
process. High prices and shortages of fossil fuels have increased the emphasis on using
alternative renewable energy resources. Drying of agricultural products using renewable energy
such as solar energy is environmental friendly and has less environmental impact.
Different types of solar dryers have been designed, developed and tested in the different regions
of the tropics and subtropics. The major two categories of the dryers are natural convection solar
dryers and forced convection solar dryers. In the natural convection solar dryers the airflow is
established by buoyancy induced airflow while in forced convection solar dryers the airflow is
provided by using fan operated either by electricity/solar module or fossil fuel.
Solar thermal technology is a technology that is rapidly gaining acceptance as an energy saving
measure in agriculture application. It is preferred to other alternative sources of energy such as
wind and shale, because it is abundant, inexhaustible, and non-polluting. Solar air heaters are
simple devices to heat air by utilizing solar energy and it is employed in many applications
requiring low to moderate temperature below 80°C, such as crop drying and space heatin g.
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PROBLEM DEFINITION
Food scientists have found that by reducing the moisture content of food to between 10 and 20%,
bacteria, yeast, mold and enzymes are prevented from spoiling it. The flavor and most of the
nutritional value is preserved and concentrated.
Drying and preservation of agricultural products have been one of the oldest uses of solar energy.
The traditional method, still widely used throughout the world, is open sun drying where diverse
crops, such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, grains, tobacco, etc. are spread on the ground and
turned regularly until sufficiently dried so that they can be stored safely. However, there exist
many problems associated with open sun drying. It has been seen that open sun drying has the
following disadvantages. It requires both large amount of space and long drying time. The
disadvantages of open sun drying need an appropriate technology that can help in improving the
quality of the dried products and in reducing the wastage. This led to the application of various
types of drying devices like solar dryer, electric dryers, wood fuel driers and oil-burned driers.
However, the high cost of oil and electricity and their scarcity in the rural areas of most third
world countries have made some of these driers very unattractive. Therefore interest has been
focused mainly on the development of solar driers.
Solar dryers are usually classified according to the mode of air flow into natural convection and
forced convection dryers. Natural convection dryers do not require a fan to pump the air through
the dryer. The low air flow rate and the long drying time, however, result in low drying capacity.
One basic disadvantage of forced convection dryers lies in their requirement of electrical power
to run the fan. Since the rural or remote areas of many developing countries are not connected,
the use of these dryers is limited to electrified urban areas.
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CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM (FISHBONE DIAGRAM)
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OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this study is to develop a solar dryer in which the grains are dried
simultaneously by the heated air from the solar collector. The problems of low and
medium scale
processor could be alleviated, if the solar dryer is designed and constructed with the
consideration of overcoming the limitations of direct and indirect type of solar dryer. So
therefore, this work will be based on the importance of a solar dryer which is reliable and
economically, design and construct a solar dryer using locally available materials and to
evaluate the performance of this solar dryer.
Drying is one of the methods used to preserve food products for longer periods. It has
been established as the most efficient preservation technique for most tropical crops.
This project presents the design, construction and performance of a solar dryer for food
preservation. In the dryer, the heated air from a separate solar collector is passed through
a glass, and at the same time, the drying cabinet absorbs solar energy directly through
glass arrangement. The results obtained during the test period revealed that the
temperatures inside the dryer and solar collector were much higher than the ambient
temperature during most hours of the daylight. The temperature rise inside the drying
cabinet was up to 74% for about three hours immediately after 12.00h (noon). The dryer
exhibited sufficient ability to dry food items reasonably rapidly to a safe moisture level
and simultaneously it ensures a superior quality of the dried product.
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CHAPTER:2
LITRETURE SURVEY
LITRETURE SURVEY
SR TITLE AUTHOR YEAR OF NAME OF METHODOLOGY RESULTS/ DRAWBACKS

