E]OG HM \KFVMYOYÄ@LOG HK DKEGHKV

GVJG\
GVJG L]\XK HJE LVOX \ J mu J]@OÅÌK \BKX\ \^MLOGC

Ju`oåìk => * * Lustk pkr pm`tm ku lgoxg hm ju`oåìk (oeugc gks torks lkjpcmtks hg grjg)

Lkjfgtm 7.8>> 6h7> Fgtmr- 7>j 6>j <>j Vmfgtohg gk glmrtgr. 7/6 8 Xmcäjmtrk hm çuhok4 fuzo`g
Mspo`egrhg fgoxg hg`k g jïhok gclg`lm. 7/8 qug`hk `ìk ï gjoeçvmc
hm hg`k g ck`eg hostæ`log. gfkrhgemj hm`trk hm 7>j.

^ï hm lgfrg => 7h7> Gpm`gs LWL @/H @/H + = (Vmpgrk Jmlæ`olk)

Lbgjg 6.>>> 6h7> 6j 7>j 6>j 2 \gcvm k lkrpk ku pmeum

Gtorghkr ikek m tkjm 7h7> hje.
pkr tur`k.
\o`gcozghkr 2= 7h7> =j 7>j 6>
6>j \o`gcozghkr hm gctg o`tm`sohghm4 Yosêvmc 6 g
6= aj hm hostæ`log.

Mspujg 65= @/H \mj sgcvgr 37j =j 7>j Mspujg hm m`hurmlojm`tk rçpohk4 7> Vmtgrhg`tm hm ikek.
^ostkcg Lkrpk / o`sto`tk sgcvgj pgrg mvotgr
ku iolgr prmsk. Lkfmrturgs hm
mspujg =j¶.

Irge 5> 7h7> 6>j <>

<>j 8>j Lgusg hg`k g tkhks mj uj 7 ^khm `meklogr 7JHJE pgrg `gvoks
Erm`ghm rgok hm 7=j. (ku jgos sm o`tmr`k).

Jìk 6=> 7h7> Gpm`gs LWL ∐ Mjosskr hm uctrg lgckr4 lkrtg

\kchghkr gs mlcusgs hm gr / pmsghk
pkrtgs. -7> vs. Grjkr \gvm

Cgsmr 7.6>> 7h% ku 6=j 6=>j 5>>j Cmvg 7 rkhghg pgrg rmlgrrmegr 9 Cmvg 7 bkrg pgrg rmlgrrmegr hm
Lkrtghkr 7JHJE m`trm ks torks. ujg ik`tm hm m`mreog ku 9 bkrgs
skf g cuz hk skc.

^ostkcg hm prmeks 7=> 6h7> Hkfrk 37j =j 7>j ^rmeks ^msghks4 -7> vs. \gcvgjm`tk <6
hg`k hm Grjghurg

^ucsk 7.9>> =h7> Hkfrk 7=j 76=j <>>j Vkhghgs hm iüsikrk. 7 (<
(<) \ostmjg \j
\jgrt-co`a4 +=
+=
Voicm hg`k Xktgcjm`tm gutkjgtozghk. (Lkjfgtm sm mstovmr usg`hk
B]H). Erg`ghg hm fkjfg hm gåìk
Cg`åghkr4 lk`tïj 9 erg`ghgs hm
irgejm`tk.

Vmvücvmr 5=> <h7> Fgtmr- 6j <>j 76=j Ao`mto-scues4 -= vs. Grjkr 2

fgoxg \gvm.

Voeeo`e <=> 6h7> Mjpgcgr. 7>j <>j 7>>j Jolrkiocgjm`tk4 =>>j. 7 Grpìk rmtrçtoc4 lkrpk /
^ostkcg Xropck Hoiêloc hm lkrtgr. o`sto`tk sgcvg ku tkr`g-sm
hg`k. mjgrg`bghk. Igz uj mxtrg
+ 7h7> hm hg`k qug`hk g
egrrg ï puxghg pgrg ikrg
hk gcvk.

Fosturo => 7h7> + 7h7> Gpm`gs LWL @/H @/H + 7> (lorureog)
HJE
m
sg`erg`hk

O`tmcoem`tm 76.>>> 7h7> x< HJE 6=j 6>>j =>>j ^mriurgåìk hm grjghurg4 -7> vs. 76 \ostmjg \jgrt-co`a4 +7>
Voicm \gcvgjm`tk hm grjghurg (Lkjfgtm sm mstovmr usg`hk B]H).
Mspmltrkslüpok4 Yosìk @ktur`g /
Xïrjolg

\JE 7.6>> 8h7> 7>j 5=j 7=>j Xktgcjm`tm gutkjgtozghk. 7 (=)

Gtkrhkgr 77= 7h7> \mj sgcvgr Gpm`gs LWL @/H @/H Hmim`hg k lkrpk ku ioqum gtkrhkghk pkr
Fgstìk 7 rkhghg.

Xrg`q 2=> @/H \mj sgcvgr 6j 7>j 6>j Xrg`q Hgrts 9 Lkrpk Q+Z sgcvgr ku lgor
^ostkcg o`lk`slom`tm pkr 7h7> rkhghgs.

Yofmlbmtm 5= 6h7> Bgla kii Gpm`gs LWL ^khm o`vghor egcbks ku ickrmstg
jmjfrk hm`sg, jgs `ìk pkrtgs hm jmtgc,
mlcusgs hm gr, mtl.

00 Cmog jgos skfrm grjgs `g pçeo`g 2.

LK@XMÔHK
LVOGÅÌK HM ^MV\K@GEMJ ........................... 7
VMEVG\ FÇ\OLG\ ........................................... <
Dkeg`hk ks hghks ...................................
................ .......................
.... <.7 Mstgtêstolgs m
vmroiolgåýms hm mstgtêstolgs ... ............................ <.6
Yg`tgem`s m hmsvg`tgem`s .................. .... <.< Glmrtks m
igcbgs lrêtolgs .............................. 8.7 Ymroiolgåýms
kpkstgs ........ ............................. 8.6
BGFOCOHGHM\................................................. ... =
MLK@KJOTGV ................................................. ... 5
\KFVMYOYÄ@LOG ............................................... 2
Ymroiolgåýms hm lrosm ..........................................
2.7 Lkjohg m çeug .. ....................................... 2.6
Kxoeä`ok ......... ......................................... 2.<
Eg`bg`hk Lrïhotks ...... ................................. 2.8
LKJFGXM................................................. ?
\urprmsg................................................. .?.7 Wumj
vgo projmork; ....................................... ?.6 Wug`tk
tmjpk hurg uj vorgr; ................................. ?.< K
qum pkssk igzmr `g jo`bg vmz; ....................... ?.8
Lkjk igåk pgrg gtglgr; ..................................... ?.=
Mu rmlmfk uj fø`us hg lgpg; .................... ?.9 Gtï
k`hm pkssk jm jkvmr; ....................... ......... ?.5
Cklgcozgåìk hk bot ...................................... .... 7>.7
Hg`ks ............................................ ... 7>.6 Lkjk
igåk pgrg lurgr; ..................................... 7>.<
O`lk`sloä`log m jkrtm ......... .............. 7>.8
GVJG\ ............................................ 77
Grjgs .............................................. 77.7
Ju`oåýms. ......................................... 77.6
Gclg`lm ....... ........................................... 76.7
Kfdmtovk ..... ............................................ 76.6
Vmlgrrmeg`hk .... ......................................... 76.<
Grjgs gutkjçtolgs ...... ......................... 76.8
Bgfocohghms hm grjgs mspmlogos ..................... ..76.=
XGFMCG HM GVJG .................................. 7<
JM\G HM GVJGH]VG ...................................... 7=
XGFMCG HM MW]O^GJM@XK\ ................................
................................ 75
O`olog`hk Ckghkuts & Lrmhots ..................... 72.7
Ghholtok` ....................... ...................... 72.6
H7>> XVO@AMX\ .................................... 7?
H7>> ^GXLBM\ ..................................... 6>
Mslrotk m ocustrghk pkr \mg` JlLky
Hmsm`vkcvohk pkr Hk`` \trkuh, @ola Vmmh, Xycmr Aojfgcc, Iok`g Jgmvm Emost | Mhotghk pkr Dgrrmtt Lrghmr
Gerghmlojm`tks mspmlogos g Co`hsgy Lgjpfmcc, Gcg` Emrho`e,
E mrho`e, Hk`gch \bucts
Lkpyroebt © 6>72 Xumshgy A`oebt Egjms | Gcpbg ^HI Mhotok`, projmorg ojprmssìk 6>72 Ikcbgs
hm pmrsk`gem`s gctmr`gtovgs, rmlursks hk Ugrhm` m juotk jgos mj jktbmrsboprpe.lkj
LK@XVGXG@HK JMVLM@ÇVOK\
Mstgtêstolgs hks ..........................67.7
jmrlm`çroks ................................. 67
Wug`tk lustgj ks jmrlm`çroks; ....... ..... 67.6 Ks
jmrlm`çroks pkhmj sufor hm `êvmc; ...................... 67.<
Jmrlm`çroks mj lkjfgtm ............. .............. 67.8
Xgfmcg hm Lustk hk Jmrlm`çrok ............................... 66
Jmrlm`gry \luj Xgfcm .............................. 6<
Xgfmcg hm Jktovgåìk hk Jmrlm`çrok ...................... 68
M\XVM\\M ................................................. 6=
Lkjk mu eg`bk mstrmssm; ............................ 6=.7 Lkjk
igåk pgrg gcovogr k mstrmssm; ......................... 6=,6
^Æ@OLK M VM\KCYMV ................................. 69
K qum ï ujg vmroiolgåìk hm pæ`olk; .........................
69.7 Wug`hk hmvk rkcgr k ^g`ol; ....................... 69.6
Vmskcvmr ......................... ........................ 69,<
YOGEMJ M\^GLOGC, B_^MV\^GLM ................. 65
Wug`tk tmjpk cmvg; ........................... 65.7 Dujp
Hrovms m bopmrmspgåk ............ ... 65.6 ^kssk
lkjg`hgr jmu prüprok `gvok; ................... 65.<
Lcgssms hm `gvok fçsolgs ........................... ...... 65.8
Lkjprg`hk uj `gvok ........................................ 65.=
Vmgfgstmlojm`tk .............................................. 65.9
Gtugcozgåýms & Vmpgrks ............................... 62.7
XGFMCG HM LCG\\M\ FÇ\OLG\ HM @GYOK ................... 62
^VKDMXK HK @GYOK ........................................ <>
Grjgs hk `gvok .................................... <>.<
LKJFGXM @GYOK G @GYOK ......................... <<
K qum ï oeugc; .................................. <<.7 K qum ï
hoimrm`tm; ................................... <<.6 K qum pkssk
igzmr `g jo`bg vmz; ..................... <<.< Glmrtks
Lrêtolks hm M`vok ......................... ........... <8,7
^K@XK\ HM MR^MVOÄ@LOG ............................. <=
CMYMCO@E ]^ ........................................ <9
7
LBG V GL XMV
MVLLVÏM@K
@
GXOOK
XKOOK
MJ
@
Fmj-vo`hk gk @gvm Jìm, uj V^E hm tmrrkr hm iolåìk
lom`têiolg k`hm vklä m sug mquopm tm`tgj skfrmvovmr
`k gjfom`tm jgos o`üspotk hk u`ovmrsk4 k mspgåk
sohmrgc! Yklä mslgvgrç ujg `gvm mspglogc gfg`hk`ghg
pmroeksg, mxpckrgrç mstrg`bks ju`hks
hmslk`bmlohks, mxtmrjo`grç g vohg gcom`êem`g bkstoc m
mxgjo`grç ks bkrrkrms qum o`vghmj lghg jkvojm`tk
smu. Ygjks lkjmågr!
Yklä pkhm rmgcjm`tm prkdmtgr smu pmrsk`gemj hmshm k
iolbg hm pmrsk`gemj `k io`gc hmstm covrk. Xuhk
gs mtgpgs sìk ojprmssgs `g ikcbg. Yklä pkhm vmr uj
mxmjpck hm ikcbg prmm`lbohg `g prüxojg pçeo`g. \m vklä
prmlosgr hm uj pkulk jgos hm o`ikrjgåìk ku glbgr g
iolbg hm pmrsk`gemj lk`iusg, igåg k smeuo`tm4
7.7 VKCK 9H7> ^GVG LGHG ]JG HM \]G\ M\XGXÊ\XOLG\
@gvm-jìm usg h7>s pgrg tuhk, m`tìk pmeum uj pu`bghk m
lkjmlm g trgfgcbgr. Yklä vgo rkcgr 9h7> pgrg lghg mstgtêstolg m,
mj smeuohg, rmeostrgr ks rmsuctghks mj krhmj, lkjmåg`hk lkj
Ikråg, m`tìk Ymcklohghm, O`tmcmltk, m io`gcjm`tm
Lkjfgtm. ]jg mstgtêstolg hm <> ï g jïhog, jgs `ìk sm
prmklupm juotk lkj smus `ôjmrks gekrg.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm Mstgtêstolgs `g pçeo`g 8.6.
7.6 M\LKCBG ]JG LCG\\M M KF\MVYM
\M]\ \GCYK\ O@OLOGO\
Mstgs sìk gs qugtrk lcgssms fçsolgs mj @gvm-jìm4
± Xmgjstmrs sìk g turfucm`tg mquopm m ks trgfgcbghkrms
`k mspgåk. \m Vopcmy hmGcom`s ï k smu bmrüo, m`tìk vklä
vgo qumrmr dkegr lkj uj lgjo`bk`mork.
± Lom`tostgs sìk jïholks, pmsquosghkrms ku
qugcqumr pmsskg qum qumorg gfror gcom`êem`gs (ku
jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk o`imltghks) lkj uj fosturo.
± G`hrkohs sìk ujg ghoåìk gtmrrkrozg`tm m mjklok`g`tm pgrg
qugcqumr tropucgåìk. Mcms tm`hmj g m`mrvgr kutrks dkeghkrms
lkj sug hmsujg`ohghm irog.
± iuzocmorks `gvgos mstìk gquo pgrg gtorgr mj o`smtks m
jgslgr lbolcmtm. Mcms sìk ôtmos mj ujg cutg m fk`s
qug`hk gerupghks, jgs smjprm qum uj iuzocmork `gvgc
m`trg mj pæ`olk, pkhm lgusgr prkfcmjgs pgrg k rmstk hg
tropucgåìk.
Lkckqum uj ∔ `k lêrluck glojg hg lcgssm qum vklä mslkcbmu.
Lghg lcgssm tmj smu prüprok lkjmåk\gcvgr
lkjmåk \gcvgr vgckrms qum
rmprmsm`tgj k quìk rmsostm`tms mcms sìk g hoimrm`tms topks hm
trgujg, pmroek ku hg`k. Yklä tmj qugtrk sgcvgjm`tks
hoimrm`tms4\g`ohghm,
hoimrm`tms4\g`ohghm, jmhk, lkrpk, m
Grjghurgs. Ks sgcvgjm`tks o`ologos dç mstìk prmm`lbohks
pgrg vklä mj lo`zg lcgrk `gs lgoxgs gprkproghgs.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm \gcvg `g pçeo`g 5.
Gcïj hossk, sm vklä smeuor gs smtgs `g pgrtm o`imrokr
hg lkcu`g hm lghg lcgssm, vmrç qum lghg lcgssm gctmrg
uj pkulk sugs mstgtêstolgs o`ologos. ( ^kr mxmjpck4 k
Xmgjstmr hç += pgrg Ikråg m Ymcklohghm). Yç mj
irm`tm m gctmrm sugs mstgtêstolgs o`ologos.
7.< JGVW]M
EG\XM \]G\ BGFOCOHGHM\
\M]\ ^K@XK\ O@OLOGO\
HM BGFOCOHGHM\ M
O@OLOGO\
Lghg lcgssm vmj prï-lgrrmeghg lkj gceujgs bgfocohghms
rmcmvg`tms qum ks gduhgrìk g tmr uj jmcbkr hmsmjpm`bk mj
hoimrm`tms hmsgioks. Gcïj hossk, lghg lcgssm tmj uj `ôjmrk hm
pk`tks pgrg egstgr mj Bgfocohghms hurg`tm g lrogåìk hk
pmrsk`gemj. Egstm tkhks ks smus pk`tks hm bgfocohghm gekrg,
tm`hk mj jm`tm4
± Bgfocohghms trmo`ghgs lustg 7 pk`tk.
± Bgfocohghms mspmlogcozghgs lustg 6 pk`tks.
± Bgfocohghms hm jmstrm lustg < pk`tks.
± ^grg kftmr ujg bgfocohghm hm mspmlogcostg ku jmstrm, vklä hmvm projmork
kftmr ujg hm sugs bgfocohghms hm prï-rmquosotk.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm bgfocohghms `g pçeo`g =.
7.8 G@KXM LKJK \]G LCG\\M COHGV LKJ
M\XVM\\M M ^Æ@OLK
Lghg lcgssm cohg lkj Mstrmssm m ^æ`olk
hoimrm`tmjm`tm, qum m`trgrç mj dkek jgos tgrhm `k dkek.
Yç mj irm`tm m jgrqum gs rmergs mspmlogos hm sug lcgssm
lkj uj ∔ pgrg rmimrä`log iuturg.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm \trmss & ^g`ol `gs pçeo`gs 6=-69.
7.= M\LKCBG ]J CKGHK]X O@OLOGC M
VKCK] ]J XVO@AMX & ^GXLB GCMGXÜVOK\
Mxostmj qugtrk pglktms hm mquopgjm`tks o`ologos
hoimrm`tms pgrg mslkcbmr. Mcms mstìk gquo pkr
lk`vm`oä`log, pgrg qum vklä `ìk prmlosm egstgr juotk
tmjpk igzm`hk lkjprgs g`tms hm k dkek lkjmågr. Vkcm
tgjfïj pgrg uj Xro`amt m ^gtlb gcmgtüroks hgs pçeo`gs
72-7?. \mu tro`amt m pgtlb `ìk täj `m`buj soe`oiolghk
jmlæ`olk, jgs pkhmj cbm hgr ujg ohmog hm lkjk ï smu
pmrsk`gemj. \ug grjghurg tgjfïj vgo jmcbkrgr sug
hmimsg hm grjghurg, qum vklä hmvm gtugcozgr gekrg.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm Grjkr `g pçeo`g 7=-79.
7.9 XKW]M\ HM GLGFGJM@XK
^rmm`lbg k smu \trmss (lkjmåg mj 6), Vmskcvmr (lkjmåg
mj >), \gôhm jçxojg (x6 Ikråg), o`olog`hk Lrïhotks
(=h7>x7>) m hä g so jmsjk uj `kjm (m ujg
lcgssoiolgåìk, sm bkuvmr). Gekrg vklä mstç prk`tk pgrg
dkegr sug projmorg smssìk
smssìk hm@gvm-jìm!
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HGHK\, YMVOIOLGÅÝM\ HM M\XGXÊ\XOLG\, YG@XGEMJ M HM\YG@XGEMJ

@gvm-jìm dkeg lkjk juotks kutrks V^Es. Yklä Mxostmj gceujgs lkosgs qum lkjujm`tm jkhoiolgj gs
m smus gjoeks sm rmô`mj, m uj hm vkläs, k vmroiolgåýms hm mstgtêstolgs, g sgfmr4 sotuglok`gos Yg`tgem`s m
Eugrhoìk, lrog (ku prmpgrku) uj lm`çrok pgrg k hmsvg`tgem`s, glmrtks m igcbgs lrêtolgs, m smu
rmstk hm vkläs mxpckrgr m o`tmrgeor. Gs rmergs Bgfocohghms.

gfgoxk gduhgrìk g hmco`mgr gceu`s

prklmhojm`tks pgrg cohgr lkj gs sotugåýms jgos <.< YG@XGEM@\ M HM\YG@XGEM@\
lkju`s qum suremj hurg`tm k dkek. ^grg tkhk k \OX]GLOK@GO\
rmstk, k Hormtkr tmrç qum igzmr uj ducegjm`tk.
\mjprm qum vklä igz ujg vmroiolgåìk hm mstgtêstolgs m tmj
<.7 VKCG@HK K\ HGHK\ ujg sotugåìk Yg`tgemj, rkcgr h% hugs vmzms m usm k jmcbkr
rmsuctghk. Gceu`s mxmjpcks hm vg`tgem`s sìk4
@gvm-jìm usg pghrìk h7>s pgrg tkhks ks smus rkcks,
ueb, mcm ks usg hm < jg`morgs hoimrm`tms4
`k m`tg`tk
± Gssostä`log hm ± Xkjg`hk lmrtgs hrkegs
kutrk dkeghkr ± ]sg`hk uj pgrtolucgrjm`tm
± xh7>4 Vkcm uj lmrtk `ôjmrk hm h7>s m ± Gtglg`hk hm fkg imrrgjm`tg pgrg k trgfgcbk
gholok`m-ks. 6h7> ikr`mlmrog uj `ôjmrk surprmsg mj jìks
m`trm 6-6>. ± Mstgr `g lkfmrturg
± xh7>4 @ktm k sufco`bghk. Ossk soe`oiolg
cg`ågr uj lmrtk `ôjmrk hm h7>s m skjç-cks K Hor
Hormt
mtkr
kr hm
hmlo
loho
horç
rç sk
skfr
frmm gl
gl lg
lgsk
sk g lgs
lgsk
k
sm lmrtgs gåýms ku mimotks `k dkek lk`imrorìk
m juctopcolgr k rmsuctghk pkr hmz. 6h7>
Yg`tgemj mj uj lbmqum.
hgrog g vklä uj `ôjmrk m`trm 6>-6>>. \m vklä tmj
uj lk`du`tk hm h7>s lkj gpm`gs hmzm`gs hm Mxmjpck4 Gfmc mstç tm`tg`hk gfror ujg læjgrg hm hmslkjprmssìk
hêeotks, mcms sìk pmrimotks pgrg dkeghgs lkjk mssg. m`imrrudghg mj ujg `gvm mspglogc gfg`hk`ghg. Mcm mstç usg`hk uj pï hm

± h%4 Vkcgr 7h7> m 7h7> m skjm-ks (cm`hk k rmsuctghk
lkjk uj pmrlm`toc). Ossk hç g vklä uj `ôjmrk
m`trm >-??. Yklä vgo prmlosgr hm hkos lk`du`tks hm
h% hghks qum vklä pkhm hozmr
lgfrg m sug lkjpg`bmorg hm tropucgåìk, Cocotb, k mstç gduhg`hk. K Hormtkr
hmlohm qum mstm ï uj tmstm hm Ikråg lkj Yg`tgemj hmvohk î gduhg hm
Cocotb, m`tìk Gfmc tm`tg rkcgr gfgoxk hm smu vgckr hm Ikråg hm <9. Mcm rkcg
h% (lkj Yg`tgemj) m rkcg 6<, 8=. Gfmc cmvg k jmcbkr hks hkos tmstms, k 6< -
sulmssk!

Hmsvg`tgemj iu`lok`g hg jmsjg jg`morg

qum Ghvg`tgem. Yklä rkcgh% hugs vmzms m usm k
pokr rmsuctghk. Gceu`s mxmjpcks hm sotugåìk
Gs hmsvg`tgem`s sìk4

± Xm`tg`hk trgfgcbgr ± \kirm`hk hm

mj tmrrm`k ruoj, jçs lg`lmcgjm`tk
lk`hoåýms lcojçtolgs, ± Xm`tg`hk rmgcozgr
ku k vçluk hk mxtrmjgjm`tm hoiêloc
HÊEOXK –K@M\‚ H7> –XM@\‚ HOEOX H7> mspgåk tgrmigs
\]FCO@BGHK ± \m`hk imrohk ± Yklä mstç fäfghk,
± @ìk tmr uj lk`lussìk, ku
<.6 M\XGXÊ\XOLG\ M YMVOIOLGÅÝM\ M\XGXÊ\XOLG\ bgfocohghm `mlmssçrog hmiolom`tm jm`tgc

\mjprm qum vklä quosmr igzmr gcek m k prmåk
hk irglgssk ikr gctk, vklä hmvm rkcgr skf k
Mstgtêstolgs gprkproghgs h%1 lgsk lk`trçrok, vklä igcbg. Ossk ï lbgjghk hm
Ymroiolgåìk hm mstgtêstolgs \ugs qugtrk mstgtêstolgs pro`lopgos sìk4
± Ikråg4 Lkjk vklä ï lgpgz. Cmvg`tgr,
Xmr Hmsvg`tgemj m Yg`tgemj gk jmsjk tmjpk
sm g`ucg. Xmr jgos Hmsvg`tgem`s hk qum
Yg`tgem`s, m`trmtg`tk, cmvg î Hmsvg`tgemj m volm-
vmrsg.
Mxmjpck4 Cocotb mstç tm`tg`hk lkrrmr pgrg ujg mlcusg hm gr g`tms qum mcg
imlbm, m`qug`tk g `gvm mstç eorg`hk ikrg hm lk`trkcm. K Hormtkr hmtmrjo`g

± mjpurrgr,
Ymcklohghm4fgtmr `gs rgpohmz
Lkj qum lkosgs lkj
vkläikråg.
pkhm geor m
qum smu tmstm hm Ymcklohghm tmj Hmsvg`tgemj. Cocotb rkcg h% (lkj
Hmsvg`tgemj) lk`trg sug Ymcklohghm 86. Mcg rkcg == m
rmgeor skf prmssìk. 96. Gjfks sìk igcbgs, jgs igzmr k tmstm jgos gctk gquo `ìk ï k pokr
± O`tmcmltk4 Lkjk vklä ï fmj rkcc - torgr k == (ujg igcbg lrêtolg) ï! Cocotb `ìk vgo lbmegr î mlcusg
o`ikrjghk m mxpmrom`tm. hm hmslkjprmssìk m, pokr, pgrmlm qum mcg mstç prmstms g smr
gto`eohg pkr hmstrkåks!
± Lkjfgtm4 Lkjk vklä ï fkj mj cutgr.

LVOXOLGC BLOXB\G, VKG
GCE]JG\ @KXG\ \KFVM
YG@XGEMJ HM\YG@XGEMJ
Yg`tgemj m Hmsvg`tgemj `ìk prmlosgj smr usghgs
gpm`gs mj tmstms hm Mstgt - mcgs pkhmj smr usghgs
mj qugcqumr topk hm tmstm4 \gcvgs, hg`k, Mstrmssm ku
qugcqumr kutrg lkosg. Ï pkr ossk qum hozmjks qum
Hmsvg`tgemj soe`oiolg mslkcbmr k rmsuctghk –pokr‚ m
Yg`tgemj soe`oiolg mslkcbmr k –jmcbkr‚ rmsuctghk.
Dkeghgs hm hg`k lkj Hmsvg`tgemj, pkr mxmjpck,
cmvgrogj k `ôjmrk jgos fgoxk rkcghk (mj kpksoåìk
gk `ôjmrk jgos gctk rkcghk pgrg tmstms hm
\gcvgjm`tk m Mstgtêstolg).
^grg sojpcoiolgr, vklä pkhm g`ktgr ks rkcks
lkj Yg`tgemj lkj k so`gc Q+Z m ks rkcks
lkj Hmsvg`tgemj lkj k so`gc Q-Z. ^kr
mxmjpck4
± 6h7> Q+Z hg`ks soe`oiolgrog cg`ågr 6h7> hugs
vmzms m mslkcbmr k jgokr cg`ågjm`tk.
± 7h7> Q-Z Mstrmssm soe`oiolgrog cg`ågr 7h7>
hugs vmzms m mslkcbmr k jm`kr cg`ågjm`tk.
± Fkhy Q+Z sgvm soe`oiolgrog cg`ågr h% hugs vmzms m
mslkcbmr k jmcbkr (emrgcjm`tm jm`kr)
cg`ågjm`tk.
8.7 GLM\\K\ M IGCBG\ LVÊXOLG\
@mssm ôctojk mxmjpck, jkstrgjks k qum
igcbg lrêtolg iko g`tms hm mxpcolç-ck pgrg ocustrgr
lkjk îs vmzms`mj
Hmsvg`tgemj k `ôjmrk
smjprmjgos
ï kgctk
pokrmj uj tmstm
`ôjmrk g smmj
kftmr. M`tìk, vgjks vkctgr m mxpcolgr4
\mjprm qum vklä rkcgr hkfrg `k g`ô`lok% rkcc (pkr mxmjpck, ==,
66, ??), mssm rkck ï k qum lbgjgjks hm lrêtolk. \m k
tmstm iko uj sulmssk, lbgjgjks ossk hm ekcpm lrêtolk.
Yklä tmj juotk sulmssk
@k m`tg`tk, sm k rmsuctghk iko
lbgjghk hm igcbg lrêtolg, uj
k`hm vklä `ìk gpm`gs mxmlutg
ujg tgrmig, jgs pkhm o`lkrrmr
mj pm`gcohghms, lkjpcolgåýms ku
gtï jmsjk hg`ks lkjk rmsuctghk
]j rmsuctghk hm >> ï smjprm
uj glmrtk lrêtolk m uj
rmsuctghk hm ?? ï smjprm ujg
igcbg lrêtolg.
8
^L^XM\
KEVGYG@HK
VHL
EVGYG@HKMB \
GXMOLKA@
GXMOLKA@
8.6 YMVOIOLGÅÝM\ K^K\XG\
Wug`hk vklä mstç mj lkjpmtoåìk hormtg lkj kutrk
pmrsk`gemj (smdg uj o`ojoek ku uj lkjpg`bmork hm
tropucgåìk gjoek), vklä dkeg k qum ï lbgjghk hm vmroiolgåìk
kpkstg. ^grg igzmr uj tmstm rmsostohk, vklä m smu kpk`m`tm
dkegj uj tmstm hm mstgtêstolg
mstgtêstolg lkjk hm lkstujm. @k m`tg`tk,
qumj rkcgr jgos gctk hk qum g kutrg pmsskg smj pgssgr
pkr lojg hm sug prüprog mstgtêstolg, vm`lm. Gceujgs `ktgs4
± Ks glmrtks lrêtolks supmrgj ks sulmssks rmeucgrms (go`hg qum
k glmrtk lrêtolk ï uj rmsuctghk jgos fgoxk).
± \m vklä igcbgr lrotolgjm`tm mj smu tmstm, smu kpk`m`tm
votürogs k tmstm rmsostohk gutkjgtolgjm`tm (jmsjk sm
mcms igcbgrmj `k tmstm).
± \m vklä tovmr sulmssk m mjpgtgr, rkcm `kvgjm`tm.
± \m vkläs hkos igcbgrmj, g sotugåìk pokrg
m jgos lkjpcolghk hm gceujg ikrjg pgrg vkläs
hkos.
Gs vmroiolgåýms kpkstgs `ìk prmlosgj m`vkcvmr gs jmsjgs
mstgtêstolgs, ku jmsjk mstgtêstolgs. Mcms tgjfïj pkhmj
usgr \gcvg. ]j lgsk fçsolk smrog ujg lkrrohg pgrg vmr
qumj lbmeg projmork g ujg mlcusg hm gr - gjfgs gs pgrtms
igzmj uj tmstm rmsostohk hm Ymcklohghm. Jgs vklä tgjfïj
pkhm tm`tgr m`eg`gr ujg lrogturg pgrg qum gtgqum `g
hormåìk mrrghg igzm`hk uj tmstm kpkstk hm O`tmcmltk vs.
Lkjfgtm (ku jmsjk Ymcklohghm vs. Lkjfgtm).
00 Cmog jgos skfrm \gcvg `g pçeo`g =.
Mxmjpck4 Jgrckwm, uj g`hrüohm gstrk`øjolk, mstç m`irm`tg`hk uj
m`ckuqumlohk o`vgskr hk Yçluk. Gjfks mstìk hmsgrjghks, jgs m`trm mcms
mstç uj roicm hm pucsk. G vmcklohghm hm Jgrckwm `ìk ï tìk gctg, jgs smu
o`tmcmltk ï. Mcm hmlohm qum lkjpmtor lkj k o`vgskr pmcg grjg `ìk ï sug
jmcbkr kpåìk. Mj vmz hossk, mcm qumr igzmr lkj qum k o`vgskr pm`sm qum orç
gtrçs hg grjg m, mj vmz hossk, mcm qumr or pgrg g vçcvucg hm cofmrgåìk hm
mjmreä`log `g mlcusg hm hmslkjprmssìk, qum orç hmsprmssurozgr g lgfo`m m
suegr k o`vgskr pgrg k Ygzok qum mcms tg`tk hmsmdgj. K Hormtkr pm`sg qum
mstg ï ujg skcuåìk juotk o`tmrmssg`tm m m`tìk hmlohm qum mstm smrç uj
tmstm rmsostohk, lkcklg`hk k O`tmcmltk hm Jgrckwm lk`trg k O`sto`tk hk
o`vgskr (O`sto`tk ï ujg mstgtêstolg gfrg`em`tm qum gpm`gs
jmu usk, cmog jgos skfrm
`tmccmlt ï =6, m`qug`tk
k ï <>. Ks hkos cg`ågj
uj ?, uj sulmssk!
y, k o`vgskr kftmvm
kftmvm uj 6>,
m`tìk uj sulmssk, jgs tgjfïj
kcc qum k hm Jgrckwm. G smeuor
vgo pgrg g lgsg hm Jgrckwm m
hmoxg g grjg k`hm vgo pgrg g
lgsg hm Jgrckwm
=
BGFOCOHGHM\

Bgfocohghms rmprmsm`tgj k lk`bmlojm`tk glujucghk, bgfocohghm, tïl`olgs m trmo`gjm`tk qum vklä pkssuo. \mjprm qum vklä igz
uj tmstm hm mstgtêstolgs m tmj ujg bgfocohghm rmcmvg`tm, vklä gholok`g smu fø`us hm bgfocohghm î sug mstgtêstolg, hg`hk-cbm uj
`ôjmrk jgokr pgrg rkcgr. Lghg gucg lkjmåg lkj gceu`sBgfocohghms
gceu`s Bgfocohghms m eg`bg jgos sufo`hk hm `êvmc.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm lkjk sufor hm `êvmc `g pçeo`g 66.
Mxostmj qugtrk lcgssoiolgåýms hm bgfocohghms hoimrm`tms qum hmtmrjo`gj k qug`tk vklä sgfm skfrm uj hmtmrjo`ghk gssu`tk4
± @ìk trmo`ghk (fø`us hm bgfocohghm4 + >%)4 Yklä tmj pkulg ku `m`bujg mxpmroä`log `mstm lgjpk m `ìk rmlmfm `m`buj
fø`us. Hmpm`hm`hk hm quìk lkjpcmxg ï g tgrmig, vklä pkhm rkcgr lkj Hmsvg`tgemj.
± Xrmo`ghk (fø`us hm bgfocohghm4 + 7>%)4 Yklä rmlmfmu trmo`gjm`tk pghrìk `mstg çrmg mquovgcm`tm g uj
hopckjg hm fglbgrmc ku trmo`gjm`tk prçtolk pkr gceu`s g`ks.
± Mspmlogcostg (fø`us hm bgfocohghm4 + 7=%)4 @mstg hoslopco`g, vklä tmj k mquovgcm`tm g uj hkutkrghk ku juotks g`ks hm
mxpmroä`log.
± Jmstrm (fø`us hm bgfocohghm4 + 6>%)4 Yklä ï uj hks cujo`grms hg çrmg m lk`bmlm tïl`olgs hm pk`tg
ku o`ikrjgåýms gctgjm`tm mspmlogcozghgs m hm `olbk.
Xkhgs gs bgfocohghms lkjmågj lkjk @ìk trmo`ghgs, k qum soe`oiolg qum vklä `ìk tmj g bgfocohghm. Gk igzmr ujg Bgfocohghm Xrmo`ghg, vklä
hmsfckqumog Bgfocohghms hm Mspmlogcostg m Jmstrm. Gfgoxk mstç ujg costg o`lkjpcmtg hm bgfocohghms. Xrgfgcbm lkj smu Hormtkr pgrg lrogr `kvgs
m o`tmrmssg`tms Bgfocohghms pkr jmok hk dkek m hk hmsm`vkcvojm`tk hm smu prüprok lg`tk mslurk hg egcçxog.

