Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • As2159 Piling Design and Installation

    Uploaded by

    Leandro
    24 views99 pages

    Original Title

    Kupdf.net As2159 Piling Design and Installation

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    24 views99 pages

    As2159 Piling Design and Installation

    Uploaded by

    Leandro

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 99
    so0z—ssiz sv AS 2158-2009 (incorporating Amendment No.1) Australian Standard® Piling—Design and installation ‘The Auta Stara wan prepared by Contos CEO'8, Png. ae approved on bata fhe Count of Stra Aaa on 19 uns 2008 “The Standard was publsed on 4 Noverber 2003. “Tho folowing eo reprocered on Carte CE: 918: ‘sala Bulking Codes Boos >ustalan Gacratrence Sooty usTRCADS. Concrete te of stata ngewe Aucala orash Uniorey Ping and FoundonSpecats Festi Uneraty of Say “Tha Stand was nse nat fr for coment OF 09160. Standards Ausala wisos to ackroniodge the parti oho exper int contd the degen of hi Stars Mvough Pa epresetaon ce the (Carmitco sed tough publ covenant pares. ooping Standards up-to-dete ‘Aslan Stra ae rg docuronts hat eet progress neceneo tection fytore. To marta te cumerey, al Standard re posal tvawed ard van ees ‘Be punted Gatwoe ers, arenas maj bose, ‘Stands ay obo whan. t's erat tha reader assur hams thy ao eng a curert Staci, uric shod dey render at ay Fave baat ‘bled soe he Standard wes pb Det inematon abou Ausbaan Standace, das, anendents ad new pee an bovourdby wg wow standards oma Standa Ausra waoones suggestions for reread ercoragy ead to ‘oly ce revadatay ot ary separ raccuaces or aegis. Conact us a saa ‘malsanderds.og.au, or we fo Sanaa Atala, GPO Bor 470, yey NSW 2001 AS 215¢—2009 (tneorporateg Amendment No.1) Australian Standard® Piling—Design and installation fond ong 20078. aud rng Amenarent No 1 (Ober 2010, ‘Ape ae reaared, No pat ofthe werk mye produces iin any fm by PREFACE ‘This Standard was prepared by the Standards Austalia Committee CE-018, Piling, to supersede AS 2159-1995, This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (October 2010). The changes reyuired by the Amendment are indicated in the text by @ marginal bar and amendment number against the clause, note, table, fgure or part thereof affected. ‘The objective ofthis Standard is 0 provide requirements for design and installation of piles for supporting structures. The object of this revision isto align with vpdated [AS 1170 Standards and reflect changes in practice since the provious edition Major changes to the previous edition areas follows: (@) Revision ofthe overall Standard (©) Revision of the setting of strength reduction factors, that is, the seletion of the safety" level appropriate tothe installation being designed (©) Revision ofthe negative skin friction requirements (@) Revision of durability requirements to assist designers to achieve predicted lie (©) Include requirements for newer pile types and installation methods including steel screw piles, jacking, serewing and screwed east in place (© Requicement for some testing tobe ‘normative’ (@) Inclusion of new types of test including rapid pile testing The terms “normative” and “informative” have been used in this Standard 10 define che pplication of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative appendix isan integral part ‘fa Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is oly for information and guidance. Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables are deemed to be requirements ofthis Standard, Notes to the text contain information and guidance and are not considered to be an integral part ofthe Standard CONTENTS Page FOREWORD. 5 SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL. LL SCOPE vss 6 12 NORMATIVE REFERENCES, 6 13 DEFINITIONS 7 14 NOTATION io LS CLASSIFICATION OF PILES, 5 SECTION 2_ SITE INVESTIGATION 2.1 GENERAL 7 pea attr 22 INFORMATION REQUIRED. 5 SECTION 3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURI 3.1 OBJECTIVE OF PILE DESIGN wesonsnnnsnsnsnnsnnnntnnnnennss 16 32 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 16 33 ACTIONS AND COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEAEILITY 20 43. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL STRENGTH DESIGN 21 44 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRENGTH, 0 snes 413 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY, i stan 46 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SERVICEABILITY, » SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 511 SCOPE OF SECTION Brae 32 33. CONCRETE AND GROUT PILES. etree 54. STEEL PIL 36 53 COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE PILES. 