PUBLICATON
NO. JOURNAL CONCLUSION
1 Natural 1. Diemuodeke E. 2/.3/2019 IJERA Designed and The weather The average
Convecction OGHENERUONA*, fabricated direct conditions ambient
Dryer: 2. Momoh O.L. natural convection considered are of conditions are
YUSUF 32ºC air
Fabrication solar dryer to dry Warri (lat. 5°30’, temperatures and
and design tapioca in rural long. 5°41’), 74 % relative
areas. A minimum Nigeria.A humidity with
of 7.56 m2 solar prototype of dryer daily global solar
collector area is was fabricated radiation incident
required to dry a with minimum on horizontal
batch of 100 kg collector area of surface of 13
MJ/m2/day. The
tapioca in 20 hours 1.08 m 2 weather
(two days drying conditions
period). The initial considered are of
and final moisture Warri (lat. 5°30’,
content considered long. 5°41’),
were 79 % and 10 Nigeria.A
% wet basis, prototype of dryer
was fabricated
respectively with minimum
collector area of
1.08 m 2 .
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PUBLICATON
2 Direct Solar Mühlbauer 2015 MAT This is one of the Direct solar 1) Quality of
Dryer Journals simplest solar drying is mainly products are
Ondier et al.
dryer of low used in not obtained
Al-Juamily et capacity Solar onfarming in some
al. radiation is the sectors. It is also cases.
main source and suitable for 2) Adequate
overcome the small farmers in solar
discolorness of rural areas, radiation is
the crops where electrical required.
Temperature is power is not 3) It is more
the main factor available. This expensive
on drying rate kind of dryer is 4) Require
and in off shine more efficient in more time for
hours the drying drying small drying
technology is amounts of
affected. crops, fruits,
and vegetables.
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PUBLICATON
3 Inderect M. MOHANRAJ, 2013 International The performance also They
Forced P. Journal of of an indirect concluded
circulation CHANDRASEKAR increases the
Engineering forced drying time that, forced
Research convection solar convection
and drier integrated
by about 4 h solar drier is
Application with heat storage per day. The more suitable
s material was chili was for producing
designed, dried from high quality
fabricated and initial dried chilli
investigated for moisture for small
chili drying. The content holders.
drier with heat Thermal
storage material
72.8% to the efficiency of
enables to final the solar drier
maintain moisture was estimated
consistent air content to be about
temperature about 9.2% 21% with
inside the drier. and 9.7% specific
The inclusion of (wet basis) moisture
heat storage extraction
material also
in the bottom rate of about
increases the and top trays 0.87 kg/kW
drying time by respectively h.
about 4 h per day
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PUBLICATON
4 Mixed-mode F.K. 2013 International F.K. Forson.et.al . A drying time of Under average
natural Journal of Designed A mixed- 30–36 h is ambient
Forson.et.al
convection Engineering mode natural assumed for the conditions of
convection solar anticipated test 28.2 1C and
solar crop Research crop dryer location (Kumasi; 72.1% relative
dryer and (MNCSCD) for 6.71N,1.61W) humidity with
(MNCSCD) Application dryingcassava and with an expected solar irradiance
other crops. A batch average solar of 340.4W/m2 ,
of cassava 160 kg irradiance of a drying time of
by mass, having an 400W/m2 and 35.5 h was
initial moisture ambient realised and the
content of 67% wet conditions of 25 drying
basis from which 1C and 77.8% efficiency was
100 kg of water is relative evaluated as
required to be humidity.They 12.3% when
removed to have it concluded that A tested under full
dried to a desired minimum of designed load
moisture content of 42.4m2 of solar signifying that
17% wet basis, is collection area, the design
used as the drying according to the procedure
load in designing design, is required proposed is
the dryer. for an expected sufficiently.
drying efficiency
of 12.5%.
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GAPS AND OPPURTUNITIES
OPPURTUNITIES:-
1. The grass root level Non-Government and voluntary organizations have devotion for
service to rural people and have the ability to capacity building and skill development
among rural women
2. Food Solar drying process is the integration of food science and technology and solar
drying technology disciplines. So the practice followed in solar food processing is based
on these two techniques. To make the solar food processing products, one needs rigorous
training in this technology by well qualified persons, close monitoring and supervision of
the operations and following the food safety, clean & hygienic practices, quality
consciousness and assurance in day to day production. The social entrepreneurs have
proved very successful in this respect.
GAPS:-
In the process of drying, heat is necessary to evaporate moisture from the material and a
flow of air helps in carrying away the evaporated moisture. There are two basic
mechanisms involved in the drying process:
1) The migration of moisture from the interior of an individual material to the surface.
2) The evaporation of moisture from the surface to the surrounding air.
The drying product is a complex heat and mass transfer process which depends on
external variables such as temperature, humidity and velocity of the air stream and
internal variables which depend on parameters like surface characteristics (rough or
smooth surface), chemical composition (sugars, starches, etc.), physical structure
(porosity, density, etc.), and size and shape of product.
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CHAPTER 3
FEASIBILITY REPORT
A feasibility study, as the name suggests, tells the group/organization if a project/plan is

