LAP^APGLMÜH SHM_CP\MTGPMG KMHSTA DC DMA\ - SHMKMHSTA

OGLSJTGD DC LMCHLMG\ CK^PC\GPMGJC\

C\TGDË\TMLG MHOCPCHLMGJ
GLTM_MDGD 7
TGJJCP \A@PC DM\TPM@SLMAHC\ DC ^PA@G@MJMDGD

7. Jarchg ^crmjjg, icoc dcj Dcpgrtgkchta dc Gdkmsmahcs dc jg SHMKMHSTA,

cstç chtcrgdg dc quc cj pgfa prakcdma kchsugj dc uh cstudmghtc quc bg
hghlmgda su kgtrëlujg cs dc $770.>>> y jg dcsvmglmüh cstçhdgr cs dc $3?.>>>. \m
Jarchg gudmtg g 3> cstudmghtcs scjcllmahgdas gj gzgr, chluchtrc jg pra`g`mjmdgd
dc quc cj pgfa prakcdma kchsugj dc jg kucstrg scg9

G) Kchar quc $7>>

Y ; Φ ∐ κ /
ό 
Y ; 7>>.>>> “ 770.>>> /
3?.>>>
>,>2<0
; -70.>>> / 3?.>>>

; - > 07

>,3 “ >, >2<0 ; >,47?2

> >,47?2 * 7>> ; 47, ?2 %

->,07

PTG// Jg pra`g`mjmdgd quc cj pgfa scg kchar g $ 7>>.>>> cs dc 47,?2%

 Chtrc $7>> y $7<>

Y ; Φ ∐ κ / ό 

>,7033
>,>2<0

>

->,07 >,<0
7>>.>>> “ 770.>>> / 7<>.>>> “ 770.>>> / 3?.>>>
3?.>>>
; 72.>>> / 3?.>>> ; >,<0
; -70.>>> / 3?.>>> ; -
>,07 >,3 “ >,7033 ; >,<643

>,3 “ >,>2<0 ; >,4722

>,4722 + >,<643 ; >,6=<<

>,=<< * 7>> ; 6=,<<%

PTG// Jg pra`g`mjmdgd quc cj pgfa scg chtrc cj 7>> y 7<> cs dc 6=,<< %

 0. Cj kmhmstcrma dcj trg`gia `uslg kadmlgr jg cdgd pchsmahgj dc jgs kuicrcs ch
Lajak`mg. Gj trg`gigr lah uhg kucstrg dmstrm`umdg harkgjkchtc chluchtrg quc su
kcdmg cs dc 3? g÷as y dcsvmglmüh cstçhdgr dc 07g÷as. ±quí tgh frghdc dc`c
takgrsc uhg kucstrg pgrg quc bgyg gj kchas cj => % dc pasm`mjmdgdcs dc quc su
kcdmg scg kgyar quc 30 g÷as1
Hmvcj dc lahoghzg dcj =>%
 φ ∐ κ
Y ; ό >,43 >,43 Y; 30-3?/07 ; ->,7=
∙h

> Y
-Y
30∐3?
>,43 ; 7,023;
07/ ∙h
>,43>>

7,02 + 7,0= ;   ∐4
7,023;
0,63 07/ ∙h
0,63 / 0 ; 7,023

Y ;7,023
( 7,023 ) ( 07 );∐4 ∙
h
0?,=23;∐ 4 ∙ h
0?,=23
∐4 ;∙ h

∐?,64?0; ∙ h

(∐?,64?0 )0;( ∙ h

)0
± 43,37

<. Durghtc uh pcrmada dc 70 kcscs, cj hùkcra dc cstudmghtcs rctirgdas par kcs

rcfmstrgdas ch jg SHMKMHSTA ouc9

0 7 < 7
> > 0 >
7 > 7 7

Chluchtrc jg pra`g`mjmdgd dc quc cj hùkcra dc cstudmghtcs rctirgdas scg9

KCDMG9 7
_GPMGHYG9 >.=>=>
DC\_MGLMÜH C\TÇHDGP9 >.=3<4
 G) Kgyar quc <
>,4276

Y ; < “ 7 / >,=3<4 ; 0,>=

>,3 “ >,4276 ; >,>72<

>,>72< * 7>> ; 7,2< %

PTG//   Jg pra`g`mjmdgd dc quc cj hùkcra dc
> 0 cstudmghtcs rctirgdas par kcs scg kgyar g < cs dcj
@) Kchar quc 7,2<%
0 0,>=
Y ; 0 “ 7 / >,=3<4 ; 7,>4

>,3 “ >,<3>2 ; >,74=0

>,74=0 * 7>> ; 74,=0 %

PTG// Jg pra`g`mjmdgd dc quc cj hùkcra dc

cstudmghtcs rctirgdas kchar g 0 cs dcj 74,=0%

> 7

7,>4
L)   ^(0:x:<) ; (< - 0) * 7/< ; 7/ < ; >.<<<

4. Dmghg, cstudmghtc dc Gdkmhmstrglmüh dc ckprcsgs dc jg Shmvcrsmdgd Kmhuta dc

Dmas, duc÷g dc uhg oç`rmlg dc grtcsghëgs ch Pçqumrg, takg uhg kucstrg
gjcgtarmg dc jg pradullmüh sckghgj dc ? dc jas <3 ckpjcgdas quc tichc, a`tchmchda uh
prakcdma dc 00,3
furgs par ckpjcgda, lah uhg dcsvmglmüh cstçhdgr dc <,7 furgs. \upahfg uh =3 % dc
pra`g`mjmdgd y lgjlujc jas jëkmtcs dc lahghzg pgrg cstg kucstrg. Cs dclmr, gyùdcjc g Dmghg
g sg`cr luçj cs jg lghtidgd rcgj ch prakcdma dc furgs quc pucdch bglcr sus ckpjcgdas
par sckghg.

A,A03 ^r ; =3% ; >.=3

ꓥ; ? \; <,7 H; <?

η ; 7 “ >,=3 ; >,>3

η/0 ; >,>3/0 ; >,>03 K=3% ; ? · 7,=? * <,7/ ∙ <?

Y η/0 ; 7,=? ; >,>03 ; ? · 7,>70?

K7- η ; R·Y
η/0*\/∙h
PTG// \c pucdc lahljumr
quc lah uhg pra`g`mjmdgd
dcj
=3% jas jmkmtcs dc
lahghzg pgrg cstg
kucstrg cs dclmr jg
lghtidgd prakcdma
dc furgs par
sckghg cs dc :3,
68
 GHCRA\
\c usgrah jgs tg`jgs quc sc kucstrgh g lahtihuglmüh pgrg dgr sajulmüh g jas cicrlmlmas pjghtcgdas
ch cj tgjjcr.

Jcvmh, P. (0>07). Cstgdmstmlg ^grg Gdkmhmstrglmah ] Clahakmg L/Ld   (6.  cd.).

g
^PCHTMLC
BGJJ/^CGP\AH.

*Çrcgs `gia jg lurvg dc dmstrm`ulmüh dc pra`g`mjmdgd harkgj cstçhdgr, chtrc jg kcdmg y vgjarcs
pasmtivas dc Y