1.00 S36 56 TIMBER PILES 37 SECTION 6 DURABILITY DESIGN 61 GENERAL snes sn 38 62. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DURABILITY DESIGN, 38 63 ACID SULFATE SOILS aebeiemmanie 64 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF CONCRETE PILES . 39 65 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF STEEL PILES. eect ea 6 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF TIMBER PILES, 45 SECTION 7 MatERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS TA GENERAL ses a 72, TOLERANCES AND DEFEC a Page 73. DISPLACEMENT PILES—PREFORMED. a8 74 DISPLACEMENT PILES DRIVEN CAST IN PLACE, se 7.5. DISPLACEMENT PILES—SCREWED CAST IN PLACE 3 716 NON-DISPLACEMENT PILES. sa 7.7 RECORDS OF DATA 37 SECTION § TESTING BL SCOPE vse Sei ee vo 6 82. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, 60 83. PILELOAD TESTING ee ee a rece Sa STATIC LOAD TESTING. 65 85 HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING... ne 67 6 BEDIRECTIONAL LOAD TESTING 68 87 RAPIDLOAD TESTING 6 S8 INTEGRITY TESTING. 69 APPENDICES A. STATIC LOAD TEST. n 1B HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING. % © RAPID PILE TESTING. s1 D__ INTEGRITY TESTING. 85 E LIMIT STATES—SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS. 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY 90 FOREWORD Decisions in pile design are based on design formulae, empirical and practical experience, and the accumulated records ofa large numberof applications of proprietary systems (both successful and otherwise). As such, there is a great need for flexibility, experience, engineering judgement and commonsense in designing and constructing a pled footing system. Ina eal sense, these requirements are in conflict with the need to make unqualified ‘mandatory statements and, as a result, many of the stipulations ofthis Standatd are short and simple when, in other eases, extensive arrays of multiple choices are provided, Where applicable, explanatory notes are added to some clauses in this Standard and additional commentary is provide. STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Piling—Design and installation SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL La SCOPE ‘This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design, construction and testing of piled footings for civil engineering and building structures on land of immelite inshore locations. It does not extend to offshore (deepwater) construction. NOTES: 1 AS $100 series shouldbe considered forthe design of footings fr ros bridges, 2 Where the stength or servceabty of an existing structure i wo bo evaluated, the general ‘rincipies of this Standard should be applied, The actal properties of the materials in the ‘race shouldbe used ‘The durability requirements ae appropriate for statues with design life within 420% ofthe target design Ie 1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES “The normative documents referenced inthis Standard are the following: [NOTE: Documents referenced for informative purposes are listed inthe Bibliography AS 1012. Methods of testing concrete (all Pars) 1163 Structural stel hollow sections 1170 Structural design actions 1170.4 Part: Earthquake aetions in Australia Methods of testing sols for engineering purposes PertG1: Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of the penetration resistance of soi Standard penetration tot (SPT) 1289.65.1 Part 65.1: Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of the static ceone penetration resistance of a soil—Field test using a mechanic and electrical cone or friction-cone penetrometer 1379 Specification and supply of concrete 1450 Steel tubes for mechanical purposes 1554 Structural steel welding 13541 Part I: Welding of steel structures 1579 Areowelded steel pipes and fittings for water and waste-water 1604 Specification for preservative treatment 1604.1 Part I: Sawn and round timbor 1720. Timber structures 1720.1 Part 1: Design methods 1726 Geotechnical site investigations As 2758 and rock for engineering purposes 2758.1 Part Concrete aggregates 2832 Cathodic protection of metals 28322 Part 2: Compact buried structures 28323 art Fixed immersed structures 3600 Concrete structures 3818 TimberHeavy structural products Visually graded 38183 Part3: Piles 3972 Portland and blended cements 4100 Steel structures 5100 Bridge design 5100.8 Part 5: Concrete 5100.6 Part 6: Steel and composite construction ASINZS 1170 Structural design actions 1170.0 Part: General principles 1594 Hotrolled ste! flat products 3678 Structural stee!