feasible. It is an assessment of the practicality of a proposed project/plan. It is the amount
of rate of the possibility that how easily or efficiently the work that yet to be work can be
carried out.So before making the project we needed to carry out a feasibility study of
whether the machine we are making would be feasible to make or not? Because the word
feasible itself means whether the time, material, money, manpower we are investing
should be easily convertible (i.e., practical).
KEY POINTS IN A FEASIBILITY STUDY:

A feasibility study usually considers the following key-points before doing any project
1. Technical Capability: - It shows that did we have technical capabilities and the
resources to make the project.
2. Budget: - it is the feasibility of the project via the financial aspect. Do we have enough
financial resources to do the project or our estimation is not what we have decided.
3. Risk: - The Project does have a risk of usage but the benefits are worth it.
4. Operational Feasibility: - Do the project we are making will have some future scope
and will it be feasible for operation and solve problems of the problem mentioned in the
problem definition.
5. Time: - It’s the assessment of the project plan in the timely manner. Its like asking the
question that can the project be completed in a reasonable timeline or we are just
unreasonably investing our productive time in this.Now as we have known some key
points required to carry out a feasibility study. We will now discuss these points in more
detail.
TECHNICAL CAPABILITY (TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY): -

Before doing our project we must needed to carefully analyse the technical resources
available
with us to do our project so that in the later half we will not face problems.
Following were the technical things we needed to take care of:
1. Technical guidance
2. Workshop
3. Required machines
4. Market address where we can buy our components
5. CAD Lab and Design soft-wares.
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
REQUIRED MACHINES: -
o All the required machines were readily available in one of our members' workshops.
o All those machines had the required specifications and in this process Mr. Sir Prem
kumar Joshi helped with a sample model to find ideal machining technique to fulfil the
requirements of the project while doing the process within the available resources.
.
MARKET FOR PURCHASING RAW MATERIAL: -
o This was a crucial step in the initial stages of the pandemic, the cost of raw material
has increased and the availability of them has decreased. Frankly speaking, the material
cost was not as much as an issue before the pandemic, but due to the introduction of
lockdown we are in a peril of buying material at a high price.
o Also due to shortage of materials and transportation cost increases, we had to report to
but either from local, online and a well-known hardware shop. Therefore, by searching on
Google and by referring to our guidance sir we got maximum of our project material
easily at a comparatively lower price. 
CAD LABS AND DESIGN SOFTWARES: -

o Now before doing any major changes to the project, the most important step is to make
the part print of that project in any drafting software so that we can perform part print
analysis on that process sheet.
o We got the software to make our design in our CAD and Inventor. This made our job to
analyse the project easy as well as handling the project with ease of task.
o This process was really of immense importance as we got a virtual or pictorial preview
of the project where in we can according alter the dimensions in order to get the best of
the ergonomics as well as aesthetic aspects.

TIME:-
o Time is another major criterion for feasibility study because a project which is chosen
should be completed in time. However, due to the semester got preponed we planned
our project in such a way that it can be completed within the given time and which will
not affect our academics.
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
BUDGET:-
 Budget always plays a key role in any project and doing any feasibility study. Because
as a mechanical engineer our main aim should be developing a machine which will be
useful for mankind and should be highly value for money and cost effective.
 So our aim was to build this project in less than INR 18000 which will cost around
INR 4500 for each of us as we were four members in one group.
 While this was the planned budget but due the taxes(GST,etc) the complete budget was
disturbed as there were addition hefty shipping charges thus the budget got up to 20000.

RISK :-
o Risk is a factor everyone should consider while doing a project which revolves around
Solar Charge controller. Engineers should know the right way to make connections in a
charge controller.
o Therefore, before making the project we made its design so feasible that we knew that it
can be a low risk device in itself and can meet our project demand.
o In order to eliminate the electrical risk, all the components are placed in the wooden
insulated box.

OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY :-
o Operational feasibility is another important criterion which is considered while doing
any feasibility study. Operational feasibility means the project will be useful after it has
been made and will have a future scope.
o So the answer is, yes our project is operational feasible because it is a portable and
versatile machine which can be used fordrying processn from any place ranging from
Rooftops to agricultural fields.
o Now talking about its future scope, yes this project has future scope because removing
moisture content from essential grains will increase the health care of the people that
would be using the machine as one of the main goals of this project is to care more about
the consumer’s health than the profit.
o Therefore, our product will help consumers todry the food products at their desired
location whenever required which will be easy and cheap.
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COST ESTIMATION OF PROJECT
SR NO. PARTS QUANTITY PER PIECE TOTAL

PRICE PRICE
1 PLYWOOD 2 SHEETS 5000 10000

(WATERPROOF)
2 GLASS 1mtr X 0.5mtr 2000 1500
3 WHEELS 6 nos. 50 300
4 SOLAR PANEL 1 2000 2000

50W
5 SOLAR CHARGE 1 300 300

CONTROLLER
10A
6 26 aH SOLAR 1 3200 3200
BATTERY
7 THERMOMETER 1 300 300
8 PC FANS 4 100 400

12C/DC
TOTAL COST 18000
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ACTION PLAN
SR NO. ACTIVITY DONE DATE
1 INTRODUCTION TO CPP 18/9/21
2 SEARCHING OF IDEAS 25/9/21
3 PRESENTING SOME IDEAS TO 16/10/21

GUIDES
4 FINALISING IDEA AS PER THE 23/10/21

INSTRUCTION OF GUIDE AND
START THE NECESSARY WORK
5 RECIEVED A SAMPLE DESIGN OF 30/10/21
SOLAR DRYER FROM GUIDE
6 THE MAIN BODY FABRICATION 20/11/21

WAS DONE
7 OTHER EQUPIMEMTS- 4/12/21

PANELS,BATTERY,CONTROLLER,etc
WAS PURCHASED
8 FINAL ASSEMBLY WAS DONE AND 5/01/22
MANGOES,GRAPES AND
TOMATOES WERE PLACED IN
DRYER FOR PERFORMING THE
WORKING OF DRYER
9 SUBMISSION OF REPORT TO SIR 9/05/22
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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN
Solar drying may be classified into direct and indirect solar dryer. In direct solar dryers
the air heater contains the grains and solar energy which passes through a transparent
cover and is absorbed by the grains. Essentially, the heat required for drying is provided
by radiation to the upper layers and subsequent conduction into the grain bed. However,
in indirect dryers, solar energy is collected in a separate solar collector (air heater) and
the heated air then passes through the grain bed, while in the mixed mode type of dryer,
the heated air from a separate solar collector is passed through a grain bed, and at the
same time, the drying cabinet absorbs solar energy directly through the transparent walls
or the roof. The objective of this study is to design a mixed-mode solar dryer in which the
grains are dried simultaneously by both direct radiation through the transparent walls and
roof of the cabinet and by the heated air from the solar collector. The materials used for
the construction of the mixed-mode solar dryer are cheap and easily obtainable in the
local market. Above figure shows the main components of the dryer, consisting of the
solar collector (air heater), the drying cabinet and drying trays.
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Solar Dryer Components

The solar dryer consists of the solar collector (air heater), the drying cabinet and drying
trays:
1. Collector (Air Heater):

The heat absorber (inner box) of the solar air heater was constructed using well seasoned
woods painted black. The solar collector assembly consists of air flow channel enclosed
by transparent cover (glazing). An absorber mesh screen midway between the glass cover
and the absorber back plate provides effective air heating because solar radiation that
passes through the transparent cover is then absorbed by both the mesh and back-plate.
2. The Drying Cabinet:

The drying cabinet together with the structural frame of the dryer was built from well
seasoned woods which could withstand termite and atmospheric attacks. An outlet vent
was provided toward the upper end at the back of the cabinet to facilitate and control the
convection flow of air through the dryer. Access door to the drying chamber was also
provided at the back of the cabinet. The roof and the two opposite side walls of the
cabinet are covered with transparent glass sheets of 4 mm thick, which provided
additional heating.
3. Drying Trays:
The drying trays are contained inside the drying chamber and were constructed from a
double layer of fine chicken wire mesh with a fairly open structure to allow drying air to
pass through the food items.
The orientation of the Solar Collector:

The flat-plate solar collector is always tilted and oriented in such a way that it receives
maximum solar radiation during the desired season of used. The best stationary
orientation is due south in the northern hemisphere and due north in southern hemisphere.
Therefore, solar collector in this work is oriented facing south and tilted at 45 to the
horizontal. This inclination is also to allow easy run off of water and enhance air
circulation.
Page | 24
Operation of the Dryer
The dryer is a passive system in the sense that it has no moving parts. It is energized by
the sun‘s rays entering through the collector glazing. The trapping of the rays is enhanced
by the inside surfaces of the collector that were painted black and the trapped energy
heats the air inside the collector. The greenhouse effect achieved within the collector
drives the air current through the drying chamber. If the vents are open, the hot air rises
and escapes through the upper vent in the drying chamber while cooler air at ambient
temperature enters through the lower vent in the collector.
Drying mechanism
In the process of drying, heat is necessary to evaporate moisture from the material and a
flow of air helps in carrying away the evaporated moisture. There are two basic
mechanisms involved in the drying process:
1) The migration of moisture from the interior of an individual material to the surface.
2) The evaporation of moisture from the surface to the surrounding air.
The drying product is a complex heat and mass transfer process which depends on
external variables such as temperature, humidity and velocity of the air stream and
internal variables which depend on parameters like surface characteristics (rough or
smooth surface), chemical composition (sugars, starches, etc.), physical structure
(porosity, density, etc.), and size and shape of product
Page | 25
DESIGN PROCEDURE AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Design Procedures
In many parts of the world there is a growing awareness that renewable energy have an
important role to play in extending technology to the farmer in developing countries to
increase their productivity. Solar thermal technology is a technology that is rapidly
gaining acceptance as an energy saving measure in agriculture application. It is preferred
to other alternative sources of energy such as wind and shale, because it is abundant,
inexhaustible, and non-polluting. Solar air heaters are simple devices to heat air by
utilizing solar energy and employed in many applications requiring low to moderate
temperature below 80 C, such as crop drying and space heating. Drying processes play an
important role in the preservation of agricultural products. They are defined as a process
of moisture removal due to simultaneous heat and mass transfer. According to two types
of water are present in food items; the chemically bound water and the physically held
water. In drying, it is only the physically held water that is removed. The most important
reasons for the popularity of dried products are longer shelf-life, product diversity as well
as substantial volume reduction. This could be expanded further with improvements in
product quality and process applications. The application of dryers in developing
countries can reduce post harvest losses and significantly contribute to the availability of
food in these countries. Estimations of these losses are generally cited to be of the order
of 40% but they can, under very adverse conditions, be nearly as high as 80%. A
significant percentage of these losses are related to improper and/or untimely drying of
foodstuffs such as cereal grains, pulses, tubers, meat, fish, etc.
4.2 Design Implementation
Ambient temperature was recorded during the course of experiments with the help of
digital thermometer. This project presents the design, construction and performance of a
mixed-mode solar dryer for food drying. The dryer exhibited sufficient ability to dry food
items reasonably rapidly to a safe moisture level and simultaneously it ensures a superior
quality of the dried product.
Page | 26
APPLICATIONS OF DRYER IN MARKET AND RESIDENTIALS.
Cost Economics, of Food Solar dryer System enterprises are worked out for fruits and
vegetables. 1 Million For one unit of 10 dryers. It can transact 10 tons of fruits or fruit
bars in dehydrated form. This is an excellent income and profitable venture in rural Saudi
Arabia. The cost benefit analysis of our dryers indicates that a commercial venture of a
project with 10 solar dryers will give the payback period of 2 - 2½ years.
The profitability of the technology in terms of employment potential and income
generation is established and acceptability of the product in the market is evaluated from
the proven market demand. Our expectation about the feasibility of the technology for
rural employment has been realized.
The reasons for the success are:
1. The grass root level Non-Government and voluntary organizations have devotion for
service to rural people and have the ability to capacity building and skill development
among rural women.
2. Food Solar drying process is the integration of food science and technology and solar
drying technology disciplines. So the practice followed in solar food processing is based
on these two techniques. To make the solar food processing products, one needs rigorous
training in this technology by well qualified persons, close monitoring and supervision of
the operations and following the food safety, clean & hygienic practices, quality
consciousness and assurance in day to day production. The social entrepreneurs have
proved very successful in this respect
Page | 27
CONCLUSIONS.
After this case examination we have practically found that the developed solar thermal
energy dryer gives more than three-four times heat inside the chamber than that
of the outside atmospheric temperature during a time a fully sunny day. In
6 hours of without interruption drying direct bellow the same climatic order and same
time 643grams of weight has removed. Our experimental setup gives an average dryer
productivity for one complete sunny day was unexpectedly to be 15%.
This solar food dryer will be operated by using the help of the solar energy. In a nation
like India 300 days out of 365 days are sunny have a huge valuable thing of solar energy.
The government is also actively encouraging the use of renewable sources of energy like
solar energy by the condition subsidies on solar panels, solar pumps, solar water heaters,
solar gadgets and solar lights etc... So it’s a good
opportunity to take the advantage of these schemes. The solar energy costs us nothing just
only needs a solar panel, sunlight is which is a free of cost and also it is a non finishing
source of energy.
Page | 28
CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
1 Ajayi, C., Sunil, K.S., and Deepak, D. 2009. “Design of Solar Dryer with Turbo
ventilator and Fireplace”. International Solar Food Processing Conference 2009.
2 Brenidorfer B, Kennedy L, Bateman C O (1995). Solar dryer; their role in post harvest
processing, Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough house, London,Swly 5hx.
3.A.A. El-Sebaii; S.M. Shalaby (2012): Solar drying of agricultural products: A review,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, 37– 43.
4. Fadhel; S. Kooli; A. Farhat; A. Bellghith (2005): Study of the solar drying of grapes by
three different processes, Desalination 185, 535–541
5. GuttiBabagana; Kiman Silas and Mustafa B. G. (2012): Design and Construction of