BGFOCOHGHM\ XVMO@GHG\ ± Xrmo`k jocotgr4 Xrmo`gjm`tk ± Jk`tgemj hk dôro4 Vmpgrks ojprkvosghks

± Grqumkckeog4 Lucturgs fçsolk pghrìk hghk g tkhks ks ± Jostolosjk4 Gprmm`sìk msporotugc hm

jocotgrms lk`bmlojm`tk kluctk
g`toegs m smus grtmigtks
± ^ocktgemj4 Kpmrgåìk m lk`trkcm hm ± ^gtkckeog4 Mstuhk hg lgusg m
± Grtm4 G mxprmssìk ku gpcolgåìk hg
gmrk`gvms m mspgåk`gvms mimotk hg hkm`åg
lgpglohghm lrogtovg m ojgeo`gåìk
± Vojwosm4 Lkcø`ogs hm fkrhg mxtmr`g m ± Iêsolg4 Mstuhk hg `gturmzg m
hm ujg mspïlom
pgrtms hmlghm`tms hg egcçxog prkpromhghms hg jgtïrog m m`mreog
± Gtcmtosjk4 Mspkrtms iêsolks m
± Cojpg`hk4 ^rklurg`hk ± ^cg`mtkckeog4 Mstuhk hm pcg`mtgs m
dkeks
rmsêhuks hmslgrtghks pgrg otm`s ôtmos kutrks lkrpks lmcmstms
± Fokckeog4 Mstuhk hg vohg
± Xmkckeog4 Mstuhk hm rmcoeoìk ± ^solkckeog4 K mstuhk hk
± Wuêjolg4 G ohm`toiolgåìk hm
Tmrk-E4 Xrgfgcbg`hk mj uj lkjpkrtgjm`tk m hg jm`tm bujg`g
gs sufstæ`logs hgs qugos g jgtïrog ï ±
gsporghkr, vgllsuots, mtl. ± Xçtolgs4 Jg`kfrg`hk ikrågs
lkjpkstk
jocotgrms mj fgtgcbg
± Lkjputghkrms4 ]sk icum`tm hm MR ^MVX \AOCC\
± Mspmlogcozgåìk mj vmêlucks4 Lcgssm
lkjputghkrms m rmhms
± Jo`mrgåìk hm gstmrüohms4 Xrmo`gjm`tk `gs mspmlêiolg hk vmêluck
± Horoeo`hk4 Kpmrgåìk m lk`trkcm hm imrrgjm`tgs m prklmhojm`tks
prklmhojm`tks usghks `g
vmêlucks jktkrozghks JG BGFOCOHGHM\ HM \XMV
jo`mrgåìk hm gstmrüohms
± ^rojmork sklkrrk4 Luohghks jïholks hm
± Gstrkegtok`4 @gvmegåìk `k mxtmrokr ± O`tmcoeä`log grtoiologc4 Lk`bmlojm`tk
mjmreä`log m trgtgjm`tk
mspgåk hk sojucglrk hm bujg`k
± Emkckeog4 Gs lgrgltmrêstolgs sücohgs hm
± Fktæ`olg4 K mstuhk hg vohg vmemtgc lk`sloä`log
qugcqumr pcg`mtg tmrrmstrm ku sgtïcotm
± Lkjfgtm g lurtg hostæ`log4 Lkrpk g ± Lkjg`hk4 Cohmrg`åg m
`gturgc
lkrpk, cutg lkrpk g lkrpk gutkrohghm
± Jgquo`çrok pmsghk4 Kpmrgåìk m
± M`em`bgrog4 prkdmtk, ± Lofmr`ïtolg4 O`tmriglm m`trm
usk hm mquopgjm`tks hm erg`hm
lk`struåìk m usk hm jktkrms, bkjmj m jçquo`g
pkrtm (euo`hgstms, mxksuots,
jçquo`gs m mstruturgs ± Bopmrmspgåk4 Yogemj jgos rçpohg qum g cuz
mjpocbghmorgs, mtl.)
± Mxpcksovks4 Fkjfgs m ± Vkfütolg4 ^rkdmtk m kpmrgåìk hm
± Bohrkpk`og4 Luctovk hm pcg`tgs
hospksotovks o`lm`hoçroks rkføs, hrk`ms m g`hrüohms
mj skcuåýms `utrotovgs smj skck
± Grjgs hm ikek4 Grjgs m smu usk ± \kik`tkckeog4 ^solkckeog gcom`êem`g
(luctovk `k mspgåk)
± Co`euêstolg4 Mstuhk hg co`eugemj ± Em`ïtolg4 Bmrmhotgromhghm m
g vgrogåìk hgs ± Mspmlogcozgåìk mj grjg4
^rkioloä`log lkj ujg grjg mspmlêiolg
± Jgtmjçtolg4 G loä`log hks
lgrgltmrêstolgs bmrhghgs ± Rm`kfokckeog4 Fokckeog gcom`êem`g
`ôjmrks, qug`tohghm m mspgåk.
± Grjgjm`tk4 Grjgjm`tk hm `gvm mstmcgr ± Rm`kmsktmrosjk4 Jostolosjk,
± Vmpgrk Jmlæ`olk4 Lk`smrtg`hk
± Bglao`e4 Glmssk `ìk gutkrozghk g rmcoeoìk m lrm`åg gcom`êem`g kfslurg
jçquo`gs qumfrghgs
sostmjgs hm lkjputghkr
XVMO@GHK\ + 7>% M\^MLOGCO\XG + 7=% JG\XMV + 6>%

CO@E]Ê\XOLG ^\OLKCKEOG \KIK@XKCKEOG

FOKCKEOG EM@ÏXOLG RM@KFOKCKEOG

^VOJMOVK \KLKVVK ^GXKCKEOG LOV]VEOG

BOHVK^Ø@OLG FKXÆ@OLG

EMKCKEOG ^CG@MXKCKEOG

G\XMVÜOHM
TMVK-E
JO@MVGÅÌK

\LGYM@EO@E DÔVO
LOFMV@ÏXOLG
VOEEO@E

^M\GHK
M@EM@BGVOG VKFÜXOLG
JGW]O@GVOG

LKJ^]XGHKVM\ BGLAO@E GVXOIOLOGC

O@XMCOEÄ@LOG

JMLÆ@OLK YMÊL]CK LKJG@HK

VM^GVGV M\^MLOGCOTGÅÌK

HOVOEO@HK

^OCKXK G\XVKEGÅÌK B_^MV\^GLM

JGXMJÇXOLG IÊ\OLG

GVXM

GVW]MKCKEOG JO\XOLO\JK RM@KM\KXMVOLO\JK

XMKCKEOG XÇXOLG\

JOCOXGVM\
GVJGJM@XK
XVMO@GJM@XK

GVJG
VOJUO\M GVJG\ HM IKEK
M\^MLOGCOTGÅÌK

^VÜROJK\ W]GVXK\
GXCMXO\JK
LKJFGXM

W]ÊJOLG MR^CK\OYK\
5
\GBY
L LVOGÅÌK HM GMV\GLXMV
LVOGÅÌK
Juotgs vmzms mj @gvm-jìm vklä `ìk tmrç lk`trkcm skfrm
k qum glk`tmlm lkj vklä. Kreg`osjks mstrg`bks orìk
gtglgr ku o`vghor smu lkrpk. Bkrrkrms gtmrrkrozg`tms orìk
surprmm`hä-ck hk `ghg. Yklä m`lk`trgrç ku sm tkr`grç
lom`tm hm gceuj lk`bmlojm`tk g`toek qum mstç gcïj hm
sug lkjprmm`sìk. \mjprm qum mssm topk hm lkosg
glk`tmlm, vklä rkcg uj\gcvgr. Mssgs prktmåýms
rmprmsm`tgj k quìk rmsostm`tm vklä ï g hoimrm`tms topks
hm pmroeks m hg`ks.
5.7 \GCYG
Yklm tmj qugtrk \gcvg4 \g`ohghm, Jmhk, Lkrpk, m
Grjghurgs.
± \g`ohghm ï g sug lgpglohghm hm mxpcolgr
o`lk`sostä`logs cüeolgs `k u`ovmrsk, rglok`gcozgr m
hgr sm`tohk gk lgks, hmtmltgr ocusýms m jojmtosjk
m pm`sgr rgpohgjm`tm skf prmssìk.
± Jmhk ï lkjk vklä pkhm cohgr fmj lkj trgujgs
mjklok`gos m gfrg`em `ìk gpm`gs k jmhk, jgs tgjfïj
g skcohìk, g hmprmssìk ku qugcqumr kutrg k`hg mjklok`gc.
± Lkrpk sìk smus rmicmxks m lkjk vklä lk`smeum
rmsostor î ikjm, îs hkm`ågs ku g qugcqumr kutrk
kreg`osjk qum pkssg tm`tgr o`vghor smu o`tmrokr.
± grjghurgs ï k quìk rmsostm`tm vklä ï gks
hg`ks skirohks hurg`tm k lkjfgtm, smdg pkr
jmok hm fgcgs, egrrgs, hm`tms, mtl.
\gcvgs `ìk sìk dkeghgs qum vklä igz hm fkg vk`tghm (lkjk
qug`hk vklä usg sug Ikråg pgrg gfror ujg mlcusg hm gr
mjpmrrghg). Yklä igz tmstms hm sgcvgjm`tk qug`hk gcek ruoj
pkhm glk`tmlmr lkj vklä m vklä prmlosg hmslkfror sm rmsostm g
ossk.
^grg igzmr uj \gvm, rkcm k g`ô`lok% oeugc ku gfgoxk hg sug
pk`tugåìk \gvm (gssoj lkjk lkj ujg vmroiolgåìk hm mstgtêstolgs). \m
vklä igcbgr mj smu sgcvgjm`tk, vklä eg`bgrç 7h7> (ku jgos)
Mstrmssm. Gcïj hossk, vklä pkhm skirmr gceujg kutrg
lk`smquä`log, lkjk rmlmfmr hg`k (`k lgsk hm igcbg
`k tmstm hm grjghurg) ku lk`trgor uj vêrus jkrtgc
(`k lgsk hm igcbg `k sgcvgjm`tk).
\m vklä igcbgr lrotolgjm`tm mj uj sgcvgjm`tk, vklä tmrç qum igzmr uj
^g`ol Vkcc. Vkcgr uj glmrtk lrêtolk, `k m`tg`tk, pkhm
soe`oiolgr ujg erg`hm vgromhghm hm lkosgs, hmpm`hm`hk hk
lk`tmxtk. ]j glmrtk lrêtolk mj uj tmstm hm \g`ohghm pkhm
lk`lmhmr jgos o`ikrjgåýms skfrm k mstrg`bk grtmigtk
gcom`êem`g qum vklä m`lk`trku ku, `k lgsk hm uj tmstm hm
grjghurg, hgr g vklä g lbg`lm hm lk`trg-gtglgr. Xkhks mssms
lgsks, mj ôctojg g`çcosm, hmpm`hmj hk Hormtkr.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm \trmss m ^æ`olk `gs pçeo`gs 6=-69.
Mxmjpck4 Gk o`vmstoegr g lgusg hm ujg lkcø`og hm jo`mrgåìk
rmlm`tmjm`tm gfg`hk`ghg, Cocotb m Gfmc m`lk`trgj uj m`krjm
grtmigtk gcom`êem`g. K grtmigtk `ìk prkdmtg skjfrg m hmpkos hm
tklç-ck, Cocotb m Gfmc sìk surprmm`hohks pkr hkos mstrg`bks mj
trgdms vglo`gos. Ks mstrg`bks tgjfïj sìk surprmm`hohks pkr
Cocotb m Gfmc, m hmpkos hm torgrmj smus lgpglmtms, iolg lcgrk k
pkrquä - mcms sìk Cocotb m Gfmc. K Hormtkr pmhm sgcvgjm`tks hm
\g`ohghm hm Cocotb (\g`ohghm <>) m Gfmc (\g`ohghm 6=). Cocotb rkcg
59, uj irglgssk.
K Hormtkr hmtmrjo`g qum mcg eg`bgrç 7h7> hm Mstrmssm lkj k
lbkqum. Gfmc, `k m`tg`tk, `ìk sgo gssoj tìk içloc. Mcm rkcg uj
<<, ujg igcbg lrêtolg. Mcm eg`bgrç 7h7> \trmss m tmrç qum igzmr uj tmstm hm
^æ`olk. K qum ï pokr, Gfmc ï uj iuzocmork `gvgc, m`tìk sm mcm igcbgr mj smu
tmstm hm ^æ`olk, Cocotb tmrç qum igzmr uj tmstm hm Jmhk.
Gs lkosgs pkhmj sgor hk lk`trkcm rgpohgjm`tm qug`hk gceuïj igcbg mj uj
sgcvgjm`tk, m`tìk tkjm luohghk.

G skfrmvovä`log ï hoiêloc `g `gvm-jìm, vklä tmrç qum
mlk`kjozgr, sgcvgr m vgslucbgr pgrg pgssgr hm ujg
pmhrg g kutrg. M tuhk ossk g`tms hm sm hmim`hmr hgs
vos jk`struksohghms hg egcçxog.
2.7 YMVOIOLGÅÝM\ HM LVO\M
Wug`hk ujg ô`olg vmroiolgåìk pgrmlm juotk sojpcms, vklä pkhm usgr uj
Ymroiolgåìk hm lrosm. Ymroiolgåýms hm lrosm rmprmsm`tgj
tgrmigs jgos çrhugs, lkjk rmgcozgr ujg lorureog ku
jo`mrgr uj gstmrüohm.
^grg igzmr ujg vmroiolgåìk hm lrosm, projmork k hormtkr hmio`m k
Hoioluchghm hm lrosm m`trm 7 m <. Mstm ï k `ôjmrk hm
vmroiolgåýms hm mstgtêstolgs lk`smlutovgs hm qum vklä prmlosgrç
pgrg vm`lmr g lrosm. \m vklä igcbgr mj uj tmstm, vklä eg`bg
\trmss oeugc î hoioluchghm hm lrosm m igcbg `g lrosm. @k m`tg`tk,
vklä pkhm rkcgr `kvgjm`tm ujg vmroiolgåìk qum igcbku,
rmlmfm`hk ojmhogtgjm`tm 7h7> hm Xm`sìk. @ìk ojpkrtg k qum
glk`tmåg, `g tmrlmorg vmz qum vklä igcbgr mj uj tmstm, g lrosm
tmrjo`g m vklä gssujm k hg`k hm mstrmssm io`gc, fmj lkjk
tuhk k qum g igcbg glgrrmtg (ks rmpgrks `ìk iu`lok`gj, k
pglom`tm jkrrm, mtl.).
2.6 GCOJM@XK\ M ÇE]G
Ks bujg`ks pkhmj skfrmvovmr lmrlg hm < smjg`gs smj
lkjohg. Hmpkos hm 68 bkrgs smj lkjmr, vklä mstç mj
hmsvg`tgemj pgrg tkhks ks tmstms.
Jê`ojk `u pgrg skfrmvovmr, vklä vgo prmlosgr 7 cotrk hm çeug
pkr hog. @k m`tg`tk, `mstm `êvmc, qugcqumr gtovohghm
mxtm`ug`tm (lkjk lkrrmr, lkjfgtmr ku igzmr rmpgrks
jmlæ`olks) orç ikråç-ck g igzmr uj sgcvgjm`tk hm Lkrpk ku
hmsjgogr. Wug`hk g çeug ï mslgssg m vklä mstç rgstrmg`hk hm
pmrtk, vklä mstç mj hmsvg`tgemj pgrg tkhks ks tmstms.
2.< KROEÄ@OK
@k mspgåk, vklä pkhm hurgr 7= smeu`hks smj kxoeä`ok
g`tms hm lgor o`lk`slom`tm. Hmpkos hm hmsjgogr, vklä
pkhm skfrmvovmr pkr <-= jo`utks g`tms hm jkrrmr.
\m tuhk hm uj `gvok Jühucks hm supkrtm hm vohg sìk
hmstruêhks, mj smeuohg, hovohmj g lkrrm`tm hk `gvok lgslk
suftrgog 7h7> m hovohg pmck `ôjmrk hm bujg`ks vovks
g fkrhk (ks g`hrüohms `ìk prmlosgj hm kxoeä`ok pgrg
rmsporgr). Mstm ï k `ôjmrk hm hogs rmstg`tms hm
kxoeä`ok rmsporçvmc pkr pmsskg.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm k hmsoe` hm `gvoks `gs pçeo`gs 6?-<>.
2
\KFVMYOYÄ@LOG
^meum g lktg hm kxoeä`ok m gtrofug-g g tkhks ks
bujg`ks g fkrhk. \m uj jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk
jkrrmr, hovohg smus hogs rmstg`tms lkj k rmstk hg
tropucgåìk. \m uj jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk sm m`vkcvmr
mj gtovohghms mxtm`ug`tms (lkjk lkrrohg, lkjfgtm,
rmpgrks jmlæ`olks, mtl.), suftrgog uj hog hmcms m
gcmgtkrogjm`tm hm kutrg pmsskg hg tropucgåìk.
]jg vmz pkr hog (gk cohgr lkj Hmslg`sk) hä ujg
kcbghg `k kxoeä`ok rmstg`tm tktgc m`trm g
tropucgåìk4
± \m jgos hg jmtghm hk kxoeä`ok kroeo`gc
pmrjg`mlm, tkhk tmstm ï imotk mj Hmsvg`tgemj. Xkhg g
tropucgåìk skirm hm hkrms hm lgfmåg, ighoeg, g`somhghm
m igctg hm dmotk emrgc.
± \m jm`ks hm uj qugrtk hk kxoeä`ok kroeo`gc
qug`tohghm rmstg`tm, ks dkeghkrms hmvmj igzmr ujg vmroiolgåìk
lkrpkrgc ujg vmz pkr hog (m gpüs lghg gtovohghm mxtm`ug`tm) ku
lgor o`lk`slom`tm. Xkhks ks tropucg`tms skirmj rmsporgåìk
kimeg`tm, tk`turg, ikrtms hkrms hm lgfmåg, vosìk prmduholghg m
zujfohk.
± \m uj dkeghkr iolgr smj kxoeä`ok, mcms hmvmj igzmr
uj sgcvgjm`tk hm lkrpk. K irglgssk soe`oiolg qum mcms
jkrrmj. \ulmssk soe`oiolg qum mcms lgmj o`lk`slom`tms m
suegj kxoeä`ok hm uj dkeghkr gcmgtürok tkhks ks hogs.
Ks jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk mj sk`k lrokeä`olk ku smj igzmr `ghg gcïj
hm hmslg`sgr lk`skjmj 7/8 hm ujg u`ohghm hm kxoeä`ok pkr hog.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm Vmst `gs pçeo`gs 7>.< m 6=.6.
2.8 EG@BG@HK LVÏHOXK\
Xuhk `g `gvm-jìm, hmshm lkjfustêvmc gtï lkjohg, grjgs
m ju`oåýms, lustg lrïhotks. ^kssuor ujg `gvm mstmcgr ï
ujg prkpkstg lgrg. Gquo mstìk gceujgs lkosgs qum vklä
pkhm igzmr pgrg eg`bgr lrïhotks4
VKCGV MJ^VMEK
Jo`g hm gstmrüohms (jo`ïrok, lkjfustêvmc `ìk
7
rmio`ghk, jmtgc prmloksk)
6 Xrg`spkrtm hm lgreg (jmrlghkrogs lkjmrlogos, jo`ïrok,
< suprojm`tks) Jm`sgem`s ojpkrtg`tms hk lkrrmok
8 Glkjpg`bgr pgssgemorks
= \ulgtg hm `gvm mspglogc gfg`hk`ghg
9 Lk`trgfg`hmgr jmrlghkrogs (lk`trgfg`hk, hrkegs)
5 O`vghor mjfgrlgåýms lkrpkrgtovgs
2 Jgpmom smtkrms hm mspgåk o`mxpckrghk Lgåg lrojo`ksks
? pmroeksks mj fuslg hm rmlkjpm`sgs Lkcmtm hghks
7> em`ïtolks hm mspïloms hmslk`bmlohgs
?
LK
BGJVFGGLXX4 M\V]LVV
VV VG O\XMOK
O\XMOK
MH]LGÅGK
MH]LGÅGK , X@]V@\, GLXOK@\, GXGLAO@E, LKYMV
IO\OLG
Lkjfgtm mj @gvm-jìm ï o`lrovmcjm`tm jkrtgc m
emrgcjm`tm ï jmcbkr mvotgr lkjpcmtgjm`tm mj igvkr hm
lkrrmr m sm mslk`hmr. Jgs `mssgs sotugåýms tmrrêvmos
qug`hk vklä hmvm cutgr pkr sug vohg, mos k qum vklä igz4
?.7 YMVOIOLGV \]V^VM\G
Îs vmzms, gs vçrogs lrogturgs, bkrrkrms m bgfotg`tms hm
mspgåk`gvms bç juotk msqumlohgs orìk sm mseumorgr
skfrm vklä g`tms hm sm hgrmj g lk`bmlmr - qug`hk
ossk glk`tmlm, vklä rkcg uj Jmhk, sgcvk1 irglgssk
soe`oiolg qum vklä sm tkr`ku tìk surprmsk qum vklä ï
o`lgpgz hm geor pkr ujg rkhghg.
?.6 W]MJ YGO ^VOJMOVK;
Hmpkos hm vmroiolgr sm bç surprmsg, vklä pkhm hmtmrjo`gr g
krhmj hk tur`k. ^rojmork, vklä m smus lkjpg`bmorks hm
tropucgåìk igzmj ujg vmroiolgåìk hm Ymcklohghm1 gqumcms
qum pgssgj pkhmj geor g`tms hks o`ojoeks, gqumcms qum
hmpkos.K sulmssk lrêtolk hç g vklä ujg gåìk
igcbgj, gemj hmpkos.K
mxtrg, m`qug`tk ujg igcbg lrêtolg k rmhuz g ujg gåìk. Ossk sm
rmpmtm g lghg rkhghg.
^mrsk`gem`s lkj g Bgfocohghm hm Xçtolg pkhmj gholok`gr smu
fø`us hm Bgfocohghm î sug Mstgtêstolg hm Ymcklohghm (m tgjfïj
pkhmj hgr smu fø`us g kutrk dkeghkr). ^mrsk`gem`s lkj g
Bgfocohghm hm Lkjg`hk, hä g tkhks ks jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk
prüxojks smu fø`us hm Bgfocohghm `mssms tmstms.
?.< W]G@XK XMJ^K Ï ]JG YOVGEMJ;
K lkjfgtm klkrrm mj gjfks rkhghgs m vkctgs. ]JG
vorgr ï iklghk mj uj dkeghkr o`hovohugc, pmrsk`gemj
`ìk-dkeghkr ku erupk hm o`ojoeks. ]JG grrmhk`hgr ï k
tmjpk qum cmvg pgrg tkhks hgrmj ujg vkctg.
Lghg rkhghg mquovgcm g gprkxojghgjm`tm hmz smeu`hks mj
tmjpk rmgc, lkj g vmz hm lghg pmrsk`gemj glk`tmlm`hk
gprkxojghgjm`tm hm`trk hmssm tmjpk, jgs `g krhmj hm
tur`k (mj kpksoåìk g tkhgs hm ujg vmz). ^krtg`tk, gceuïj
qum jkrrm g`tms hm sug vmz `ìk pkhm geor `g sug vmz.
?.8 K W]M ^K\\K IGTMV @K JM] XKV@K;
Wug`hk lbmegr g sug vmz, hoeg gk Hormtkr k qum
vklä ekstgrog hm igzmr. K Hormtkr horç sm vklä
pkhm igzmr tuhk hm ujg vmz ku sm cmvgrog vçroks
tur`ks pgrg rmgcozgr tuhk k qum hmsmdg.
Emrgcjm`tm, vklä pkhm cmvgr hugs gåýms soe`oiolgtovgs
pkr sug vmz. Mxmjpcks hm gåýms soe`oiolgtovgs sìk
(Jgs `ìk cojotghk g)4
± Gtglg`tm ± Lkrrm`hk / lgjo`bg`hk
± M`igoxg`hk ujg imrohg ± Dkeg`hk gcek
± Ymroiolg`hk k hm gceuïj ± ]sg`hk uj lkjputghkr
so`gos votgos tmrjo`gc (pmsquosm uj
± Hospgrg`hk hm uj vmêluck hormtürok, m`vkcvmr
grjgs gorcklas, m`vom uj
± Jg`kfrg`hk uj vmêluck so`gc hm sklkrrk,
± Gfro`hk ujg mlcusg hm gr lolck gtrgvïs hk LLXY
± Kpmrg`hk ujg jçquo`g læjmrgs, hmsgtovm g vohg
± Vmlgrrmeg`hk ujg grjg \upkrtm, mtl.)
Gåýms o`soe`oiolg`tms sìk lkosgs lkjk igcgr ku sm
prktmemr (lkjk pgrtm hm ujg gåìk hm jkvojm`tk), kcbgr
gk rmhkr, mtl. K Hormtkr hmlohorç `k io`gc hgs lk`tgs k
qum lk`tg lkjk ujg gåìk soe`oiolgtovg ku o`soe`oiolg`tm,
hghk k lk`tmxtk hm lghg sotugåìk mspmlêiolg.
?.= LKJK IGÅK ^GVG GXGW]M;
K gtgqum ï uj topk mspmlêiolk hm gåìk soe`oiolgtovg,
rmgcozghg rkcg`hk uj vmroiolgåìk kpkstg. @k lkjfgtm î
hostæ`log, k gtglg`tm igz ujg Xmstm hm lkjfgtm
lk`trg k hmim`skr Grjghurg sgcvg. \m k gtglg`tm ikr
fmj-sulmhohk, mcm rkcg ks hghks hm hg`k hm sug grjg.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm grjgs `gs pçeo`gs 77-78.
@k lkjfgtm g lurtg hostæ`log, k gtglg`tm igz uj tmstm hm
lkjfgtm lkjk hm lkstujm, jgs k hmim`skr pkhm hmlohor
sm hmsmdg sm kpkr g mssm tmstm lkj sug hmimsg hm
grjghurg (pgrg sm hmim`hmr lk`trg k hg`k), kutrk tmstm
hm lkjfgtm (pgrg lk`trg-gtgqum), ku uj sgcvgjm`tk hm
lkrpk (pgrg tm`tgr sgor hk LWL m iueor). \m hkos
pmrsk`gem`s mstìk cutg`hk ku cutg`hk, ossk smrog uj
tmstm rmsostohk hm Ikråg.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm Ymroiolgåýms Kpkstgs `g pçeo`g 8.6.
?.9 VMLMFK ]J FØ@]\ HG LG^G;
\m vklä sm mslk`hmr gtrçs hm ujg lkfmrturg qum mslk`hm pmck jm`ks
jmtghm hm smu lkrpk, vklä eg`bg Yg`tgemj mj smus tmstms hm rmsostä`log
hm Grjghurg lk`trg gtgqums î hostæ`log.
?.5 W]G@XK ^K\\K JKYMV;
Yklä pkhm jkvmr jmtghm hm sug vmcklohghm mj jmtrks mj ujg
gåìk hm jkvojm`tk (sug vmcklohghm tktgc mj jmtrks pgrg gjfgs
gs gåýms). \m vklä mstovmr usg`hk ujg grjghurg pmsghg, lkjk
uj Ygllsuot ku Ghvg`lmh Fgttcm Hrmss, vklä prmlosgrç igzmr uj
tmstm hm Ikråg pgrg jkvmr tkhg g sug lktg1 igcbg soe`oiolg
so e`oiolg qum
vklä sm jkvm pmcg jmtghm (ku uj qugrtk hm sug Ymcklohghm mj
jmtrks).

CKLGC HM BOX, HGJL
7>.7 CKLGC HM BOX
@krjgcjm`tm `ìk ï `mlmssçrok, jgs sm sm tkr`gr ojpkrtg`tm, vklä
pkhm usgr k hogergjg gfgoxk pgrg vmr k`hm uj pmrsk`gemj iko
gto`eohk. Vkcgr –oeugcgr‚ soe`oiolg qum smu cghk msqumrhk iko
gto`eohk, m`qug`tk rkcgr –prkfgfocohghms‚ soe`oiolg qum k cghk
hormotk iko gto`eohk.
7>4 LGFMÅG
<4 V. GVJ
84 C. GVJ
=-?4 XKV\K
64 C. CME
74 V. CME
7>.6 HG@K\
\mjprm qum vklä pmrhm uj tmstm hm Lkjfgtm rmsostohk, vklä
rmlmfm hg`k qum ï suftrgêhk hm sug \gôhm. Gcïj hossk, sm k
glmrtk iko uj glmrtk lrêtolk, ku sm vklä rmlmfmr jgos hg`k hk
qum g jmtghm hm sug sgôhm jçxojg mj uj glmrtk, vklä
prmlosgrç igzmr ujVkck
ujVkck hm pæ`olk.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm \trmss m ^æ`olk `gs pçeo`gs 6=-69.
7>.< LKJK M] L]VG;
\mjprm qum vklä tovmr g lbg`lm hm hmslg`sgr pkr pmck
jm`ks smos bkrgs, smu lkrpk tm`tgrç lurgr sugs imrohgs
`gturgcjm`tm. ^grg rmprmsm`tgr ossk, gk hmslg`sgr, vklä
hmvm igzmr uj\gcvgjm`tk lkrpkrgc m sm tovmr sulmssk,
vklä lurg sgôhm oeugc î qug`tohghm qum kftmvm. Mj lgsk
hm igcbg, vklä `ìk lk`smeum lurgr sugs imrohgs
`gturgcjm`tm. Mj ujg igcbg lrêtolg, smus imrojm`tks
pokrgj m vklä pmrhm 7h7> pk`tks hm vohg. ]j glmrtk
lrêtolk, m`trmtg`tk, hkfrg g qug`tohghm hm Yohg lurghg.
Yçroks jmholgjm`tks tgjfïj pkhmj lurgr vklä m gceu`s
`gvoks sìk mquopghks lkj Jmhfgys qum
77>>
GB
EG,M]JG
VBLMG
XMCO@LE
V YMVJMCBK
@K B
MOGKX@
MOGKX@
pkhm lk`lmhmr Yg`tgemj gk smu lkrpk sgcvk m`qug`tk
hmslg`sg. K Hormtkr, m`trmtg`tk, pkhm hmlohor qum tm`tgr
hmslg`sgr mj lorlu`stæ`logs ghvmrsgs (lkjk sm mslk`hmr hm
prmhghkrms) lk`imrm Hmsvg`tgemj gk tmstm hm lurg.Yklä
lurg.Yklä sü
pkhm sm lurgr hk hmslg`sk ujg vmz pkr hog.
Mxmjpck4 Hmpkos hm uj m`lk`trk tmrrêvmc lkj gceu`s g`hrüohms g`toeks
lkj hmimotk, g sgôhm gtugc hm Cocotb ï 86. Mcg `ìk lk`smeum vkctgr pgrg sug
`gvm m prmlosg sm mslk`hmr mj ujg læjgrg hm hmslkjprms
hmslkjprmssìk
sìk
gfg`hk`ghg. Hmpkos hm fckqumgr g mlcusg hm gr lkj uj pï-hm-lgfrg, mcg
pgssg g `kotm tm`tg`hk hmslg`sgr (gpmsgr hks g`hrüohms tgegrmcgs hk
cghk hm ikrg hm sug pkrtg).
K Hormtkr hmtmrjo`g qum, `mssgs lorlu`stæ`logs, mcg tmj
Hmsvg`tgemj mj smu lkrpk, mxlmtk pgrg sm lurgr hurg`tm g `kotm.
K lkrpk hm Cocotb tmj gpm`gs <> g`ks, m`tìk smrç uj tmstm hoiêloc.
Imcozjm`tm, Cocotb rkcg uj 66 m uj 76, gjfks fmj-sulmhohks. Mstg
ï ujg pmreu`tg lkjpcolghg, pkrqum qugc hks rkcks ï pokr;
K glmrtk lrêtolk hm 66 orog lurgr smus 79 (<>-66 : 2, 2x6 : 79), m`qug`tk
k 76 `krjgc orog lurgr smus 72 (<>-76 : 72). M`tìk, tml`olgjm`tm, –Vmergs
lk`ikrjm mslrotgs‚
mslrotgs‚ k 66 ï k pokr rmsuctghk. Ï juotg jgtmjçtolg pgrg cohgr
lkj ujg `kotm hm sk`k pgrg uj dkeghkr, m juotgs vmzms vklä tmrç vçroks
dkeghkrms rkcg`hk
rkcg`hk pgrg hmslg`sgr tkhgs
tkhgs gs `kotms, m`tìk
m`tìk ï jmcbkr gpm`gs
mslkcbmr ujg postg (lkjk "Ks lrïhotks smjprm lk`tgj lkjk jmcbkrms
dkeghgs") m ioqum lkj
lkj ossk.
7>.8 O@LK@\LOÄ@LOG M JKVXM
\mjprm qum vklä gto`eor > hm Yohg, igåg uj sgcvgjm`tk hm
Lkrpk4 Igcbg soe`oiolg qum vklä jkrrm. \ulmssk soe`oiolg qum
vklä iolg o`lk`slom`tm m k Hormtkr igrç ujg dkeghg smlrmtg `g
jmsg gfgoxk pgrg hmslkfror qug`hk vklä rmlupmrgr g
lk`sloä`log. @krjgcjm`tm, uj jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk lkj
uj jmhslg``mr pkhm hmtmrjo`gr sug lk`hoåìk. Gcïj hossk,
lom`tostgs m g`hrüohms qum pgssgj pkr uj
Xmstm hm o`tmcmltk emrgcjm`tm pkhm hozmr, gssoj lkjk qugcqumr kutrg pmsskg
lkj ujg Bgfocohghm rmcmvg`tm, lkjk ^rojmorks \klkrrks ku Fokckeog.
VKCK ^GVG YKLÄ VML]^MVGV G LK@\LOÄ@LOG ...
Yklä mstç mj lkjg m lkj jkrtm lmrmfrgc. \kjm`tm
7 jmhohgs mxtrgkrho`çrogs k cmvgrìk hm vkctg gk
ju`hk hmspmrtk.
Mj 7h7> hogs, lkj 7 \gôhm. -= Ikråg,
- = Ymcklohghm, -= O`tmcmltk (pmrhg pmrjg`m`tm).
6-<
Hmsvg`tgemj mj tkhks ks tmstms pkr 7h7> hogs.
+ 7h7> Mstrmssm.
Mj 7h7> bkrgs. 7 sgôhm. -= Ikråg m -= Ymcklohghm
8-9 (pmrhg pmrjg`m`tm). Hmsvg`tgemj mj tkhks ks
tmstms pkr 7h7> bkrgs. +< \trmss.
Mj 7h7> jo`utks. 7 sgôhm. -= Ikråg (pmrhg
5-? pmrjg`m`tm). Hmsvg`tgemj mj tkhks ks tmstms
pkr <h7> jo`utks. +6 \trmss.
Ojmhogtgjm`tm. 7 sgôhm. Hmsvg`tgemj mj tkhks
7>
ks tmstms pkr 7h7> jo`utks. +7 \trmss.
777
7
UBMG
L
UBMG
GV^G
KL@
X\
MV
MV VMJ
4 GLJ G]
CGKO@
XXOK@
G

Mj @gvm Jìm, k usk hgs grjgs m

lkjk vklä mslkcbm usç-cgs sìk juotk
ojpkrtg`tms. G ju`oåìk lkstujg smr
rmsujohg mj sm ujg grjg pkhmrksg,
`gs jìks hm uj pmrsk`gemj `ìk
trmo`ghk m mj pæ`olk, pkhm
rgpohgjm`tm trg`sikrjgr ujg
sotugåìk gf mj uj hmsgstrm.

77.7 GVJG\

Mj @gvm-jìm vklä usg smu Lkjfgt \tgt

hurg`tm g cutg. B ujg Bgfocohghm
rmcmvg`tm, lkjk Grjgs hm Ikek ku
Lkjfgtm g lurtg hostæ`log, emrgcjm`tm
gujm`tgjks smu Lkjfgtm \
tmjpkrgrogjm`tm, hg`hk g vklä uj
`ôjmrk gctk pgrg rkcgr. Gs grjgs hm
ghoåìk emrgcjm`tm pkssumj bgfocohghms
mspmlogos prüprogs, qum pkhmj
gujm`tgr go`hg jgos sugs lbg`lms hm
skfrmvovä`log.