—Hot-rolled plates, Mloorplates and slabs 3679 Structural steel 3679.1 Part I: Hotrolled bars and sections 3679.2 Part 2: Welded sections 4671 Steel reinforcing materials ASTM € 566-97 Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying 1.3, DEFINITIONS For the purpose ofthis Standard, the definitions below apply 1.3.1 Bored cast in place pile A ple, with oF without a Finer, Formed by excavating oF boring a hole in the ground and subsequent filing it with plain or reinforced eonerete 132 cased pile {A pile formed in the ground by installing a liner and partially or wholly filling it with plain or reinforced concrete after excavation, 1.33 Cone penetration test (CPT) ‘tes in accordance with AS 1289.65.1, to determine the penetration resistance ofa soil 1.34 Continuous fight auger pile (CFA) A pile formed in the ground by driling witha hollow flight auger that is subsequently and progressively withdrawa, withthe eavity below the auger tip being gradually filled with ‘concrete or cement grout injected under pressure. 135 Design action Combination of the nominal loads and other aetions multiplied by the appropriate load factors, Fak labdellelaala adele tletlat Asaise 2007 1 13.6 Design action effect () [Action effeet computed from the design values ofthe actions or design loads 1.3.7 Design geotechnical strength (Rs) The product of the design ultimate geotechnical strength (Rag) and the geotechnical strength reduction factor (4) 138 Desiga tite Period of time during which a structure ora structural element, when designed, is assumed to perform for its intended purpose with expected maintenance but without major structural repair being nevessary 1.39 Design serviceability oad (Ey) “The load on a ple corresponding tothe serviceability limit state 1.3.10 Design structural strength (Ry) ‘The product of the design ultimate strctral stength (Rays) and the steuetiral strength reduction factor (4). 1.3.11 Design ultimate geotechnical strength (42) ‘An estimate of the ultimate geotechnical strength assessed using caleulations in accordance ‘with Section 4 of tis Standard, 1.3.12 Design ultimate structural strength (Ra) The limit state at which state equilibrium i lost, or at which strctural elements fail YNOTE: The design ultimate structural strength may be assessed using calultions in accordance swith Setion 5 ofthis Standard 1.3.13 Driven east in place pile A pile formed by driving a liner, whichis either permanent or temporary, and Filling with plain or reinforced concrete 1.3.14. Driven preformed pile A prefabricated pile installed in the ground by driving 1 ity Ability ofa structure ora structural element 10 maintain adequ time under expected actions and environmental influences, 1.3.16 Ead-bearing pile A pile where the major component of the resistance ofthe pile is contributed by the force developed atthe base ofthe ple 1.3.17 Footing AS Dural te performance fora given AA part of a structure in direct contact with and transmitting load to the supporting foundation 1.3.18 Foundation The soil, subsoil or rock, whether built-up or natural, upon which a strctue is supported, NOTE: The term “foundation” 46 commonly used to mean both the footing ar the ground supporing the footing 1.3.19 Friction pile A pile where the major component of the resistance ofthe pile is contributed by the force Adeveloped along the shaft ofthe pile. 1320 Ground anchor {A tendon anchored into the ground by bond and used to provide a reaction for test loading piles 1.321 Large displacement pies Preformed or cast in place piles, generally with a solid cross-section dimensior of at least 300 mm, installed by driving screwing, pushing, vibrating or similat methods, which cause displacement such that significant stresses are induced in the surrounding soils, which ‘ay increase the Toad capacity ofthe pile and cause displacement of the suroundig soils 1.322 Limit state Condition for which a system is designed, and beyond which it ceases to fulfil ts intended fanction and becomes unfit for use [NOTE: There are recognized limit states, efor fre, serviceability, stability and suenth 1323 Fite AA structural member that is driven, serewed, jacked, vibrated, drilled oF otherwise installed in the ground so as to transmit loads tothe underlying soil or rock and provide a foundation for structure. 13.24 Pile group "Number of piles installed in close proximity and usually having a common pile cap. 1325 Pie head Top of pile 1.326 Pile heave Displacement (usually vertical) of a pile caused by the driving, or by extemal ground :movements of piles in close proximity. 