Forced/Natural Convection Solar Vegetable Dryer with Heat Storage, ARPN Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences, VOL. 7, NO. 10.
6. B.K. Bala; M.R.A. Mondol; B.K. Biswas; B.L. Das Chowdury; S. Janjai (2003): Solar
drying
of pineapple using solar tunnel drier, Renewable Energy 28, 183–190.
7. Wang, Y., Zhang, M., Mujumdar, A.S., Mothibe, K.J., RoknulAzam, S.M. Effect of
blanching on microwave freeze drying of stem lettuce cubes in a circular conduit drying
chamber, (2012) Journal of Food Engineering, 113 (2), pp. 177-185.
8. Zhonghua Dr., W., Long, W., Zhanyong, L., Mujumdar, A.S. Atomization and Drying
Characteristics of Sewage Sludge inside a Helmholtz Pulse Combustor (2012) Drying
Technology, 30 (10), pp. 1105-1112.
9. Jiang, Y., Xu, P., Mujumdar, A.S., Qiu, S., Jiang, Z. A Numerical Study on the
Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Pulsed Impingement Drying (2012) Drying
Technology, 30 (10), pp. 1056-1061.
10. J. Kaewkiew; S. Nabnean; S. Janjai (2012): Experimental investigation of the

performance of a large-scale greenhouse type solar dryer for drying chilli in Thailand.
Procedia Engineering 32, 433 – 439.
11. J.K. Afriyie; M.A.A. Nazha; H. Rajakaruna; F.K. Forson (2009): Experimental
investigations of a chimney dependent solar crop dryer, Renewable Energy 34, 217– 222
12.Sharma, A., Chen, C. R., Vu Lan, N., 2009. Solar- energy drying systems: A review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.13, pp. 1185-1210.
Page | 29
13.Sodha, M.S., Dang, A., Bansal, P.K., Sharma, S.B., 1985. An analytical and
experimental study of open sun drying and a cabinet type drier. Energy Conversion
&Management,, Vol.25(3), pp. 263–271.
14.Thoruwa, T.F.N., Johnstone, M.C., Grant, A.D., Smith, J.E., 2000. Novel, low cost
CaCl2based desiccants for solar crop drying applications. Renewable Energy, Vol.19,
pp.513-520.
15. Xie, W.T., Dai Y.J., Wang, R.Z., Sumathy, K., 2011. Concentrated solar energy
applications using Fresnel lenses: A review Renewable & Sustainable Energy Revıews,
Vol. 15(6),pp. 2588 – 2606. 16.Torres-Reyes, E., Gonzalez, N.J.J., Ibarra-Salazar, B.A.,
2002. Thermodynamic method for designing dryers operated by flat plate solar collectors.
Renewable Energy, Vol.26.pp. 649–660.
17.Youcef-Ali, S., Desmons, J.Y., 2004. The turbulence effect of the airflow on the
calorific losses in foodstuff dryers. Renewable Energy, Vol.29, pp.661-674.
18.Adegoke, C.O.; and Bolaji, B.O. 2000. Performance evaluation of solar-operated