77.6 J]@OÅÌK
Lghg grjg hmtïj gceu`s torks, k qum
rmprmsm`tg qug`tgs vmzms vklä pkhm
hospgrgr g grjg qum vklä hmvm
rmlgrrmegr. \mjprm qum usgr sug
grjg, jgrqum qug`tks torks vklä
hmoxku g`tms hm rmlgrrmegr. \mjprm
qum vklä rmgcozgr ujg gåìk, rmsmrvm
uj tmjpk pgrg jgrlgr qug`tgs

lçpsucgs, fgcgs ku rmvostgs vklä

hmoxku lkjk w

@ktg skfrm g lk`tgfocohghm4 g jgokrog hgs

pmsskgs rgstrmog ju`oåýms. Mj ôctojg
g`çcosm, ï pgrg k Ugrhm` sm vklä rgstrmog uj
ku `ìk, jgs pgrg dkeks krom`tghks pgrg g
skfrmvovä`log, `üs k rmlkjm`hgjks. @ìk ï
tg`tk smr "rmgcostg", jgs soj qum lkrrmr lkj
ju`oåìk cmvg g tkhks ks topks hm dkek
o`tmr`k, k`hm ks dkeghkrms prklurgj grjgs m
ju`oåýms, ku ojprkvosgj grjgs g pgrtor hm
kfdmtks m`lk`trghks, ku gtï jmsjk jmxmr
mj sugs grjgs pgrg usgr g ju`oåìk mcms
m`lk`trgj. ]sg`hk –fuccmt‚ t ku iolbgs hm
pøqumr pgrg rmprmsm`tgr 7, =, ujg tglghg
pkhm tkr`gr mssg lk`tgfocohghm jgos içloc `g
jmsg, dç qum ks dkeghkrms sü prmlosgj g`ktgr
lkj qum qug`tohghm lkjmågj ku tmrjo`gj
ujg smssìk. Yklä tgjfïj pkhm usgr uj
hghk pkcoïhrolk m gfgoxç-cks lk`ikrjm vklä
hospgrg lghg tork.
 7766
GVJG\4 VG@EM, VMCKGHLOB @/HEV, ]JGGL]XXMKVJLG
VXMOGLXOIK
OV@
OV@
MOGLXOIK M

7 IGORG fgcgs, ku lk`lbgs, sìk iglocjm`tm glmssêvmos. @m`bujg

qug`tohghm hm trmo`gjm`tk pkhm prmpgrç-ck pgrg vgslucbgr
grjg hm ck`ek gclg`lm tmj lurtk, jïhok m mj ujg jgtocbg lgrrmeghg mj fuslg hm ju`oåìk
gclg`lm gsskloghks g mcg. m`qug`tk ï gtglghk pkr ujg jgtocbg hm imrgs erktmslgs
mj ujg rklbg mslurg m hostg`tm.
Igoxg bkrt4 Grjgs hospgrg`hk hm`trk hmstg
g`em (ku o`imrokr) `ìk skirmj `m`bujg
pm`gcohghm `k Lkjfgt \tgt hk bkktmr. 76.8 GVJG\ G]XKJÇXOLG\
Hm jïhok gclg`lm4 Grjgs hospgrg`hk `mstg g`em lk`imrmj
Gceujgs grjgs (lkjk k Voicm hm pucsk m
ujg pm`gcohghm hm -7>% î mstgtêstolg hm lkjfgtm hk
\ufjmtrgcbghkrg) sìk grjgs tktgcjm`tm gutkjçtolgs, k
gtorghkr.
qum soe`oiolg qum, m`qug`tk vklä smeurgr k egtocbk, g
Egjg k`e4 Mstg ï g hostæ`log jçxojg qum g
grjg lk`to`ugrç g hospgrgr mj ujg vmcklohghm o`lrêvmc.
grjg pkhm gto`eor lkj miolçlog. @k vçluk hk
Ossk soe`oiolg qum gpüs lghg vmz qum vklä hospgrgr ujg
mspgåk, ujg fgcg hospgrghg pkhm vogdgr `
grjg tktgcjm`tm gutkjçtolg, vklä tmrç qum rmlgrrmegr, g
hostæ`log o`hmio`ohg - jgs pkr lgusg hk g`mc
jm`ks qum tm`bg gs bgfocohghms hm Xrmo`gjm`tk Jocotgr
Jo cotgr
mj ujg `gvm ku mj uj pcg`mtg, mstm ï k
ku Grjgs hm Ikek, lgsk mj qum vklä pkhm hospgrgr träs
gclg`lm jçxojk hg grjg. Hospgrgr `mstg g`em
vmzms g`tms hm rmlgrrmegr. Ossk sm hmvm î o`tm`sg
lk`imrm Hmsvg`tgemj gk tmstm hm Lkjfgtm hk
–hoslopco`g hm egtocbk‚ `mlmssçrog pgrg hospgrgr mssgs
Gtorghkr.
grjgs mj rgdghgs smj msvgzogr tkhk k pm`tm. K Erçiolk
jpcm4 Gfmc mstç jorg`hk lkj smu Voicm O`tmcoem`tm mj uj mlm`çrok hm Grjgs `g lgpg o`tmr`g jkstrg mssgs grjgs lkjk
hmsk`mstk g 8=> j hm hostæ`log, mslk`hohk `g lrgtmrg hm uj rkoh. tm`hk–\bkts4 7 (<)‚ pgrg rmprmsm`tgr ossk.
Gfmc mstç mjpkcmorghk `k tkpk hm ujg gctg lrostg m tmj uj fkj
pk`tk hm ohghm `k jmrlm`çrok. K Lkjfgtm hm Gfmc tmj <8 g`ks, jgs
tgjfïj tmj uj B]H lk`mltghk gk smu Voicm O`tmcoem`tm, qum cbm hç
+7> mj smu Lkjfgtm. Gcïj hossk, kutrk iuzocmork `gvgc mstç lkj
Gfmc m gs rmergs hk Hormtkr qum, ujg vmz qum k kutrk iuzocmork `gvgc
mstç usg`hk smus fo`ülucks pgrg geor lkjk kfsmrvghkr, Gfmc pkhm
kftmr k fø`us hm prkxojohghm hm + =% pkr tmr uj iuzocmork `gvgc
prüxojk. Gcïj hossk, Gfmc tmj grjgs hm ikek qum lk`lmhm kutrks +
7=%, mcmvg`hk smu lkjfgtm tktgc pgrg 98%. Mcm mstç mj ck`eg
hostæ`log, mcm rkcg lkj hmsvg`tgemj kftm`hk uj 7= m uj =<.

` tmstm kpkstk, m`tìk k 7= ï k pokr tmstm (mjfkrg go`hg smdg

mssm`logc). M`qug`tk ossk, k jmrlm`çrok, pkr lgusg hm sug
r, lk`smeum rkcgr smu tmstm hm rmsostä`log hm Grjghurg lkj
Yg`tgemj. K lm`çrok tmj ujg rmsostä`log hm Grjghurg hm <> m rkcg
uj 6 m uj <<. << ï ujg igcbg lrêtolg, m`tìk k jmrlm`çrok cmvg 6. K 7=
ï jgokr qum k 6 hk jmrlm`çrok, m`tìkGfmc glmrtg
glmrtg m lgusg hg`k.

76.= BGFOCOHGHM\ HM GVJG M\^MLOGO\

6 GOJO@E
Yklä egstg uj tur`k lkjpcmtk (gjfgs gs gåýms) jorg`hk,
`ìk tkjm `m`buj hg`k `gqumcm tur`k, vklä eg`bg `tgem
mj smu prüxojk tork lkj uj pk` î hostæ`log. Yklä pkhm
smeurgr ujg jorg pkr qugcqumr `ôjmrk hm u`hs
(mspmrg`hk pgrg igzmr k smu tork), hmshm qum `ìk skirg
hg`ks, smdg gegrrghk, mjpurrghk ku mjpurrghk, mtl.
Gceujgs grjgs väj mquopghgs lkj pkhmrksks
sm`skrms hm jorg ku mstgfocozgåìk pkr eorkslüpok qum
gs tkr`gj jgos içlmos hm usgr. Ossk
O ssk soe`oiolg qum,
m`qug`tk mstovmr usg`hk g grjg, vklä pkhm gholok`gr
lmrtks fø`us îs sugs dkeghgs. ^kr mxmjpck4
± \m g grjg hossmr +7> (Lkjfgtm)4 Wug`hk
usg`hk g grjg, vklä pkhm gholok`gr 7> î sug
mstgtêstolg hm lkjfgtm.

< VMCKGHO@E ± \musg`hk

g grjg hossmr +7> (grjgs hm ikek)4 Wug`hk
g grjg, vklä pkhm gholok`gr +7> î sug mstgtêstolg
hm lkjfgtm sm tovmr g bgfocohghm hm grjgs hm ikek.
ghktgr ujg grjg mxoem ujg gåìk soe`oiolgtovg, smjprm,
± \m g grjg hossmr -7> (vs. rmsostä`log hm grjghurg)4
sm vklä tovmr k trmo`gjm`tk jocotgr ku bgfocohghms rjs,
\mu kpk`m`tm hmvm suftrgor 7> hm smu tmstm hm
m`tìk vklä pkhm rmlgrrmegr ergtuotgjm`tm
rmsostä`log hm Grjghurg gk rkcgr lk`trg mstg grjg.
`. Ossk prmssupým qum sugs rmvostgs,
7<
GVJG\4 GVJG\ HM LKJFGXM
Vkhghgs hm pmriurgåìk hm grjghurg4
- 7> (lk`trg rmsostä`log hm
Æjfotk tïrjolk4
grjghurg). x76 iktks pkr rmvostg
Yosìk Xïrjolg
Vkhghgs hm iüsikrk4
\ostmjg \jgrt-co`a4 x6 hm hg`k mj glmrtk
+ = (Lkjfgtm sm mstovmr usg`hk B]H). lrêtolk. 7 (<) iktks pkr rmvostg
\tkrjgssguct \cues4
Vmfgtohg gk glmrtgr.
A`klahkw` `k glmrtk
lrêtolk. 8 torks pkr rmlgreg
Vmvostg hm uctrg lgpglohghm4
7 (=) iktks pkr rmvostg.
I@ –\C]E E]@‚ VMYÜCYMV HJE4 <H7>
Ao`mto-\cues4
A`klahkw` `k glmrtk lrêtolk. Icgrm hm gctg o`tm`sohghm4
Yosêvmc hog m `kotm g
- = (vs. rmsostä`log hm
pgrtor hm 6=aj. ck`em.
grjghurg). 2 torks pkr rmlgreg
6 torks pkr rmlgreg
Mspmltrkslüpok4
Yosìk @ktur`g / Xïrjolg
\ostmjg \jgrt-co`a4
+ 7> (Lkjfgtm sm mstovmr usg`hk B]H).
\A 7>? \MMAMV \J 7H]JG>7VX VOICM HJE4 7H7> *
* Hg`k tropck mj glmrtks lrêtolks.
Cg`åghkr hm erg`ghgs hm fkjfg hm gåìk4
^kssuo 9 Irge Erm`ghms.
I6> –ÇVFOXVK‚ ^]7muH\7M> VOICM HJE4 =H7>
Vg`em-Io`hmr hm çuhok4
Mjotm uj fopm qug`hk ks `ìk gjoeçvmos
gjoeçvmos sm gprkxojgj
hm`trk hm 7>j.
AG@K R? LK7J H7F>@K \BKXE]@ HJE4 6H7> *
* 7/6 hm hg`k g jïhok gclg`lm. 7/8 hm hg`k g ck`eg hostæ`log.
GVJG 6? \]7 7 FHJ>GLBO@M E]@ HJE4 8H7>
Mstkqum hkfrçvmc4
^mrjotm smeurgr lkj ujg jìk.
Hgrhks Xrg`q4
K gcvk hmvm igzmr uj
sgcvgjm`tk hm lkrpk mj
Yg`tgemj ku qumhg
o`lk`slom`tm pkr 7h7>
^MGFKH_ \O@GCOTGHKV HJE4 7H7> rkhghgs (rkcgemj smlrmtg).
9 iktks pkr rmvostg
H&L 5 ^O\XKCG XVG@W]OCOTGHKVG HJE4 @ / G *
* Xmj pktm`logc pgrg hmoxgr k gcvk o`lk`slom`tm, lk`suctm k tmxtk mj lgoxg.
 78
GVJG\4 GVJG\ M\^MLOGO\

Grpìk hm lgrfk`k rmtrçtoc4

]sghk `g jo`mrgåìk. Gk smr gto`eohk, k gcvk
Jolrkiocgjm`tk4 hmvm sgcvgr k lkrpk ku iolgr mjpgtghk.
=>>j. Hoiêloc hm lkrtgr. Hmtïj 7 tork.

BG@-6?> MW]O^GJM@XK 7HE7mu>@E E]@ HJE4 6H7> *

* 7h
7h7>
7> h
hjje sm
sm k g
grp
rpìk
ìk ik
ikrr pu
puxghk pg
pgrg
rg ik
ikrg
rg h
hkkg
gcv
cvk
Cgsmr hm imoxm gjpck4
Lk`struêhk pgrg hmstruor `gvoks. Gclg`lm hm
5>>j. Cmvg 7 rkhghg pgrg rmlgrrmegr g lghg
tork. -7= (vs. rmsostä`log hm grjghurg).

Fgtmrog skcgr Jmeg-HR4

Hmtïj 9 torks g cgsmr. Cmvg 7 bkrg
pgrg rmlgrrmegr vog emrghkr hk `gvok
ku 9 bkrgs vog m`mreog skcgr.

J@L JKHMCK G CG\ 7HM7V>LKVXGHKV HJE4 H% *

*k
kuu7J
JHHJE sm gto
gtorg
rg``hk lk`
lk`tr
trg
g uj
uj vmêl
êluck
uck k
kuu `gvok

Gcåg

Oe`otmr

Xg`qum hm lkjfustêvmc o`icgjçvmc4

Hospgrg lbgjgs cêquohgs gtï 6>j. K ikek
pmrjg`mlm k`hm pkusg. Hmtïj 2 torks.

VGJBKV@ 7 ICG7J H7M> GXOVGHKV HJE4 6H7> *

*F
Fk
khy sg
sgv
vm k
kuu ssm
mr o`
o`llm`hog
ogh
hk. 7h7> h
hj
je / ttu
ur`k.

VK\LK \\9 ^O\XKCG HM ^VMEK\ HJE4 6H7>

\cues hm prmek pgrg smrvoåk pmsghk4
Lk`struêhk pgrg rmpgrks hm `gvms mspglogos.
- 7> (vs. rmsostä`log hm grjghurg).

Gfskråìk hm lbkqum Mspujg hm m`hurmlojm`tk rçpohk4

Lo`tg hm kjfrk Gk glmrtgr, Lkrpk sgcvg pgrg mvotgr. G
mspujg lkfrm k mspgåk hm jmtrks
Vmvostg hm prmeks lkj lgrrmeghkr gutkjçtolk4 qughrghks. Vmqumr tmstm hm Ikråg Q-Z
<6 iktks pkr rmvostg pgrg mslgpgr.

Gcåg

Xg`qum lkjprojohk4
Mxpcksovk sm pmriurghk.
Hmtïj 9 lgregs.

Mjosskr hm ]ctrg Lgckr4

Lkrtg gtrgvïs hm mlcusgs hm gr / pkrtgs pmsghgs.
- = (lk`trg rmsostä`log hm grjghurg).

MYG JA OO \KCHGHKV HM JÌK HJE4 7H7> BGCC\ F \MVOM\ ^O\XKCG HM M\^]JG HJE4 @ / G *
7=
GVJGH]VG\
YGLL\]OX
GVJKV \GYM4 +5%
K trgdm fçsolk usghk hurg`tm g
kpmrgåìk `k mspgåk.
± Wug`hk lk`mltghk g
uj tg`qum hm kxoeä`ok, rmtïj
K6 suiolom`tm pkr 76 bkrgs ku
9 bkrgs skf mstrmssm.
± Lk`tïj lurtk gclg`lm
lkju`olgåýms m hkos
igrüos.
± Ymroiolgåýms hm vmcklohghm imotgs mj
uj Ygllsuot mstç smjprm
mj hmsvg`tgemj.
± \m pmriurghk,
jk`otkr o`tmr`k orç
g`ô`lok hm skj
hmslkjprmssìk mj 9>
smeu`hks.
XMV@K HM ^MVOEK
GVJKV \GYM4 +=%
Lk`struêhk pgrg lom`tostgs m
mxpckrghkrms usgrmj mj pcg`mtgs
gcom`êem`gs.
± Ioctrk hm gr m pkhm grjgzm`gr
gtï 7 bkrg hm gr mj uj
pmqum`k tg`qum hm kxoeä`ok m
pkhm ioctrgr g jgokrog hgs
gtjksimrgs tüxolgs.
± ^rktmem lk`trg sotugåýms mxtrmjgs
lgckr m irok.
± Vmlupmrghkr hm bohrgtgåìk
sostmjg, pkhm igzmr 7 cotrk
hm çeug hurgr 8 hogs.
± O`lcuo k`hgs lurtgs
lkju`olgåìk m igrkc.
 79
GVJGH]VG\

FGXGCBG GYG@ÅGHG
YM\XOV

GVJKV \GYM4 +7=%

Xrgdm pghrìk pgrg iuzocmorks
`gvgos ojpcg`tghks mj lkjfgtms
pmsghks ikrg hk ju`hk.

± O`lcuo k`hgs lurtgs

lkju`olgåìk (mj uj MW]O^M ^GHVÌK
sostmjg imlbghk lkj kutrk GXXOVM
iuzocmorks `gvgos mj sug
u`ohghm), lgjm hk lkrpk, igrkc. GVJKV \GYM4 +>%
± Xmj uj pmqum`k mxkmsqumcmtk
tmlohk `g rkupg qum pmrjotm Jglglìk m lkurk
qum k iuzocmork `gvgc lgrrmeum lgsglks. G rkupg pghrìk usghg pmcks
k hkfrk hk pmsk qum jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk g fkrhk hm
`krjgcjm`tm lgrrmegrog. ujg `gvm mspglogc. Xrgdm fçsolk
± Ymroiolgåýms hm vmcklohghm imotgs gssujohk pgrg tkhks
mj GFHs mstìk smjprm Gucgs.
mj hmsvg`tgemj.
75
MW]O^GJM@XK

OXMJ L]\XK HM\LVOÅÌK

Gvg`åghk 7=>> Vkupg hm lkjfgtm pmsghg usghg pkr iuzocmorks `gvgos mj lkjfgtms ikrg hk ju`hk mj fgtgcbg. Mcm lk`imrm uj fø`us hm + 7=% `k tmstm hm
Ymstohk hm fgtgcbg rmsostä`log hm Grjghurg hk usuçrok. Mcm tmj uj pmqum`k mxk-msqumcmtk qum pmrjotm gk usuçrok lgrrmegr k hkfrk hk qum `krjgcjm`tm pkhmrog.

Gutkjmh (x9) <>> Lkjprojohks `g`ktml`kcüeolks qum gduhgj smu lkrpk g rmpgrgr hg`ks. Mcms hìk + 7>% pgrg sgcvgjm`tks hm Lkrpk hmsto`ghks g rmpmcor hkm`ågs,
vm`m`k m tm`tgtovgs hm lurg, m + 7>% pgrg sgcvgjm`tks hm Jmhk imotks pgrg rmhuzor k \trmss.

Fo`ülucks <= Gjpcogåìk hm 6>x. Irmqóm`tmjm`tm, väj lkj kpåýms hm vosìk tïrjolg m `ktur`g.

Fokslg``mr 7=> ^mrjotm qum k usuçrok mxgjo`m g çrmg ojmhogtg mj fuslg hm so`gos hm vohg. Emrgcjm`tm pkhm mslg`mgr 7>>j mj tkhgs gs hormåýms, smj smr fckqumghk pmcg
jgokrog hks jmtgos lk`bmlohks. ^khm hozmr g cklgcozgåìk hks so`gos hm vohg, jgs `ìk k qum ï mssg vohg.

Fkhy Lgj => ]jg læjmrg usghg mj sug rkupg qum pkhm trg`sjotor vêhmk hm vkctg g uj lm`trk hm lk`trkcm pgrg qum ks kutrks jmjfrks hg mquopm pkssgj vmr k qum
vklä mstç vm`hk.

Mquopgjm`tk hm glgjpgjm`tk 6=> Xm`hg, Lg`to`g, Ikeìk, Jklbocg, \glk hm Hkrjor

^ï hm lgfrg 6= Lk`imrm Yg`tgemj `ks tmstms hm Ikråg pgrg gfror mlcusgs hm gr mjpmrrghgs ku cmvg`tgr kfdmtks pmsghks. Xgjfïj pkhm smr usghk lkjk grjg.

Lofmr`ïtolk =>> ^mrjotm qum k usuçrok mslg`mom g`hrüohms m kutrks kreg`osjks lofmr`ïtolks pgrg hoge`kstolgr qugosqumr prkfcmjgs iêsolks ku jm`tgos qum pkssgj mstgr
Hoge`üstolk tm`hk. Irmqum`tmjm`tm hmslk`ioghk pkr g`hrüohms. ^khm smr usghk lkjk hospksotovk hm cklgcozgåìk hm kreg`osjks so`tïtolks.
\lg``mr

Mcmtrø`olk 9=> ]j lk`du`tk lkjpcmtk hm imrrgjm`tgs pgrg igzmr rmpgrks hmtgcbghks ku trgfgcbks hm lk`struåìk mj mcmtrø`olks. Lk`imrm + 7>% gks rkcks qum fuslgj lk`smrtgr mcmtrø`olks.
Lk`du`tk hm Imrrgjm`tgs

Mjmreä`log <> ]j pmqum`k hospksotovk qum mjotm uj so`gc cujo`ksk m, mj smeuohg, mjotm uj fopm gctk g lghg pkulks smeu`hks. Gcïj hossk, m`vog ujg lbgjghg mj
Fgcozg tkhks ks lg`gos hm rçhok pgrg `gvoks ku vmêlucks `g çrmg. ^khm smr lk`ioeurghk pgrg smr socm`loksk ku pgrg igzmr lbgjghgs gpm`gs mj lg`gos lk`bmlohks.

Vmeostrghkr hm Lgjpk => ]sghk pgrg pmsquosgr ickrg m igu`g mxütolgs `k lgjpk. ^khm lkcmtgr so`gos votgos, gjkstrgs hm H@G m rmgcozgr g`çcosms em`ïtolgs m
jgtmrogos fçsolgs mj kfdmtks mstrg`bks.

Aot hm projmorks sklkrrks 5= Wug`hk usghk, gholok`g + 7>% gks rkcks imotks pgrg lurgr imrohgs m pgrgr k

Cg`tmr`g 7> sg`ergjm`tk. ^krtçtoc ku jk`tghk `k kjfrk, ocujo`g 6>j î irm`tm hk usuçrok.

Erg`ghg hm irgejm`tgåìk 8>> Irmqóm`tmjm`tm väj lgrrmeghks mj roicms pucsg`tms, erg`ghgs hm irgejm`tgåìk lgusgj 7h7> hm hg`k g tkhks mj uj rgok hm 6> j qug`hk
(x9) mxpckhmj. Juotgs vmzms pkhmj igzmr 7JHJE pgrg uj `gvok sm lkcklghk mj sug lgsg hm jçquo`gs ku pk`tm.

Xrgdm hm ^mroek 5=> ]j trgdm pghrìk pgrg ks lom`tostgs usgrmj mj pcg`mtgs gcom`êem`gs. @ìk iko lk`struêhk pgrg vogem`s mspglogos lkjk k vgllsuot, jgs ikr`mlm ioctrgemj hm
gr m uj pmqum`k suprojm`tk hm gr, fmj lkjk + =% hm prktmåìk hm grjghurg.

Gtm`åìk 5= Irmqóm`tmjm`tm
Irmqóm`tmjm`tm usghk pkr iuzocmorks `gvgos, k B]H pmrjotm qum k usuçrok vmdg gtrgvïs hgs læjmrgs lkrpkrgos hm kutrgs pmsskgs mj sug u`ohghm m gprkvmotm ks rmlursks hm
Jkstrgr lk`mxìk o`tmcoem`tm hm sugs grjgs.

O`irgvmrjmcbk 7>> ^mrjotm qum k usuçrok vmdg gsso`gturgs hm lgckr, îs vmzms lkj vçrogs bkrgs.
Ülucks

Cklgcozghkr 8= Wug`hk usghk, pmrjotm qum ks jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk mj uj lm`trk hm lk`trkcm (ku `g pk`tm hm uj `gvok) rgstrmomj g cklgcozgåìk hk usuçrok.

Lk`du`tk Cklapola 8> ]j lk`du`tk gctgjm`tm gvg`åghk hm imrrgjm`tgs hmsto`ghgs g bglamgr sostmjgs fçsolks hm mlcusgs hm gr m pkrtgs mcmtrø`olgs. Lk`imrm + 7>% `ks
rkcks imotks pgrg gfror mssgs pkrtgs.

Ck`ek gclg`lm 9= ^grg usk `g lkju`olgåìk `gvok-supmriêlom.

Lkjjs

Jge-Fkkts == Lk`lmhm ujg mjpu`bghurg jge`ïtolg gk usuçrok, pmrjoto`hk qum mcm lgjo`bm iglocjm`tm `g supmriêlom hm ujg `gvm (`k mspgåk, m`qug`tk g`lkrghg
ku icutug`hk covrmjm`tm), ku gstmrüohms fgsmghks mj jmtgc.

Jmhslg``mr 7=> ^mrjotm qum k usuçrok mslg`mom uj lkrpk vovk ku jkrtk m g`gcosm-k mj fuslg hm hkm`ågs ku g`krjgcohghms, smj tmr qum igzmr ujg
foüpsog (ku gutüpsog).

JVM (x5) 5> –Vmimoåýms prk`tgs pgrg lkjmr.‚ Vgåýms hm lgjpk o`hovohugos m o`hmpm`hm`tms mj mjfgcgem`s cmvms. Lghg uj tmj sustm`tk
suiolom`tm pgrg ujg ô`olg pmsskg pkr uj hog (`ìk o`lcuo çeug).

Xg`qum hm kxoeä`ok => Wug`hk g`mxghk g uj vgllsuot pmrjotm gtï 76 bkrgs hm kxoeä`ok mj lorlu`stæ`logs `krjgos. 8 bkrgs mj
lorlu`stæ`logs mstrmssg`tms. Mxpcksovk.
 72
MW]O^GJM@XK

OXMJ L]\XK HM\LVOÅÌK

^êcucgs pgrg hkr (x9) 8=> Wug`hk o`emrohk ojmhogtgjm`tm lurg 7h7> pk`tks hm hg`k m rmhuz k \trmss mj 7. Mxostm k pmroek hm vêlok m / ku kvmrhksm
sm usghk lkj irmquä`log.

Vghok Dgjjmr 75= Wug`hk gtovghk, tkr`g o`lkjprmm`sêvmos ks so`gos hm rçhok hm tkhks mj uj rgok hm 7>> aj.

Vmfrmgtbmr 8= Wug`hk usghk, ioctrg k gr m pmrjotm g rmsporgåìk sufgquçtolg pkr gtï vo`tm jo`utks smj rmssureor. Lk`lmhm + 7>% pgrg

Fosturo => qugcqumr uj qum iozmr tmstms hm pmrêlog Lorureog. ^khm smr usghk lkjk grjg.

Lurtk gclg`lm <> ^mrjotm g lkju`olgåìk hm `gvok g `gvok g ujg hostæ`log rgzkçvmc, fmj lkjk hm supmriêlom g supmriêlom mj gtï 76
Lkjjs quocøjmtrks.

^ghrìk 5=> Mstg grjghurg cmvm ï k vmstohk pghrìk pgrg iuzocmorks

iuzocmorks `gvgos o`hk pgrg k lkjfgtm m lk`imrm uj fø`us hm + 7>% `k tmstm hm rmsostä`log hm Grjghurg hk
Ymstohk hm fgtgcbg usuçrok.

Xropucgåìk ^ghrìk 6> Jglglýms, dgqumtgs hm lkurk, tä`os, rmegtg ku lgjosmtg msigrrgpghg. G rkupg pghrìk usghg pmcks jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk g fkrhk hm ujg `gvm
Xrgdm mspglogc. Xrgdm gssujohk pghrìk pgrg tkhgs gs lcgssms.

\tojpga (x9) 9>> Lk`lmhm 6h7> ojmhogtks î \gôhm m gujm`tg tmjpkrgrogjm`tm g Ikråg m k Lkjfgtm mj 6h7> lghg pkr 7h7> bkrgs.
Mxostm k pmroek hm hmpm`hä`log m / ku kvmrhksm sm usghk lkj irmquä`log.

Aot hm ^msquosg 6>> Wug`hk usghk `g supmriêlom hm uj pcg`mtg, pmrjotm k jgpmgjm`tk rçpohk hm gceu`s quocøjmtrks prüxojks, fmj lkjk hghks skfrm rmsporgfocohghm
hk gr, ergvohghm m kutrgs lgrgltmrêstolgs
lgrgltmrêstolgs `ktçvmos ojpkrtg`tms hg pgosgemj
pgosgemj lorlu`hg`tm.

^mrjotm k jkvojm`tk `k mspgåk smj skirmr pm`gcohghms pkr rghogåìk ku igctg hm kxoeä`ok. Vmqumr uj tg`qum hm kxoeä`ok pgrg rmsporgr. Irmqóm`tmjm`tm
Jglglìk
7>>> usghk lkj fktgs Jge m ujg grjg hm lkrhgjm. Lk`imrm + 5% gks tmstms hm rmsostä`log hm grjghurg.

Yofmlbmtm 5= Jglbmtm qum vofrg g vmcklohghms uctrg-gctgs pgrg lkrtgr hm ikrjg cojpg g ikcbgemj hm`sg. ^khm smr usghk lkjk grjg. ^khm

Ioctrk hm çeug 7= fkjfmgr => cotrks hm çeug ioctrghg pkr bkrg, jmsjk `ks pæ`tg`ks jgos sgckfrgs.

Juotgs vmzms, g hoimrm`åg m`trm g vohg m g jkrtm mj @gvm- `ôjmrk tkjghk, igåg uj sgcvgjm`tk hm lkrpk. Igcbg
jìm ï tmr gs imrrgjm`tgs lmrtgs pgrg k trgfgcbk mj qumstìk. soe`oiolg qum vklä lgou o`lk`slom`tm m k Hormtkr rkcg `g
Glojg mstç ujg costg `ìk gfrg`em`tm hks topks hm jmsg hg pçeo`g 7>.8. Yklä pkhm lurgr uj vêlok pkr jmok
mquopgjm`tk qum vklä m`lk`trgrç mj@gvm-jìm.
mj@gvm-jìm. hm trgtgjm`tk `k dkek ku sufo`hk hm `êvmc.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm \trmss m ^æ`olk `gs pçeo`gs 6=-69.
72.7 ^GXVOJØ@OK O@OLOGC M LVÏHOXK\
00 Cmog jgos skfrm lkjk sufor hm `êvmc `gs pçeo`gs <=-<9.

@g lrogåìk hm pmrsk`gemj, vklä tmj qugtrk hoimrm`tms

Ckghkuts mslkcbmr g pgrtor hm. Ks Ckghkuts mxostmj
pgrg tkr`gr k rmcg`ågjm`tk hm uj pmrsk`gemj
fgstg`tm o`hkckr. \m vklä mslkcbmr uj hks Ckghkuts
o`ologos, kftmrç =h7>Lrïhotks lkjmågr lkj. \m, `k
m`tg`tk, vklä kptgr pkr rm`u`logr gks lgrrmegjm`tks
o`ologos m lkjprgr smu mquopgjm`tk gks pkulks, vklä
rkcg =h7> * 7> pgrg smus lrïhotks o`ologos.

72.6 YÊLOK
K usk mxlmssovk hm g`gceïsolks ku \tojpgas rmqumr uj
\gcvgr k lkrpk pgrg prmvm`or k vêlok. ]jg vmz vologhk, igåg
uj sgcvgjm`tk lkrpkrgc hoçrok ku eg`bm 7h7> hm mstrmssm
tkhks ks hogs smj. \m ikr usghk ujg vmz pkr hog hurg`tm
ujg smjg`g, vklä prmlosgrç tkjgr k hkfrk hg qug`tohghm
hm lkjprojohks pgrg kftmr k jmsjk mimotk.

\mjprm qum vklä tkjgr jgos hm uj lkjprojohk pkr

vmz, rkcm 7h7>. \m vklä rkcgr oeugc ku gfgoxk hk
7?
H7>> XVO@AMX\

Vkcm `mstg jmsg hurg`tm g lrogåìk hk pmrsk`gemj pgrg m`lk`trgr uj fueoeg`eg. Xgjfïj pkhm smr usghk smjprm qum vklä vgslucbgr
ks fkcsks, lkrpk, fmcolbm ku jklbocg hm gceuïj pgrg m`lk`trgr uj otmj gcmgtürok hoe`k hm `ktg.

H7>> XVO@AMX H7>> XVO@AMX H7>> XVO@AMX

> Gfmrrgåìk O`smltoc ^rmsmrvghg <8 \kcolotgåìk rmdmotghg (`gvok hg lkcø`og) 95 Iktkergiog hmsfktghg,
]jg lbgr`mlg vgrrohg pmck vm`tk
Ighmh Ermm` ^kamr Lbop
7 <= ^g`icmtk4 Kvmrckrhs G`hrkoh 92 G Fkcg hm \trmss cä4
Vktmork hm mjprmsg g`toeg Tmrk \trmss mj Tmrk E
6 (Jo`g Gstmrüohm)
<9 \udmorg (smholoksg)4
K Lgpotìk, Krhm`ghk Jg`ugc4
9?
< Fk`mlg Busa Hmsohrgtghg <5 Lbgvm (cgr hg o`iæ`log) Jkk`sbo`o`e lkj ücmk hm grjg m lkjfustêvmc

8 Lkcgr hm tropgs hm lgslg hm ickrms Jg`ugc4 ^æ`olk4 prm`ô`lok hm 5> Eorkslüpok, Fm`t, Xo`
<2 lgtçstrkim
= prm`sghgs hm gcom`êem`g (lkjuj) 57 Rêlgrg hm lgiï, cgslghg,
<? \êjfkck4 –\mu jkrgc mstç jmcbkrg`hk;‚ IMCOLOHGHM Ï KFVOEGXÜVOG
9 G`hrkoh Ckeol Lkrm lkrrkêhk
56
8> Ygrgs iksikrmslm`tms, pg`icmtk hm
Hgrhks Jge`ïtolks
^g`icmtk4 \o`gos hm o`imlåìk
5 pgrgsotçrog 87 `ïk`4 Gs mstrmcgs o`hoimrm`tms
5< Xo`tg sprgy

2 Jg`ugc4 Xrgtm smu roicm lkjk ujg hgjg 86 Lgcm`hçrok4 Fgtgcbgs jocotgrms
58 Lgrtgz hm prklurghk, jmhgcbìk

? Iglg hm kssk 8< Jg`ugc4 Lgpotìk Volk, Lgpotìk ^kfrm

5= rmsostohk, trg`åg hm lgfmck

7> Lgcm`hçrok4 Gcom` ^o`-]p 88 Lgrtgz hg lgjpg`bg (Bkjm ^cg`mt)

59 Mslkcbg, jo`ogturg

77 Grt Hke Xges (bmrg`åg)

8= ^o`em`tm4 Irgejm`tks hm 55 Lkfmrtkr, ^grag lkj lgpuz

76 Ubosay \mrpm`to`m Hg`lmr

Lk`lbg \uspm`sks mj ^cçstolk
52 rmtgrhghkr hm ikek, postkcg FF lkj
89 ^gcotk hm totæ`ok
5?
7< Bkckerçiolk Lkfrg ikrrk hm cì
85 Cuvgs hm lkurk (lkurk xm`kjkrik)
x m`kjkrik)
2>
78 Vmlopom`tm jïholk, pêcucgs hm pü rkxk4 Ico`t Bgtlbmt
^g`icmtk4 Tm` m g grtm hk grrg`dk
7= gprojkrgjm`tk jgsluco`k, lgrtgs hm dkegr
82 hm lgreg 27 ^o`em`tm4 hkos gstrk`gutgs ikrjgj
uj lræ`ok
79 hm lgsso`k hm jç qugcohghm
8? ^kr`kergiog poltürolg,
26 Lufk hm Vufoa
Hkemgrmh, fmj jg`usmghk
75 ^ï Cgekjkrik
=> \klk O`ecmsg 2< Jg`ugc4 \kfrmvovä`log4 Lkjg skpg lkj

72 G`mc hm ^mhrg hg Cug ujg iglg

=7 Gcemjgs Iuzzy
28
7? Jg`ugc4 \meurg`åg `g jo`mrgåìk m vklä
\put`oa ^o`
=6 Dkur`gc ki Eruhems
2= ]sbg`ag
^g`icmtk4 Lk`trg
6> \ojucglrk Bujg`k =< Loegrrmorg mstocozghg
Fk`ï hm lgjo`bk`mork, jgcbg, fçcsgjk jm`tkcghk
67 Lræ`ok hm g`ojgc, < kcbks, lboirms =8 Fkcg hm lbgvm hm grgjm hm
29
25 lo`zg Gcom` Ckek

66 m`rkcghks Lmrtoiolghk hm fgrjg` == fotkcg vgroghg

22 Lgpglmtm hm jmhucg

6< (mxporghk) Lbgvm o`ecmsg =9 \wotlbfcghm, çrvkrm kr`gjm`tgc

2? 7>x7> Xgrp
68 Lg`mlg hm prkspmlåìk, jçslgrg =5 hm fk`sgo hm lboirm hm
?> O Lbo`e, Igctg`hk \tolas
6= gssustghkrg gjgssghg =2 xm`kjkrik mj pü
?7 Auaro
69 Jçrjkrm Yg`tgfcgla =? Lcufm hm ekcim (tglk)
?6 ^ç hm tro`lbmorg
65 Hghk hm Jgrioj 9> Xrockfotm Ikssoc
?< \bov, iglg hm jg`tmoeg gioghg

62 Lgrtgs hm tgrø, usghgs, 97 ^g`icmtk4 ]jg egrktg mj lghg pkrtk

?8 egtk tgxohmrjozghk
Fkrhgs hkurghgs hm porotg
96 Jglglìk rmjm`hghk, lkosg lgr`uhg
6? \glk hm lo`zgs hm hm`tms ?= ^g`icmtk4 O`tmrprmtg`hk sk`bks hm

9< pmrsk`gcozghg cglrghg mj uj frglmcmtm lkj kvmcbgs

vgroghks (uj pgrm`tm)

<> 98 pk`tgs turvgs ?9 ^gr hm ülucks hm mspo`egrhg, lgrtulbks hm

<7 H@V Fmglk` Lkcgr mspo`egrhg egstks

9= Bgrjø`olg
?5
<6 Lkjprojohks hm loegrrks (lræ`ok
Ülucks hm üpmrg
Jg`ugc4 \pglmigrmr
\pglmigrmr's
's Gcjg`gl
<< skrrohm`tm)4 `kz hm grmlg
99 (hmsgtugcozghk)
?2 ^g`icmtk4 G Vmcêquog hg Lgr`m

?? Lk`du`tk hm xghrmz mj jo`ogturg,

kssk, pmågs igctg`hk
 6>
H7>> ^GXLBM\

Jgro`ms m Xmgjstmrs (m, kplok`gcjm`tm, Lom`tostgs m G`hrkohs) hmvmj rkcgr `mstg jmsg hurg`tm g lrogåìk hk
pmrsk`gemj pgrg m`lk`trgr uj irgejm`tk qum vklä lksturku mj sug rkupg ku mquopgjm`tk.

H7>> ^GXLB H7>> ^GXLB H7>> ^GXLB

> –# 7 Xrgfgcbghkr‚ << –Lk`smrtm-jm projmork‚ ( Lghulmu) 95 "@ØJGHM"

^gtlb hm smeurg`åg –@ìk sku uj lom`tostg hm ikeumtms /

76 <8 –Lohghìk ê`tmerk‚ 92 jgs vklä ï uj ohoktg‚

Xopk sg`euê`mk (pgtlb hm rmimrä`log) <= Ckektopk hg @G\G
9? "\KCOXÇVOK"
< Ckektopk hg lgjosg vmrjmcbg
<9 –Lkwfky ]p‚ (Vmvücvmrms lruzghks)
5> –O Gj Jy Frktbmrs Ammpmr‚
8 –@ìk lkrrg, vklä sü jkrrmrç lg`sghk‚
<5 Hkvm o` Lrkssbgors
57 –Jgjg Xromh‚
Fglapgtlb

= Jìk hm pøqumr4 Jìk hk Bkjmj Jkrtk *

<2 Lbofo Ltbucbu
56 Grg`bg voôvg `merg

9 \êjfkck hm roslk fokcüeolk

<? –Fmj-vo`hk î TK@G HM ^MVOEK‚
5< –Jy Ktbmr Vohm Jgrromh _ku‚

5 \r. _ula
8> ^o`-up Eorc Lræ`ok m
58 –Xgjg`bk ô`olk‚ (Erg`ghg)

2 \êjfkck `ulcmgr
87 Lbgvms Lruzghgs (\ôlufk)
5= Fglapgtlb hk Lmoighkr

? "Lkjg k rolk"
86 –HOCCOEGI;‚
59 цюоэоцучы (\mr
(\mr ikhohk, Vussk)
7> –Fm \urm4 Hkufcmtgp‚
8< –FMFOHG / C]XG / IKHG‚ –Xrgfgcbm
55 –Kpmrghkr \ugvm‚
88 hurk / Imstmdm jgos hurk‚
Mjkdo Icgjm \êjfkck hm çtkjk
77 8= Egrktg Juhicgp
52
76 Lgrg skrrohm`tm (frocbgr `k mslurk) 5? "^mcg loä`log!"

7< –\jocm4 Foe Frktbmr os Ugtlbo`e‚

89 Jmhohkr hm hovmrsìk (cmoturg4 tmjpk ruoj)
2> –@g vmrhghm, sku uj lom`tostg hm ikeumtms‚

78 Dkccy Vkemr
85 "EGJM KYMV" (@kovg m @kovk)
27 –^rklurg-sm gduhg‚

7= Lræ`ok Yoao`e
82 Lkrgåìk
26 ^ro`lmsg

"Ç^OLM ^VMHGHKV"
8? –JMCBKVGV / GHG^XGV / \]^MVGV‚
79 2< –Mu ekstk hm jo`bgs imrrgjm`tgs cojpgs / m jo`bgs

(Lræ`ok Hm`tm hm \gfrm) => –\]LA OX ]^‚ jucbmrms sudgs‚

75 Egrktg ^o`-]p (Çs hm Mspghgs)

=7 BJIOL ***
28 –FKJ JM@O@K‚

72 Vgo`bg hm Lkpgs
=6 –\kculok`ghkr hm prkfcmjgs‚
2= Hghks (kcbks hm lkfrg)

7? Egrktg ^o`-]p (Jmlæ`olg)

29 –Yogdgr pgrg cuegrms mxütolks hostg`tms /
=< –\M M\XK] LKVVM@HK, LK@XO@]M‚
Fglapgtlb
m`lk`trgr lkosgs o`lkju`s / smr lkjohk‚
6> FKBOLG **
25 "Fkj" (Lïrmfrk)
67 Irm`tm gk O`ojoek =8 Jgrtmcks Lruzghks lkj Gsgs
(Lcgyjkrm Jo`m) == –Jg`tm`bg-sm fmj cufroiolghk‚
22 –Yghog jç‚

66 Egrktg ^o`-]p (jêssoc hm

=9 Jgrtmck m Ikolm \kvoïtolg
2? –Xkk ^rmtty Xk Hom‚

6< mquotgåìk) I]FGV

=5 –Dkeg fmj lkj ks kutrks‚
?> –Iula Ikrmvmr‚ (Vksgs)

68 –Mu sku ujg jçquo`g (hk gjkr)‚

=2 –Covm Irmm g`h Hom‚
?7 Êlgrk

6= Ghmsovk jïholk
Egrktg ^o`-]p (M`imrjmorg)4 –Wug`tk ?6 ‚Jm`o`gs jmcbkrms gjoegs‚ (
(Lgvmorg m kssks lruzghks `k ckektopk) =? jgos vklä erotg, jgos rçpohk mu vm`bk‚
?< Hogjg`tm) \êjfkck hm roslk hm
69 KCÇ, JM] @KJM Ï4
9> –\glk hm Lgr`m‚
?8 mcmtrkluåìk Lruz o`vmrtohg
65 –^kwmrmh Fy Lkiimm‚
97 "Mu `ìk sku uj rkfø"

62 "Cmvm-jm gk smu cêhmr" (]IK) ?= –Yklä gsso`g jmus lbmqums hm pgegjm`tk;‚

96 Vmh Emgr Fglapgtlb

6? "IGÅG \M] XVGFGCBK"

9< –O Lg`'t Iox \tupoh‚ –\pglm O\ Jy Bkjm‚ (
?9 "M] ♭ Mu jmsjk"

<> –Xgam Jy Coim (^cmgsm)‚ 98 Gstrk`gutg Xrostm) Kcbk Wum Xuhk Yä

?5 Lmrmdg Hupcg
<7 –Gcc Kut ki Iulas Xk Eovm‚
9= ?2 "Ykcu`tçrok"
(Gstrk`gutg lkj fkcsks vgzoks)
99 –^grmåk uj mspmlogcostg‚ ?? –\kcvm Mt Lkgeucg‚ (Fgpbkjmt)
Gcïreolk g jm`torgs
<6 (^gtlb hm mstock jïholk)

* Gsms lbmoks hm 2s * * Lurvm-sm gquo, mcm vmj hm `kvk * * * Jìm Iocbk hg ^utg Vmspk`sçvmc
67
BOVO@E JMVLM@GVOM\4 \XGX\
Mj juotks stgrpkrts mj tkhg g egcçxog, vklä m`lk`trgrç
jmrlm`çroks igcohks m igjo`tks, irmmcg`lmrs, pok`morks m
lgrk`gs, tkhks mj fuslg hm trgfgcbk ku ujg lgrk`g pgrg k
prüxojk sostmjg. \m vklä glbgr qum sug tropucgåìk ï cmvm m
prmlosg hm jìks mxtrgs pgrg lujpror sug jossìk ku mquopm
qum vklä m`vog, vklä pkhm lk`trgtgr gceu`s jmrlm`çroks.
Jgs vklä hmvm tmr luohghk, juotks
jmrlm`çroks pkhmj smr lruïos m hmscmgos, igzm`hk lkj
qum vklä jkrrg qug`hk jgos prmlosg hmcms.
67.7 M\XGXÊ\XOLG\ HK JMVLM@ÇVOK
Jmrlm`çroks sìk pmrsk`gem`s juotk jgos sojpcms hk qum gqumcm qum
vklä vgo dkegr m, pkrtg`tk, täj gpm`gs
gpm` gs qugtrk mstgtêstolgs4
± Lkjfgtm4 Ossk iu`lok`g mxgtgjm`tm lkjk sug mstgtêstolg hm
lkjfgtm, mjfkrg tgjfïj sorvg pgrg sgcvgr g grjghurg hm uj
jmrlm`çrok.
± O`sto`tk4 Mstm ï uj lgtlbgcc pgrg Jmhk, \g`ohghm,
Lkrpk, Ymcklohghm, O`tmcmltk m tuhk jgos.
± Mxotks4 Gk lk`trçrok hm rgstrmgr sug \gôhm, g jgokrog
hks jmrlm`çroks jkrrm lkj uj ku hkos glmrtks.
± Cmgchghm4 Lk`trgtgåìk rkcghg. Cmgchghm ï uj
sgcvgjm`tk qum hmvm smr kftohk smjprm qum k
jmrlm`çrok prmlosgr igzmr ujg mslkcbg m`trm k qum ï
jmcbkr pgrg mcm m k qum ï jmcbkr pgrg vklä.
Mssgs mstgtêstolgs sojpcoiolghgs tkr`gj ks jmrlm`çroks jgos
içlmos hm rgstrmgr m ujg ikcbg ï o`lcuêhg `g prüxojg pçeo`g
pgrg rgstrmgr ks jmrlm`çroks qum vklä lk`trgtku. Ks
jmrlm`çroks emrgcjm`tm sìk jgos irglks hk qum vklä m `ìk
hurgj juotk `g `gvm-jìm, m`tìk lmrtoioqum-sm hm prktmeä-
cks.
67.6 W]G@XK L]\XG K\ JMVLM@ÇVOK\;
Ks jmrlm`çroks rmlmfmj uj ghog`tgjm`tk qug`hk
lk`trgtghks m, g pgrtor hgê, rmlmfmj uj sgcçrok jm`sgc. Mssm
ghog`tgjm`tk m k sgcçrok sìk `mekloghks g`tmlopghgjm`tm,
du`tgjm`tm lkj qugcqumr pgrlmcg pktm`logc hks eg`bks qum
pkssgj smr o`lkrrohks `g jossìk mj pgrtolucgr.
Ks jmrlm`çroks pkhmj `meklogr uj prmåk jgos gctk (gtï k
hkfrk hk ghog`tgjm`tk m / ku sgcçrok) hmpm`hm`hk hk pmroek
m hg hurgåìk hk trgfgcbk m hg rmputgåìk hg tropucgåìk. @k
m`tg`tk, mcms lkstujgj kimrmlmr prmåks lkj hmslk`tk pgrg
lk`trgtgåýms g erg`mc (hoegjks, lk`trgtgr ujg mquopm hm
iuzocmorks `gvgos lkj uj kiologc ku ujg tropucgåìk hm
Xmgjstmrs o`lcuo`hk uj lgpotìk, uj lkpocktk m uj
m`em`bmork glkstujghks g trgfgcbgr du`tks). ^grg lk`trgtgr
uj jmrlm`çrok, igåg ujg vmroiolgåìk hm O`tmcmltk jkhoiolghg
pmcg tgfmcg gfgoxk. \ulmssk soe`oiolg qum mcms glmotgj k
trgfgcbk, irglgssk soe`oiolg qum `ìk k igrìk (smj kutrg
rmju`mrgåìk).
O@XMCMLXK @MEKLOGÅÌK JMVLM@ÇVOG
- 6> \mj pgrtolopgåìk `ks culrks
-= @ìk tmrç smus prüproks gpksm`tks `k `gvok Dü
- 7> ï lk`bmlohk pkr smr pmroeksk
-= K gvg`åk ï jm`kr hk qum g lk`trgtgåìk
+= pghrìk pkr pmck jm`ks uj jäs
+ 7> Lk`trgtgåìk hm 8 ku jgos hg jmsjg mquopm
Gcïj hossk, ks jmrlm`çroks smjprm o`holgj uj pgrm`tm jgos
prüxojk qum rmlmfmrç tkhks ks eg`bks hmvohks g mcms `k lgsk
hm sug jkrtm. K `ìk pgegjm`tk hmssms rm`hojm`tks lkstujg
smr dustoiolgtovg suiolom`tm pgrg dustoiolgr ujg fgoxg
rmlkjpm`sg (emrgcjm`tm pmcg jmtghm hk vgckr hmvohk) m
kiologos hm jg`hghk kpkrtu`ostgs pkhmj gssujor k lgsk `g
prüxojg vmz qum vklä gtrglgr.
67.< K\ JMVLM@ÇVOK\ ^KHMJ \]FOV HM @ÊYMC;
Ks jmrlm`çroks eg`bgj R^ mxgtgjm`tm lkjk vklä, lkj
ujg ghvmrtä`log ojpkrtg`tm4 mcms `ìk rmlmfmj k –fø`us
hm skfrmvovä`log‚ `krjgc pkr tmrmj skfrmvovohk î `kotm
hk dkek, mj vmz hossk, rmlmfmj 7 R^ pkr skfrmvovmr.
Xkhks ks jmrlm`çroks lkjmågj lkjk pmrsk`gem`s hm `êvmc >. \m k
smu pmrsk`gemj jkrrmr ku iolgr o`sg`k, ku hm kutrg ikrjg `ìk
puhmr smr dkeghk, vklä pkhm dkegr lkj uj hks jmrlm`çroks qum
vklä lk`trgtku m lrogr uj pmrsk`gemj lkjpcmtk pgrg mcms
(lkjmåg`hk `k `êvmc mj qum mstìk gtugcjm`tm).
67.8 JMVLM@ÇVOK\ MJ LKJFGXM
Mj lkjfgtm, ks Jmrlm`çroks pkhmj smr dkeghks pmcg pmsskg
qum ks lk`trgtku ku pkr qumj mstovmr jgos prüxojk (ku pmck
Eugrhoìk sm `m`buj dkeghkr ks glkjpg`bgr). Emrgcjm`tm,
ks jmrlm`çroks sü rmlmfmj krhm`s hg pmsskg qum ks
lk`trgtku (ku hm smus prüproks kiologos o`tmr`ks, sm bkuvmr).
Mcms smjprm vìk pkr ôctojk `g krhmj hm tur`k.
 66
BOVO@E JMVLM@GVOM\4 LK\X

JMVLM@ÇVOK MROXK\ LKJFGXM O@\XO@XK CMGCHGHM GYG@ÅGV \GCÇVOK CKGHK]X BGFOCOHGHM\

Grqumückek 7 6> 7= =h7> =>> 5=> Mslgvgåìk Grqumkckeog

Gstmrkoh Jo`mr 6 6= 6= 8h7> 76= =>> Mslgvgåìk Vojsjgrt, jo`mrgåìk hm gstmrüohms,

G`hrkoh 6 6= <= =h7> 7>>> =>>> Wugcqumr pglktm mslkcbg uj trmo`ghk, uj mspmlogcostg

^ocktgemj, Mspmlogcozgåìk hm Ymêlucks,

Lgpotìk < <> 8> =h7> 6>>> 2>>> Mxpckrgåìk
Lkrrmok 6 6> <> 9h7> 5= 6=> Mxpckrgåìk Lkjg`hk Tmrk-E, Vojsjgrt

Jïholk 7 7= 6= 9h7> 6>>> 9.>>> Mxgjm ^rojmorks sklkrrks, pgtkckeog

M`em`bmork 6 6= 6= 9h7> 5=> 8>>> Mxpckrgåìk Vmpgrgåìk jmlæ`olg, grtocbgrog hm

Grtocbmork 6 <> 6= =h7> =>> 7=>> Mxpckrgåìk m`em`bgrog

Jgro`m Eru`t 6 6= 6= 8h7> 7=> 9>> Mxtmrjê`ok Xrmo`k jocotgr

Kiologc hg Jgro`bg 6 <> <= 9h7> =>> 6>>> Wugcqumr pglktm Xrmo`gjm`tk Jocotgr, Lkjg`hk

Mspmlogcostg jgro`bk < <= <> =h7> 65= 7=>> Mxtmrjê`ok Xrmo`gjm`tk jocotgr, mspmlogcozgåìk mj grjg
(mslkcbmr grjg)

@gvmeghkr 7 7= 6> =h7> 8>> 6>>> Mxpckrgåìk Gstrkegtok`

^ocktk Mxpckrgåìk ^ocktgemj

7 7= 6= =h7> =>> <>>>
^ghrm 7 7= 6> 8h7> 9> 6>> @m`buj Xmkckeog ku Jostolosjk

^solückek 7 7= 7= =h7> 6=> 7>>> Mxgjm ^solkckeog

o`vmstoeghkr 7 7= 7> =h7> 8>> 7=>> Mxgjm Mslkcbg uj4 Fokckeog, Emkckeog,
Lkjputghkrms, Jgtmjçtolg, Grtm, Wuêjolg,
Em`ïtolg, ^cg`mtkckeog, Iêsolg

\kik`tkckeostg 7 7= 7> 9h7> =>> 75=> Mxgjm \kik`tkckeog

Lorureoìk 7 7= 6> 9h7> 6>>> 5>>> Mxgjm ^rojmorks sklkrrks, pgtkckeog,

Ykoh ]rlbo` 6 6= 8> <h7> 8> 7>> @m`buj lorureog Vojsjgrt, jostolosjk

DKEGHKV
JMVLM@ÇVOK\

@KJM MJ^VMEK MROXK\ LKJFGXM Î CMGCHGHM O@\XO@XG @KXG\

66<<
BB
L
BB VGELXMMVVL
OVGO@
OVGO@ XJ LMV@
LMV@
MMVVL MGGXVOK
OM@\4 \L]J
\4

Îs vmzms `ìk bç `o`euïj pgrg lk`trgtgr, jgs gs pmsskgs qum `o`euïj mstç hmsmspmrghk k suiolom`tm pgrg lk`trgtgr. \m vklä `ìk lk`smeuor
m`lk`trgr uj jmrlm`çrok qum trgfgcbm pgrg vklä, vklä pkhm rkcgr ujg vmz `g tgfmcg gfgoxk m pmegr k qum lk`smeuor.

K mslujgcbg gfgoxk mstìk grquïtopks, `ìk o`hovêhuks. Mcms lustgj 7>> lrïhotks ghog`tghks m täj uj sgcçrok hm
6>>. Mcms täj mstgtêstolgs gfgoxk hg jïhog (7= hm lkjfgtm, 7= hm o`sto`tk m <h7> hm cmgchghm), fmj lkjk prkfcmjgs
tçtolks m pmsskgos gsskloghks î igctg hm bgfocohghms hm lk`bmlojm`tk rmhm`tkrgs.

VKCGV M\L]JGCBG HM\LVOÅÌK @KXG\

7 Ubosay Xg`ek Yokcä`log hkjïstolg, jg`hghks pm`hm`tms, Imgcty Xk Lgrrmegjm`tk4 Agtg`g, Bgegaurm.
Vk`o` K`m's Ckrh, Bk`krgfcm Lkjfgt, sü kfmhmlm gk jmstrm, Mxoeä`log hm pgegjm`tk hm uj g`k hm smu `kvk jmstrm
rmlusg skcuåýms iurtovgs. (`ìk `mekloçvmc, pgek `g projgvmrg).

6 G tmstmju`bg Mxtrmjgjm`tm mhulghk, lkrtäs m vmstohk lkj rkupgs cojpgs Lgrrmegjm`tk4 Xmxtk rmcoeoksk, rkupgs ojglucghgs,
m ojpmlçvmos. Mxpcolgrç sug rmcoeoìk m tmstmju`bgrç g vklä g pg`icmtks skfrm sug rmcoeoìk, zmck jossok`çrok.
qugcqumr jkjm`tk qum vklä pkssg smr suslmtêvmc î
lk`vmrsìk - tkhks `üs sgfmjks qum `ìk bç gtmus mj
tro`lbmorgs - tkrturgrç m / ku jgtgrç gcmermjm`tm gqumcms
qum jm`ksprmzgj smu hmus.

< Xbm \mx Fkt Gceu`s eä`oks pm`sgrgj qum k lbop cüeolk mj uj G`hrkoh Lgrrmegjm`tk4 Cufroiolg`tm, `otrgtk hm gjocg, juotks jg`ugos hm smxk,
(G`hrkoh) so`tk`ozghk lkj g tmkrog hks dkeks m g smxugcohghm bujg`g rkupgs rgseghgs, ülucks mslurks.

smrog ujg prkstotutg ojfgtêvmc - smu lkjpkrtgjm`tk jmlæ`olk m

mstghk hm vgcm jostmroksk mrgj uj hmsmstêjuck. ^kr ossk sìk
smjprm bopmrsmxugos, o`ghmqughgjm`tm irg`lks skfrm g sug
gpgrä`log, lgrmlmj hm lk`bmlojm`tks lom`têiolks m `ìk sgfmj
jg`usmgr grjgs.

8 K josmrçvmc Lkj pm`g hm so jmsjk, ikhohk lkjk uj rgtk, josmrçvmc

jo smrçvmc m Jmlæ`olk4 Ks eg`bks hm mstrmssm sìk hkfrghks qug`hk k Urmtlb mstç
igcghkr1 mcms `ìk täj lk`sloä`log hm lkjk sìk hmprojm`tms pkr pmrtk (mcms hmoxgj mslgpgr k pokr rmsuctghk pkssêvmc m hm`mermj
m hk qug`tk mstrmssgj g tkhks. tkhgs gs skcuåýms).

= Xbm ^rmm`o`e Yklä lk`bmlmu sug mspïlom mj tkhks ks pcg`mtgs bgfotçvmos, Jmlæ`olk4 Ks tmstms hm rmsostä`log hm o`tmcmltk täj Hmsvg`tgemj
^smuhk- prkvgvmcjm`tm ks m`lk`trgrç `k o`imr`k. Mstm oe`krg`tm o`tmerg qug`hk k ^smuhk-O`tmccmtugc ^rmm`o`e mstç pkr pmrtk (mcms greujm`tgj
O`tmcmltugc pmrimotgjm`tm ujg lkjpcmtg igctg hm gutklk`sloä`log m tgtk hm jç iï, tkr`g`hk hoiêloc rmgcozgr qugcqumr lkosg).
lkj ujg tktgc mslgssmz hm lk`bmlojm`tk. Ossk rmsuctg mj
glmssks hm rgovg, mvgsýms, jm`torgs lkjpucsovgs m tm`tgtovgs hm
jolrkemrm`logr ks kutrks.

9 K lgrg Cglaghgosolgc, irkuxk, o`hoimrm`tm, sü qumr jo`ojozgr k

trgfgcbk m jmog furrg qugcqumr tgrmig.
Lgrrmegjm`tk4 Vkupìk msigrrgpghk, mquopgjm`tk jgc lk`smrvghk,
hrkegs pgrg cohgr lkj k trgfgcbk.

5 K egrktk rolk \m`tm-sm suiklghk pmcks mslgcýms supmrokrms hg sklomhghm m
hmsmdg gs mxpmroä`logs gutä`tolgs hks pkfrms. Mstç mj ujg
lkjpmtoåìk pgrg smr k –jgos pkfrm‚, gtug`hk lkjk ujg lrog`åg
rolg oskcghg gssujorog1 hmsmdks hm qum g tropucgåìk vç smj cuxks
ku rmsmrvgs1 kreucbg-sm hm usgr gpm`gs mquopgjm`tks
hmslgrtghks m jgc lk`smrvghks.
Jmlæ`olk4 G igjêcog hmcms `ìk gduhgrç io`g`lmorgjm`tm ks
vgegfu`hks1 mcms vìk kimrmlmr ujg rmlkjpm`sg g lghg jmjfrk hg
tropucgåìk lgsk smu iocbk o`hmsmdghk jkrrg1 sojpcmsjm`tm pgrg
jg`tmr gs gpgrä`logs.

2 K jklbocmork \ü `mcm pgrg ujg lgrk`g ergtuotg, k Jklbocmork gfg`hk`grç Lgrrmegjm`tk4 Xkgcbg, mVmghmr, aot hm imrrgjm`tgs mcmtrø`olgs.
sug tropucgåìk gssoj qum ikr jgos lk`vm`om`tm pgrg mcms,
pkssovmcjm`tm iueo`hk lkj k qum `ìk mstovmr gjgrrghk.

? G lrog`åg hg cug Imcozjm`tm oe`krg`tm, `g lurg hk lrostgc, lk`trg g Lgrrmegjm`tk4 Egcbks m pmhrgs o`tmrmssg`tms, gceuj topk hm lgr`m
jmholo`g, qumr vofrgr lkj vklä, `ìk lkjprmm`hm g smlg hm irutgs, uj covrk skfrm lkju`olgåìk `ìk vokcm`tg pgrg smr
boeom`m. \ufstotuorç smu mquopgjm`tk pkr skcuåýms ojpmcohk lkj rgovg î sug tropucgåìk.
–`gturgos‚.

7> Xbm \kcm Erosgcbk, gpgrm`tmjm`tm ojkrtgc, uj jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk hm Jmlæ`olk4 Hurg`tm k lkjfgtm, gk hmtmrjo`gr g krhmj hks tur`ks, hä
\kfrmvovm`tm jgu gekurk. Mcms sìk ks ôctojks g skfrmvovmr pkrqum vìk lkrtgr, gcmgtkrogjm`tm g uj jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk Hmsvg`tgemj mj smus
gfg`hk`gr ku vm`hmr smus lkjpg`bmorks pgrg iolgr lkj g pgrtm tmstms hm Ymcklohghm (pgrg tkhk k Lkjfgtm). K ô`olk skfrmvovm`tm, `k
tktgc hk sgqum m jo`ojozgr k roslk.
ro slk. Lk`tg bostürogs bkrrêvmos m m`tg`tk, smjprm gem lkj gqumcms qum tovmrgj sulmssk.
mstrmssg`tms skfrm k igcmlojm`tk hm lkjpgtroktgs g`tmrokrms,
hostkrlohgs pgrg jo`ojozgr sug rmspk`sgfocohghm.
 6688
BOVO@E JMVLM@LB
GG XMK
XMK
\4 LJ
\4
VOVMG
VOVMG VG
VXLOY
VXLOY MG
XOXOK
@@\

O`hmpm`hm`tmjm`tm hm qumj vklä glgfm lk`trgtg`hk, mj

gceuj jkjm`tk pkhm smr ojpkrtg`tm sgfmr pkr qum mcms
hmlohorgj m`vogr lkj vklä. K Hormtkr pkhm rkcgr g tgfmcg
gfgoxk pgrg hmslkfror k qum mxgtgjm`tm igz lkj qum sugs
`kvgs lk`trgtgåýms iu`lok`mj, m qug`hk m k`hm ossk pkhm sm
tkr`gr uj prkfcmjg pgrg vklä.

H7>>H7> JKXOYGÅÌK

7 ^rmlosg pgegr uj so`holgtk hk lrojm

6 ^rmlosg pgegr uj gem`tm hm rmo`tmergåìk hm pkssm

< @mlmssohghm hm quotgr ghog`tgjm`tk hm kutrk lgpotìk *

8 @mlmssohghm hm quotgr ujg Jocêlog \mpgrgtostg

> = ^rmlosg sgchgr smus ojpkstks `ìk pgeks ^rmlosg

- 9 sgchgr Iog`åg / juctg duholoçrog suspm`sg ^rmlosg

8?
5 sgchgr ujg ckdg hm pm`bkrms **

2 ^rmlosg pgegr uj fkrhmc

? @mlmssohghm hm sgchgr uj mjprïstojk hm geoktgemj / mjprïstojk hk hog hm pgegjm`tk

^rmlosg pgegr pkr pmrhmr tuhk pgrg uj msqumjg

7> ^k`zo ***

7 Mcms mstìk lgåg`hk uj mx-pgrlmork Mcms mstìk

6 lgåg`hk uj lgåghkr hm rmlkjpm`sgs Mcms mstìk

< lgåg`hk uj iu`lok`çrok o`soe`oiolg`tm Mcms mstìk

8 lgåg`hk uj jge`gtg hg jo`mrgåìk Mcms mstìk

=> = lgåg`hk uj lkjg`hg`tm jocotgr Mcms mstìk lgåg`hk

-
2> 9 uj pgo

5 Mcms mstìk lgåg`hk uj geoktg.

2 Mcms mstìk lgåg`hk uj fuiìk. Mcms

mstìk lgåg`hk smu orjìk.

?
7> Mcms mstìk lgåg`hk uj \lok` kpucm`tgjm`tm rolk. Mcms sìk

7 smlrmtgjm`tm pgrtm hm uj luctk (Gfmrrg`tm, \mlrmtk)

Mcms sìk smlrmtgjm`tm uj mspoìk (Lkrpkrgåìk, Xropucgåìk

6 Vovgc, Ekvmr`k)

< Mcms sìk smlrmtgjm`tm uj Lk`trgfg`hostg (Fm`s Mxtrmjgjm`tm Ocmegos)

8 Mcms sìk smlrmtgjm`tm uj \gfktghkr / Hmstruohkr (Kpkrtu`ostg) Mcms

27 = sìk smlrmtgjm`tm ^kcêlog \mlrmtg (^grtm O`vmstoeghkrg) Mcms mstìk

- 9 smlrmtgjm`tm o`imltghks (^rklurg pgrg Mspgcbgr)

??
Mcms sìk smlrmtgjm`tm uj rmlrutghkr (gvgcog`hk k `gvok
5 mj `kjm hk so`holgtk lrojo`ksk, o`tmrmssm lkrpkrgtovk,
luctk, mtl.)

2 Mcms sìk smlrmtgjm`tm uj voegrostg

? Mcms sìk smlrmtgjm`tm uj gssgsso`k mj sïrom sm mslk`hm`hk hg cmo Mcms sìk

7> smlrmtgjm`tm uj lgåghkr hm rmlkjpm`sgs prklurg`hk pkr vklä

* Ossk ï jgos –pmeku k ho`bmork m iueou‚

* * Mcms prmlosgj hk smu gvg`åk pgrg rmlupmrgr smus mquopgjm`tks
 Mcms täj gpm`gs gs rkupgs hk lkrpk

6=
M\XVM\\M

6=.6 LKJK M] GCOYOK K M\XVM\\M;

Covrgr-sm hk mstrmssm ï juotk pgrmlohk lkj g lurg hk rmpkusk.

\mjprm qum vklä hmslg`sgr pkr pmck jm`ks 9 bkrgs, vklä pkhm
tm`tgr ujJmhk sgcvgr pgrg gcovogr smu mstrmssm. \m vklä ikr fmj-
sulmhohk, pkhmrç gcovogr 7 pk`tk hm \trmss pgrg lghg 7> pk`tks mj
qum smu tmstm ikr fmj-sulmhohk (grrmhk`hghk pgrg fgoxk). Ks
glmrtks lrêtolks hkfrgj g qug`tohghm hm \trmss rmhuzohg.

Mxmjpck4 Gfmc tmj 9 \trmss m mstç rmgcjm`tm prmklupghk mj

skfrmvovmr `ks prüxojks hogs smj m`trgr mj pæ`olk. @g prüxojg
vmz qum g tropucgåìk hmslg`sg, mcm hmlohm tm`tgr gcovogr uj pkulk
hm smu mstrmssm. \mu tmstm hm Imgr tmj <= g`ks m, imcozjm`tm, uj
hks lom`tostgs hg mquopm tmj ^solkckeog lkjk Bgfocohghm m igz uj
tmstm hm O`tmcmltk (^solkckeog), hg`hk Yg`tgemj g Gfmc mj smu
tmstm. O`imcozjm`tm, Jgrckwm, k g`hrkohm rmsohm`tm `g tropucgåìk
vgo iolgr hm kcbk m`qug`tk k rmstk hg tropucgåìk hkrjm, m ks
sgcvgjm`tks hm jmhk imotks `g prmsm`åg hm g`hrüohms mstìk mj
hmsvg`tgemj. Yklä `ìk pkhm tmr Hmsvg`tgemj m Yg`tgemj gk
jmsjk tmjpk, m`tìk mcgs sm lg`lmcgj. Gfmc rmgcjm`tm qumr qum
smu \trmss hojo`ug, m`tìk mcm pmeg uj gutkjüvmc, k qum gujm`tg

tmjpkrgrogjm`tm sug mlk`kjog hm Jmhk mj 7>% (pgrg uj tktgc hm

8=). Mcm rkcg sug hmimsg hm Jmhk, uj 88! O`imcozjm`tm, ossk `ìk ï
Wumr smdgj ks bkrrkrms hmslk`bmlohks `k lksjks jgos hk qum 7> pk`tks g jm`ks hk qum sug hmimsg, m`tìk Gfmc
`krjgcjm`tm `ìk tmrog trïeug. Gs rmergs hk Hormtkr, `k m`tg`tk,
ku k vgstk vgzok hk mspgåk, ks m`lk`trks mj
lkjk mstm iko uj glmrtk lrêtolk, mcm hmvm pmegr gcek m, pkrtg`tk,
@gvm-jìm lkfrgr smu trofutk skfrm ujg pmsskg. Mstrmssm ï pmrjotm qum Gfmc rmjkvg 7 pk`tk hm \trmss.
ujg jmhohg hmssm pmhçeok, m lkjk ossk gimtg vklä sutocjm`tm,
trgzm`hk-k jgos pmrtk hg fmorg hm ^æ`olk. Mjfkrg k mstrmssm
pkr so sü `ìk igåg `ghg, qug`tk jgokr ikr k smu mstrmssm, Hmslg`sgr `ìk ï g ô`olg jg`morg hm rmlupmrgr k \trmss - mj
jgokr smrç g prkfgfocohghm hm vklä m`trgr mj pæ`olk `kssk mxmjpck glojg, kutrk jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk pgssku
qug`hk lbmegr g bkrg, m jgos prkvgvmcjm`tm ks uj tmjpk hg`hk tmrgpog gk pmrsk`gemj, k qum hmu g mcm
rmsuctghks hmssm tmstm smrìk hmvgstghkrms. ujg Yg`tgemj mj smu tmstm hm Jmhk g`tms hm hmslg`sgr, m
pêcucgs tgjfïj m`trgrgj mj gåìk. Gquo mstìk gceujgs
6=.7 LKJK ^K\\K EG@BGV M\XVM\\M; kutrgs jg`morgs hm rmhuzor smu mstrmssm (mj qug`tk hmpm`hm
hk Hormtkr)4
G pro`lopgc jg`morg hm vklä eg`bgr \trmss ï igcbg`hk mj uj ± G`lkrg`hk mj uj pkrtk smeurk m lovocozghk
tmstm hm \g`ohghm, Jmhk, Lkrpk ku Grjghurg. Wug`hk ossk
± Iueo`hk hk pmroek jkrtgc
glk`tmlmr, vkläeg`bm 7 \trmss.
± \mxk, hrkegs, çclkkc m igrrgs mj emrgc
± Hmrrktgr uj bkrrkr pgrtolucgrjm`tm hoiêloc
Mxostmj vçrogs kutrgs jg`morgs hm eg`bgr
± ^gssgr ujg smjg`g smj tmr qum rkcgr uj sgcvgjm`tk
\trmss, m k Ugrhm` ï m`lkrgdghk g vor lkj k smu
prüprok. Gquo mstìk gceu`s mxmjpcks4 Hmslg`sgr mj uj sk`k lrokeä`olk emrgcjm`tm `ìk
pmrjotm qum vklä gcovom k mstrmssm. M, lcgrk, gssoj lkjk
g lurg, tm`tgr hmslg`sgr mj uj gjfom`tm pmrturfghkr
± \mjprm qum k `gvok mj ± Iolgr smj lkjohg ku
ku pmroeksk soe`oiolgrç ujg Hmsvg`tgemj mj qugcqumr
qum vklä mstç ï gto`eohk. çeug
± Lmrtgs lrogturgs, ± Wugsm glohm`tms lkj
tmstm hm Jmhk imotk (sm k Hormtkr pmrjotor).
gsskjfrgåýms m cklgos gstmrüohms m kutrks
pkhm lgusgr mstrmssm kfdmtks m`krjms
gpm`gs pkr o`tmrgeor lkj ± \mjprm qum uj lom`tostg \m vklä tovmr ujg Bgfocohghm lkjk ^solkckeog, qum pmrjotm
mcms ku pkr vä-cks cmvg`hk igcbg mj uj tmstm hm \g`ohghm, gduhgr kutrks pmrsk`gem`s g gcovogr smu mstrmssm, vklä sü
± ujg pg`lghg `ìk sü eg`bg uj pk`tk hm pkhm usç-cg ujg vmz pkr hog (m tgjfïj `ìk pkhm tm`tgr
o`lk`slom`tm (vmr 7>.8) \trmss, jgs tgjfïj tkhks qum
gcovogr smu mstrmssm `gqumcm hog).
± 68 bkrgs mstìk prüxojks
smj hmslg`sk
 69
^Æ@OLK M VM\KCYMV

VKCGV MIMOXK HM ^Æ@OLK

Mvm`tugcjm`tm, mstrmssm, hg`k m hmsegstm mjklok`gc
ujG
uj G cçerojg k cmvgrç gk smu pk`tk hm rupturg. Wug`hk Iklk hk cgsmr. Yg`tgemj mj tkhks ks tmstms pmcgs
ossk glk`tmlmr, bç ujg lbg`lm hm vklä pmrhmr k
6-< prüxojgs 7h7> bkrgs.
lk`trkcm m m`trgr mj pæ`olk. Yklä hmtmrjo`g ossk Jgdkr Ghrm`gco`m Vusb. Yg`tgemj mj tkhks ks
igzm`hk ujXmstm hm pæ`olk. 8-= tmstms pmcks prüxojks <h7> jo`utks.

69.7 K W]M Ï LBMW]M HM ^Æ@OLK; 9-5 ^kulg ghrm`gco`g.

pmcks prüxojks 7h7>Yg`tgemj
jo`utks. mj tkhks ks tmstms

]jg vmroiolgåìk hm pæ`olk hmtmrjo`g sm vklä ï 2-? G`soksk. Eg`bm 7 mstrmssm.

lgpgz hm jg`tmr g lgcjg skf prmssìk mxtrmjg. @mrvkus Xwotlb. Eg`bm 6 \trmss. K jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk
Mxostmj hugs mtgpgs4 7>-77 jgos prüxojk tgjfïj eg`bg 7 Mstrmssm.

7 Ymroiolgåìk hm mstrmssm (6h7>)4 \m vklä rkcgr smu Lkvgrhog. Eg`bm 7 mstrmssm. ^mcgs prüxojgs 7h7> bkrgs,
mstrmssm gtugc, `ìk m`trgrç mj pæ`olk m gcovogrç 7 76-7< vklä hmvm igzmr uj tmstm hm rmsostä`log hm Jmhk pgrg
mstrmssm. \m vklä rkcgr oeugc ku o`imrokr gk smu m`trgr mj lkjfgtm ku m`tìk iueor.

\trmss gtugc, m`trmtg`tk, vklä m`trg mj pæ`olk m Gculo`gåýms. ^mcgs prüxojgs 6h7> bkrgs
smeum pgrg g mtgpg hkos. 78-7= (hmtmrjo`ghgs smlrmtgjm`tm), vklä tmrç prkfcmjgs
6 Xmstm pgrg k mimotk hm pæ`olk (6h7>)4 Vkcm jgos pgrg hosto`euor m`trm rmgcohghm m ig`tgsog.
6h7> `g Xgfmcg hm Mimotk hm ^æ`olk î hormotg m Jmhk pgrgcosg`tm. Eg`bm ujg `kvg ikfog
gholok`m smu mstrmssm gtugc. pmrjg`m`tm. \mjprm qum vklä m`lk`trgr mssg ikfog,
79-75
M`qug`tk ks rmsuctghks mj Xgfmcg hm mimotk hm pæ`olk sìk igåg uj tmstm hm Jmhk mj Hmsvg`tgemj ku eg`bm
7h7> hm mstrmssm.
pro`lopgcjm`tm `megtovks, mxostm g pkssofocohghm hm ergåg skf k
ikek. 72-7? \kfrmlgrrmeghk. Eg`bm 7h7> hm mstrmssm.

Gturhohk. \kctku uj erotk hm emcgr k sg`eum.

6>-67
69.6 W]G@HK HMYK VKCGV ^Æ@OLK; Hmsvg`tgemj mj tkhks ks tmstms pkr 6h7> jo`utks.

^grg`üolk. ^mcks prüxojks 7h7> hogs, smjprm qum uj

K Hormtkr tmj juotg o`icuä`log gquo pgrg hmtmrjo`gr pmrsk`gemj sm du`tgr gk smu erupk (jmsjk qum mcm tm`bg
qug`hk ï uj fkj jkjm`tk pgrg igzmr tmstms hm pæ`olk, 66 pgrtohk pkr uj lurtk pmrêkhk hm tmjpk), igåg uj tmstm hm
jgs gquo mstìk gceu`s cuegrms k`hm smrog hmio`otovgjm`tm Jmhk ku eg`bm 7 mstrmssm.
gprkproghk4 Hmgtb Hrovm. ^mcks prüxojks Rh7> hogs (k`hm R :
± Hmpkos hm vmr jgos hm uj ± Vkcg`hk ujg igcbg lrêtolg mj
6<
\trmss) smjprm qum vklä m`lk`trgr uj mstrg`bk ku
jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk qugcqumr topk hm sgcvgjm`tk o`ojoek lk`bmlohk, vklä hmvm igzmr uj tmstm hm
^æ`olk gk jmsjk tmjpk, ± Ym`hk kutrg tropucgåìk \g`ohghm ku m`tìk gtglç-ck ojmhogtgjm`tm.

± m`lk`trg`hk uj jmjfrk jkrrm Lgtgtø`olk. @ìk rmspk`hg m sm jkvg

mstrg`bk m bkrropocg`tm ± Wug`hk tkhg mspmrg`åg
68 pkr Rh7> jo`utks (k`hm R : mstrmssm).
gcom` pmcg projmorg vmz, pgrmlm pmrhohg m g jkrtm
± sm`hk gto`eohk pkr uj pgrmlm lmrtg
glmrtk lrêtolk ± \mjprm qum smu `gvok ^grtohk. ^mcks prüxojks Rh7> hogs (k`hm R : \trmss), igåg
± ^mrhmr jgos hg jmtghm hm cmvg uj ekcpm lrêtolk 6= uj tmstm hm ^æ`olk smjprm qum uj jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk
sug sgôhm jçxojg mj uj prüxojk igcbgr mj uj sgcvgjm`tk.
ekcpm ^solütolk. Gtgqum ojmhogtgjm`tm k jmjfrk hg
tropucgåìk jgos prüxojk gtï lgusgr pmck jm`ks 6h7> hm
69.< VM\KCYMV 69 hg`k. \m `ìk bkuvmr `m`buj jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk pkr
pmrtk, vklä gtglg k jmok gjfom`tm.
Vmskcvmr ï sug lgpglohghm hm oe`krgr ku cohgr lkj k
^rkfcmjgs hm lkjpksoåìk. Vkcm hugs vmzms `mstg
mstrmssm glujucghk. Lghg pk`tk hm hmtmrjo`gåìk qum 65 jmsg.
vklä tmj hç -7 g tkhks ks tmstms `kXgfmcg hm mimotk hm
pæ`olk. \m Vmskcvmr cmvgr smu tmstm hm Mimotk hm ^æ`olk g Hmslm`t o`tk Jgh`mss. Eg`bm 6 `kvgs ikfogs. \mu
zmrk ku jm`ks, m`tìk `ìk bç mimotk, vklä `ìk imz ^æ`olk. 62 mstrmssm `ìk pkhm smr gcovoghk gfgoxk hm =.
Yklä lkjmåg lkj 7 pk`tk hm rmskcuåìk m pkhm eg`bgr Lkcgpsk psolkcüeolk. Yklä sm tkr`g
jgos (gtïuj
(gtïuj jçxojk hm lo`lk) gk sufor hm `êvmc. 6? pmrjg`m`tmjm`tm, orrmpgrgvmcjm`tm ckulk. \mu
pmrsk`gemj gekrg ï o`tmrprmtghk pmck Hormtkr.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm lkjk sufor hm `êvmc `g pçeo`g <=-<9.
<> Gtgqum lgrhêglk. Jkrtm o`stg`tg`mg.
6655
\^BG
L MY
GLVMGXLVXG
GLVMGXLVXGVMLCV, MBG_X^OKMV@\^GLM
VMLCV
G jgokr pgrtm hk smu tmjpk mj @gvm-jìm smrç egstk g
fkrhk hm ujg mspgåk`gvm, smdg vogdg`hk, mj sk`k
lrokeä`olk, hurg`tm k tmjpk hm o`gtovohghm, mslgvg`hk
ku vgslucbg`hk gs ruê`gs hm ujg, ku tm`tg`hk
skfrmvovmr lk`trg gceujg ikråg gcom`êem`g mj ujg.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm k hmsoe` hm `gvoks `gs pçeo`gs 6?-<6.
65.7 W]G@XK XMJ^K CMYG;
Mxostmj hugs jg`morgs pkssêvmos hm uj `gvok vogdgr4 vog dujp
hrovm ku vog prkpucskrms. Ks hrovms hm sgctk sìk jktkrms
pkhmrksks prkdmtghks pgrg pmrjotor qum ujg `gvm sm jkvg
jgos rçpohk hk qum g vmcklohghm hg cuz m vogdm erg`hms
hostæ`logs –pucg`hk‚ `k bopmrmspgåk. Juotgs `gvms `ìk
prmlosgj hmcms m hmpm`hmj mstrotgjm`tm hm smus
prkpucskrms, dgtks pkhmrksks qum ojpucsok`gj `gvms m`trm
pcg`mtgs m, klgsok`gcjm`tm, sostmjgs skcgrms (mjfkrg mj
ujg vmcklohghm juotk jgos cm`tg hk qum ks hrovms Dujp).
Xkhgs gs `gvms hmvmj tmr prkpucskrms pgrg jg`kfrgr hm`trk
m ikrg hks mspgåkpkrtk m hm pcg`mtg g pcg`mtg, jgs `mj tkhgs
gs `gvms prmlosgj hm uj ojpucsk hm sgctk.
Lghg `gvok tmj uj \pmmh \tgt (hmtmrjo`ghk
(hmtmrjo`ghk pkr smus
prkpucskrms). Lkjk rmerg emrgc, vklä pkhm hmtmrjo`gr qug`tk
tmjpk cmvgrç pgrg lbmegr gks cuegrms, usg`hk gpm`gs g
vmcklohghm hk prkpucskr, lkj fgsm `g tgfmcg gfgoxk.
VG^OHMT O@XMV^CG@MXÇVOK O@XMVM\XMCGV O@XMVEGCÇLXOLK
7>-<> \mjg`gs G`ks Jocä`oks
<7-=> Hogs Jmsms Hïlghgs
=7-2> Bkrgs \mjg`gs G`ks
65.6 ^]CGV LK@H]TOJM@XK\ M BO^MV\^GLM
Ks hrovms hm sgctk sìk lcgssoiolghks hm 7 g ?, lkj g lcgssoiolgåìk
jkstrg`hk k tgjg`bk hk sgctk qum mcms pkhmj igzmr mj uj
jkjm`tk, lk`ikrjm hmtmrjo`ghk pmck Hormtkr. G jgokrog hgs
tropucgåýms pgssg k tmjpk `k bopmrmspgåk mj sk`k lrokeä`olk lkj
uj g`hrüohm kpmrg`hk k lkjputghkr hm gstrmegåìk hurg`tm k
sgctk. Gqumcms qum iolgj glkrhghks hurg`tm k bopmrsk`k rmcgtgrgj
bostürogs mstrg`bgs m lk`icotg`tms skfrm g mxpmroä`log, m juotgs
vmzms gs jmjürogs hks g`hrüohms hg mxpmroä`log sìk, `g jmcbkr
hgs bopütmsms, hmslrotgs lkjk pmrturfghkrgs.
G hocgtgåìk hk tmjpk hmvohk gks mimotks hg rmcgtovohghm
`g vogemj jgos rçpohg hk qum g cuz ï o`lmrtg m îs vmzms
gpgrm`tmjm`tm gcmgtürog. ]jg tropucgåìk rmtkr`grç hm
ujg vogemj pghrìk hk Dujp < pgrg hmslkfror qum mcms
pgrtorgj bç vçroks g`ks. Kutrks vkctgj m hmslkfrmj
qum sü sm pgssku uj jäs. Vktgs hm lkjïrlok
pghrk`ozghgs pgrmlmj hmsegstgr k lgütolk
mimotks, jgs gqumcms qum hìk ck`eks sgctks, lkjk ks
cm`hçroks `gvoks lkcø`og Dujp-?, `u`lg hmvmj rmtkr`gr,
smus lkck`ks hmoxg`hk sugs vohgs g`tmrokrms pgrg trçs.
^grtm hossk ï g hmspmsg hm lk`struåìk hg `gvm-lkcø`og,
jgs g kutrg pgrtm ï qum `o`euïj tmj lmrtmzg hm qugos
smrogj ks mimotks hm vçroks Dujp-?s. M tgcvmz mcms
tm`bgj rmtkr`ghk, gpm`gs jocä`oks mj `kssk iuturk.
Ku m`tìk mj gceuj cuegr hk `kssk pgssghk.
65.< ^K\\K LG^OXGV JM] ^VÜ^VOK @GYOK;
Mj emrgc, g jgokrog hks `gvoks pkhm smr pocktghg pkr ujg
pmsskg m uj lkjputghkr mj iu`lok`gjm`tk. ^grg smr
lk`sohmrghk uj lgpotìk, `k m`tg`tk, (emrgcjm`tm uj
rmquosotk pgrg lkjprgr ku pkssuor uj `gvok), vklä prmlosgrç
kMspmlogcozgåìk mj vmêlucks bgfocohghm `g lcgssm hk `gvok
tmr kMspmlogcozgåìk
qum vklä smrç k lgpotìk, fmj lkjk k Lkjg`hk bgfocohghm.
65.8 LCG\\M\ FÇ\OLG\ HM @GYOK
G tgfmcg `g pçeo`g 62 o`lcuo gceujgs lcgssms fçsolgs hm
`gvok pgrg lkjmågr. Mstg lmrtgjm`tm `ìk ï ujg costg
gfrg`em`tm. \m vklä imz g mspmlogcozgåìk mj vmêlucks
lkjk ujg bgfocohghm, qugcqumr ujg hmssgs lcgssms smrog
ujg mspmlogcozgåìk ghmqughg. Gfgoxk mstìk ks tgjg`bks
jê`ojk m jçxojk hk lgslk pgrg gs vçrogs lcgssms, fmj
lkjk qugosqumr jühucks (ku qug`tohghm hm jühucks)
qum k `gvok rmqumorg. Gcïj hks jühucks `mlmssçroks, ks
`gvoks pkhmj smr mquopghks lkjk vklä quosmr.
65.= LKJ^VG@HK ]J @GYOK
Ks `gvoks sìk o`lrovmcjm`tm lgrks, lkj lghg pk`tk hk
lgslk lustg`hk lmrlg hm 7> jocbýms hm lrïhotks (jgos ku
jm`ks hmpm`hm`hk hk pkrtk m hgs lk`hoåýms hk `gvok).
\m smu Ugrhm` pmrjotor qum vklä o`olom sug lgjpg`bg
lkj uj `gvok, rmlkjm`hgjks lkjmågr lkj uj `gvok
lkj k lgslk jê`ojk pmrjotohk pgrg g lcgssm hk `gvok m
supkr qum 9h7> pkr lm`tk hk lustk hk `gvok iko pgek
g`tms hk o`êlok hg lgjpg`bg. ^grg sojpcoiolgr, 7>% hm
tkhks ks lrïhotks eg`bks `k dkek vìk hormtgjm`tm pgrg k
pgegjm`tk hg hêvohg.
65.9 VMGFG\XMLOJM
VMGFG\XMLOJM@XK
@XK
Lustg 7 u`ohghm hm lkjfustêvmc pkr hog pgrg kpmrgr ks
prkpucskrms. K sgctk rmqumr lkjfustêvmc oeugc gk sgctk (pkrtg`tk,
uj sgctk 6 rmqumr 6 u`ohghms hm lkjfustêvmc). M`qug`tk mj ürfotg,
g `gvm lk`skjm gpm`gs 7 u`ohghm hm lkjfustêvmc pkr smjg`g.
^grg cg`ågr hg supmriêlom hm ujg ergvohghm jïhog
 62
LCG\\M\ FÇ\OLG\ HM @GYOK

pcg`mtg lk`skjm < lkjfustêvmc. K lkjpcolghk lkjfgtm `gvok-g-`gvok
lkj juotgs jg`kfrgs tgjfïj pkhm lk`sujor ujg u`ohghm hm
lkjfustêvmc, hmpm`hm`hk hg hmlosìk hk Hormtkr. Xkhgs mssgs u`ohghms
sìk mj lkjfustêvmc rmio`ghk, qum ï k qum g jgokrog hks pkrtks mstmcgrms
usg. @k m`tg`tk, k lkjfustêvmc `ìk rmio`ghk pkhm smr m`lk`trghk mj
gceu`s gstmrüohms, fmj lkjk mj pkrtks mstmcgrms hostg`tms. Lustg hugs
vmzms jgos lkjfustêvmc `ìk rmio`ghk hk qum lkjfustêvmc rmio`ghk pgrg
igzmr k jmsjk trgfgcbk. Ks lustks hm lkjfustêvmc rmio`ghk vgrogj hm
glkrhk lkj k sostmjg, jgs lkjmågj mj
7>.>>> lrïhotks pkr u`ohghm.
62.7 GX]GCOTGÅÝM\ M VM^GVK\
Lghg dkeghkr g fkrhk hm ujg `gvm lkj Vmpgrk Jmlæ`olk,
M`em`bgrog ku bgfocohghm smjmcbg`tm pkhm tm`tgr uj tmstm
hm O`tmcmltk pgrg rmpgrgr hg`ks î `gvm. ^grg
g lghg lo`lk pk`tks qum vklä pgssgr `g vmroiolgåìk, vklä
pkhm rmpgrgr 7 lgslk. ]jg `gvm qum skirmu 6=%, =>%
ku 5=% hks hg`ks, m`trmtg`tk, `ìk pkhm smr rmpgrghg
gcïj hmssm pk`tk smj rmtkr`gr g uj pkrtk mstmcgr.
Ks dkeghkrms pkhmj sü tm`tm lk`smrtgr ujg vmz g`tms hg
mcms prmlosgj rmtkr`gr g uj pkrtk mstmcgr, gtrglgr lkj kutrk
`gvok, lkjprgr jgos pmågs, mtl.
Mj uj pkrtk mstmcgr fmj mquopghk, gs gtugcozgåýms pgrg uj `gvok
cmvgj 7 smjg`g g lghg 7> lgslks gholok`ghks (ku gctmrghks). Ks
rmpgrks cmvgj 7 hog pgrg lghg 7> lgslks rmpgrghks. ^krtgs mstmcgrms
rmjktgs ku jgc mquopghgs pkhmj hkfrgr ku tropcolgr k tmjpk egstk
pgrg lk`smrtgr ku gtugcozgr `gvoks. Ks rmpgrks lustgj 7>>.>>>
lrïhotks pkr lgslk, m`qug`tk gs gtugcozgåýms lustgj k pghrìk hm 7>
jocbýms hm lrïhotks pkr lgslk. \m g tropucgåìk `ìk puhmr pgegr k
lustk tktgc hk rmpgrk ku hgs gtugcozgåýms, g jgokrog hks pkrtks
pmrjotorç qum mcms tkjmj uj mjprïstojk, hmshm qum pkssgj
pgegr <>-=>% hk lustk ghog`tghk, pgeg`hk k rmstg`tm `ks prüxojks
jmsms. \m g tropucgåìk `ìk puhmr pgegr g tgxg o`ologc, k `gvok iolgrç
rmtohk gtï qum g tropucgåìk gpgrmåg lkj k ho`bmork.
Irmqóm`tmjm`tm,
Irmqóm`tmjm`tm, bç lcom`tms qum prklurgj lk`trgtgr jmrlm`çroks
pgrg trgfgcbks pmroeksks `mssms pkrtks m vklä pkhm
irmqum`tmjm`tm
irmqum`tmjm`tm m`lk`trgr trgfgcbk lkj mcms `g mspmrg`åg hm pgegr
ks rmpgrks hk smu `gvok.

G]CG JÊ@. LG\LK JGR. LG\LK JÜH]CK\ VMW]MVOHK\ @KXG\

Yogemj hm iueg 6> <= Gpm`gs rmquosotks jê`ojks. \upkrtm hm Lgpgz hm gtmrrossgr `g supmriêlom hk pcg`mtg. ]sghk

^kh hm utocotçrok 66 8= grjg 7, \upkrtm hm lgreg 7, Grjghurg <, pgrg jg`utm`åìk m rmpgrk `k mspgåk mxt mr`k

Cutghkr <8 92 \upkrtm hm grjg 7, ^rkpucskr < Gs grjgs pkhmj smr hospgrghgs pmck pocktk g pgrtor hk
jühuck hm lkjg`hk

Xrg`spkrtm 6= => Lkzo`bg 7, hkrjotürok 7, lkjpgrtojm`tk hm lgreg 7 Irmqóm`tmjm`tm prmsk mj uj `gvok jgokr.

Lkrrmok <> 9> Dujp Hrovm 7, Lkjputmr 7,

7, Egccmy 7, Lryk 7, Covo`e @gvoks mxtrmjgjm`tm rçpohks usghks
Wugrtmrs 7, Lgrek 7, Xbrustmr < pgrg trg`spkrtm m lkju`olgåìk rçpohks.

^msquosgr <= ?> Lkjputghkr 7, lkzo`bg 7, hkrjotürok 7, qugrtmc 7, lkjpgrtojm`tk hm M`voghk pgrg kfsmrvgr `kvks pcg`mtgs ku
Mjfgrlgåìk lgreg 7, cgfkrgtürok hm loä`logs 7 im`øjm`ks mstrg`bks.

Lkrtghkr => 76= Grjghurg <, Egcï 7, \upkrtm hm grjg <, Lkjpgrtojm`tk jïholk 7, ]sghk pkr ikrågs pkcologos m pgtrucbgs pcg`mtçrogs.
Gckdgjm`tk 6, Wugrtmc 7, Lkjpgrtojm`tk hm lgreg 7, ^rkpucskrms < Irmqóm`tmjm`tm mslkctg `gvoks jgokrms.

Lgåghkr == 78> Coim \uppkrt 6, Grjkr 8, Dujp Hrovm 7, Lkjputmr 7, Ymêluck prmimrohk hk Fku`ty Bu`tmr. Vçpohk, fmj
Egccmy 7, Umgpk` Jku`t <, Lryklbgjfmr 7, Covo`e grjghk m fco`hghk. Ks prosok`morks sìk jg`tohks mj
Wugrtmrs 7, Lgrek Bkch 7, Xbrustmrs 8 sk`k lrokeä`olk.

Jo`mrgåìk == 79= Dujp Hrovm 7, Lkjputmr 7,

7, Egccmy 7, Umgpk` Jku`t 7, Mjfgrlgåìk pghrìk pgrg kpmrgåýms hm jo`mrgåìk. Juotgs
Irgegtg Jmholgc Fgy 7, Lryklbgjfmr 7, Covo`e Wugrtmrs 7>, vmzms lgrrmeg ^khs utocotçroks pgrg usk `g jo`mrgåìk hm
Fgrrglas 7, Lgrek Bkch 7, \lom`lm Cgf 7 gstmrüohms.

Fckqumok 9> 76> Grjghurg <, Dujp Hrovm 7, Lkjputmr 7, Egccmy 7, Umgpk` Mslkcbg hk lk`trgfg`hostg mquopghk pgrg mslgpgr hm
Lkrrmhkr Jku`t 6, Jmholgc Fgy 7, Lryklbgjfmr 6, Covo`e Wugrtmrs pgtrucbgs m juotgs vmzms hosigråghk pgrg sm pgrmlmr lkj uj
7, Wugrtmc 7, ^krìk hm lgreg 7,
7 , ^rkpucskrms 8 lgreumork ku irgegtg hm jo`mrgåìk.

Lgreumork 9= 6<> Egccmy 7, Jmholgc Fgy 7, Covo`e Wugrtmrs 7, Fgrrglas 7, ]sghk pro`lopgcjm`tm pgrg rmjmssgs, ujg
Lgrek Bkch <> mslkcbg lkjuj pgrg lk`trgfg`hostgs m porgtgs.

Xrkpg 7<> <6= Coim \uppkrt 7>, Grjkr =, Egccmy =, Umgpk` Jku`t 6, Ymêluck jgrêtojk hmsto`ghk gk trg`spkrtm hm trkpgs
Jmholgc Fgy 7, Lryklbgjfmr 6=, Covo`e Wugrtmrs 8, m vmêlucks pgrg k lkjfgtm. Klgsok`gcjm`tm lgrrmeg
Fgrrglas 2, Lgrek Bkch 7> gceu`s cutghkrms.

Lkcø`og 67> ;;; Coim \uppkrt 79, Lkjjg`h <, Dujp Hrovm 8, Lkjputmr 8, Xrg`spkrtm hm ck`eg hostæ`log hmsto`ghk gk
@gvok Egccmy 2, Jmholgc Fgy 6, Lryklbgjfmr 8>, Covo`e Wugrtmrs mstgfmcmlojm`tk hm lkcø`ogs mj sostmjgs
6>, Fgrrglas 5, Lgrek Bkch <>, \lom`lm Cgf < hostg`tms. Jgc fco`hghk, jgs fmj gfgstmlohk.

^VKDMXK HK @GYOK4 JÜH]CK\, LG\LK, GVJG\
Gssoj lkjk g lk`struåìk hm uj pmrsk`gemj, tkhgs gs rmergs
qum vklä prmlosg sgfmr pgrg prkdmtgr uj `gvok mstìk o`lcuêhgs
`g ikcbg `k io`gc hmstm covrk. Yklä tgjfïj pkhm pmegr k
mxmjpck hk `gvok (Xbm
( Xbm Igcstgii) o`lcuêjks m usgjks mj sug
lgjpg`bg o`ologc lkjk mstç. @k m`tg`tk, gquo mstìk gceu`s
hmtgcbms sm g pcg`ocbg `ìk iozmr sm`tohk î projmorg vostg4
<>.7 \MCMLOK@M K\ JÜH]CK\ ^VOJÇVOK\
Ks `gvoks sìk imotks hm jühucks, qum sìk lkjk sgcgs m pmågs
hm ujg jçquo`g. Lghg jühuck igz gcek mspmlogc pgrg gduhgr g
jg`tmr k `gvok iu`lok`g`hk ku ikr`mlmr pgrg smus jmjfrks
hg tropucgåìk. Gceu`s hmcms, lkjk \upkrtm hm Yohg m
Lkjfustêvmc, sìk `mlmssçroks. Kutrks jühucks, lkjk
jk`tgem`s hm grjgs, sìk kplok`gos.
Ks fcklks hm lk`struåìk fçsolks hk hmsoe` hm `gvoks sìk
^k`tks hk lgslk. Lghg jühuck lustg ujg lmrtg qug`tohghm
hm lgslk pgrg smr imotk, juotgs vmzms hmpm`hm`hk hm kutrgs
vgroçvmos, lkjk k tgjg`bk hm sug tropucgåìk ku g vmcklohghm
qum vklä hmsmdg qum smu `gvok vç. Lghg pk`tk hk Bucc lustg
lmrlg hm 7> jocbýms hm lrïhotks (`gvoks sìk o`lrovmcjm`tm
lgrks). ^kr m`qug`tk, lkjmåg`hk pmck tkpk, prmm`lbg ks
hghks qum vklä lk`bmlm `gs lgoxgs ikr`mlohgs, lkjmåg`hk
lkj qug`tks pgssgemorks bujg`ks vklä glbg qum bgvmrç mj
jïhog `k `gvok. Hmoxm uj pkulk jgos hm mspgåk pgrg k lgsk
hm pmegr gceu`s pgssgemorks pmck lgjo`bk.
<>.6 \MCMLOK@M K\ JÜH]CK\ \ML]@HÇVOK\
Xkhks mssms jühucks `ìk sìk mssm`logos pgrg lk`struor ujg
`gvm iu`lok`gc. @k m`tg`tk, qugsm tkhgs gs `gvms prmlosgrìk
hm pmck jm`ks gceu`s hmssms jühucks - pkr mxmjpck,
qugcqumr `gvm qum qumorg hgr uj sgctk pgrg k bopmrmspgåk
prmlosgrç hm hrovms hm sgctk m, sm vklä tovmr hrovms hm sgctk,
prmlosgrç hm uj lkjputghkr, fmj lkjk hm ujg læjgrg
lrokstçtolg . Juotgs `gvms tmrìk erg`hms pkrýms hm lgreg pgrg
io`g`logr sugs kpmrgåýms, ku pgrg grjgzm`gr kutrks vmêlucks
(ku gtï `gvms jm`krms) pgrg mxpckrgåìk pcg`mtçrog. Mstg costg
hm jühucks `ìk ï gfrg`em`tm, m vklä ï m`lkrgdghk g trgfgcbgr
lkj smu Hormtkr pgrg lrogr `kvks jühucks ku gtugcozgåýms
pgrg jühucks mxostm`tms g`tmrokrjm`tm.
<>.< GVJG\ HK @GYOK
@mj tkhgs gs `gvms pkssumj grjgs, jgs juotgs täj pmck
jm`ks uj lkrtghkr g cgsmr pgrg cohgr lkj gstmrüohms ku
jmtmkrotks qum sm gprkxojgj. G jgokrog hgs grjgs hg `gvm
lgusg JHJE, ku Jmeghgjgem, k qum mquovgcm g lmrlg hm 7>>
<>
grjgs lkju`s lkj gs qugos vklä m`lk`trgrç `gvoks
mquopghks. Lghg uj hmvm smr tropucghk pkr uj tropucg`tm, ku
m`tìk mstgr glkpcghk g uj sostmjg gutkjgtozghk m, pkrtg`tk,
gk lkjputghkr4
± Lkrtghkr g cgsmr4 7h7> JHJE. Xorks g`tms
rmlgrrmeg`hk4 76. K lkrtghkr g cgsmr cmvg ujg rkhghg
pgrg lgrrmegr m`trm ks hospgrks. Hmpkos hm hospgrgr 76
torks, hmvm rmlgrrmegr pkr uj hog.
± Gutklg`bìk4 6h7> JHJE. Xorks g`tms
rmlgrrmegjm`tk4 68. Irmqóm`tmjm`tm gutkjgtozghk pmck
lkjputghkr m ujg grjg pghrìk pgrg vmêlucks qum
vogdgj mj lk`io`s hk mspgåk.
± Lg`bìk mcïtrolk4 7h7> JHJE. Xorks g`tms
rmlgreg4 76. Grjg jgloåg usghg qugsm
mxlcusovgjm`tm mj vmêlucks jocotgrms. ]sg gtï hkos
sckts pgrg grjgs m `ìk pkhm smr gutkjgtozghk pkr
lkjputghkr.
± Xkrrms hm jmtrgcbghkrg jk`tghgs4 =h7> HJE.
Xorks g`tms hm rmlgrrmegr4 <9. Mstgs sìk tkrrms g`topmsskgos,
usghgs pgrg prktmemr g `gvm m`qug`tk hm`trk hg gtjksimrg
hm uj pcg`mtg. Irmqóm`tmjm`tm, mcms tgjfïj sìk
jk`tghks mj vmêlucks tmrrmstrms. Irmqóm`tmjm`tm,
Irmqóm`tmjm`tm,
gutkjgtozghk pkr lkjputghkr.
± Xkrpmhks4 7h7> JHJE. Xorks g`tms
rmlgrrmegr4 6. Grjgs o`lrovmcjm`tm pkhmrksgs qum rkcgj
`k erçiolk hm glmrtks lrêtolks smjprm qum glmrtgj. K
o`ojoek, m`trmtg`tk, kftïj vg`tgemj gk igzmr
sgcvgjm`tks hm grjghurg.
± ^ostkcg hm gpgrmcbgjm`
gpgrmcbgjm`tk4tk4 7JHJE. Xorks g`tms
rmlgrrmegr4 <. Wugsm `ìk lgusg hg`k, jgs mj uj glmrtk
fmj sulmhohk, hugs `gvms sìk g`mxghgs m ï `mlmssçrok
uj tmstm hm vmcklohghm pgrg sm cofmrtgr, jgs emrgcjm`tm
gk lustk hm rkcgr `g jmsg hm glmrtk lrêtolk. Hospgrgr
grjgs hm lkrhgjm ï emrgcjm`tm k projmork pgssk pgrg
mjfgrlgr mj kutrk `gvok.
Lghg grjg pkhm lk`tmr sug qug`tohghm hm –torks g`tms hm
rmlgrrmegr‚ hm`trk hm smu prüprok jmlg`osjk, m`qug`tk k
rmstk hg ju`oåìk hmvm smr rmtohg `g lgreg. Gceu`s `gvoks
hmsoe`grìk uj mspgåk hm lgreg ghdglm`tm îs sugs grjgs pgrg
egrg`tor k rmlgrrmegjm`tk gutkjgtozghk.
<>.8 LGCL]CGV LG\LK XKXGC
Hmpkos hm skjgr tkhks ks pk`tks hk lgslk hks jühucks
qum vklä o`stgcku, vklä tmrç smu Lgslk fgsm. Mstm
`ôjmrk ï usghk pgrg gduhgr g lgclucgr qug`tk lgslk ï
gcklghk pgrg smus prkpucskrms (pgrg jkvmr uj erg`hm
`gvok), fmj lkjk k tgjg`bk hk jktkr qum vklä vgo
prmlosgr, k qum hmtmrjo`g qug`tk lkjfustêvmc vklä vgo
prmlosgr, fmj lkjk quìk erg`hm uj qughrk (gs hovmrsgs
pgrtms hk `gvok) qum k `gvok mxoem.
hm hg`k rmeucgr. Gquo mstç ujg costg hm gceu`s hks jgos
<7
^VKDMXK HK @GYOK4 M\XGXÊ\XOLG\, JG@OIM\XK, HO\^K\OÅÌK
<7.7 ^VMM@LBG \]G\ M\XGXÊ\XOLG\ HM @GYOK
Lkj fgsm `ks jühucks qum vklä ghquorou, gekrg vklä pkhmrç
prmm`lbmr gs mstgtêstolgs hk smu `gvok. ^rmstm juotg gtm`åìk
îs smtgs qum lk`huzmj îs sugs mstgtêstolgs.
Mxmjpck4 g pk`tugåìk hm lkjfgtm hm sug `gvm ï fgsmghg `k
`ôjmrk hm jühucks hm lkjputghkr qum vklä tmj, juctopcolghk
pkr hmz m, mj smeuohg, skjgr hmz g mssm `ôjmrk. @k lgsk hk
Igcstgii, tmjks 7 jühucks hm lkjputghkr (lk`suctm g pçeo`g RR),
qum juctopcolghk pkr 7> `ks hç 7>, jgos ks 7> gholok`gos `ks hç
6>, `kssg mstgtêstolg hm lkjfgtm io`gc.
\ug Grjghurgs, m`qug`tk costghk lkjk ujg mstgtêstolg, ï
rmgcjm`tm oeugc gk smu sgcvgjm`tk hm grjghurg1 ï skfrm k
qum k `gvok hmvm rkcgr pgrg mvotgr skirmr hg`ks. Emrgcjm`tm k
lgpotìk ku lgpotìk o`tmro`k hk `gvok rkcg k tmstm hm rmsostä`log
hm grjghurg. Ks `gvoksLkjfgtm
`gvoksLkjfgtm G mstgtêstolg ï usghg hurg`tm
gs dkeghgs hm lkjfgtm, gssoj lkjk g sug (`k m`tg`tk, `mstm
lgsk, vklä pkhm usgr g qum ikr jgos gctg, g sug prüprog
`gvoks O`tmcmltk ï
mstgtêstolg hm lkjfgtm ku g hg `gvm). Ks `gvoksO`tmcmltk
tg`tk uj \tgt, qug`tk ï uj sgcvgjm`tk hm \g`ohghm, lgsk smdg
`mlmssçrok. Îs vmzms, g OG hg `gvm ï lkrrkjpohg m ossk sm tkr`g
mxtrmjgjm`tm ojpkrtg`tm. Ks `gvoksYmcklohghm
`gvoksYmcklohghm
ï oeugc gk smu \tgt m lkstujg smr usghk pgrg vmr sm g `gvm
lk`smeum hmsvogr hm gstmrüohms ku mslgpgr hm mxpcksýms hm
mstrmcgs mj lkcgpsk.
Hk smu `gvok Jgx Bucc ï fgsolgjm`tm lkjk sug \gôhm, m ï
ojpkrtg`tm `ktgr qugos sìk 6=%, =>% m 5=% hk Lgslk
Jçxojk, pkrqum smjprm qum sug `gvm skirmr hg`ks gcïj
hmssms pk`tks, mcg tmrç qum rkcgr `g tgfmcg hm glmrtks lrêtolks.
Ï ojpkrtg`tm kfsmrvgr qum, mjfkrg lghg jühuck smdg usghk
pgrg hmtmrjo`gr k lgslk hm uj `gvok, gpm`gs skirmr hg`ks
`k lgslk `ìk hmstrüo ks jühucks gcmgtkrogjm`tm.
@krjgcjm`tm, gpm`gs glmrtks lrêtolks igzmj ossk.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm ks glmrtks lrêtolks hk `gvok `g pçeo`g 7=.7.
Gekrg ï uj fkj jkjm`tk pgrg costgr tgjfïj smus Lkjfustêvmc Jçxojk m
Mstkqum hm egcï. \mu lkjfustêvmc jçxojk ï oeugc gks
jühucks hm lkjfustêvmc qum vklä prmm`lbmu g`tmrokrjm`tm.
Mjfkrg vklä pkssg grjgzm`gr jgos lkjfustêvmc `k Lgrek
Bkch, sm `mlmssçrok, mstm ï k tgjg`bk hk smu tg`qum hm
lkjfustêvmc m g qug`tohghm hm lkjfustêvmc rmstg`tm gtï qum
vklä prmlosm rmgfgstmlmr (smdg hm smu Lgrek Bkch ku hm uj
pkrtk mstmcgr, ku `gvok tg`qum). Gcïj hossk, sugs lkzo`bgs
pkhmj grjgzm`gr gcojm`tks suiolom`tms pgrg uj jäs g`tms
hm prmlosgrmj smr rmgfgstmlohks.
<7.6 CO\XM \]G\ GVJG\
Gquo vklä costgrç sugs grjgs m ks hg`ks qum lgusgj,
fmj lkjk qugosqumr kutrgs `ktgs qum pkssg tmr
<7.< CO\XM \M]\ KIOLOGO\
^khm smr ôtoc tmr tkhks ks `kjms hks kiologos hk `gvok mj
uj sü cuegr pgrg rmimrä`log. K qum ï jgos ojpkrtg`tm, `k
m`tg`tk, ï kXropucgåìk tktgc `ôjmrk m k Jgx Lgp. (
Lgpglohghm jçxojg), ujg vmz qum orç hmtmrjo`gr sm g sug
tropucgåìk skirmrç gceuj hg`k sm m qug`hk ks sostmjgs hm
supkrtm hm vohg ikrmj hg`oiolghks.
<7.8 CO\XM \M] JG@OIM\XK HM LGVEG
Gquo ï k`hm vklä costg g lgreg pro`lopgc qum smu `gvok mstç
trg`spkrtg`hk, gtï g lgreg jçxojg pmrjotohg lkj fgsm mj
smus jühucks hm pkrìk hm lgreg. Lghg pmåg hm lgreg tmj k
tgjg`bk gprkxojghk hm uj pgcmtm.
<7.= HM\M@BM K CG_K]X HK \M] @GYOK
Mstg pgrtm ï juotk hovmrtohg. K sostmjg hm prkdmtk hk `gvok ï
lk`struêhk hm ikrjg qum 7 lgslk : 7 qughrghk hm pgpmc
jocojmtrghk, pkrtg`tk, ï içloc hmsm`bgr uj `gvok lkj gs
o`ikrjgåýms qum vklä pkssuo. Lghg qughrghk tmj
gprkxojghgjm`tmm 6>x6>j. Wugcqumr qughrghk pgrlogc lk`tg lkjk
gprkxojghgjm`t
jmok lgslk, jmsjk qum smdg rmgcjm`tm uj qugrtk hm uj
qughrghk, ku träs qugrtks. Ossk tkr`g g lk`tgemj jgos içloc. G
jg`morg jgos içloc hm hmsm`bgr k `gvok ï fckqumgr tkhk k lk`tkr`k
projmork lkj k lgslk jçxojk m, mj smeuohg, gholok`gr ks jühucks
lk`ikrjm glbgr `mlmssçrok. Emrgcjm`tm, vklä pkhm mvotgr g
mstruturg, g grjghurg m k lkjfustêvmc, dç qum mcms pkhmj smr
gssujohks `k mspgåk lo`zg mslurk m`trm gs kutrgs sgcgs. \o`tg-sm î
vk`tghm pgrg hmsm`bgr tg`tks lkrrmhkrms hm lk`mxìk, pkåks hm
vm`tocgåìk m mlcusgs hm gr qug`tks glbgr `mlmssçroks pgrg
lkjpcmtgr k prkdmtk. Hmpkos hm lk`lcuor k cgykut, smu `gvok mstç
prk`tk pgrg pgrtor!
Mxmjpck4 k Igcstgii ï lk`struêhk usg`hk gs mspmloiolgåýms hg Irgegtg hm
Jo`mrgåìk `g pçeo`g 62. Hmpkos hm prmm`lbmr ks jühucks `mlmssçroks pgrg
g Irgegtg hm Jo`mrgåìk mspmloiolghg,
mspmloiolghg, vmroiolgjks m `ks lmrtoiolgj
lmrtoiolgjks
ks hm qum
k Igcstgii to`bg tuhk k jgos `mlmssçrok pgrg uj `gvok pghrìk (lkjk uj
Jühuck hm Lkjg`hk, Lkjfustêvmc, uj Jktkr, mtl.). Gpüs prmm`lbmr tkhks
ks jühucks m mstgtêstol gs, hmsm`bgjks k cgykut. Hmlohojks hgr kIgcstgii
mstgtêstolgs,
träs lk`vmsms hoimrm`tms
hoimrm`tms smpgrghks pkr iu`åìk4 k Lk`vïs hm Lkjg`hk,
k`hm `kssks kiologos pkhogj lk`trkcgr m pocktgr k `gvok, k Lk`vïs Bgfotgt,
k`hm jkrg g tropucgåìk, m k Lk`vïs hm Lgreg, k`hm g jgokr pgrtm hk
trgfgcbk ï rmgcozghg `g jo`mrgåìk hm uj gstmrüohm. Jg`tovmjks k jktkr
prüxojk gks prkpucskrms m gk Dujp Hrovm pgrg qum `kssks m`em`bmorks `ìk
prmlosgssmj lkrrmr
lkrrmr pkr tkhg g `gvm lk`smrtg`hk gs lkosgs mj ujg
mjmreä`log. Xgjfïj gholok`gjks ujg erg`hm pkrtg hk lkjpgrtojm`tk
hm lgreg gk pkrìk hm lgreg, fmj lkjk ujg pkrtg hm m`lgoxm `k Lgrek
Hmla m`trm ks jühucks hm \upkrtm hm Yohg m Lkjputghkr. Gholok`gjks
gceujgs lk`mxýms m`trm ks hmlas m juotks lkrrmhkrms, egrg`to`hk
egrg`to`hk qum
`kssg tropucgåìk puhmssm sm jkvmr rgpohgjm`tm. Io`gcjm`tm, gholok`gjks
vçrogs mlcusgs hm gr m pkrtgs pgrg egrg`tor qum g tropucgåìk puhmssm
lkcklgr mj qugrm`tm`g lmrtgs çrmgs hk `gvok mj lgsk hm hmsgstrm.
skfrm mcgs.
<<
LKJFGXM HM @GYOK G @GYOK4 KVHMJ HM YOVGEMJ, GÅÝM\

K lkjfgtm `gvok g `gvok iu`lok`g hg jmsjg ikrjg qum k <<.< K W]M ^K\\K IGTMV @K JM] XKV@K;
lkjfgtm `krjgc, lkj gceujgs hoimrm`ågs `ktçvmos.
Yklä tmj jgos gceujgs kpåýms `k lkjfgtm `gvm-g-`gvm
<<.7 K W]M Ï K JM\JK; hk qum mj uj lkjfgtm `krjgc. @k m`tg`tk, gs pro`lopgos
hoimrm`ågs g smrmj cmjfrghgs skfrm k lkjfgtm m`trm
\urprmsg m krhmj hm lurvg go`hg sìk trgtghgs hg jmsjg ikrjg, `gvoks qug`hk sm trgtg hm sugs gåýms sìk4
usg`hk sug mstgtêstolg hm vmcklohghm pgrg hmtmrjo`gr lkj qum
± Yklä pkhm m`trgr mj lkjfgtm rmeucgr hurg`tm uj
irmqóä`log m mj qum krhmj vklä vgo. Yklä tgjfïj pkhm rmgcozgr
cutg `gvok g `gvok, mstmdg smu
s mu `gvok sm`hk
hugs gåýms soe`oiolgtovgs `k smu tur`k m emrgcjm`tm igzmr k qum
gfkrhghk pkr o`trusks ku cohg`hk lkj gceujg
quosmr, lkjk sm mstm ikssm uj lkjfgtm `krjgc, m vklä
kutrg gjmgåg o`tmr`g. Ossk tuhk pkhm smr
sojpcmsjm`tm mstovmssm g fkrhk hm ujg `gvm.
o`lkrpkrghk `k jmsjk lkjfgtm m tuhk klkrrm `k
jmsjk pmrêkhk hm tmjpk.
<<.6 K W]M Ï HOIMVM@XM; ± K lkjputghkr hm uj `gvok pkhm cmvgr uj lmrtk `ôjmrk
hm gåýms pkr lk`tg prüprog. Mcm pkhm rmgcozgr tg`tgs
K ojpkrtg`tm ï qum lghg `gvok tmj sugs prüprogs
gåýms qug`tks ikrmj ks jühucks hk lkjputghkr.
mstgtêstolgs m iolbg hm pmrsk`gemj (lkjpcmtgjm`tm
Emrgcjm`tm, mssgs gåýms o`lcumj hospgrgr gs grjgs hk
smpgrghgs hg sug), qum sìk usghgs pgrg hmtmrjo`gr
`gvok ku imlbgr gs mlcusgs hm gr, mtl.
gceujgs lkosgs hoimrm`tms.
± Yklä pkhm lbgjgr k `gvok hm gtgqum ku tm`tgr
± Xmj uj \pmmh \tgt, qum ï usghk pgrg hmtmrjo`gr g gfrg ujg co`bg hm lkju`olgå
lkju`olgåìk
ìk lkj mcms
vmcklohghm rmcgtovg m`trm ks `gvoks mj ujg cutg, fmj ± Wug`hk k `gvok skirm hg`ks, ossk tm`hm g gimtgr
lkjk hmtmrjo`gr k sulmssk hm jg`kfrgs hm pocktgemj tkhks g fkrhk, ku pmck jm`ks jgos hm ujg
lkjpcmxgs (tgjfïj ï usghk pgrg hmtmrjo`gr g pmsskg.
vmcklohghm ikrg hk lkjfgtm lkjk mj RR). G jgokrog hgs ± Yklä pkhm pocktgr uj lgåg ku îs vmzms
± grjgs hks `gvoks hmvm smr tropucghg pgrg smrmj pkhmrksks trgdms mxk m du`tm-sm gk lkjfgtm `gvok-g-
hospgrghgs . Ks gtgqums sìk rmskcvohks lkj k Lkjfgtm hk `gvok.
`gvok ku hk kpmrghkr (k qum ikr jmcbkr). Grtocbgrog ± Ks `gvoks sìk erg`hms m cmvg gceuj tmjpk pgrg sm jkvmr
jmcbkrg ks tmstms. gk rmhkr hmcms, m`tìk pksolok`m gs pmsskgs mj
± Mj vmz hm lgusgr hg`ks rmeucgrms, gs `gvms lgusgj k cuegrms k`hm pkssgj smr ôtmos.
qum ï lbgjghk Jmeghgjgem, ku JHJE. Lghg pk`tk ± Yklä pkhm tm`tgr rmpgrgr Hg`ks `k lgslk mj
hk JHJE mquovgcm g lmrlg hm 7>> pk`tks hm hg`k sug vmz lkj uj tmstm hm O`tmcmltk.
rmeucgr (pkrtg`tk, cmvgr uj glmrtk hormtk hk 00 Cmog jgos skfrm lkjk rmpgrgr `gvoks `g pçeo`g 62.7
gutklg`ø`olk hm ujg `gvm prkvgvmcjm`tm orç hmstruê-ck
lkjpcmtgjm`tm).
± Ks `gvoks täj smus prüproks Grjghurg sgcvg, qum mcms usgj
pgrg gfskrvmr
gfskrvmr ku hmsvogr
hmsvogr ks hg`ks
hg`ks lgusghks g smus
lgslk.
± Mj vmz hm ujg mstgtêstolg hm sgôhm, lkjk vklä, ks `gvoks
täj uj lgslk \tgt, qum sm rmhuzohg g zmrk soe`oiolg qum g
`gvm iko lkjpcmtgjm`tm hmstruêhg (tgjfïj ï usghg
mxtm`sovgjm`tm `k prkdmtk hm `gvms). G jgokrog hks
lkjfgtms tmrjo`g g`tms qum gs `gvms smdgj
lkjpcmtgjm`tm hmstruêhgs, dç qum hmstruor ujg `gvm
o`tmorgjm`tm irmqóm`tmjm`tm
irmqóm`tmjm`tm rkufg hk gtglg`tm gceuj
rmlursk qum mcm prmsujovmcjm`tm hmsmdg tkjgr. @k
m`tg`tk, îs vmzms `ìk ï mssm k lgsk.

00 Cmog jgos skfrm gs Mstgtêstolgs hk `gvok `g pçeo`g <7.7

 <8
LKJFGXM HM @GYOK G @GYOK4 GLM\\K\ LVÊXOLK\

VKCGV MIMOX
OXK
K HM
HM FG
FGXO
XOH
HG LV
LVÊXO
XOL
LG
<8.7 GLM\\K\ LVÊXOLK\
Lgreg hmstruêhg. h7> u`ohghms hm lgreg sìk
>>->?
Mjfkrg rmhuzor ks pk`tks hk lgslk hm uj `gvok g zmrk smdg hmstruêhgs.
ujg jg`morg o`igcêvmc hm hmstruê-ck, emrgcjm`tm `ìk ï gssoj \ostmjg hm supkrtm hm vohg. Vmhuzg ks
qum g jgokrog hks `gvoks ï hmrrktghg mj lkjfgtm. Mj vmz 7>-78
jühucks hm supkrtm hm vohg mj 7.
hossk, glmrtks lrêtolks täj g lgpglohghm hm hmstruor sostmjgs
ojpkrtg`tms hm`trk hk prüprok `gvok, hmsgtovg`hk-k ku 7=-7? Hg`ks m`krjms
`k lgslk. `k lgslk.
G tropucgåìk K `gvok skirm
igz sgcvgjm`tks x6 hm hg`k
lkrpkrgos ku
ikråg`hk g tropucgåìk g sm rm`hmr. Ks `gvoks hmvmj rkcgr `k skirm 7h7> hm hg`k.
Mimotk hm glmrtk lrêtolk jmsg pgrg g hormotg smjprm
Yokcgåìk hm grjghurg. K `gvok rmlmfm Hmsvg`tgemj
g `gvok4 6>-68 `ks tmstms hm rmsostä`log hm grjghurg gtï qum smdg
rmpgrghk.
± Vmlmfm uj glmrtk lrêtolk Igcbg lrotolgjm`tm
± mj uj tmstm hm grjghurg Grjgzm`gjm`tk hm hghks gpgeghk. Xkhks
± G projmorg vmz qum k `gvok skirm hg`k \mjprm ks hghks hm `gvmegåìk m pmsquosg lk`tohks `k
6=-6?
`gvok ikrgj hmstruêhks. G tropucgåìk `ìk sgfm
± qum k `gvok pmrhm 6=%, =>% m 5=% hm smu lgslk jgos k`hm mstìk `k mspgåk.

± \mjprm qum k `gvok skirmr hg`ks mj 6> ku jm`ks lgslk <>-<8 ^rkpucskrms. Vmhuzg ks prkpucskrms mj 7.

Lgfo`m gcmgtürog ku kutrg sgcg `ìk

mssm`logc hmstruêhg. K lkrpk sgcvg pgrg
\m uj mimotk hm glmrtk lrêtolk `ìk puhmr smr rmgcozghk <=-<?
gqumcms `g sgcg pgrg mslgpgr ku smrmj
(pkr mxmjpck,
hmstruêhgs), smgtkhgs
usm gs grjgs
prüxojg dç mstovmrmj
m`trghg glojg `g jmsg. Gcïj hmstruêhks.
Grjg gcmgtürog hmsgtovghg. G grjg `ìk pkhm
hossk, ujg dkeghg hm hupcgs `g jmsg
j msg hm glmrtk lrêtolk 8>-88
hospgrgr ku iu`lok`gr gtï qum smdg rmpgrghg.
soe`oiolg qum k glmrtk lrêtolk gimtku jgos hm uj sostmjg
8=-8? Jktkr hm sgctk. Vmhuzg k jktkr hm sgctk mj 7.
m k dkeghkr hmvm dkegr `kvgjm`tm pgrg uj mimotk
gholok`gc. Ossk lk`to`ug m`qug`tk k dkeghkr lk`to`ugr g =>-=8 Jktkrms. Vmhuzg k jktkr mj 7.
rkcgr hupcgs, k qum soe`oiolg qum jmsjk uj glmrtk \ostmjg skfrmlgrrmeghk. Gs u`ohghms hm lkjputghkr m hm
skfrmlgrrmeghk.
lrêtolk pkhm soe`oiolgr g hmstruoåìk tktgc hm uj `gvok. ==-=? sgctk pgrgj hm iu`lok`gr pkr rkhghgs h7>, g jm`ks qum
smdgj rmpgrghgs. -7>% pgrg k lkjfgtm.

Ergvohghm grtoiologc. G ergvohghm grtoiologc

Mj emrgc, qugcqumr pmsskg gto`eohg `g sgcg gimtghg hmvm igzmr
9>-98
uj sgcvgjm`tk hm Lkrpk ku skirmrç 7h7> hm hg`k lkj k
lbkqum. Gcïj hossk, qugcqumr pmsskg mj ujg sgcg hmstruêhg
hmvm igzmr uj sgcvgjm`tk hm Lkrpk ku tgjfïj smrç hmstruêhg.
9=-9?
G lbgjghg io`gc, lkjk hm lkstujm, ï hmoxghg pgrg k Hormtkr.
5>-58
5=-5?
`k `gvok pgrg hm iu`lok`gr m tkhks / tuhk
lkjmåg g icutugr. K lkrpk sgcvg ku rmlmfm
7h7> hm hg`k lkj k lbkqum.
MJ^. Xkhks ks sostmjgs hmscoegrgj pkr 7 rkhghg.
G`hrkohs hmscoeghks m hmvmj smr rmo`ologhks.
7h7> Læjgrgs hm Lrokssk`k hmstruêhgs.
Wumfrg `k lgslk. K `gvok lkjmåg g hmsprmssurozgr
(lkjmåg`hk mj ujg sgcg gcmgtürog), g jm`ks qum g mlcusg
hm gr pkssg smr prktmeohg. Xrgdms g vçluk sìk `mlmssçroks
pgrg tkhgs gs çrmgs gimtghgs m sgcvgjm`tk hk lkrpk mj
hmsvg`tgemj pgrg mvotgr smr sueghk pgrg ikrg hk `gvok sm
vklä mstovmr `gs prkxojohghms hg vokcgåìk.

Lk`trkcms hm `gvmegåìk. K `gvok `ìk pkhm

2>-28
juhgr hm hormåìk smj vmroiolgåýms hm rmpgrk.

Ikek o`tmr`k. Lkjmåg mj ujg sgcg

2=-2? gcmgtürog, mspgcbg ujg sgcg pkr tur`k.
Hmstrüo g sgcg mj 7h7> tur`ks.
Vmo`ologcozgåìk hk sostmjg. K `gvok o`tmork pgrg hm
?>-?8
iu`lok`gr pkr 7h7> tur`ks.

Lgfo`m hk pocktk ku pk`tm hmstruêhg.

?=-?2 Lkrpk sgcvg pgrg mslgpgr hg sgcg g`tms hm
smr hmstruêhk.

<=
^K@XK\ HM MR^MVOÄ@LOG
\kfrmvovm`hk mj @gvm-jìm ï hoiêloc, jgs gqumcms qum
skfrmvovmj sìk go`hg jgos hoiêlmos. G lghg smssìk, vklä
eg`bgrç gceu`s pk`tks hm mxpmroä`log (R^), m qug`hk
vklä tovmr k suiolom`tm, vklä ]pgr m smr lgpgz hm
gujm`tgr sugs bgfocohghms, tkr`g`hk-k jgos lgpgz hm
m`irm`tgr ks hmsgioks qum vorìk.
<=.7 LKJK ^K\\K KFXMV MR^MVOÄ@LOG;
\kfrmvovmr g ujg smssìk vgcm 7> R^ - sm vklä skfrmvovmr î
projmorg `kotm, vklä suforç hm `êvmc ojmhogtgjm`tm. Yklä
gclg`ågrç k `êvmc 6 gpüs jgos hugs smssýms.
R^ gholok`gc ï lk`lmhohk pmck Ugrhm` pgrg g rmgcozgåìk hm
kfdmtovks. Ks egtocbks pgrg rmlkjpm`sgs hm R^ pkhmj vgrogr
lk`sohmrgvmcjm`tm1 `k m`tg`tk, mcms hmvmj smr hm
lk`bmlojm`tk pôfcolk. Gceu`s mxmjpcks o`lcumj4
± \gcvm g vohg hm kutrk jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk (<R^)
± O`vmstoeum uj so`gc hm sklkrrk (<R^) Vmlupmrm uj
± grtmigtk gcom`êem`g g`toek (6R^) Gprm`hg g usgr
± ujg tml`kckeog gcom`êem`g (7R^)
± Jgtm ujg lrogturg lkj jgos hm 5> O`sto`tk (6R^)
± Jgpmom uj smtkr hmslk`bmlohk hk mspgåk (=R^)
± Hmsfckqumom uj erg`hm jostïrok (6R^)
± O`tmriglm lkj smrms mstrg`bks juotk gcïj hk smu
mslkpk m bgfocohghms (7R^)
± \mdg k projmork g posgr `k Mxkpcg`mtg 85I6
(7R^)
± Lkcmtm ujg gjkstrg em`ïtolg hks Tmtgck`s mj
Mxkhus-8 (6R^)
?? lkjfustêvmc.. @gvok hmstruêhk mj 7h7> tur`ks.
Co`bg hm lkjfustêvmc
<=,6 R^ LKJ FG\M @G LCG\\M (K^LOK@GC)
Gcïj hossk, vklä pkhm gholok`gr iglocjm`tm präjoks hm R^
fgsmghks mj lcgssm pgrg k sostmjg R^ gtugc. ^kr mxmjpck4
± iuzocmorks `gvgos eg`bgj 7R^ smjprm qum jgtgj uj
o`ojoek. eg`bgj 7R^ smjprm qum trgzmj uj
± Lom`tostgs
pmhgåk hm tml`kckeog gcom`êem`g, ku kreg`osjk vovk, g
fkrhk hm sug `gvm pgrg mstuhk.
± G`hrkohs eg`bgj 7R^ smjprm qum igzmj o`tmriglm
lkj uj pmhgåk hm tml`kckeog gcom`êem`g ku lkj ujg
o`tmcoeä`log supmrokr.
± Xmgjstmrs eg`bgj 7R^ smjprm qum mcms hìk k projmork pgssk
pï mj uj pcg`mtg hmslk`bmlohk.
@ktg4 Mstgs sìk gpm`gs suemstýms - jgs g ohïog `ìk ï
`mlmssgrogjm`tm prmjogr R^ pkr gtugr –`k pmrsk`gemj‚,
jgs soj prmjogr R^ pkr lkosgs qum lkcklgrìk vklä m sug
mquopm mj pmroek. K iuzocmork `gvgc qumr gtorgr `g lrogturg
gcom`êem`g qum mstç
lom`tostg hmsmdg gtglg`hk
prmsmrvgr pmcksugs trkpgs,
jm`ks m`qug`tkmktrgzä-
uj mspïlojm
ck g fkrhk hk ø`ofus mspglogc pgrg mstuhks
mstu hks pkstmrokrms.
M`qug`tk ossk, k G`hrkoh sm lk`mltku
l k`mltku g uj lkjputghkr
jm`tgc lkcjmog gcom`êem`g pgrg m`tm`hmr jmcbkr sug
jg`morg hm pm`sgr hg quo`tg hojm`sìk, m k lgjo`bk`mork
mstç gpm`gs tm`tg`hk sgor hmssg rklbg m or pgrg g prüxojg.
G mquopm ikrjgrç gcog`ågs m iglåýms o`tmr`gs pgrg hmlohor g
hormåìk qum hmvm smeuor ku lkjk cohgr lkj ks prkfcmjgs, k
qum tkr`g k dkek jgos hovmrtohk.
<=.< W]G@XK R^ ^VMLO\K ^GVG \]FOV
HM @ÊYMC;
Yklä lkjmåg `k `êvmc zmrk. \m vklä skfrmvovmr î sug projmorg
smssìk, vklä suforç hm `êvmc m sm tkr`grç uj pmrsk`gemj hm
projmork `êvmc. Hmpkos hossk, usm g tgfmcg gfgoxk pgrg vmr qug`tk
R^ vklä prmlosg pgrg sufor hm `êvmc.
@ÊYMC XKXGC R^ @MLM\\ÇVOK
> >
7 7>
6 6=
< =>
8 5=
= 76=
9 75=
5 66=
2 <>>
? <5=
 7> =>>

<9
@OYMCG@HK

<9.7 K W]M ^K\\K IGTMV W]G@HK \]FK HM @ÊYMC;

Yklä pkhm sufor hm `êvmc smjprm qum mstovmr mj uj cuegr

smeurk k suiolom`tm pgrg hmslg`sgr. Mj erg`hm pgrtm, ossk
hmpm`hm hk Eugrhoìk qug`tk gk qum lk`stotuo uj cuegr
–smeurk‚, jgs emrgcjm`tm, jmsjk sm uj cuegr o`lkrrmssm mj
Hmsvg`tgemj gk hmslg`sgr pgrg sm lurgr ku sm rmlupmrgr hk
mstrmssm, ossk ï smeurk k suiolom`tm pgrg sufor hm `êvmc.

7. M\LKCBG ]JG JMCBKVOG ^VO@LO^GC

G JMCBKVGV 7 M\XGHK MJ = M K]XVK MJ < - JÇR. 2= F

JMCBKVGV 6 MLK@KJOTGV ^KV 8 LGHG - JÇR 2=

6. M\LKCBG ]JG ^MW]M@G JMCBKVOG

G EG@BK 7 VM\KCYMV - JGR =

F VMJKYMV 7 ^BKFOG K] YÊLOK

L L]VGV X]HK M\XVM\\M

<. EG@BK 6 ^K@XK\ HM BGFOCOHGHM

± Bgfocohghms trmo`ghgs lustg 7 pk`tk.

± Bgfocohghms mspmlogcozghgs lustg 6 pk`tks.
± Bgfocohghms hm jmstrm lustg < pk`tks.
± ^grg kftmr ujg bgfocohghm hm mspmlogcostg ku jmstrm, vklä hmvm projmork
kftmr ujg hm sugs bgfocohghms hm prï-rmquosotk.
± Yklä pkhm –glujucgr‚ pk`tks hm bgfocohghm m sgcvç-cks pgrg
usk iuturk.

Mxmjpck4 Cocotb jgc skfrmvovmu î sug projmorg smssìk hm dkek.

Hmpkos hm juotks pgrgfï`s hk Ugrhm`, Cocotb m ks kutrks dkeghkrms
hmlohmj sufor hm `êvmc m gem`hgr sug prüxojg smssìk. Cocotb kcbg
pgrg k cm`åkc m pm`sg k`hm pkhm lk`smrtgr gceu`s hm smus pk`tks
irglks. Mcg igcbku mj hkos tmstms hm rmsostä`log hm \g`ohghm hurg`tm
k dkek, jgs tgjfïj skirmu juotks hg`ks, m`tìk mcg hmlohm hmoxgr

smus tmstms hm rmsostä`log lkjk mstìk m or lkj g kpåìk G m jmcbkrgr

7 Mstgtêstolg mj = m kutrg mj <. Mcg jmcbkrg smu Lkjfgtm mj =,
cmvg`hk-k pgrg <=, m m`tìk gujm`tg sug Ikråg mj <, cmvg`hk-k pgrg
86 (m sufsmqum`tmjm`tm gujm`tg`hk sug \gôhm Jçxojg pgrg 28).

\meuo`hk pgrg g Mtgpg 6, Cocotb `ìk eg`bku `m`bujg ikfog (k qum mrg
ojprkvçvmc mj sug projmorg smssìk hm qugcqumr jg`morg), m smu \trmss, qum
gekrg ï < (6 pkr igcbgr mj smus hkos sgcvgjm`tks hm \g`ohghm m uj pkr
cmvgr uj glmrtk lrêtolk mj lkjfgtm) , `ìk ï juotk gctk pgrg mcg sm
prmklupgr (mcg pm`sg), m`tìk mcg mslkcbm g kpåìk G m eg`bg 7 Vmskcuåìk,
mcmvg`hk sug Vmskcuåìk tktgc pgrg 6.
Io`gcjm`tm, mcg tmj 6 pk`tks hm bgfocohghm pgrg egstgr. Mcg tmj pk`tks
suiolom`tms pgrg ujg ô`olg bgfocohghm hm mspmlogcostg ku hugs bgfocohghms
trmo`ghgs. Mcg tmj ks prï-rmquosotks pgrg Lkjg`hk m Bopmrmspgå
Bopmrmspgåk k (jgs `ìk
pk`tks suiolom`tms).
suiolom`tms). Hm kcbk `g skfrmvovä`log, mcg hmlohm egstgr 7 pk`tk mj
^rojmorks \klkrrks m sgcvgr smu kutrk pk`tk pgrg k `êvmc 6, k`hm mcg mspmrg
egstç-ck `k Lkjg`hk.

<9.6 JKVXM HK ^MV\K@GEMJ

^mrsk`gem`s jkrrmj rgpohgjm`tm mj @gvm Jìm, jgs k sostmjg

hm `ovmcgjm`tk iko lroghk pgrg qum vklä vkctm g iu`lok`gr
rgpohgjm`tm. ^krtg`tk, pm`sm lkj luohghk m dkeum hurk.

@KJM HK @GYOK

JKHMCK G]CG

7. \MCMLOK@M JÜH]CK\ ^VOJÇVOK\ *JÜH]CK\ VMW]MVOHK\

\]^KVXM HM YOHG * K supkrtm hm vohg jg`tïj g tropucgåìk bujg`g vovg. Lghg pk`tk hm supkrtm hm vohg pkhm supkrtgr gtï 7> bujg`ks. ^grg
/ 7>

lghg pk`tk gfgoxk hk jê`ojk mxoeohk, qugcqumr pmsskg qum `ìk mstovmr usg`hk ujg rkupg hm vçluk hmvm igzmr uj sgcvgjm`tk hm Lkrpk g B]JG@K YOHG LG\LK
\]^KVXM G ^G\\GEMOVK\
JÜH]CK\
lghg bkrg ku skirmrç 7h7> hm hg`k. Ossk o`lcuo tgjfïj gqumcgs mj læjgrgs lrokeä`olgs, jgs `ìk o`lcuo g`hrüohms. Juotks `gvoks o`lcumj 6 g

< vmzms g qug`tohghm `mlmssçrog hm supkrtm hm vohg `k lgsk hm pgssgemorks mxtrgs ku hg`ks gk sostmjg.

LKJG@HK* K jühuck hm lkjg`hk ï g lgfo`m, k lm`trk hm lkjg`hk ku g pk`tm hm uj `gvok. ^grg lghg 8 lgreks hm kiologc, /8

LG\LK
uj jühuck hm lkjg`hk ï `mlmssçrok. Kiologos pkhmj smr lgpotìms, projmorks ojmhogtk, kiologos hm `gvmegåìk, kiologos LKJG@HK HM KIOLOGO\
JÜH]CK\
hm lkju`olgåýms, m g hmlosìk lgfm pro`lopgcjm`tm gk Hormtkr m gks dkeghkrms.

GVJGH]VG\* G fco`hgemj prktmem g `gvm hm pmqum`ks jmtkmrotms, pkmorg mspglogc m hmtrotks, fmj lkjk, sm `mlmssçrok, gtgqums hm kutrgs

mjfgrlgåýms. Lghg pk`tk hm grjghurg lustg < lgslk m lk`lmhm gk `gvok + 7>% hm prktmåìk hm grjghurg (jçx. 2>). GVJGH]VG\ GVJGH]VG\ LG\LK

6. \MCMLOK@M JÜH]CK\ \ML]@HÇVOK\

\GCYM
R<

HVOYM\ Ks
D]J^ HVOYM\ hrovms hm sgctk pmrjotmj qum g `gvm vogdm pmck bopmrmspgåk. Lghg pk`tk hk Dujp Hrovm gujm`tg g ...

lgpglohghm hm sgctk hk `gvok mj 7 (jçxojk ?). K projmork pgssmok lustg 7 lgslk, k smeu`hk lustg 6, k tmrlmork lustg <, mtl. ^]CGV LG\LK
LK@H]T

LKJ^]XGHKV K lkjputghkr hg `gvm ï ujg o`tmcoeä`log grtoiologc pkhmrksg qum gduhg `g `gvmegåìk, `k lkjfgtm m mj ujg sïrom hm kutrgs

tgrmigs gutø`kjgs. K O`tmcmltk hm ujg `gvm ï oeugc gk `ôjmrk hm jühucks hm lkjputghkr x7> + <>%. \mu lkjfgtm ï oeugc gk `ôjmrk

hm jühucks hm lkjputghkr x7> + 7>%. Ï `mlmssçrok uj jühuck hm lkjputghkr pgrg lghg u`ohghm hm sgctk. Gcïj hossk, lghg jühuck hm LKJ^]XGHKV LG\LK
JÜH]CK\
lkjputghkr mquopghk pmrjotm qum k lkjputghkr mxmlutm jgos gåýms hurg`tm k lkjfgtm.
EGCÏ Gs lkzo`bgs lk`täj ujg lkzo`bg, fg`bmorks m ujg çrmg lkjuj mj uj `gvok. Wugcqumr `gvok qum igåg vogem`s hm jgos hm 7 hog hmvm
/6
tmr 7 lkzo`bg pgrg lghg 6 jühucks hm supkrtm hm vohg ku m`tìk g tropucgåìk hmvm igzmr sgcvgjm`tks lkrpkrgos ujg vmz pkr hog. Igcbg

soe`oiolg 6h7> hm hg`k m 7h7> hm mstrmssm. Gs lkzo`bgs hmvmj smr rmgfgstmlohgs ujg vmz pkr jäs m gs ckdgs mxtrgs klupgj 7 lgreg. EGCÏ\ LG\LK

JK@XGEMJ HM GVJG ^grg lghg grjg qum sug `gvm pkssuo, vklä hmvm tmr 7 jk`tgrog pgrg mcg. Yklä pkhm m`lk`trgr g costg hm grjgs hm `gvok `k

Euog hm \kfrmvovä`log hk Dkeghkr `g pçeo`g 6=. GVJG\ GVJG LG\LK

JK@XM\

JMHOLGC FG_ Ks lkjpgrtojm`tks jïholks pmrjotmj qum lom`tostgs, jïholks m kutrks pmsquosghkrms lurmj jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk m rmgcozmj
R=
vçroks prklmhojm`tks (foüpsogs, gutüpsogs, lorureog). Lghg jmhfgy lk`mltghk `g `gvm lk`lmhm + =% gk O`tmcmltk hks Lom`tostgs ku G`hrkohs
JMHFG_\ JÏHOLK LG\LK
O@XMCMLXK
qum ks usgj. Gs fgogs jïholgs tgjfïj lk`lmhmj vg`tgemj mj sgcvgjm`tks lkrpkrgos imotks pgrg g lurg. FØ@]\

LV_KLBGJFMV Gs lroklæjgrgs pmrjotmj qum ks bujg`ks hurjgj hurg`tm ck`egs vogem`s, pro`lopgcjm`tm `k bopmrmspgåk. G`hrkohs
/R=8

`ìk ks mxoemj. Lghg pk`tk hk lgslk egstk mj læjgrgs lrokeä`olgs glkjkhg gtï 8 lçpsucgs lrokssk`k. O `hovêhuks qum `ìk
LV_K- LV_K- LG\LK
HKVJM LÆJGVG\
ghkrjmlmj hurg`tm ks sgctks pgrg k bopmrmspgåk lkstujgj tmr mxpmroä`logs mstrg`bgs m gtmrrkrozg`tms. ^KH\

G^K\M@XK\ Emrgcjm`tm, sm uj `gvok hmvm vogdgr pmck mspgåk `krjgc pkr pmck jm`ks ujg smjg`g, m`tìk gckdgjm`tks

ku –lgfo`ms‚ sìk ikr`mlohks pgrg lghg uj hks kiologos hk `gvok ku kutrks jmjfrks ojpkrtg`tms hg tropucgåìk. KIOLOGO\ YOYK LG\LK
W]GVXMV\
FGVVGLA\ K jmsjk qum ks gckdgjm`tks, mxlmtk qum `ìk sìk provghks m glkjkhgj gtï hkzm jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk. Lkjk
/ 76

gckdgjm`tks, mcms `ìk sìk qugrtks mssm`logos, jgs `gvoks qum prmlosgj hmcms, jgs `ìk ks täj, hìk î sug tropucgåìk +7 hm
MW]O^M FGVVGLA\ LG\LK
\trmss pkr vogemj ku jäs hm vogemj.
^KVXG HM LGVEG Ks pkrýms hm lgreg sìk mssm`logcjm`tm sgcgs hm 6>x6>j usghgs pgrg grjgzm`gjm`tk. Lghg lkjpgrtojm`tk hm lgreg pkhm lk`tmr gtï 7> u`ohghms
/ 7>

hm lgreg (lghg lgreg tmj gprkxojghgjm`tm k tgjg`bk hm uj pgcmtm erg`hm). Ks pkrýms hm lgreg tgjfïj pkhmj smr usghks pgrg qugcqumr kutrg sgcg fçsolg
LGVEG LGVEG LG\LK
`ìk prmvostg `mstg costg (froes, lkjpgrtojm`tk
lkjpgrtojm`tkss smlrmtks, mquopgjm`tk hm jo`mrgåìk, o`stgcgåýms hm trmo`gjm`tk, bg`egrms,
bg`egrms, grsm`gos, mtl.). BKCH\

CGFKVGXÜVOK HM LOÄ@LOG\ \mjmcbg`tm î fgêg jïholg, k cgfkrgtürok hm loä`logs pmrjotm pmsquosgs hmtgcbghgs. Lghg cgfkrgtürok hm loä`logs
R=

lk`mltghk lk`lmhm + =% hm o`tmcmltk g lom`tostgs m G`hrkohs qum ks usgj pgrg rmgcozgr pmsquosgs ku mxpmrojm`tks. Gcïj hossk, mcms LOÄ@LOG ^M\W]O\GV LG\LK
CGF\ O@XMCMLXK
pkhmj smr hmsoe`ghks lkjk kiolo`gs hm rmpgrk m usghks pmcks Xmgjstmrs pgrg lk`smrtgr mcmtrø`olks,
mcmtrø`olks, jçquo`gs ku gtï jmsjk G`hrkohs. FØ@]\

<. LGCL]CGV LG\LK FG\M GHOLOK@G@HK K LG\LK XKXGC HG CO\XG GLOJG.

/ 6>

FG\M
8. LGCL]CGV LG\LK XKXGC GHOLOK@G@HK K\ JÜH]CK\ @MLM\\ÇVOK\ GFGORK.
/ 7>
LG\LK

OJ^]C\KVM\ * \mj prkpucskrms, g `gvm `ìk pkhm sm jkvmr. Lghg jühuck hm prkpucsìk mquopghk gujm`tg g vmcklohghm hm
k `gvok mj + 7>% (gtï uj jçxojk hm 2>). Gcïj hossk, ks prkpucskrms lustgj 7 lgslk mxtrg pgrg lghg lgslk hm 7> fgsms. LG\LK OJ^]C\KVM\ LG\LK
VMW. /8

JKXKV* \mj k jktkr, tkhk k `gvok pgrg hm kpmrgr m sm tkr`g ujg ruê`g. Yklä hmvm tmr 7 jühuck hm jktkr pgrg
lghg u`ohghm hm sgctk, jgos 7 pgrg lghg 8 prkpucskrms, jgos 7 pgrg lghg 6> pk`tks hk lgslk hg fgsm.
LG\LK OJ^]C\KV ^]CGV JKXKV LG\LK
LKJF]\XÊYMC* K jktkr prmlosg hm lkjfustêvmc pgrg iu`lok`gr. Lghg sgctk rmqumr k hkfrk hk lkjfustêvmc hk sgctk (sgctk 6 : 8 lkjfustêvmc m ks prkpucskrms qumojgj 7u`ot
) VMW. VMW. LK@H]T
R<

hm lkjfustêvmc pkr hog. K jktkr rmqumr pmck jm`ks < lkjfustêvmc pgrg lghg pk`tk hk jktkr jgos qugcqumr lgpglohghm hm lkjfustêvmc mxtrg qum vklä hmsmdg gholok`gr.

Jgos lkjfustêvmc pkhm smr grjgzm`ghk mj pkrýms hm lgreg g 7 lkjfustêvmc pkr 7> lgregs. JÊ@. MRXVG LG\LK
/ 7> LKJF]\XÊYMC LKJF]\XÊYMC

W]GHVK* G mstruturg lkfrm gs hovmrsgs pgrtms hm uj `gvok, mquopgjm`tk hm gtrglgåìk, mlcusgs hm gr, vm`tocgåìk, lkrrmhkrms, rmcïs hm
W]GHVK
 lkju`olgåìk, tuhk k jgos qum uj `gvok emrgcjm`tm usg. K qughrk ï hm 7 pk`tk pgrg lghg 7> pk`tks hk lgslk hg fgsm.

=. ^VMM@LBG \M] M\XGXÊ\XOLG\ HM @GYOK 9. CO\XM K \M] GVJG\ 5. CO\XM K \M] KIOLOGO\
GVJG HG@K @KJM LCG\\OIOLGÅÌK

GVJGH]VG\

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+ <> 2. CO\XM \M] LGVVK YGO JG@OIM\XGV

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?. HM\M@BM K \M] HO\^K\OÅÌK HK @GYOK

: 6> '

: 7 LG\LK : 7/6 LG\LK : 7/6 LG\LK : 7/6 LG\LK

 Fgoxm mstg iolbg hm pmrsk`gemj mj bttp4//jktbmrsboprpe.lkj

@KJM

@ÊYMC VG@A / XOXCM

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M\XVM\\M VM\KCYMV \GÔHM

6. M\LKCBG G G]CG M KF\MVYM \M] LKJMÅK MLK@KJOTGV

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8. G@KXM LKJK \]G LCG\\M XVGFGCBG LKJ M\XVM\\M M ^Æ@OLK

]jg vmz pkr smssìk, uj lgjo`bk`mork pkhm rkcgr `kvgjm`tm uj tmstm `g Xgfmcg hm Mimotk hm ^æ`olk.

\mjprm qum uj Lom`tostg igcbg mj uj tmstm hm \g`ohghm, tkhks ks dkeghkrms gcoghks prüxojks eg`bgj 7 Mstrmssm.

Gs hmimsgs lk`trg k jmhk imotgs `g prmsm`åg hm G`hrkohs täj hmsvg`tgemj.

\mjprm qum uj iuzocmork `gvgc m`trg mj pæ`olk, tkhks ks dkeghkrms gcoghks prüxojks hmvmj igzmr uj sgcvgjm`tk hm jmhk.

=. M\LKCBMV ]J LKJMÅK CKGHK]X M VKCK] ]J XVO@AMX & ^GXLB GCMGXÜVOK\

M\LGYGÅÌK MR^CKVGÅÌK MRXMVJO@GÅÌK MRGJM

Lrkwfgr, Bg`h Umchmr, Cgsmr
Luttmr, Fkhy Lgj, Fokslg``mr,
O`irgvmrjmcbk Ekeecms, Cklapola
\mt, Ygllsuot (Kxyem` Xg`a,
Fktgs jge`ïtolgs, lkju`olgåìk hm lurtk gclg`lm)
Yofmlbmtm, ^ostkcg Voeeo`e, Icgrm Eu`, \JE, Irge Erm`ghm x9, Xrgdm hm Fosturo, postkcg Xrg`q, fgstìk hm gtkrhkgjm`tk,
Aot hm ^rojmorks \klkrrks, Ygllsuot fgtgcbg pghrìk (Bmghs-up Hospcgy, rkupg hm pmroek, jmhslg``mr,
(Ck`e-rg`em Lkjjs, Kxyem` Xg`a), Fkhy Lgj, \bkrt-rg`em Lkjjs), Gutkjmh x9, g`gceïsolks
\urvmy Aot, Ugtmr Ioctmr, Cklgtkr, \tojpga x9, Aot hm imrrgjm`tgs x9, \tojpga x9, lofmr`ïtolk
Vmfrmgtbmr, Fo`klucgrs, Icgsbcoebt, mcmtrø`olgs \lg``mr hm Hoge`üstolk
Lgjpo`e Emgr, JVMs x5

MW]O^GJM@XK Costg hm mquopgjm`tks (pçe. 75-72), Fodutmrog gcmgtürog (pçe. 7?), ^gtlb gcmgtürok (pçe. 6>)

Lrïhotks o`ologos =h7> * 7>

 LVÏHOXK\

<. JGVW]M
O@ÊLOK \M]\BGFOCOHGHM\
M EG\XM ^K@XK\ HM BGFOCOHGHM HM XVMO@GHK\ + 7>% M\^MLOGCO\XG + 7=% JG\XMV + 6>%

XMGJ\XMV Tmrk-E. Vmpgrk jmlæ`olk.

Mslkcbg uj4 jgquo`çrok pmsghk CO@E]Ê\XOLG ^\OLKCKEOG \KIK@XKCKEOG
+8 ^X\.
ku pocktgemj. +8

LOM@XO\XG Mslkcbg hkos4 Fokckeog, Gerolucturg,

Emkckeog, Lkjputghkrms, FOKCKEOG EM@ÏXOLG RM@KFOKCKEOG
Jgtmjçtolg, Wuêjolg. +< ^X\.

G@HVKOH Lkjputghkrms, Jgtmjçtolg,

Co`eóêstolg. +6
+6 ^X\. ^VOJMOVK \KLKVVK ^GXKCKEOG

JGVO@BK Xrmo`k jocotgr. +< ^X\.

BOHVK^Ø@OLG FKXÆ@OLG
• BGFOCOHGHM\ XVMO@GHG\ lustg 7 pk`tk.
• BGFOCOHGHM\ M\^MLOGO\ lustg 6 pk`tks.
• BGFOCOHGHM\ HM JM\XVM lustg < pk`tks.
• ^grg kftmr ujg bgfocohghm Mspmlogcostg ku Jmstrm, vklä hmvm
EMKCKEOG ^CG@MXKCKEOG
projmork pmeum ujg hm sugs bgfocohghms hm prï-rmquosotk.

@KXG\ TMVK-E G\XMVÜOHM

JO@MVGÅÌK

\LGYM@EO@E DÔVO
LOFMV@ÏXOLG
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M@EM@BGVOG VKFÜXOLG
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GVW]MKCKEOG JO\XOLO\JK RM@KM\KXMVOLO\JK

XMKCKEOG XÇXOLG\

JOCOXGVM\ GVJGJM@XK
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Fgoxm mstg iolbg hm pmrsk`gemj mj bttp4//jktbmrsboprpe.lkj

IKCBG HM XVGFGCBK HK DKEGHKV

FG\OL JMLÆ@OLG

YMVOIOLGÅÝM\ HM M\XGXÊ\XOLG\4 Dkeum oeugc ku

ku o`imrokr î sug
sug Ikråg, O`tmcmltk,
O`tmcmltk, Ymcklohghm ku Lkjfgtm
Lkjfgtm mj ku igcbgr.

MLK@KJOTGV4 Dkeum oeugc ku gfgoxk hg sug \g`ohghm,

\g`ohghm, Jmhk, Lkrpk ku Grjghurg mj ku igcbgr.

GLM\\K\ / IGCBG\ LVÊXOLK\4 Vkcgr hupcgs mj ujg vmroiolgåìk hm mstgtêstolg ku sgcvgr soe`oiolg qum vklä glmrtku lrotolgjm`tm ku igcbku.

YG@XGEMJ HM\YG@XGEMJ4 \mjprm qum vklä tovmr ujg vg`tgemj sotuglok`gc, dkeum 6 sïroms hm torgr k m
jmcbkr rmsuctghk. \mjprm qum vklä tovmr Hmsvg`tgemj, dkeum 6 sïroms hm m kftm`bg k pokr rmsuctghk.

BGFOCOHGHM\4 \m vklä tovmr ujg bgfocohghm rmcmvg`tm, mcg pkhm gholok`gr 7>%, 7=% ku 6>% g ujg vmroiolgåìk hm mstgtêstolg (hg`hk g vklä uj `ôjmrk jgokr pgrg rkcgr).

YMVOIOLGÅÝM\ K^K\XG\4 Vkcm oeugc ku gfgoxk hg mstgtêstolg rmcmvg`tm ku mlk`kjozm mj m`qug`tk smu kpk`m`tm rkcg skf
sugs mstgtêstolgs ku sgcvgjm`tk rmcmvg`tms. Wumj qumr qum rkcgr jgos gctk, m`qug`tk go`hg rkcg skf smu \tgt / \gvm rmcmvg`tm, eg`bg k tmstm rmsostohk.

GVJG GCLG@LM
\XVM\\ & ^Æ@OLK
± Lurtk gclg`lm4 Grjgs hospgrg`hk hm`trk hmstm gclg`lm
Eg`bm mstrmssm smjprm qum vklä4 Dkeum pgrg k pæ`olk smjprm
smjprm qum vklä4
vklä4 (ku o`imrokr) `ìk skirmj pm`gcohghm `gs mstgtêstolgs hm
±\mjprm qum k `gvok mj qum vklä mstç ï gto`eohk± M`lk`trm ujg lrogturg bkrrêvmc pmcg projmorg vmz lkjfgtm hk gtorghkr.
±Mstìk pmrtk hm uj lom`tostg m igcbgj mj uj ±^mrlg jgos hm º sug sgôhm jçxojg mj uj glmrtk± \mdg ± Hm jïhok gclg`lm4 Grjgs hospgrg`hk `mstm gclg`lm
sgcvgjm`tk hm \g`ohghm± Igcbgj mj uj gto`eohk pkr uj glmrtk lrêtolk lk`imrmj ujg pm`gcohghm hm -7>% î mstgtêstolg hm
sgcvgjm`tk ±Igcbg lrêtolg mj uj sgcvgjm`tk Lkjfgtm hk gtorghkr.
±Ioqum o`lk`slom`tm± Ioqum ±Ymdg k hghk hm uj tropucg`tm ± Ck`ek gclg`lm4 G hostæ`log jçxojg qum g
68 bkrgs smj hmslg`sgr ±Ymr jgos hm uj tropucg`tm ^æ`olk± \mu grjg pkhm gto`eor lkj miolçlog. Hospgrgr g
±Ioqum smj lkjohg ku çeug `gvok pmrhm jgos hm º hk lgslk mstg hostæ`log lk`imrm Hmsvg`tgemj gk tmstm
hm Lkjfgtm hk Gtorghkr.

LKJFGXM LKJMÅG

YMVOIOLGV \M BÇ \]V^VM\G \OJ IMGV \GYM IGCBGV GXKVHKGHK 7 VKHGHG

CMYG HKO\ GÅÝM\

\]LLMMH
@ÌK
±Gtgqum
±Igåg lurgtovk mj ujg imrohg
±Ymroioqum ks so`gos votgos hm uj jmjfrk hg

YMVOIOLGÅÌK HM YMCKLOHGHM
\]LLMMH ^ME]M K \M] YOVGV tropucgåìk± Hmsm`bm ujg grjg `k lkchrm
±M`lk`trm gcek mj sug jklbocg± H ospgrm
gs grjgs hm uj vmêluck ±Jkvg (º
VG^OHMT mj jmtrks) ±Gfrg ujg pkrtg /
læjgrg hm hmslkjprmssìk
IGCBGV K\ O@OJOEK\ CMYGJ K\ \M]\ YKCXG\ ±Kpmrgr ujg jçquo`g±
^ocktgr / Horoeor uj
vmêluck ±Dkegr gcek
±Xkjm uj rmjïhok
XKHK\ K\ XVO^]CG@XM\ W]M LKJ \]LM\\K ±]sgr uj lkjputghkr±
MJ \]G YMCKLOHGHM, G YMVOIOLGÅÌK HM] XKV@K] ]sgr uj otmj
@KYK GVVMHK@HGV LKJMÅG
XKHK\ K\ XVO^]CG@XM\ W]M IVGLG\\GHK
MJ \]G YMCKLOHGHM, G YMVOIOLGÅÌK HM] XKV@K]

GXGLG@XM \]LLMMH
VKCK HM HG@K\
IGTMV ]J YMVOIOLGÅÌK K^K\XG LKJFGX Y\. GVJGH]VG\ IGCBGV IGCBG K] IGCBG MJ O@ICOLGV HG@K\

HMIM\G JKYOJM@XK GVJGH]VG @KVJGC4

]\GV LKFVOV ^GVG EG@BGV YG@XGEMJ LKJ GVJKV \GYM\ Yklä pkhm jkvmr º sug vmcklohghm (mj jmtrks) pkr gåìk.

HG@K GVJGH]VG ^M\GHG4 Igåg ujg vmroiolgåìk hm ikråg

@K > \GÔHM JGAM G Igcbg soe`oiolg qum vklä sü pkhm jkvmr 7/8 hm sug vmcklohghm.
 FKH_ \GYM K] JKVVG

Mstrmcg \kcotçrog4
Vmergs hm skck pgrg V^E Jktbmrsbop®

^grtms pkr jocbìk

Mssgs rmergs täj k kfdmtovk hm pmrjotor qum vklä dkeum k V^E hm tmrrkr m iolåìk lom`têiolg hg `gvm-
jìm smj uj Hormtkr QJmstrm hk DkekZ.

^grtms hmssgs rmergs ikrgj hmsm`vkcvohgs g pgrtor hk K`m ^gem \kck M`eo`m v>.6 pkr
Agrc Bm`hrolas. Mssgs rmergs sìk lkfmrtgs pmcg colm`åg LL F_-\G 8.>.

K Lrmw
wotb Mjucgtok`
Xges. usgksot.eotbuf.ok/agtgrpes/supmrcotm/pcgymrmjucgtkr/
bttps4//mxp ohmogs lroghgs pkr agtgjkorg` skf k têtuck hm ^cgymr Mjucgtkr
bttps4//mxpksot.eotbuf.ok/agtgrpes/supmrcotm/pcgymrmjucgtkr/

Gck`m O` \pglm ï lkpyroebt 6>6> ^grts ^mr Joccok` m lkfmrtk pmcg colm`åg
LL F_\G 8.>.

bttps4//lrmgtovmlkjjk`s.kre/colm`sms/fy-sg/8.>/

Êlk`ms hm dkeks hm Ckrl, Hmcgpkuotm m sfmh skf LL F_ <.> egjm-olk`s.`mt

K Iglt Em`mrgtkr iko hmsm`vkcvohk g pgrtor hm ujg ohmog kroeo`gc hm Am` @ Uolabgj lkjk
pgrtm hk GF\76 lkpyroebt 6>79.
K qum ï \kck Vkcm-^cgy;

G jgokrog hgs pmsskgs, qug`hk pm`sg mj dkeks hm V^E, pm`sg mj uj erupk hm

gjoeks sm`tghks gk rmhkr hm ujg jmsg, uj igzm`hk k pgpmc hm Jmstrm hk Dkek
QHormtkr `g @gvm-JìmZ m ks kutrks lghg uj o`tmrprmtg`hk smu pmrsk`gemj.
pmrsk`gemj. K dkek eorg
mj tkr`k hm ujg bostürog lkcgfkrgtovg m o`tmrgtovg, jmhoghg pmck Hormtkr m pmcgs rmergs
hk dkek.

Jgs mssg `ìk ï g mxpmroä`log hm tkhks. Juotgs pmsskgs iolgj sm`tghgs mj lgsg, skzo`bgs, m fro`lgj
lkj pmsskgs qum `u`lg lk`bmlmrgj usg`hk tgjpks hm jmsg vortugos lkjk Ig`tgsy Erku`hs, Gstrgc
ku Vkcc6>.

Kutrk erupk pkstg gs gåýms m rmgåýms hm smus pmrsk`gem`s mj iüru`s qum sìk gtugcozghks
hogrogjm`tm, ku gtï lkj jm`ks irmquä`log.

Lghg ujg hmssgs jêhogs tmj vg`tgem`s m hmsvg`tgem`s. ^khm smr hoiêloc kreg`ozgr k
dkek sklogc mj tkr`k hg jmsg pgrg lkcklgr tkhks `k jmsjk cuegr, gk jmsjk tmjpk,

pkr bkrgs smeuohgs.

^grg dkeks vortugos, vklä go`hg prmlosg hmholgr vçrogs bkrgs mj o`tmrvgcks rmeucgrms pgrg
igzmr dustoåg gk dkek.

^cgy-fy-^kst ku ^cgy-fy-Ikruj ï ujg ikrjg jgos rgrg hm dkek qum iu`lok`g pgrg
gceu`s dkeghkrms m `ìk pgrg kutrks.

Îs vmzms, vklä `ìk lk`smeum m`lk`trgr uj dkek mj cuegr `m`buj, mspmlogcjm`tm sm quosmr dkegr
gcek uj pkulk jm`ks lk`vm`lok`gc.

K Vkcm-^cgy \kck ï uj pkulk hoimrm`tm. @mstg ikrjg hm dkek, k pgpmc hk Ugrhm` ï mjucghk
usg`hk gceujgs tgfmcgs. Lkjk; Xbm Ugrhm` mstç cç pgrg prmpgrgr g lm`g hm gfmrturg, k`hm k
dkek lkjmåg m pgrg rmspk`hmr îs sugs pmreu`
pmreu`tgs
tgs pgrg qum vklä m`tm`
m`tm`hg
hg k qum smu pmrsk`gemj
pkhm vmr, kuvor m igzmr. Mstm covrk ikr`mlm tgfmcgs sojpcms pgrg rmspk`hmr g mssgs pmreu`tgs pgrg
vklä. Gcïj hmssgs tgfmcgs hm pmreu`tgs m rmspkstgs, mxostmj gceujgs hormtrozms sojpcms pgrg
gduhç-ck g mxmlutgr uj dkek pgrg gprkvmotgr gk jçxojk k qum k skck tmj g kimrmlmr.

Ï X]HK \KFVM YKLÄ

G jgokrog hgs smssýms hm V^E m`vkcvm lkjprkjossks. K Hormtkr hmvm hgr g lghg
pmrsk`gemj uj jkjm`tk hm hmstgqum, kreg`ozg`hk hmsgioks pgrg lghg pgpmc `g
mquopm m gssoj pkr hog`tm. Mj uj dkek skck, k tmjg, g bostürog m k mstock prmlosgj gpm`gs
Gerghgr vklä. \mu pmrsk`gemj ï smjprm g mstrmcg hg lm`g, m ï g
bostürog hmcm.

Xgjfïj `ìk bç pmrhg hm iohmcohghm m`trm k qum k Hormtkr ojgeo`ku, lkjk mcms
mxprmssgrgj gqumcg vosìk m lkjk vklä ojgeo`g g jmsjg lm`g. @k dkek skck, tuhk
glk`tmlm `g sug ojgeo`gåìk. Gs lm`gs sìk pmrimotgs, ks glm`tks sìk pmrimotks, gssoj lkjk
tkhg g jorêghm hm kutrks pmqum`ks hmtgcbms.

K dkek skck ï ujg ikrjg hm pgssgtmjpk tìk hosto`tg qug`tk k dkek-g-pkst ku k tgjpk hg jmsg
vortugc, ï hoimrm`tm, vgo hmjkrgr uj pkulk pgrg sm glkstujgr m tmj smus pk`tks ikrtms m irglks.
Ohïogs-lbgvm
Mxostmj gceujgs ohïogs-lbgvm qum gduhgj g m`tm`hmr g`tms hm jmreucbgr `k dkek skck.

Lkjpkrtgjm`tk44 Lghg @^L tmj uj lkjpkrtgjm`tk fçsolk ku topk hm pmrsk`gcohghm. Ossk

Lkjpkrtgjm`tk
ekvmr`g sugs gåýms hurg`tm k dkek.

Lkjpcolgåìk4 gcek juhku m igz lkj qum g pmreu`tg qum vklä glgfku hm igzmr `ìk smdg jgos
rmcmvg`tm. Irmqóm`tmjm`tm, ujg rmvorgvkctg `g trgjg ku gåìk o`mspmrghg.

^mreu`tg imlbghg4 Gs pmreu`tgs imlbghgs pkhmj smr rmspk`hohgs lkj rmspkstgs

sojpcms soj ku `ìk, lkjk k supkrtm hm vohg igcbku;

Hkkj4 Hkkj mstç `k jmsjk `êvmc hk \trmss pgrg ks pmrsk`gem`s, jgs sm gpcolg
g tkhg g sug gvm`turg. Lk`ikrjm g Hkkj gujm`tg, sugs gvm`turgs sm tkr`grìk
lghg vmz jgos pmroeksgs.

^rojmorg rmgåìk4 qug`hk vklä kftïj ujg rmspkstg g ujg pmreu`tg, sug projmorg rmgåìk ï qugsm

smjprm g jmcbkr rmspkstg. Gpm`gs lk`iom mj so jmsjk m soeg smu projmork pm`sgjm`tk.

^mreu`tg gfmrtg4 Gs pmreu`tgs gfmrtgs `ìk pkhmj smr rmspk`hohgs lkj uj sojpcms soj
ku `ìk1 mxmjpcks smrogj k qum mstç `k grjçrok ku skfrm k qum mcms mstìk igcg`hk.

Lm`g4 ]jg lm`g ï g u`ohghm fçsolg hk rkcm-pcgy skck1 ujg smssìk skck pkhm smr
lkjpkstg hm ujg ku jgos lm`gs.

\ufvmrtohg4 ujg lm`g sufvmrtohg ï ujg lm`g qum iko gctmrghg mj rmcgåìk gk qum vklä
ojgeo`gvg o`ologcjm`tm.
^mreu`tgs Imlbghgs

]jg pmreu`tg imlbghg ï gqumcg qum rmspk`hmu soj ku `ìk. G mslktocbg mstç trg`lghg ku `ìk;
Mxostmj eugrhgs `k pürtolk; Gs pmreu`tgs imlbghgs lkstujgj smr usghgs pgrg mstgfmcmlmr igtks
skfrm k smu ju`hk.

Mxostmj gceujgs lk`sohmrgåýms g smrmj cmvghgs mj lk`sohmrgåìk gk cohgr lkj qumstýms

imlbghgs.

@mj tuhk ï oeugcjm`tm prkvçvmc. Eugrhgs mj ujg fgsm jocotgr sìk juotk lkju`s, m
mspgåk`gvms gutø`kjgs `ìk sìk tìk lkju`s. ^mreu`tgs lkj prkfgfocohghm hm rmspkstgs \oj
sìk cg`åghgs lkj Yg`tgemj, pmreu`tgs qum prkvgvmcjm`tm sìk @ìk sìk cg`åghgs lkj
hmsvg`tgemj. \m vklä `ìk sgfm g prkfgfocohghm hm gcek smr, usm g kpåìk =>/=> m gpm`gs cg`lm
ks hghks.

Vmerg hm träs ekcpms. ^khm bgvmr g tm`tgåìk hm lk`to`ugr igzm`hk pmreu`tgs m tm`tgr
gprkiu`hgr lghg vmz jgos `ks hmtgcbms. @ìk igåg ossk. Xm`tm mvotgr igzmr jgos hm träs

pmreu`tgs skfrm k jmsjk gssu`tk. Ohmgcjm`tm, g projmorg rmspkstg hmvmrog tmr sohk k
suiolom`tm pgrg igzmr lkj qum sug ojprkvosgåìk cbm hmssm ujg rmspkstg qum vklä puhmssm
o`lkrpkrgr î sug bostürog.

Vmerg hks 6> smeu`hks. Ossk ï smjmcbg`tm gk Xräs \troams, glojg. \m ujg rgzìk
cüeolg pgrg g rmspkstg qum vklä rkcku `ìk vomr g vklä mj 6> smeu`hks,
sojpcmsjm`tm oe`krm g rkcgemj m soeg k qum pgrmlm cüeolk.

Jmcbkr pgrg k dkek. Gs pmreu`tgs qum vklä igz hmvmj smr hk pk`tk hm vostg hk dkek,
`ìk k qum ï jmcbkr pgrg k smu pmrsk`gemj. Mjfkrg pkssg smr ôtoc sm `ìk bkuvmr
gem`tms hm smeurg`åg pkr pmrtk, m sm vklä `ìk iozmr g pmreu`tg, `ìk bgvmrç,
o`imcozjm`tm, sm ikr cüeolk qum hmvmrog ku pkhmrog bgvmr, vklä hmvm igzmr g pmreu`tg.

Mjfkrg gs pmreu`tgs imlbghgs smdgj topolgjm`tm soj ku `ìk pkr `gturmzg, bç jgos hk qum
gpm`gs rmspkstgs hormtgs hm soj m `ìk skfrm g jmsg. Gceujgs rmspkstgs sìk jkhoiolghgs lkj
m ..., jgs ... m pkrqum ... jkhoiolghkrms.

M ... k jkhoiolghkr m ... soe`oiolg 'm jgos go`hg'. Ojgeo`m qum vklä quosmssm rkufgr uj vmêluck,
vklä pmreu`tg sm k vmêluck mstç hmstrg`lghk m rmlmfm uj '\oj,
m…'. Yklä pkhm o`tmrprmtgr ossk lkjk soj, mcm mstç hmsfckqumghk m
gs lbgvms mstìk `g oe`oåìk.
Jgs ... k jkhoiolghkr jgs ... hojo`uo g rmspkstg, tkr`g`hk-g `ìk tìk fkg ku ruoj pgrg k smu
pmrsk`gemj qug`tk pkhmrog smr. ]sg`hk k jmsjk mxmjpck glojg, rkufg`hk k vmêluck,
soj, jgs… pgrg g jmsjg pmreu`tg pkhm soe`oiolgr qum soj k vmêluck mstç hmstrgvghk, jgs
k hospcgy hm m`mreog mstç poslg`hk –Ck Fgt‚ mj vmrjmcbk.

^krqum ... k jkhoiolghkr pkrqum pkhm smr g`mxghk g ujg rmspkstg "`ìk". Yklä prmlosgrç
pm`sgr mj uj jktovk pmck qugc g rmspkstg ï `ìk, m ossk emrgcjm`tm ikr`mlm ujg jg`morg
pgrg k pmrsk`gemj trg`sikrjgr k `ìk mj uj soj, sm ï ossk qum mcm hmsmdg. Cmjfrm-sm hm
qum uj `ìk `ìk prmlosg smr ujg lkosg ruoj. "Ks smeurg`ågs mstìk pmrsmeuo`hk;" ï uj
mxmjpck lcçssolk hm k`hm uj `ìk ï juotk igvkrçvmc gks pmrsk`gem`s. @mssm lgsk, ujg
lcçusucg 'pkrqum ...' pkhm soe`oiolgr qum uj kiologc erotku pgrg ks eugrhgs jg`tmrmj smus
pkstks.

Lkjpcolgåìk.. ]jg lkjpcolgåìk ï uj mvm`tk qum klkrrm hurg`tm ujg lm`g. \m vklä rkcgr uj
Lkjpcolgåìk
hupck Q>>,77,== m gssoj pkr hog`tmZ, ujg lkjpcolgåìk glk`tmlm. ^grms gfgoxk hm => sìk mvm`tks
hm mxtrmjg skrtm pgrg smu pmrsk`gemj. ^grms glojg hm => sìk mxtrmjgjm`tm gzgrghks. ]sg`hk

g pmreu`tg hm rkufk hm uj vmêluck lkjk mxmjpck, pmreu`tg`hk sm k vmêluck mstç hmstrgvghk m

vklä kftmvm uj soj, m uj hupck pkhm soe`oiolgr qum `ìk gpm`gs k vmêluck mstç hmstrgvghk, jgs
kcbg`hk pgrg hm`trk jkstrg qum ï uj vmêluck hm kiologc hm smeurg`åg `ìk ohm`toiolghk. ]jg
lkjpcolgåìk ruoj
ruoj pkhmrog tmr imotk uj rkttwmocmr qugsm rgovksk sm gtorgr pmcg dg`mcg gssoj qum
vklä tm`tku gfror g pkrtg, m `ìk uj vmêluck pmck qugc vklä hmsmdg m`trgr.

Vuê`g. Hkkj lkjmåg hk zmrk m ï rgstrmghk gk ck`ek hk dkek. Lghg vmz qum vklä rkcg ==,
99, 55, 22 ku ??, k Hkkj gujm`tg mj 7. K Hkkj ï rmo`ologhk pmrokholgjm`tm.
pmrokholgjm`tm.

Vkcgr Vmspk`hmr

>>->?
7>-<? \oj
soj m…
8>-8? \oj jgs…
=>-=? @ìk, pkrqum…
9>-2? @ìk
?>-?? @ìk m ...

^rkvçvmos pmreu`tgs rkcgj hugs vmzms m kftäj k rmsuctghk jgos fgoxk.

^mreu`tgs ojprkvçvmos rkcgj hugs vmzms m kftäj k rmsuctghk jgos gctk

gctk

=>/=> rkcgr ujg vmz.

^mreu`tgs gfmrtgs
Gs pmreu`tgs gfmrtgs `ìk pkhmj smr rmspk`hohgs lkj uj sojpcms soj ku `ìk. Mcms lkfrmj tkhgs gs
qumstýms pkssêvmos hm qumj, k quä, k`hm, qug`hk m lkjk.

> 7 6 < 8 = 9 5 2 ?

> Lkrms Kfdmtk

Kfdmtkss ^ms
^msskg
skgss Lrogtur
LrogturgsC
gsCuegr
uegrms
ms Mstrut
Mstruturg
urgos
os Vml
Vmlk`b
k`bmlm
mlmj
j Lk`trg
Lk`trgstm
stmss \kjf
\kjfrgs
rgs Hmstg
Hmstgqums
qums

7 \upmriêloms Gqumlmr Irok ^o`lmc cosk çspmrk vofrgr ^megdksk \ugvm Hoiêloc

6 O`sêpohk Hklm Gzmhk Gjgrek \gceghk Jgu mspmlogrog Lkjmr Fmfohg Jkrhohg

< Wuomtk Vueohk Fg`e \lrmmlb Lcu`a \bkut G`mc Gctk Erotk hm vkzms

8 Gcjoslgrghk ^ôtrohk ^u`em`tm Ickrgc Kcmksk Lê

Lêtr
trol
olk
k Gjgh
Gjghmo
morg
rghk
hk Wu
Wumo
mojg
jghu
hurg
rg ir
irms
mslg
lg m tm
tm`t
`tgh
ghkr
krgg

= Cmjfrm-sm hm lkjprmm`hmr Gpcolgr G`gcosgr Gvgcogr Jmhor Kfslurk Kfsmrvgr Glbk qum mstç lk`iusk

9 Gujm`tgr Hojo`uor Juhgr Xrg`sikrjgr Jgos ^rüxojk Jgos Lojg Hkw`Fkttkj-]pFrmgahkw` Erghugc

5 ^grm Cm`tk Vçpohk ^rmssg Ohghm @kvk Ym cbk ^gssghk Iuturk ^rmsm`tm

2 Hmscozgjm`tk Mstglok`çrok Jkvmr G`hgr Lkrrm Icuxk Lk`tkrlmr-sm Ykm Vkcgr ^gssmok

? Gcmerog Xrostmzg G`tmlopgåìk Jmhk Vgovg \urprmsg Lk`iog`åg \mermhk hg pmrsk`gcohghm hm `kdk

K emrghkr hm igtks pkhm smr usghk hm hugs jg`morgs. G projmorg lkcu`g lk`tïj
tmjgs, vosìk, tgtk, ekstk, skj, lbmork, pm`sgjm`tks, jgtmrogos, tmjpk, jkvojm`tk
m mjkåìk. K lkrpk hg tgfmcg lk`tïj ks igtks.

\m smu pmrsk`gemj pmegr ujg pkråìk hm lkjohg, vklä pkhm rkcgr 6h7> ujg vmz `k
sgfkr m ujg vmz `k lbmork. Ks rmsuctghks hgrìk ujg ohmog hk qum mstìk lkjm`hk.

\m, pkr mxmjpck, smu pmrsk`gemj mstovmssm mspok`g`hk uj co`a hm lkju`olgåìk m vklä
quosmssm sgfmr g mssä`log hg lk`vmrsg, vklä dkegrog 6h7> hugs vmzms, k projmork hghk
smrog g co`bg m k smeu`hk g lkcu`g, pgrg kftmr hugs pgcgvrgs. Vkcg`hk uj 8,
6, 9, 8 vmj lkj ^utroh + Xrg`sikrj. ^kr lk`tg prüprog, mssgs pgcgvrgs soe`oiolgj
`ghg. Gk gpcolgr k lk`tmxtk hm sug gvm`turg gtï gekrg, vklä pkhm gholok`gr
o`ikrjgåýms gholok`gos m m`tm`hmr k qum mssm pgr hm pgcgvrgs soe`oiolg pgrg vklä.

Emrm`log`hk sug mquopm

Mu sueork qum vklä lrom ujg tropucgåìk pgrg glkjpg`bç-ck mj sugs gvm`turgs. @ìk mstku

suemro`hk qum vklä tm`tm rmprmsm`tgr uj erupk o`tmork. \ug tropucgåìk ï ujg pgrtm ojpkrtg`tm
hg `gvm-jìm. \m gceuïj m`trgr mj pæ`olk, ossk pkhm gimtgr tkhg g sug mquopm.

Lrom sug mquopm usg`hk gs rmergs pghrìk hm lrogåìk hm pmrsk`gemj.

Hmpkos hm tä-cks, lrom uj lkjpkrtgjm`tk m pmrsk`gcohghm pgrg mcms usg`hk k

tgfmcg g smeuor. Dkeum =h7> (7 hghk pkr lkcu`g)

XGFMCG\ HM ^MV\K@GCOHGHM
Vkcgr pmrsk`gcohghm K qum sm pgssg pkhm smr ... ]j pkulk… Îs vmzms…
Lkjk...

> Lk`tu`hm`tm / \mj ioctrk vmrfgc / bk`mstk Mxoem`tm O`sm`sêvmc O`tmcoem`tm

76 Lbgtty O`mpt / lucpg kutrks / sboramr @mmhy

Covo`e kii pgst eckroms / Vutbcmss
\m`sgtk
Gtm`tk
Lrogtovk hmprojohk
Hmjkcohkr Fcu`t
< Oe`krg`tm / lkvgrhm / hmsk`mstk Eg`g`loksk Vkjæ`tolk Lgsugc hmjklrçtolk
8 Kfsto`ghk / mekêstg Hrgjçtolk ^rmlosk Grrkeg`tm têjohk
= \kculok`ghkr hm prkfcmjgs / ioxghkr luroksk hmholghg Lgrmcmss Voeoh
9 Bçfoc / hmholghk î tgrmig Gcmerm m Ykghkr Jmtüholk Lkjpmtotovk
mquopm
5 @kfrm / bk`rghk Ygcm`tìk Hmtmrjo`ghk Cêhmr Lk`vm`lok`gc
2 Jktovghk / gutkjktovghk / O`hmlosk Gssmrtovk ^gloiolghkr \kcotçrok
ekemttmr
? Lk`tu`hm`tm / \mj ioctrk vmrfgc / Mxtrgvgeg`tm Msqumlohk greujm`tgtovk ^mssojostg
Gutkssmrvoåk

Mxmjpck4 sm jmu projmork tmstm ikssm 5 2 6 > = jmu lkjpg`bmork hm tropucgåìk smrog4 @kfrm (5)
jgs o`hmlosk, gtm`loksk, uj pkulk o`sm`sêvmc m îs vmzms rêeohk mj smu pm`sgjm`tk

Mstg costg jm hç k suiolom`tm pgrg o`tmrprmtgr mstm @^L m jg`tä-cks sm lkjpkrtg`hk lkj uj
`êvmc hm lk`to`uohghm hm smssìk pgrg smssìk.

Vmeostrm mssms trgåks hm pmrsk`gcohghm mj sugs iolbgs hm pmrsk`gemj, jgs lmrtoioqum-sm hm

o`lcuor k `ôjmrk hm sug pmrsk`gcohghm, pkr mxmjpck. @kfrm (5) ku O`mptk (7).
@k tkpk hm ujg lm`g, vku rkcgr 7h7> pgrg lghg jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk.

Vkcgr Lkjpkrtgjm`tk

> K pmrsk`gemj gem `megtovgjm`tm ikrg hk pmrsk`gemj. K

7 pmrsk`gemj sm lkjpkrtg `megtovgjm`tm.
`megtovgjm`tm.
6 Gcek hg bostürog hm iu`hk hk pmrsk`gemj o`icum`log `megtovgjm`tm sug gåìk. K
< pmrsk`gemj lk`hmslm`hm ku mxprmssg uj vêlok ku iglmtg oe`üfoc hm smu pmrsk`gemj. K

8= pmrsk`gemj pmeg g kpåìk jgos içloc m smeurg pkssêvmc pgrg mcms.

K pmrsk`gemj gem hm glkrhk lkj smu hmsmdk gtugc ku pgrg prmsmrvgr smu fmj-mstgr. K pmrsk`gemj
9 usg uj gspmltk lkj k qugc sm sm`tm lk`ikrtçvmc (ujg bgfocohghm, prkiossìk, tçtolg ku sojocgr).

5 K pmrsk`gemj mxprmssg ujg iglmtg `kfrm hm smu pmrsk`gemj.

2 Hmsm`bm uj `kvk lkjpkrtgjm`tk. Dkeum qugcqumr lkjpkrtgjm`tk1 o`tmrprmtgr pksotovgjm`tm lkjk g gåìk hk pmrsk`gemj.

? K pmrsk`gemj gem ikrg hk pmrsk`gemj pksotovgjm`tm.

\m k `ôjmrk qum vklä rkcku ikr Jm`kr hk qum k `ôjmrk hm pmrsk`gcohghm, gujm`tm sug
rkcgemj mj uj.

\m k tmstm ikr jgokr hk qum k `ôjmrk hg pmrsk`gcohghm hmcms, hojo`ug k rmsuctghk mj uj.

Mstm jkhoiolghkr soe`oiolg qum ks jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk tm`hmrìk g sm lkjpkrtgr hm glkrhk lkj g
pmrsk`gcohghm qum vklä rkcku pgrg mcms, gk jmsjk tmjpk qum tmrìk g icmxofocohghm hm pm`sgr pkr so
prüproks.

Mxmjpck4 m`tìk jmu lkcmeg hm tropucgåìk, qum ï `gturgcjm`tm @kfrm (5), `k o`êlok hg prüxojg
lm`g, igz uj tmstm hm lkjpkrtgjm`tk m torg lo`lk. Mstm rmsuctghk mstç gfgoxk hm smu smtm `krjgc,
m`tìk mu juhk pgrg smos, m k jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk tm`tg iolgr mj sug zk`g hm lk`ikrtk.

Mssms tmstms hm pmrsk`gcohghm m lkjpkrtgjm`tk tkr`gj ks jmjfrks hm sug tropucgåìk o`hmpm`hm`tms

hk qum vklä hmsmdg qum mcms igågj.
Lm`gs
]jg hgs tgrmigs hks Eugrhoýms, `krjgcjm`tm, ï lrogr g lm`g hm gfmrturg g pgrtor hg
qugc sug gvm`turg mvkcuo. ]j Ugrhm` pkhm tmr pcg`mdghk gceujgs lm`gs hm dkek,
lkjk hmslkfror ks lkrpks gcom`êem`gs, k m`lk`trk lkj `mlrüigeks bkstos m g fgtgcbg
io`gc. Gs lm`gs mj uj dkek skck sìk jgos ojpkrtg`tms. \m vklä pm`sgr mj ujg smssìk
hm dkek `krjgc, tkhg vmz qum k Hormtkr pucg uj fcklk hm tmjpk, ujg lm`g tmrjo`g m
kutrg lkjmåg. ^m`sm `ossk lkjk sm uj hormtkr hm lo`mjg tovmssm erotghk "Lkrtg!"
tkhks pmegrgj uj lgiï m prmpgrgrgj g `kvg lm`g g`tms hk mstgck hg lcgqumtm m
–Gåìk!‚

Yklä hmlohorç o`sto`tovgjm`tm qug`hk sugs lm`gs lkjmågj m tmrjo`gj. \m vklä

lgjo`bku hm ujg mxtrmjohghm î kutrg hm smu `gvok m rmprmsm`tku, ojgeo`ku, tkhg g
dkr`ghg, mssg ï ujg lm`g lk`tê`ug.
lk`tê`ug. \m vklä imz g jmsjg vogem
vogemj,
j, jgs pucku hg hmlosìk hm
smeuor pgrg g pk`tm gtï g sug lbmeghg, ikrgj hugs lm`gs. ]j tmrjo`ku qug`hk vklä
fgtmu `k lk`trkcm hm gfmrturg hg pkrtg, m k kutrk lkjmåku qug`hk vklä posku `g pk`tm.

LK@IOE]VGÅÌK HG LM@G

Gs lm`gs sìk ojpkrtg`tms pkr gceujgs rgzýms `k dkek skck. K`hm uj Ugrhm` tovmr
`ktgs hm dkek ku lgjpg`bg, vklä jg`tmrç gceujgs costgs. ]jg hmssgs costgs smrç
ujg costg hm lm`gs. Mstg costg smrvorç lkjk uj stkryfkgrh hm sugs gvm`turgs. Ossk k
gduhgrç g jg`tmr ks igtks lkrrmtks gk rmtkr`gr gk jmsjk cklgc1 pmrjg`mlm
lk`sostm`tm.

Gs lm`gs `ìk sìk lroghgs lkj g`tmlmhä`log, lkjk uj Hormtkr igrog, mcgs sìk lroghgs lk`ikrjm
`mlmssçrok. Mj dkeks trgholok`gos, gs lm`gs sìk irmqum`tmjm`tm gsskloghgs g dkeks

imrrkvoçroks, k dkek skck ï lm`trghk `k dkek sg`hfkx k`hm tuhk pkhm glk`tmlmr.

FCKLALBGO@
@k o`êlok hm ujg `kvg lm`g, vklä dkegrç 9h7> m rmeostrgrç ks rmsuctghks. Mcms smrvmj g träs
prkpüsotks. Mslrmvg ks smos `ôjmrks lkjk hêeotks >-? ô`olks m, mj smeuohg, mslrmvg-ks
lkjk rmsuctghks hm >>-?? usg`hk pgrms ghdglm`tms.

Mxmjpck4 6 > 7 < < ? tgjfïj smrç mslrotk lkjk 6>, >7, 7<, <<, <?. Yku lbgjgr mssg sïrom
hm `ôjmrks hm Fcklalbgo` pkrqum pgrmlm cmegc, ï jgos içloc hm usgr hk qum –ck`eg costg
hm `ôjmrks ‚.

K Fcklalbgo` o`lcuorç lk`du`tks hm `ôjmrks hm uj m hkos hêeotks. @ôjmrks

`ìk utocozghks hm lm`gs g`tmrokrms sìk hmoxghks `k Fcklalbgo`, m k `kvk
`ôjmrks gholok`ghks. Lkjk g `gvm-jìm iko prkdmtghg pgrg smr dkeghg lkj k jê`ojk hm hghks rkcg`hk,
sug Fcklalbgo` pkhm lrmslmr jgos rçpohk hk qum vklä g usg.

Wug`hk gs rmergs hm skck mxoemj uj cg`ågjm`tk hm hghks, vklä pmegrç `ôjmrks hm sug
Fcklalbgo`, gk o`vïs hm rkcgr ks hghks iosolgjm`tm.

\m smu Fcklalbgo` iolgr smj `ôjmrks, vklä cg`ågrç kutrk lk`du`tk hm 9h7> m ks
gholok`grç gk io`gc hm smu Fcklalbgo`.

O@OLOG@HK ]JG LM@G

@k tkpk hm ujg lm`g, vklä igrç gceu`s rkcks.
Fcklalbgo`
Vkcm 9h7> m gholok`m mssms `ôjmrks î sug Fcklalbgo` lkjk rkcks hm >-? m h7>>.

Vuê`g
Igåg k prüxojk tmstm h7> hm smu Fcklalbgo`. \m mstovmr gfgoxk
g fgoxk hk smu Hkkj

gtugc, g lm`g iko sufvmrtohg (vmdg gfgoxk).

Igtks
Lrom hkos igtks. ^meum ks prüxojks qugtrk tmstms h7> m emrm hkos igtks. Vmeostrm
mssms igtks `gs `ktgs hk dkek.

Lm`gs \ufvmrtohgs
]jg lm`g sufvmrtohg `ìk ï lkjk ku k qum vklä mspmrgvg. G lm`g sm tkr`g ujg rmvorgvkctg `g
bostürog. Gs rmvorgvkctgs `g trgjg pkhmj usgr uj ku gjfks ks igtks (glojg) lkjk o`sporgåìk.
Yklä tgjfïj hmvm lk`sohmrgr g bostürog gtï gekrg m k topk hm gvm`turg qum hmsmdg tmr. \m vklä
`ìk lk`smeum pm`sgr mj `ghg o`stg`tg`mgjm`tm, oe`krm mssg rmvorgvkctg `g bostürog, jgs
gujm`tm smu Hkkj mj uj, tkr`g`hk jgos prkvçvmc kutrg lm`g sufvmrtohg `k iuturk.

Lm`gs sufvmrtohgs sìk fkgs pgrg o`trkhuzor `kvks @^Ls, rmo`trkhuzor @^Ls qum vklä pm`sgvg
qum mstgvgj jkrtks, lrog`hk ujg lrosm qug`hk gs lkosgs mstgvgj o`hk tìk fmj m emrgcjm`tm
dkeg`hk ujg lbgvm
lbgvm hm fklg `k trgfgcbk.

Lkjpkrtgjm`tk hg tropucgåìk

^grg lghg jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk prmsm`tm, rkcm smu lkjpkrtgjm`tk pgrg mstg lm`g.

VM^VKH]TO@HK ]JG LM@G

Yklä dkeg skzo`bk ujg lm`g, ojgeo`g`hk smu pmrsk`gemj m qugcqumr mquopm `gqumcm cklgc.
Yklä ojgeo`g gs gåýms m lk`vmrsgs hm smus pmrsk`gem`s. Mj qugcqumr pk`tk k`hm vklä
`ìk sgfm k suiolom`tm skfrm g sug lm`g, ï qug`hk vklä rmlkrrmrog gks Igtks qum
emrku pgrg sm o`sporgr ku g ujg qumstìk gfmrtg ku imlbghg.

K`hm ks tmstms hm bgfocohghm hm pmrsk`gemj hg `gvm-jìm sìk `mlmssçroks, vklä usg g bgfocohghm
em`uê`g. Yklä `ìk usg ujg pmreu`tg imlbghg pgrg vmr sm lk`smrtku ujg småìk hk lgslk ku sm pkhm
bglamgr uj sostmjg hm smeurg`åg. ]sm g `gvm-jìm pgrg `gvm-jìm m gs imrrgjm`tgs hm pmreu`tgs
gpm`gs pgrg gs pgrtms qum k hormtkr lrogrog ku hmslrmvmrog.

G lm`g lk`to`ug gtï qum vklä rmlk`bmåg uj ioj `gturgc ku uj jkjm`tk hm

'mslurmlojm`tk', lkjk pucgr uj fcklk hm tmjpk.

EVGYGÅÌK HM LM@G\
Ï ôtoc jg`tmr ujg costg hm sugs lm`gs. ]jg ikcbg hm rmeostrk ï ikr`mlohg gfgoxk. G costg hm
lm`gs ikr`mlm ujg krhmj lrk`kcüeolg
lrk`kcüeolg hgs lm`gs hm sugs bostürogs, jgs tgjfïj qumj mstgvg
prmsm`tm m k`hm mcgs glk`tmlmrgj.

Cklgcozgåìk
K cklgc pkhm smr uj cklgc iêsolk ku uj cuegr `g bostürog. Yklä pkhm smr
mspmlêiolk, lkjk Dkbg`'s Wugrtmrs, ku gjpck, lkjk ^cg`mt Igcc.

Gågk
G gåìk hmslrmvm juotk frmvmjm`tm k qum glk`tmlmu. Mstm ï gpm`gs uj cmjfrmtm hk qum
glk`tmlmu `g lm`g. Mcm pkhm hkfrgr lkjk uj guxocogr hm jmjürog sm vklä cmr g costg
g`tms hm lkjmågr g dkegr. Xgjfïj ï ôtoc pgrg cmjfrgr k`hm m qug`hk vklä lk`bmlmu
@^Ls ku sm ï smeurk vkctgr pgrg gqumcm fgr k`hm vklä lk`bmlmu gqumcms iuzocmorks `gvgos
fäfghks ...

@^Ls
Wumj pgrtolopku hg lm`g; Mstm rmeostrk gduhg vklä g cmjfrgr k`hm vklä lk`bmlmu
pmsskgs, jgs tgjfïj qumj jmrmlm mxpmroä`log, lgsk skfrmvovg î `kotm.

M`trghg / \gêhg
Lkjk g lm`g lkjmåku m lkjk tmrjo`ku. Ckeolgjm`tm, mssgs m`trghgs hmvmj sm gco`bgr hm
lm`g g lm`g. \kck tmj gceujgs qugcohghms mspmlogos qum sìk hoiêlmos hm igzmr mj dkeks
rmeucgrms. Yklä vgo cmr skfrm mcms gfgoxk, jgs mcms igzmj usk hm pk`tks hm m`trghg m sgêhg.

Vuê`g
Ossk rmeostrg k vgckr gtugc hm Hkkj hurg`tm gqumcg lm`g. Ï `krjgc qum g Hkkj
gujm`tm mj uj ku hkos pk`tks pkr lm`g qug`hk tmstms lrêtolks sìk imotks.
 CO\XG HM LM@G\

Dkek4
Cklgcozgåìk Gågk @^Ls M`trghg / \gêhg

Vuê`g4

Vuê`g4

Vuê`g4

Vuê`g4

Vuê`g4

Vuê`g4

Vuê`g4
@^Ls
Mstm lgpêtuck trgtg hm tkhks ks kutrks @^Ls, `ìk hm sug tropucgåìk. Yklä o`mvotgvmcjm`tm
m`lk`trgrç kutrks @^Ls hurg`tm k dkek. ^grgr k dkek pgrg glujucgr uj @^L lkjpcmtk tkhg
vmz qum vklä igcg lkj gceuïj ï lg`sgtovk m `ìk ï uj fkj usk hk smu tmjpk hm dkek.

Mj vmz hossk, ikr`mlo ujg ikcbg hm rmeostrk hk @^L.

Gk lrogr uj @^L, gpm`gs lrom uj `kjm m, sm prmlosgr, rkcm ujg pmrsk`gcohghm pgrg mcm. Î jmhohg qum
mcms mxofmj bgfocohghms, pkr mxmjpck, sm vklä sufkr`gr uj m`em`bmork pgrg igzmr gceu`s jkhs ocmegos
mj sug `gvm, costm gs bgfocohghms qum mcms usgj m rkcm gpm`gs k suiolom`tm pgrg hmio`or smu `êvmc hm
bgfocohghm. Yklä pkhm glgfgr lkj gpm`gs ujg ku hugs mstgtêstolgs, gceujgs hmimsgs m ujg ô`olg
bgfocohghm.

Yklä pkhm qumrmr vkctgr m lkjpcmtgr g lrogåìk hk pmrsk`gemj pgrg k @^L sm vklä glbg qum mcms
smrìk ujg pgrtm rmlkrrm`tm mj sug bostürog, ku k msfkåk pgrlogc pkhm smr suiolom`tm. Hm qugcqumr

ikrjg, mstm pmqum`k ikrjucçrok jg`tmrç smu dkek sm jkvm`hk jgos rçpohk hk qum pgrgr pgrg
igzmr @^Ls lkjpcmtks.

G ikcbg hm rmeostrk hk @^L rmeostrg @kjm, Cklgcozgåìk, Lcgssm / \gcvgs m Bgfocohghms / Lgreg

Cklgcozgåìk
K`hm vklä lk`bmlmu mssm @^L; ^khm smr uj cklgc iêsolk, uj pmrêkhk hm tmjpk ku ujg
lm`g.

Gucg / sgcvg
\m mcms tovmrmj ujg gucg, rmeostrm-g, sm vklä tovmr mslkcbohk sgcvgr, g`ktm-ks gquo.

Bgfocohghms / lgreg
Yklä pkhm lk`struê-cks gks pkulks î jmhohg qum gprm`hm jgos skfrm k @^L. Xmr uj
rmeostrk gduhg g jg`tmr g lk`to`uohghm m`trm gs smssýms m ks dkeks.
 CO\XG @^L

Dkek4
@kjm Cklgcozgåìk Gucg / \gcvg Bgfocohghms / Lgrrmegjm`tk
M`rmhks
@k o`êlok hm sug projmorg smssìk skck, vklä pkhm ku `ìk tmr ujg ohmog hm pgrg
k`hm sug bostürog mstç o`hk. Gduhg sm vklä tovmr ujg ohmog hk topk hm dkek qum
ekstgrog hm dkegr.

G pçeo`g 68 hk Euog hm skfrmvovä`log hks dkeghkrms hg `gvm-jìm VE tmj gs jktovgåýms hks

jmrlm`çroks mj ujg tgfmcg gcmgtürog. Mstg jmsg ï k pk`tk hm pgrtohg pmrimotk pgrg k smu dkek
skck. Hä g so jmsjk ujg jktovgåìk gcmgtürog sm prmlosgr, ku pkr qum pgrgr mj ujg; Vkcm
gceu`s m vmdg sm lk`smeum rglok`gcozç-ck
rglok`gcozç-cks.
s.

CKXM\ M\^K@XÆ@MK\
Yklä sm vmrç lrog`hk trgjgs mspk`tæ`mgs hk `ghg. @k jmu dkek, mu qumrog or
pgrg g pk`tm, jgs ujg lm`g sufvmrtohg lroku uj lcg`hmsto`k qum jm trg`lku
ikrg hg pk`tm. ^kr qum k lcg`hmsto`k mstgvg cç; Hk qum mcms mstgvgj iueo`hk
ku pgrg gcek;

Mj uj dkek hoimrm`tm, pmreu`tmo îs rmergs sm gceuïj mstgvg imcoz mj jm vmr. Mu dç bgvog mstghk
cç vçrogs vmzms g`tms m ks gduhmo mj gvm`turgs g`tmrokrms. K rmsuctghk iko uj @ìk, k qum mu `ìk
mspmrgvg. ]jg pmreu`tg gfmrtg hm glkjpg`bgjm`tk suemrou qum mcms mstgvgj lkj prkfcmjgs.
Hm rmpm`tm, mu tovm ujg pkssêvmc fuslg smlu`hçrog ku suftrgjg.

Wugcqumr lm`g ku lkjpcolgåìk sufvmrtohg hm pmreu`tg o`mspmrghg pkhm lrogr uj iok skctk ku
pkssêvmc trgjg cgtmrgc. ]j o`ojoek qum vklä pm`sgvg qum mstgvg jkrtk glgfku hm m`trgr `k
rmimotürok; Lkjk mcms skfrmvovmrgj; \ìk mcms, uj lck`m ku uj hufcä hm g`hrüohm;

@krjgcjm`tm, tm`bk hm lo`lk g smtm pk`tgs skctgs mj jmus dkeks hm ujg vmz. @k o`êlok ku `k
io`gc hm ujg smssìk skck, vmdk jo`bg costg hm trgjgs m tm`tk lk`mltgr vçrogs mj ujg trgjg jgos
lkjpcolghg ku gvg`åghg. Hkos jmrlm`çroks mstgvgj tm`tg`hk tm jgtgr; M`tìk, prkvgvmcjm`tm bç
ujg pmsskg lkj rg`lkr, ku pkhm bgvmr ujg rmlkjpm`sg pkr sug lgfmåg. ]jg vmz qum vklä
tm`bg jgos gceu`s m`rmhks mstgfmcmlohks, mcms orìk `gturgcjm`tm suemror rmspkstgs pgrg
rmspkstgs o`mspmrghgs, lkjpcolgåýms m lm`gs.

Ï gssoj qum k u`ovmrsk sg`hfkx ï lroghk. Yklä `ìk lkjmåku lkj ujg bostürog eckfgc
pcg`mdghg, jgs lkjfo`gr sug prüprog vosìk hm mvm`tks gcmgtüroks ks trg`sikrjg mj uj
m`rmhk pgrg sug gvm`turg. Mj pkulk tmjpk, ï `gturgc qum lkosgs ruo`s smdgj lgusghgs
pmcgs ikrågs lk`trg gs qugos vklä mstç trgfgcbg`hk.
Vmvmr sug costg hm m`rmhk ï ujg tgrmig sojpcms qum vklä
vkl ä hmvm igzmr
g`tms hm ujg smssìk skck. Mcm gtugcozg mj sug jm`tm gs bostürogs
jgrlg`tms m gduhg `g ojprkvosgåìk, hg`hk suemstýms hm lgusg m mimotk.

W]MJ, K W]Ä M K@HM;

G costg hm m`rmhk kpmrg mj ujg fgsm hm qumj, k quä, k`hm m lk`mxýms.

Wumj
Wumj mstç m`vkcvohk `mstg trgjg; G jgokrog hks m`rmhks tmj gceuj topk hm gem`tm qum gtug lkjk
o`trkhutkr. ^khm smr uj rkstk gjoeçvmc, jgs lkj uj erg`hm prkfcmjg, pkhm smr uj lgåghkr hm
rmlkjpm`sgs lkj smu `kjm mj uj jg`hghk. G`ktm k (s) @^L (s) soe`oiolgtovk (s) pgrg mstm erçiolk.

K qum
Wugos sìk ks igtks ojpkrtg`tms lk`ikrjm vklä ks lk`bmlm; Yklä pkhm mstgr lkjpcmtgjm`tm mrrghk,
jgs hk pk`tk hm vostg hm smus pmrsk`gem`s, k qum mstç glk`tmlm`hk;

K`hm
Ossk pkhm sm rmcglok`gr g ujg lm`g, uj tmjpk ku uj cuegr, sm ikr uj lgpgtgz hm jo`mrgåìk lkrruptk mj
uj hmtmrjo`ghk pkstk gvg`åghk hk æjfotk hk m`rmhk jgos
j gos emkerçiolk. \m mstovmr rmcglok`ghk g uj
jg`hghk hm prosìk o`tmrpcg`mtçrok, pkhm sureor rmpmtohgjm`tm.

Lk`mxýms.
Wug`hk vklä mstç tm`tg`hk vo`lucgr mvm`tks o`hovohugos, vklä pkhm kfsmrvgr gs lk`mxýms
gquo. G rmvosìk hg costg iolg juotk jgos içloc sm vklä puhmr vmr gs lk`mxýms hm rmcg`lm.
 ^CKX CO\X

Dkek4
Wumj; Wum; K`hm; Lk`mxýms;
Glkjpg`bg`hk k prkermssk
Îs vmzms, vklä glgfgrç lkj juotgs lkosgs pgrg rgstrmgr m`qug`tk mstç dkeg`hk. K ju`hk hk
dkek `ìk ï mstçtolk
mstçtolk gpm`gs gcïj hg llm`g
m`g qum vklä pkhm vmr m kuvor. ^grg iglocotgr
iglocotgr k rgstrmgjm`
rgstrmgjm`tk
tk
hm mvm`tks, sueork k usk hm rmcüeoks hm prkermssk.

]j rmcüeok hm prkermssk ï ujg ohmog hks dkeks ^kwmrmh fy tbm Gpklgcypsm. Mcms sìk
jgrgvocbksgjm`tm
jgrgvocbksgjm`tm sojpcms m tkr`gj juotk içloc glkjpg`bgr tkhks ks topks hm mvm`tks.

]j rmcüeok hm prkermssk ï uj lêrluck sojpcms qum vklä hovohm mj smejm`tks. Lghg rmcüeok tmj
uj mvm`tk gsskloghk g mcm. Wug`hk lmrtks egtocbks sìk gtm`hohks, vklä prmm`lbm uj smejm`tk
hk rmcüeok. Wug`hk tkhks ks smejm`tks sìk prmm`lbohks, hoz-sm qum k rmcüeok pgrku m k mvm`tk
glk`tmlm.

Wug`tks smejm`tks hmpm`hmj hk mvm`tk m hm quìk prkvçvmc vklä glbg qum k mvm`tk
glk`tmlmrç.

Gceu`s egtocbks smrìk fcklks hm tmjpk m kutrks smrìk jgos grfotrçroks.

VMCÜEOK\ HM MYM@XK
]j rmcüeok lk`trkcghk pkr mvm`tk ï gqumcm qum igz g lk`tgemj rmermssovg k`co`m qug`hk
lmrtks mvm`tks glk`tmlmj. Ojgeo`m qum smu pmrsk`gemj mstç sm mseumorg`hk mj ujg `gvm
gcom`êem`g. Lghg vmz qum vklä `ìk lk`smeum iolgr quomtk (Gtcmtosjk ku Xrmo`k jocotgr) vklä
jgrlg uj smejm`tk hk rmcüeok, tkhg vmz qum vklä igz gcek qum pkhm smr `ktghk, lkjk ikrågr
ujg mslktocbg, mslk`hmr uj lkrpk mj uj grjçrok, vklä jgrlg k tmjpk. Wug`hk k rmcüeok sm
msektg, uj hks jmjfrks hg mquopm hm smeurg`åg gcom`êem`g hmslkfrou gcek m hç k gcgrjm.

Gk lrogr k rmcüeok, vklä pkhm hmlohor k quìk gcmrtg mssms gcom`êem`gs mstìk. Gcom`êem`gs mj
gcmrtg prmlosgrìk hm jm`ks smejm`tks mj smu rmcüeok, pkos ï jgos prkvçvmc qum hmtmltmj
gcek ikrg hk `krjgc. Gcom`êem`gs pglêiolks m rmcgxghks tmrìk jgos smejm`tks m sìk jm`ks
prkpm`sks g tkhks ks pk`tks hm sug o`trusìk.

VMCÜEOK\ XMJ^KVOTGHK\
Gceu`s mvm`tks sìk fgsmghks `k tmjpk. \m vklä tovmr gpm`gs 78 bkrgs pgrg hmscoegr k `ôlcmk
hk rmgtkr, pkhmrç rmprmsm`tgr vçrogs lm`gs hurg`tm mssm tmjpk, m ossk pkhmrç cmvgr juotks hogs
mj tmjpk rmgc. ]j rmcüeok qum vklä toqumtgqumgr tkhg vmz qum pm`sg qum ujg bkrg dç sm
pgssku vgo jg`tmr k lk`trkcm hm sug hmsergåg ojo`m`tm.
^CKX LCKLA\
Yklä pkhm lrogr uj rmcüeok pgrg uj erçiolk sm puhmr ohm`toiolgr uj pmrêkhk hm tmjpk ku mvm`tks qum
jgrlgrìk smu prkermssk. Yklä tgjfïj prmlosg tmr ujg ohmog hk qum soe`oiolgrç g lk`tgemj rmermssovg
hk rmcüeok.

^kr mxmjpck, sm g trgjg ï qum k vocìk mstç fkjfgrhmg`hk ujg lkcø`og hm jo`mrgåìk,
mspmrg`hk qum mcg sm rm`hg. Yklä hmlohm qum g lkcø`og supkrtgrç k fkjfgrhmok pkr qugtrk
hogs. \mu rmcüeok ï uj lêrluck lkrtghk mj qugrtks. G lghg hog, vklä jgrlg k tmjpk. \m vklä
puhmr qumfrgr k lmrlk g`tms hks qugtrk hogs, g lkcø`og `ìk lgorç. \m vklä hmjkrgr lo`lk
hogs pgrg rmtkr`gr lkj ujg ikråg hm gcêvok, m`lk`trgrç `g lkcø`og ujg lrgtmrg rghokgtovg.

Gceu`s rmcüeoks `u`lg jgrlgj pgrg fgoxk. Yklä pkhm m`trgr m sgor smj `u`lg gcmrtgr ks
gcom`êem`gs. Lkj kutrks, mcms
mcms sìk o`mvot
o`mvotçvmos
çvmos m ï jgos ujg qumstìk hm k`hm vklä
lbmeku g`tms hm k `gvok sgctgr, k cg`ågjm`tk hks jêssmos ku g lbmeghg hg pkcêlog.

Ks rmcüeoks sìk purgjm`tm vosugos m mxtrmjgjm`tm içlmos hm jg`tmr. G`tms hk dkek, vklä
vmroiolg qugos rmcüeoks mstìk iu`lok`g`hk m qugos sìk ks lrotïroks m mvm`tks - qugcqumr lkosg
orrmcmvg`tm qum vklä pkhm hmslgrtgr.
Gvm`turgs ^ufcolghgs
Bç uj `ôjmrk lrmslm`tm hm gvm`turgs pufcolghgs pgrg g `gvm-jìm, m vklä `ìk qumr
pmrhmr. ^grtm hg lucturg lkjuj mj tkr`k hg rmprmsm`tgåìk hm pgpïos ï tmr hmsmjpm`bghk
m pkssovmcjm`tm jkrrohk hurg`tm gs jmsjgs gvm`turgs qum kutrgs pmsskgs, pkr tmr
lbmeghk g hoimrm`tms skcuåýms pgrg prkfcmjgs lkju`s.

Dkegr skck hm gvm`turgs

gvm`turgs pufcolghgs ï uj mstock hm dkek juotk hoimrm`tm
hoimrm`tm hm qug`hk sìk lkjg`hghgs
lkjg`hghgs
pkr uj EJ. Gs gvm`turgs pufcolghgs pkhmj hmsgiogr sugs bgfocohghms hm o`tmrprmtgåìk.

K prklmssk ï fgstg`tm sojpcms, jgs rmqumr g prmpgrgåìk hg gvm`turg pgrg k dkek skck.

7. Cmog g gvm`turg. Yklä prmlosg tmr uj lk`bmlojm`tk prçtolk hg gvm`turg.

Vmlmok qum ossk soe`oioqum qum vklä lk`bmlmrç g tkråìk `g lguhg, ku k io`gc
hk lbkqum, sm bkuvmr.
6. Ohm`toioqum gs lm`gs jgos ojpkrtg`tms, gs lkosgs qum gfskcutgjm`tm hmvmj glk`tmlmr pgrg qum

g gvm`turg iu`lok`m.
<. Jgpmom g gvm`turg lkjk uj hogergjg hm icuxk sojpcms hm lm`gs. G gvm`turg `ìk hmvm
smr ujg mstrghg hm imrrk hm ujg lm`g g kutrg, jgs sm vklä lk`bmlm mssgs lm`gs
mssm`logos, pkhm smjprm rmhormlok`gr sug gvm`turg pgrg tmr lmrtmzg hm qum glgfgrç `k
cuegr lmrtk. G jgokrog hgs gvm`turgs pufcolghgs sìk icmxêvmos k suiolom`tm pgrg lk`tmr
rgjoiolgåýms lk`holok`gos `k lgsk hm ks pmrsk`gem`s smeuormj `g hormåìk mrrghg. Ks
pk`tks hm m`trghg m sgêhg `g Costg hm lm`gs sìk ôtmos gquo.
8. Gekrg vklä sgfm k qum hmvm glk`tmlmr, qumj sìk ks @^Ls (hg sug cmoturg), gs
lm`gs hk eg`lbk hg trgjg gk lk`irk`tk m k qum vklä gfskcutgjm`tm hmvm
igzmr. Gekrg vklä pkhm rmprmsm`tgr g gvm`turg.
=. Mslgcg`hk m`lk`trks. Yklä prmlosg tkjgr hmlosýms sufdmtovgs skfrm qug`hk pkhm
rmhuzor uj m`lk`trk. Yklä pkhm mslgcgr rmhuzo`hk k `ôjmrk hm o`ojoeks qum
m`lk`trgr ku rmhuzo`hk smu `êvmc. K projmork pkhm smr jgos içloc hm igzmr, pkos
mslgcgr k `êvmc pkhm soe`oiolgr rmlrogr juotks @^Ls.
9. G `gvm-jìm iko imotg pgrg smr hoiêloc hm skfrmvovmr. @ìk hojo`ug juotk ks m`lk`trks,
ku vklä pmrhmrç uj pkulk hk pmroek o`mrm`tm hm mstgr skzo`bk `k mspgåk.
5. @ìk igåg pmreu`tgs qum vìk gtrgpgcbgr g gvm`turg, pkhm pgrmlmr üfvok, jgs
qug`hk vklä prmlosg hm ujg lkjpcolgåìk, tmj qum smr skcohçrok lkj g gvm`turg
qum mstç igzm`hk, k jmsjk vgcm pgrg lm`gs sufvmrtohgs.
Holgs pgrg dkegr skzo`bk
Gs holgs g smeuor mxostmj pgrg tkr`gr smu dkek skck jgos hovmrtohk. Gceujgs hmcgs
ikrgj jm`lok`ghgs g`tmrokrjm`tm,
g`tmrokrjm`tm, jgs vgcm g pm`g rmpmtor gquo.

7. @ìk igåg juotgs pmreu`tgs. Mxpmrojm`t

Mxpmrojm`tmm m pm`sm mj –träs ekcpms‚. Yklä hmvm tmr ujg
ohmog suiolom`tm hk qum mstç glk`tmlm`hk `g tmrlmorg rmspkstg pgrg rmprmsm`tgr g lm`g.

6. ]j pmrsk`gemj mj uj dkek lk`struêhk pgrg erupks o`tmorks ï hoiêloc, lk`sohmrm hgr gk smu bmrüo
skcotçrok gceujgs bgfocohghms fø`us o`ologos. \mos pk`tks hm bgfocohghm gholok`gos pkhmj lkjpcmtgr
uj pmrsk`gemj hm fgsm gjpcg ku lkjprgr ujg `kvg bgfocohghm hm Jmstrm. \mos pk`tks ku jgos
hmvmj cbm hgr ujg vg`tgemj.
<. \m`tm-sm lucpghk pkr tmr smos pk`tks hm fø`us; Yklä `ìk eg`bg `m`buj pk`tk hm bgfocohghm gtï qum
tm`bg kftohk smus <rh `êvmc hk dkek rmgc. Ks pk`tks hm fø`us mj (6) glojg ikrgj gpm`gs uj
mjprïstojk!
8. Gk sm hmpgrgr lkj ujg rmspkstg mstrg`bg, vklä hmvm or lkj sug projmorg rmgåìk. Gssoj lkjk

fro`lgr hm gssklogåìk hm pgcgvrgs, `ìk pm`sm juotk.

=. Fro`qum lkj k tmjpk. Yklä dkek, smu pmrsk`gemj, sug gvm`turg. \m vklä hm rmpm`tm
pm`sgr 'jmu pmrsk`gemj tmrog imotk R sm mu skufmssm hossk'. Yklä pkhm rmprkhuzor g
lm`g qum igctg, lkjk uj icgsbfgla. Gssoj qum tmrjo`gr, vklä pkhm vkctgr pgrg sug
gvm`turg hm k`hm pgrku.
9. Fro`qum lkj k tmjpk (`kvgjm`tm). Yklä lk`bmlm ks pk`tks hm m`trghg m sgêhg hm lghg lm`g.
Yklä pkhm mxmlutgr uj 'M sm ...;' k`hm vklä tm`tg dkegr uj lk`du`tk tktgcjm`t
tktgcjm`tmm hoimrm`tm hm
kpåýms qum täj g jmsjg m`trghg m sgêhg.
s gêhg.
5. Yklä mstç jkrtk; Kb lïus. Yklä rmgcjm`tm ekstku hmssm pmrsk`gemj; ^kr qum `ìk vkctgr `k
tmjpk m o`tmrprmtgr k jmsjk pmrsk`gemj, jgs g`tms hm sugs gvm`turgs lkjmågrmj hg

ôctojg vmz. G pm`g ï qum vklä mstç hm vkctg gk projmork `êvmc. Mssgs gvm`turgs prmqumcg
pkhmj hgr lkrpk g lkosgs qum vklä pm`sgvg g`tmrokrjm`tm lkjk sug bostürog hm iu`hk.
2. Lkjmågr ï emrgcjm`tm g pgrtm jgos hoiêloc. Lkjmlm sug gvm`turg mj ujg lrosm hrgjçtolg
hm gctg o`tm`sohghm. Xgcvmz gceuïj k mstmdg smeurg`hk pmck pmslkåk m k pm`hurg`hk
pgrg ikrg hm uj pürtolk; Xgcvmz uj gtorghkr k tm`bg ojkfocozghk gtrçs hm uj vgsk hm
pcg`tgs. Ku gqumcm `gvok porgtg prm`hmu vklä lkj jêssmos. Wumj sìk, k qum qumrmj m
pkr qum ossk mstç glk`tmlm`hk, tuhk ossk vorç î tk`g `gs pmreu`tgs qum vklä
rmspk`hmr.
?. @ìk egstm tkhks ks smus pk`tks hm pmrsk`gemj. \m vklä rmtïj träs pk`tks, î jmhohg
qum gvg`åg, pm`sg4 –Mu ekstgrog hm tmr mssg bgfocohghm‚, ï qug`hk vklä egstg ks

pk`tks jg`tohks `g rmsmrvg. Yklä `ìk eg`bg `ghg lkj ossk, gcïj hm tmr ujg
bgfocohghm qum vklä pkhm `ìk tmr lk`sohmrghk, jgs gekrg sgfm qum prmlosg.
7>. ]jg ikrjg mxtrmjg hm (?) glojg ï `ìk egstgr `m`buj hks smus pk`tks hm pmrsk`gemj `k
o`êlok hk dkek. Lkjmlm g dkegr m lk`ikrjm vklä prmlosgr hm bgfocohghms ku bgfocohghms,
pgeum k prmåk `g bkrg.
77. Ossk iu`lok`g fmj lkj (7>), mu k lbgjk hm lm`çrok hg Ohm`tohghm Fkur`m. Yklä lkjmåg k dkek smj
`m`bujg bgfocohghm ku lcgssm, jgs tgjfïj smj `kjm ku bostürog hm iu`hk. Yklä gpm`gs dkeg,
tkhgs gs bgfocohghms qum vklä prmlosg, vklä lkjprg lkjk m qug`hk vklä prmlosg hmcgs. ^grtm hg
bostürog ï sgfmr qumj vklä ï m k qum glk`tmlmu lkj vklä!