1.327 Raking pile A pile installed at an angle to the vertical 1.328. Serviceability limit state (SLS), serviceability A limit state beyond which specified service criteria are no longer met, such as ‘unacceptably large displacements. vibrations eacking. spalling and other local damage. 13.29 Set Permanent penetration of a driven pile or liner per blow of the hammer. 1.3.30, Small displacement Preformed or east in place piles, generally with a hollow cross-section or a solid cross- section dimension less than 300 mm, installed by driving, screwing, pushing, vibrating oF Similar methods, which cause a small displacement sch that significant stresses or displacements are not induced in the sutrounding sols 1.3.31, Standard penetration test (SPT) ‘A test in accordance with AS 1289.63.1, to determine the penetration resistance ofa soil 1.3.32. Stoel screw piles Preformed small displacement ples installed by rotating a steel pie, which has one or more spiral lights (helices) welded to it 1.333. Temporary compression ‘The temporary ple-head deflection during a hammer blow, comprising elastie deflection of the pile cushion, the pile and the soil 1334 Test pile Pile subjected 0 @ loading test with the primary purpose of establishing. the load deformation characteristics, and/or the ultimate steuetural strength ofthe pil, and/or the ‘ultimate geotechnical strength ofthe pteisoil system. 1.3.38. Test ultimate geotechnical strength (Ryu) ‘An estimate ofthe ultimate geotechnical strength assessed from Toad test carried out in ‘accordance with Section 8 of this Standard 13.36 Toe The base of the pile 1.3.37 Ultimate geotechnical strength (Ry) ‘The resistance developed by an axially ot laterally loaded ple or pile group at which static cquilbyium is lost or at which the supporting ground fils 14 NOTATION The symbols wsed inthis Standard are listed below. Unless « contrary indication appears elsewhere, the symbols used in this Standard shall be as defined below. The notations in Clause 3.3, relating to load and combinations in AS 1170.4, have nat baen incorporated in this able TABLE 1 NOTATION Symbol Term Testis “A, | Netare opie tae resining uli Le he freee | Clause 4.42 beeen rss-sedlona areas fhe ile bse ad th pil sha TT Pits ofthe ie eos sston Greve) “ARR kverane ik ring for overall dion Classe 32, Toe 3210) ‘ue | Crosson! ra of compression elnoremest case 5330) [ie wave spect uagaph 2.2, Append | Plledometer tans 5632, ee —[etause $3.7 4,__ [Pe bse 2) danett Tables 44.01, 852 Di_[ Dowel dunes Clase 5632 ‘D__| Overall minimum width ofl i plane of ending Clase $2.26) i (conned TABLE 11 (continued) Saber Teeter Clases 15.6, 3.2.20), S425, 322 431 521 8334 Pararph S834 and El Append Bending omer, soa foros a axa sons nod by Pag eo nraoag 233, soma Clases 33.120), 33.20) Fea | Bending moments, ker forse and axel acton induced by | Chaaee 33.12(0,3320) Iga ground movements Fa__|Compresive an teste actons inthe ple nsedtyvenonl | Clare 33 020,3.3300) Tre | Actions de to nqaive How Chosen 33.1210) 33.20, 463, Tables 333,843 F_| nae tas rsa fr compression ple mae 1 ‘fe Ultinate tase rss fo up pile Chase 442 L_| Charo conte rout able 63 fa | Character strength of conceit weievant age Clase 7.33.10) Table 7331 Compression ple ‘Average skin ton or ond of ll mobilen | Cawse a2 Ze_| Viet srs for rafrconeat in comets piles Coser T3310), 732, | Aseleration du to paviy (28 ms?) Pangea CSA, Aen i [Depntecot a ena 73.10) Tex | dividual sk ang for isk tor ‘Cues 3.2, Taha 63208, 13200) | Conertpasenent or Chass $21, 532,536 Ty | begth ofthe est ple in cont wih ground pedo wo | Tables 43.1, R82 7 [Pte enuih Tabler 1, 832, Pargrph C2, Arges © M,_| Desig bending moment Close $2 Wz [Design wil ond Cinse 32.20) ‘conch TABLE Lt (conined) * | ste Rae so348s3, Parsgaph A. Appenn A, recap BI. Sppen append ‘2. _| Toa overburden reset tase ve Chase 4.0 7, [Maximum test lend for assessment af ple prormance st | Cluses 33.8332, Serica it state = By Paragraph Append 8 HA31,852, AL AD AS, ‘Arend hy Appi [Maximum test ond or assesment of eign gctchical ‘| Claes 8.3.3.1,8332, ‘imate int ate Paragraph 5.1, Append A Append A Tag | Design gnecnialstengt of ple Clauses 13.7320 52208, 43, ale, EEG EEE eee EEE eee Eee fappendic Ray | Design strstr sng of le Chases 13.10,5220, 2219, 8215423, Tablet, Appeacs ite sete stength ofa pleas seed Hom eload_ [Clues 13.35, 34.22, ‘Uniotegsotehniclsuength of pile This estimated ether | Clavses 3.37, 73.41, by elenition Fe (Bg Tables 532.242, E1, pend E ‘Uma sacra sueagh of ple Chases 52. 53,53, Rese | Design minute geotechnical eng of pile (akimate load | Clauses 13.7 13.11 43, capecin) 433,443, 444 834 foundation ‘arena Design ukimate sroctrelarensh of ile Cle 1.3.10 1 forthe net area coat with he supporting srwnd Append Desig timate evra strength of ple in sable vane, Le, | Clas 863, ibe El the sol stata not bet betel imposed ground. /Arrendx ‘shlement S| Uninate ale of variour acon appropriate for porter | Clase 33.2) | Weigh of pe [eins 48 on | Weiatng tor for indo ik ings ows 3.2, Teles 43208) ‘conned TABLE LI (comimed) J coreshsica suenzth eduction fete for singe ples or ple | Clases 431,444,463, Apna Table k33.2 eo _| Base geotchnien! stent eduction ctor given in [Clauses 431,432 Gp | Gticcnial weap rednctan cor for be walow ran | Chase footing | srectal svengi redo tor orsingleplesorpite | Chuses 110,521,838 Ee S335, 5425 ‘be inset factor Clause 43.1 LS. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES 15.1 General ‘The elassiicaton of pile types used inthis Standard is ilustrated in Figure 1.5, Pile types are broadly classified into ‘displacement’ and ‘non-displacement” piles and further subdivided on the basis of the method of ple installation and formation. sa placement piles ment piles are defined as those that displace the ground through which they are being installed. To operate asa displacement pile, the displaced volume shall approximate the pile volume. Displacement piles may be installed by hammering, pushing, screwing, vibratirg or other means to force them into the grou, Displacement piles may be one ofthe following: (2) Preformed Solid and hollow sections that are installed in the ground and left in position. Such piles may be extended by splicing on additional lengths of piling Preformed piles may be fabricated from: () concrete, relnforced or prestressed; Gi) steet-H Section, tube and other sections; Gil) timber; oF Gv) acombination of concrete, steel or timber sections. (8) Driven cast in place Pile formed in situ by driving a tubular liner to form 4 void, ‘whieh is then wholly or partially filled with eonerete or grout. The liner may be cither— ©) permanent—made of concrete of stel with open oF closed ends of constant or tapered section; or Gi) temporary—steel tube extracted daring concreting or grouting, with or without sn expanded base (©) Screwed cast in place Piles formed in situ by serewing a threaded tube into the ground with concrete placement as the serew head is withdrawn. 1.53 Non-displacement piles 153.1 General Piles formed in situ by removing soil, using either rotary drilling, percuston, reverse circulation, grabbing, chselling and mechanical or hand excavation methods, 19 form a ‘oid, whieh i then filled with conerete oF grou. During removal oF the sil the sides ofthe excavated void may or may not be supported, 1.53.2 Supported ‘The support may be cither— (2) permanent—using steel, eonerete or othe linet; or (©) temporary—using (steel, conerete or other liners or timber shoring; Gi) drilting ids; of Gi) continuous Might augers. 153.3 Unsupported Piles in which the ground islet exposed during excavation 1.54. Partial displacement, post-grouted and preloaded non-dieplacement piles ‘Various techniques, such as partial displacement augers, postgrouting ofthe shaft or base and preloading the base of non-displacement piles, afe used to improve the performance of ‘non-displacement piles. Soll and rock remaves before of during —t— Unsupported Supported -—— J Support Screwed Temporary Tiners Ti ernst ‘rimber Closes concrete concrete oe comporite Reinforces Prestressed FIGURE 1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PILE TYPES SECTION 2 SITE INVESTIGATION 2.1. GENERAL For any site on whieh itis proposed to install ples, site investigation shall be earied out to provide sufficient information to fulfil the requirements of Clause 2.2. When planning the site investigation, existing relevant information shall be taken into account [NOTE: The iatnson of this Section is wo ensure that adequate information is wailabe for design nd constuction, 2.2. INFORMATION REQUIRED Appropriate site investigations shall provide information on geotechnical conditions according to AS 1726, a follows: (a) The geotechnical design of piles. () Assessment of geotechnical conditions for pile construction or installation, (©) Some additional site-specific aspects, including— CO etetil for ground eave—dmage to cent sistas or ndeiburng piles; vibration etfeets—potential for damage to adjacent structures; (ii) expansive soil problems; (Gv) potential difficulties with pile eap construction; (9) _ groundwater conditions; (vi) negative friction effects; (vi) near-surface conditions or lateral load d n irelevant; (ill) possible obstructions to installation, e.g, boulders or old footings or piles: (Gx) potential For slope instability; (8) effects of excavation or seour, (xt) effects of contaminated ses; (xi) an assessment of the site surface for the provision af @ safe work patform for piling equipment; (il) potential for acid sulfate soils; and (xiv) potential for weak or compressible layers, or caverns below the pile base, including soils below lava flows. (2) Assessment of the potential effects of site conditions on ple durability NOTE: The site investigation should obtain information on all materials that might infuence the strength and serviceability performance of the sruture, Due account shoul be taken ofthe range of foundation options that might apply. This shold include testing of the soll and groundwater for aggressive agents, including sulphate, chloride and pli, 10 ensure approprisie expostre lasiicaton in regard to durabilty. Asaiseao07 w SECTION 3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES 3.1 OBJECTIVE OF PILE DI GN ‘The objective of pile design is to provide a footing that will safely support the superstructure over its design life 32. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS, 32.1. General ‘The Footing shall be durable, and of adequate strength, and the footing performance shall be compatible with the superstructure so that it remains serviceable and ean perform its intended fanetion ‘The design shall take into avcount, as appropriate, the following: (8) Ultimate strength The limit state at which tae equilibrium is lst or which there {sa failure of the supporting ground or structural elements. To be of adequate tltimate strenth, the probability of stucturl or geotechnical failure of Ue piles shall be acceptably low throughout the intended design life of the structure. The ultimate strength of piles shall be checked for both structural and geotechnical adequacy. (6) Serviceabilty ‘The limit state at which deformation ofthe piles will cause damage or Joss of serviceability in the structure. (©) Durability The piles shall be able to withstand the expected wear and deterioration throughout the intended desga life ofthe structure (@)_ Other Other relevant design requirements The relevant action effects for ultimate and serviceability limit states and defetion Timits to be used in the design of the piles shall be determined from the analysis of the supported struetue, NOTE: Where foundations are being designed separa to the supported structure the valves of ulsmate and serviceability Toads, and defection and ferential defection lim, should be Indiated om he drawings, or otherwise provided in oder to falta the design. 3.2.2. Design for ultimate strength Single piles pile groups and individual ples within a pile group shall be designed for both structural and geotechnical strength as follows: (@) The design load for strength shall be determined from Clause3.32 using the appropriate loads and ether actions listed in Clause 3.3.1 (6) In the design ofa single pile or pile group, the various factored design loads and other sctions (including the effects of eecentreities due to constuction toleraees) shall be applied to that single pile or pile group, and the design action effect (E,) determined foreach pile or pile group for each load case (©) The design geotechnical stength (Re,) and the design structural strength (Ry) shall bbe determined in accordance with the requirements of Sections 4 and 5, as appropriate (2) The pile or pile group shall be proportioned so that che design gootechaical stength and the design structural strength are not less than the design action effect, that is Rag® Bai and 3220) Rue Be 3220) In addition tothe design of each pile in group, the geotechnical strongth ofthe group a8 8 single unit shall be analysed for failure under the design action effect fo the ple group. ‘The geotechnical design strength of the group shall comply with the provisions of Clauses 4.4.3 and 4.45. It is permissible to allow for the sharing af Toad besween piles and pile caps, or forthe sharing of a load among piles, povided an analysis demonstrates thatthe complete pile system operates within the general principles of this Standard even ‘though individual piles may not y Single piles and pile groups shall be designed for serviceability by controlling ot limiting pile movements (0) including differential and total settlements, horizontal displacement and 3.2.3. Design for serviceabil Under the serviceability loadings resulting from the load combinations for se-viceability design determined from Clause 3.3.3, pile movements shal be limited to enstre that the foundations and the structure remain serviceable throughout their design lives in aceordance ‘with the requirements of Section 4. 3.24 Design for durability Piles sh Ibe designed for durability in accordance with Section 6 3.28. Design for other relevant requirements Any special design criteria, such as stability, scour, fatigue, eyelic loading or seismic actions, shall be considered. Where relevant, these shal be taken into account inthe design of the piles in accordance with the principles of this Standard and other appropriate ‘engineering principles [ONS AND COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY 33.4 Actions and loads 331 General ‘The design ofa ple for ultimate strength and serviceaifty limit states shall take account of appropriate action efTets arising from the following (2) Allactions specified in ASINZS 1170.0 and other relevant actions. (©) Permanent aetions of pile and pite cap. (©) Ground movement, including negative fetion, expansive soils, and vertical and lateral earth movements that may arise from various sources (@) Handling (©) Insiatlation (Any other addtional loads and actions that may be applied, e.g. impac, dynamic loading, water pressures and scour 334.2 Ground movement Allowance shall be made for actions induced by ground movements, as follows: (2) Where a pile is situated in ground undergoing sttloment, allowance shall be made for actions (Fy) due to negative friction ating onthe pile (6) Where a ple is situated in swelling soils, suchas reactive clays or those subjected to frost action, allowance shall be made forthe compressive and tensile actions (Fa) that may be developed in the pile. AS92009 us (©) Where a pile is subjected to lateral ground movements, allowance shall be made for bending moment, shear forces and axial actions (Faq) induced by such movements, These beading moments, shear forces and axial actions shall be determined using an appropriate soi-steucture analysis (2) Where a ple is subjected to heave due to unloading of the ground via excavation, allowance shall be made for bending moments, shear forces and axial actions (Fy) induced by such movements. NOTE: When using coking pls, vertical ground movements may also cause bending ‘moments andor shear forces in the pile together with axial actions. Caution should be xereeed in such eases, (©) Where displacement piles are installed st relatively close spacings, consideration shall be given to vertical and lateral displacements, compression and feasile actions, and bending moments induced in piles that have already been installed. I assessed to bbe necessary, meusures shall be taken to mitigate the above effects, S343 Handling Stresses induced in a pile by handling during manufacture, transport and on site, as appropriate, shall be determined by taking account of the number and location of lifting points, the muss of the pile and the length of the pile The caleulated stresses in a pile due to handling shall be multiplied by an appropriate load factor to allow for impact. The minimum load factor for handling shall be 1.5 The maximum stresses imposed by handling shall not exceed the values given in Clause 7.3.2 33.14 Installation For driven pile, allowance shall be made forthe stresses induced during instalation. Compressive and tensile driving stresses may be obtained from a wave-equation analysis or directly measured during pile driving, wsing dynamic pile testing equipment The maximum stresses imposed by driving shall not exceed the values given in Clause 7.333 33.2 Load combi ns for strength design Te load combinations for strength design shall be as follows: (a) The design actions for ultimate strength design of piles shall be the combination of factored loads that produces the most adverse effect on th pile in accordance with ASINZS 11700. (8) Where there ate ations induced by ground movement (See Clause 3.3.1.2), they shall be computed as follows: © For-structurl design (see Section 5) (A) 5,=12 Fir negatve tition actions 5 Fey compressive and tensile ations 5 Fe bending moments, shear forces and axial actions (©) 8,-1.5 Fy bending moments, shear forces and axial ations Gi) For geotechnical design (see Section 4) Loads induced by soil movements shall not be taken into account. NOTE: The negative feton aeton (F,) should be determined with due conservatism particularly where posible set up snd timeslependet sain sofening are not accounted for explicit. (©) Where other additional actions are to be applied and no load factor s given in ASINZS 1170.0 for these actions, a load factor of 1.5 shall be assigned. ty design ‘The design actions for serviceability design of piles shall be taken from the appropriate combinations of actions for shortsterm situations and long-term situations in accordance with this Clause with the actions as given in AS/NZS 1170.0 and including unfactored sotions due to any ofthe ground movements referred to in Clause 3.3.1.2, a appropriate 3.33 Load combinations for services Unless otherwise specified, earthquake serviceability actions need not be taken into SECTION 4 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN 4.1 GENERAL ‘The geotechnical design ofa pile or pile group invalves consideration ofboth strength and serviceability, The design shal take into account ple-oil interaction. 4.2 ASSESSMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS Values of the soil and rock parameters used in design shall be selected following considerations: (©) Geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical background information. sed on the (©) The possible modes of failure. (©) Results of laboratory and test method used, Jd measurements, taking into account the accuracy ofthe (@) A careful assessment of the range of values that might be encountered (©) The ranges of in sta and imposed stresses likely to he encountered (0 The potential variability of the parameter values, (@) The extent ofthe zone of influence governing the soil behaviour, for the limit state being considered (h) The influence of workmanship on arti ly placed or improved sil. ) The effects of construction activities on the properties of the ia situ sol Changes insite conditions, such as exeavation, filling or groundwater fu:tution (&) Tho sensitivity ofthe calculated result to the relevant parameter. ‘NOTES: 1 tn genera, the value ofa gootecnica parameter shouldbe a conservatively assessed value of thot piramster. Engineering judgement needs to be exerised in making sich i assessment, ‘with geotechnical eagiccring advice boing obtained as required 2 Many soit parameters ate not constants, but depend on factors such a the Leal of sires oF {3 Ieshould be recognized that slow value ofa geotechnical parameter i nt always necessarily 4 conservative value, For example, incase volving pile divebiity, dymanic earthquake Toads oF negative skin fiction and other lds due to ground movements, conservatism may require the Selection gf 2 high value ofa particular parameter. 44 ending moments in buried stature are sensitive to the relative stiffens 0” the structure land the surounding soil. The design should consider variation inthe stfiness parameters of oth the soi nd the srt ‘5 Except where specifically noted, the term sail incndes soil and rock, In many cases, weak ‘weathered sock canbe analyeed as for sll, however, special techniques may te requted for the analysis of song rock 43. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL STRENGTH DESIGN 43.1, Design geotechni {A pile shall be proportioned such that the design geotechnical strength (Ra) isnot less than the design action effect (Ey) as detailed in Clause 3.2.2, that is— Rug? Be 43.1) ‘The design geotechnical strength (Ry) shall be calculated as the design ultimate geotechnical strength (Ry) multiplied by & geotechnical strength reduction factor (4). according to the following equation Rag” be Raoe 43.10) The geotechnical strength reduction factor () shall be determined as follows: = bo r= H0)K = dn where strength 46» = basic geotechnical strength reduction factor as given in Clause 4.3.2 = intense test faetor = 0.9, for stati load testing (see Section 8) 0.25, for rapid lod testing (sce Section 8) 0.8, for dynamic load testing of preformed piles (sce Section 8) = 0.35, for dynamic load testing of other than preformed pies (soe Sex 0.85, for bisitectional load testing see Section 8) fon for no testing K- = ‘testing benefit factor 1.33p/(p +3.) <1, for state or rapid load testing = L13pip +33) 1 for dynamic load testing P= percentage of the total piles that seceptance erteria \Where one or more piles tested fil to meet the specified acceptance cit set out in Clause 8.34 shall be followed ‘NoTES: |The geotechnical strength reduction actor for dynamic load testing relates to high-train

    You might also like