thermosyphon hot water system in Akure. Int. J. Engin. Engin. Technol. 2(1): 35-40.
19.Akinola, O.A.; Akinyemi, A.A.; and Bolaji, B.O. 2006. Evaluation of traditional and
solar fish drying systems towards enhancing fish storage and preservation in Nigeria. J.
Fish. Int., Pakistan 1(3-4): 44-9.
20.Bassey, M.W. 1989, Development and use of solar drying technologies, Nigerian
Journal of
Solar Energy 89: 133-64.
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A Project Report On in Partial Fulfilment of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering During Academic Year 2021 - 2022

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A Project Report On in Partial Fulfilment of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering During Academic Year 2021 - 2022

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AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI

In Partial fulfilment of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Sector 9-A, Vashi, Navi Mumbai-400703

Telephone: 2766 29 49. 2766 19 24.

This is to certify that Shri/Kum ______________, Enrollment. No._ students

satisfactory completion of Project on “xxxxxxxxxxxx” from February 2021 to May 2022

PROJECT GUIDE: Signature:

HEAD OF THE DEPT.: Signature:

1) Chinmay Gawand – 1904230176

2) Prasad Devkate – 1904230201

3) Siddhesh Shinde – 1904230212

4) Jaideep Mahala – 1904230

Has completed Project Planning Report having title “Solar Dryer ”

Name & Signature of Guide: …………………

Name & Signature of HOD: ………………….

This is to certify that …………………, Diploma Engineering Students of AGNEL

This report is not confidential and hence, not objectionable.

Mr. Premkumar Joshi Mrs. Beenu J.K

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT …………………...

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY ……………………………

CHAPTER 3: SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ………………………….

CHAPTER 4: DESIGN …………………………………………………

CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES ………………………………………….

BACKGROUUND OF PROJECT REPORT

CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM (FISHBONE DIAGRAM)

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

SR TITLE AUTHOR YEAR OF NAME OF METHODOLOGY RESULTS/ DRAWBACKS

SR TITLE AUTHOR YEAR OF NAME OF METHODOLOGY RESULTS/ DRAWBACKS

SR TITLE AUTHOR YEAR OF NAME OF METHODOLOGY RESULTS/ DRAWBACKS

SR TITLE AUTHOR YEAR OF NAME OF METHODOLOGY RESULTS/ DRAWBACKS

GAPS AND OPPURTUNITIES

2) The evaporation of moisture from the surface to the surrounding air.

A feasibility study, as the name suggests, tells the group/organization if a project/plan is

KEY POINTS IN A FEASIBILITY STUDY:

TECHNICAL CAPABILITY (TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY): -

CAD LABS AND DESIGN SOFTWARES: -

COST ESTIMATION OF PROJECT

SR NO. PARTS QUANTITY PER PIECE TOTAL

1 PLYWOOD 2 SHEETS 5000 10000

2 GLASS 1mtr X 0.5mtr 2000 1500

3 WHEELS 6 nos. 50 300

4 SOLAR PANEL 1 2000 2000

5 SOLAR CHARGE 1 300 300

7 THERMOMETER 1 300 300

8 PC FANS 4 100 400

TOTAL COST 18000

SR NO. ACTIVITY DONE DATE

1 INTRODUCTION TO CPP 18/9/21

2 SEARCHING OF IDEAS 25/9/21

3 PRESENTING SOME IDEAS TO 16/10/21

4 FINALISING IDEA AS PER THE 23/10/21

6 THE MAIN BODY FABRICATION 20/11/21

7 OTHER EQUPIMEMTS- 4/12/21

Solar Dryer Components

1. Collector (Air Heater):

2. The Drying Cabinet:

The orientation of the Solar Collector:

Operation of the Dryer

DESIGN PROCEDURE AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Design Procedures

4.2 Design Implementation

APPLICATIONS OF DRYER IN MARKET AND RESIDENTIALS.

The reasons for the success are: