Mid-Western University (MWU)

Four Years B.Sc.

Course of Study

(V Semester)
 Optics

Course No.: Phy 451 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course Objectives:
At the end of the course,the students will able to:
 acquire sufficient knowledge in Optics.
 apply their knowledge to learn major courses.
 solve mathematical problems related to the topics.
 deduce mathematical relations and formulas.

Aberrations: Spherical aberrations of a single surface, Refraction through spherical surfaces from
Huygen's wave theory, astigmatism, curvature of field, distortion, Abbe’s sine condition, chromatic
aberrations, Huygen’s eyepiece, Ramsden’s eyepiece (5 hours)

Dispersion: Dispersive power of a prism, Cauchy’s formula, combination of prisms (2 hours)

Interference: Fresnel’s biprism, Lloyd’s mirror, interference in thin films (from reflected and
transmitted light), wedge shaped films, reflective and antireflective coatings, Michelson’s
interferometer-determination of wavelength and refractive index, Fabry Perrot interferometer
(10 hours)

Holography: Principle of holography, recording and reconstruction method, theory of holography as

interference between two plane waves (5 hours)

Diffraction: Rectilinear propagation of light, Zone plate, Fresnel diffraction, diffraction at circular
aperture, circular disc and a straight edge, Fraunhofer diffraction, diffraction at a single and double slit,
missing orders in double slit, diffraction grating, dispersive power, Rayleigh’s criterion and resolving
power of prism, grating, telescope and microscope (12 hours)

Polarization: Polarization by reflection, Brewster’s law, polarization by refraction, Malus law, double
refraction, Nicol prism, Huygen’s explanation of double refraction, elliptically and circularly polarized
light, quarter and half wave plates, production and determination of plane, elliptically and circularly
polarized light, optical activity, Fresnel’s theory, specific rotation, Laurent’s half shade polarimeter
(8 hours)
Text Books
1) Jenkins, F. A. and White, H. E., 2001, Fundamentals of Optics, McGraw-Hill
2) Subrahmanyam, N. and Lal , B., 1994, Text Book of Optics, S. Chand and Co., Ltd.
References
1) Khanna, D. R. and Gulati, H. R, 1984, Fundamentals of Optics: Geometrical Physical and
Quantum, R. Chand & Co.
2) Hecht, E., 1975, Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Optics, McGraw-Hill Professional
3) Pedrotti, F. L., Pedrotti, L. S. and Pedrotti, L. M., 2007, Introduction to Optics,
Pearson-Prentice Hall
4) Sinha, M. K., 2010, Understanding Optics, Tata McGraw-Hill Education
5) Kenyon, I. R., 2008, The Light Fantastic: A Modern Introduction to Classical and Quantum
Optics, Oxford
6) Römer, H., 2006, Theoretical Optics: An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons
7) Sharma, K. K., 2006, Optics: Principles and Applications, Academic Press
8) Strong, J., 2004, Concepts of Classical Optics, Courier Dover Publications
 Physics Practical

Course No.: Phy 452 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2
The objectives of practical courses is to train students to
 develop proper laboratory skills.
 design basic physics experiments.
 interpret experimental results and draw logical conclusions.
 relate theoretical concepts to practical skills

List of Experiments:
To Calibrate a thermocouple to measure temperature in a specified range using (1) null method (2)
direct measurement using an op-amp difference amplifier and to determine neutral temperature.
Measurement of impedance of LCR series circuit
Determination of power factor of coil
To measure the magnetic susceptibility of solids and liquids
Refractive index and dispersive power of a prism material by spectrometer
Determine e/m by Thomson’s method
Estimation of charge of an electron by Millikan’s method
To determine the value of Boltzmann constant by studying forward characteristics of a diode
To determine the coupling coefficient of a piezoelectric crystal
To evaluate a definite integral by Trapezoidal rule

Physics of Atoms & Molecules Electromagnetism

Course No.: Phy 453 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Course Objectives:
At the end of the course,the students will able to:
 acquire sufficient knowledge in Physics of Atoms and Molecules Electromagnetism.
 apply their knowledge to learn major courses.
 solve mathematical problems related to the topics.
 deduce mathematical relations and formulas.

Atomic Model: Electron angular momentum, space quantization, electron spin and spin angular
momentum, spin magnetic moment, Stern-Gerlach experiment, Pauli’s exclusion principle, symmetric
and antisymmetric wave functions, periodic table, fine structure, spin-orbit coupling, spectral notations
for atomic states, total angular momentum, vector model, l-s and j-j couplings, hund’s rule, term
symbols, spectra of hydrogen and alkali atoms (11 hours)

Atoms in Electric and Magnetic Fields: Zeeman effect, electron magnetic moment and magnetic
energy, Bohr magneton, normal and anomalous Zeeman Effect, Paschen Back and Stark effect
(7 hours)

X-rays: Ionizing Power, X-ray diffraction, Bragg’s Law, continuous and characteristic X-rays spectra,
X-ray spectrometer, fine structure, Moseley law (6 hours)
Molecular Analysis: Rotational energy levels, selection rules and pure rotational spectra of a
molecule, rotation-vibration energy levels, selection rules and rotation-vibration spectra, determination
of internuclear distance (7 hours)

Raman Effect: Quantum theory of Raman effect, characteristics of Raman lines, Stoke’s and anti
Stoke’s lines, complimentary character of Raman and infrared spectra (5 hours)

Lasers: Einstein’s A and B coefficients, metastable states, spontaneous and stimulated emissions,
optical pumping and population inversion, three-level and four-level lasers, Ruby and He-Ne Laser
(6 hours)

Text Books
1) Chandra, S., 2010, Physics of Atoms and Molecules, Alpha Science International, Limited
2) Murugeshan, R. and Sivaprasad, K., 2007, Modern Physics, S. Chand & Co. Ltd.

References
1) Wahr, M. R., Richard, J. A. and Adir, T. W., 1984, Physics of the Atom, Addison Wesley
2) Gautreau, R. and Savin, W., 1999, Modern Physics: Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw-Hill
3) Leighton, R. B., 1959, Principles of Modern Physics, McGraw-Hill
4) Foot, C., 2004, Atomic Physics, Oxford
5) Bransden, B. H. & Joachain, C. J., 2003, Physics of Atoms & Molecules, Prentice Hall
6) Eisberg, R. and Resnick, R., 1985, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and
Particles, Wiley
7) Haken, H. and Wolf, H. C, 2000, The Physics of Atoms and Quanta, Springer
8) Feynman, R. P, 1965, Lectures on Physics: Volume 3, Addison Wesley

Physics Practical

Course No.: Phy 454 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2
The objectives of practical courses is to train students to
 develop proper laboratory skills.
 design basic physics experiments.
 interpret experimental results and draw logical conclusions.
 relate theoretical concepts to practical skills

List of Experiments:
Study the Hall effect of a given semiconductor material
Measurement of energy band gap of Ge/Si by four probe method
Determination of linear absorption coefficient of  rays
Determination of linear absorption coefficient of 
Determine the mass attenuation coefficient by G M counter
Estimation of specific charge of an electron (e/m) by magnetron tube method
To find the resistivity of semiconductor by four-probe method
Determination of width of a slit by diffraction method
Determination of resolving power of plane transmission grating
Determination of refractive index of prism for light of different wave lengths
 Advanced Chemistry I

Course No.: Chem 451 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

The aims of the course are to enable students to:

 develop interest and maintain a sense of wonder and curosity about chemistry.
 acquire basic knowledge electrochemistry; surface chemistry and colloids.
 gain knowledge about preparation, properties and structure of the compounds of
hydrogen,noble gas, boron and silicon.
 learn about the methods of elucidating organic reaction mechanism and the chemistry of
reactive intermediates.

Physical Chemistry
Unit 1: Electrochemistry
Electrolytic Conductance; Activities and activity coefficients of strong electrolytes; Debye-Huckel
theory of activity coefficients; Debye-Huckel Onsagar equation; Effect of concentration; solvent
dielectric constant and temperature on conductance.
Electrochemical Cells; Reversible and irreversible cells; Types of reversible electrodes; Derivation of
Nernst equation and its use in calculating EMF of cells at different activities of the individual
electrodes; Relationship between EMF and free energy changes; enthalpy changes and entropy changes
occurring in electrochemical reactions; Equilibrium constants for electrochemical reactions; Chemical
cells with and without transference; Concentration cells with and without transference; Liquid junction
potential; Formal and standard electrode potential; solubility products; Electrolysis and polarization;
Overvoltage and hydrogen overvoltage. 7 hrs

Unit I1: Surface Chemistry

Physical and chemical adsorption; Types of adsorptions; Adsorption isotherms- Freundlich isotherm;
Langmuir adsorption isotherm; BET equation. 4 hrs

Unit I1I: Colloidal State

Definition of colloids; Classification of colloids; Solids in liquids (sol): kinetic; optical and electrical;
Stability of colloids: Protective action: Hardy-Schulz law; Gold number; Liquids in liquids (emulsion):
types of emulsion; preparation; emulsifiers; Liquids in solids (gels): classification; preparation;
inhibition. 4 hrs
Inorganic Chemistry
Unit IV: Hydrogen
Isotopes of hydrogen; preparation and applications; Hydrides-classification; preparation and properties.
3 hrs
Unit V: Compounds of the Noble Gases
Preparation; properties and structure of xenon fluorides and oxo-compounds; Hybridization and
geometry of XeF2; XeF4; XeF6 and XeOF4; Molecular orbital treatment for XeF2. 3 hrs

Unit VI: Compounds of Boron and Silicon

Preparation; properties; bonding and structure of the followings:- Boric acid; borates boron
nitride; borazines; boron hydrides; metal borohydrides; silicates; silicones; silanes; and siloxanes;
interhalogen compounds; pseudohalogens; pseudohalides. 9 hrs
 Organic Chemistry
Unit VII: Reaction Mechanism
Types of mechanism; Thermodynamic and kinetic requirements for reaction; Kinetic and
thermodynamic control; Hammond postulate; Microscopic reversibility; Methods of determining
mechanism; Identification of products; Determination of the presence of an intermediate; Isotope
labeling; Stereochemical evidence; Isotope effect; Baldwin's rules of ring closure. 6 hrs

Unit IX: Reactive Intermediates

Stability; structure; generation and fate of carbocation; carbanion; free radical; carbene; nitrene and
benzyne; Nonclassical carbonium ion; Neighboring group participation by p and s bonds; Aromaticity
and anti-aromaticity. 9 hrs

Suggested Books
1. K. N. Ghimire and D. Wagle, Essential of Physical Chemistry for B.Sc. level, Dikshant
Prakashan, Kirtipur, 2010.
2. S. H. Maron; C. Prutton; Principles of Physical Chemistry; Oxford and IBH Publication and
Co.; 1992.
3. F. Daniels; R. F. Alberty; Physical Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons; Latest Edition.
4. Gilbert. W. Castellan; Physical Chemistry; Narosa Publishing House; 1985.
5. J.D. Lee; Concise Inorganic Chemistry; 5th Edition; John Wiley and sons. Inc.; 2007.
6. F.A. Cotton; G. Wilkinson; C. Gaus; Basic Inorganic Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons (Asia)
Pvt. Ltd.; 2007.
7. D. F. Shriver; P. W. Atkins; Inorganic Chemistry; W. H. Freeman and Co.; London; 1999.
8. R. T. Morrison; R. N. Boyd; Organic Chemistry; Prentice- Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.; 2008.
9. John McMurry; Introduction to Organic Chemistry; Brookes/Cole; 2007.
10. J. S. H. Pine; Organic Chemistry; McGraw Hill International Edition Series; New York;
USA; 1987.
11. T. W. G. Solomons; Organic Chemistry; John Wiley and sons; 1996.
12. I. .L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vol. I and Vol. II, Prentice Hall, London, 1995, (available
recent edition).
13. R.M. Silverstein, G.L. Bassler & T.C. Morril, Spectrometric Identification of Organic
Compounds, Wiley, New York, 1981, (Preferably available recent edition).
14. House, Modem Synthesis Reactions, 2nd Edition, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1972.
15. K.L. Kapoor, Text book of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan India Ltd., Vol. I to Vol. V, 3rd
edition, 2001.
16. Alberty, Physical Chemistry, 6th Edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1992.
17. S. Glasstone & D. Lewis, Elements of Physical Chemistry, Mcmillan & Co. Ltd.
18. James, E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter, Richard L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of
Structure and Reactivity, Addison Wesley Publishing House.
19. James, E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter, Richard L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of
Structure and Reactivity, Addison Wesley Publishing House.
 Advanced Chemistry Lab I

Course No.: Chem 452 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

The aims of the course are to enable students to:

 develop skills on the experiments related to electrochemistry.
 develop skills on qualitative analysis of inorganiic salt mixture
 develop skills on systematic qualitative analysis of organic compound.
 develop skills on observation; recording and interpretation of an experiment.

List of Experiments
1. Verification of Ostwald dilution law and determination of dissociation constant.
2. Determination of the equivalent conductivity of strong electrolyte at infinite dilution by
conductance measurement.
3. Verification of the Nernst equation.
4. Qualitative analysis of salt mixture containing not more than 6 ionic species (excluding salts
insoluble in acids) out of the following: Pb++; Hg++; Ag+; Hg+; Bi+++; Cu++; Cd++; As+++; Sb+++;
Sn++; Fe++; Fe+++; Cr+++; Al+++; Co++; Ni++; Mn++; Zn++; Ba++; Ca++; Sr++; Mg++; K+; NH4+; CO3--;
S--; SO3--; NO2-; CH3COO-; F-; Cl-; Br-; I-; NO3-; SO4--; C2O4--; PO4---; BO3---
5. Systematic qualitative analysis of simple mono functional organic compounds and preparation
of their at least one derivative (aldehyde; ketone; carboxylic acid; carbohydrate; phenol).

Suggested Books
1. A. I. Vogel; A Text Book of Qualitative Inorganic Analysis; ELBS & Longman; Latest
edition.
2. A. I. Vogel; A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry; Including Qualitative Organic
Analysis; Longman; Latest edition.
3. B. P. Levitt; ed. Findlay's Practical Physical Chemistry; Longman; London; 1973.
4. J. N. Gurtu; R. Kapoor; Advanced Experimental Chemistry (Vol I-III); S. Chand & Co.;
New Delhi; India.
5. B. D. Khosla; A. Guali; V. C. Garg; Senior Practical Physical Chemistry; S. Chand & Co.;
New Delhi; 1987.
6. S. K. Agrawal; Keemti Lal; Advanced Inorganic Chemistry; Pragati Prakasan; Meerut; India.
7. L. Shriner; R. C. Fusion; D.Y. Cartin; The Systematic Identification of Organic
Compounds; A Laboratory Manual; John Wiley and sons Inc. New York; Latest edition.
8. F. G. Mann; B. N. Saunders; Practical Organic Chemistry; Orient Longman; Latest edition.
9. Moti Kaji Sthapit; R. R. Pradhananga; Experimental Physical Chemistry; Taleju Prakasan;
Kathmandu; 1998.
10. K. N. Ghimire; M. R. Pokhrel K. P. Bohara; University Experimental Inorganic
Chemistry; Quest Publication; Kirtipur; Kathmandu; 2008.
11. N. M. Khadka; S. D. Gautam; P. N. Yadav; A Core Experimental Chemistry for B.Sc.;
Benchmark Education Support Pvt Ltd; Kathmandu; Nepal.
12. K. N. Ghimire; K. P. Bohara; University Experimental Physical Chemistry; Quest
Publication; Kirtipur; Kathmandu; 2008.
 Advanced Chemistry II

Course No.: Chem 453 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
The aims of the course are to enable students to:
 develope interest on phase,phase-rule,congruent and incongruent melting point.
 acquire basic knowledge about inorganic polymer,organometallic and heterocyclic compounds.
 gain knowledge about physical and chemical properties of aqueous and non-aqueous solvent.
 understand the concept of organic spectroscopy.

Physical Chemistry
Unit 1: Phase Equilibria:
Concept of phase; Component and degree of freedom; Derivation of Gibb’s phase rule; Phase
equilibria of one component system- water and sulphur; Phase equilibria of two component system-
simple eutectic Pb-Ag system; System involving formation of compound with congruent melting point
(FeCl3-H2O system) and incongruent melting point (CuSO4-H2O system). 4 hrs

Unit 1I: Liquid-Liquid Mixtures:

Ideal liquid mixture; Raoult’s and Henry’s law; Non-ideal system azeotropes: HCl-H 2O and ethanol-
water systems; Fractional distillation.
Partially miscible mixture: Phenol-water system; Trimethylamine- water system; Nicotine-water
system; Lower and upper consolute temperatures; Nernst distribution law and applications;
Distribution of solute between two phases; Solvent extraction. 6 hrs

Unit III. Solid State Chemistry:

Symmetry elements in crystals; Bragg’s law and its application; Crystal structure of NaCl; KCl and
CsCl; Frenkel and Schottky defets; Color centers and formation of F-centre. 5 hrs

Inorganic Chemistry
Unit IV: Reactions in Nonaqueous Solvents
Criteria to determine the utility of solvent; Donor and acceptor properties; Solvent polairty; Protic and
aprotic solvent.
Reactions of NH3: Autoionization and acid-base reaction; precipitation reaction; complex formation;
ammonialysis solvation.
Reactions of SO2: Solubility of inorganic and organic materials in liq. SO 2; acid base reaction;
solvolysis; metathetical; complex formation; oxidation reduction. 5hrs

Unit V: Inorganic Polymers

Homo polymers and copolymers; Addition polymerization: Condensation polymerization: Boron
nitrides; Borazine; Organosilicon compounds and Silicones; Phosphonitrilic compounds; Polythiazyls
(SN)x. 5 hrs

Unit VI: Organometallic compounds

Definition; Classification of organometallic compounds; Haptonomenclature. Metal alkyls of Group I;
II and III elements; Transition metal; Oxidative addition and reductive elimination; insertion reaction;
16- and 18-electron rule; Transition metals; Transition metal to carbon s bonds and non classically
bonded transition metal organometallics; Alkene complexes; alkyne complexes; Metallocenes;
Discovery; preparation; bonding and reactions of ferrocene; Wilkinson catalyst and alkene
hydrogenation; Hydroformylation; Monsanto acetic acid formation; Ziegler- Natta catalyst and
polymerization of olefins. 5 hrs
 Organic Chemistry
Unit VII: Heterocyclic Compounds
Syntheic approaches for preparation of furan pyrrole and thiophene; Sructure and basicity of five
membered heterocycles; Electrophilic substitutions in pyrrole; furan and thiophene (reactivity and
orientation); Structure; source and preparation of pyridine; Reactions of pyridine (electrophilic and
nucleophilic substitutions); Basicity of pyridine; Reduction of pyridine. 5 hrs

Unit VIII: Organic Spectroscopy

Determination of structure (spectroscopic methods); the mass spectrum; the electromagnetic spectrum;
the infrared spectrum; the ultraviolet spectrum; the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy;
1
H-NMR spectrum; number of signals; equivalent and non equivalent protons; chemical shift; peak
area and proton coupling; spin-spin coupling; coupling constant; 13C-NMR Spectroscopy; 13C-NMR
chemical shift; 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR of hydrocarbons; alcohols; aldehydes; ketones carboxylic acid;
amines; phenol; ether and aromatic compounds (simple molecules only). 10 hrs

Suggested Books
1. K. N. Ghimire and D. Wagle, Essential of Physical Chemistry for B.Sc. level, Dikshant
Prakashan, Kirtipur, 2010.
2. S. H. Maron; C. Prutton; Principles of Physical Chemistry; Oxford and IBH Publication and
Co.; 1992.
3. F. Daniels; R. F. Alberty; Physical Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons; Latest Edition.
4. Gilbert. W. Castellan; Physical Chemistry; Narosa Publishing House; 1985.
5. J.D. Lee; Concise Inorganic Chemistry; 5th Edition; John Wiley and sons. Inc.; 2007.
6. F.A. Cotton; G. Wilkinson; C. Gaus; Basic Inorganic Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons (Asia)
Pvt. Ltd.; 2007.
7. D. F. Shriver; P. W. Atkins; Inorganic Chemistry; W. H. Freeman and Co.; London; 1999.
8. R. T. Morrison; R. N. Boyd; Organic Chemistry; Prentice- Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.; 2008.
9. John McMurry; Introduction to Organic Chemistry; Brookes/Cole; 2007.
10. J. S. H. Pine; Organic Chemistry; McGraw Hill International Edition Series; New York;
USA; 1987.
11. T. W. G. Solomons; Organic Chemistry; John Wiley and sons; 1996.
12. I. .L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vol. I and Vol. II, Prentice Hall, London, 1995, (available
recent edition).
13. R.M. Silverstein, G.L. Bassler & T.C. Morril, Spectrometric Identification of Organic
Compounds, Wiley, New York, 1981, (Preferably available recent edition).
14. House, Modem Synthesis Reactions, 2nd Edition, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1972.
15. K.L. Kapoor, Text book of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan India Ltd., Vol. I to Vol. V, 3rd
edition, 2001.
16. Alberty, Physical Chemistry, 6th Edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1992.
17. S. Glasstone & D. Lewis, Elements of Physical Chemistry, Mcmillan & Co. Ltd.
18. James, E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter, Richard L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of
Structure and Reactivity, Addison Wesley Publishing House.
19. James, E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter, Richard L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of
Structure and Reactivity, Addison Wesley Publishing House.
 Advanced Chemistry Lab II

Course No.: Chem 454 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

The aims of the course are to enable students to:

 develop skills on the experiments related to phase equilibria.
 develop skills on complexometric titrations.
 develop skills on systematic qualitative analysis of organic compound.
 develop skills on obvervation; recording and interpretation of an experiment.

List of Experiments
1.Determination of critical solution temperature of phenol-water system and the composition of the
solution at CST.
2. Determination of partition coefficient of iodine in chloroform and water.
3. Experiments on Complexometric titrations:
a) Determination of Zn++; Mg++; Ca++ and total hardness of
water using EDTA.
b) Determination of Ca hardness of water.
c) Determination of total iron in ground water.
4. Systematic qualitative analysis of simple mono functional organic compounds and preparation of
their at least one derivative (ammonium salt; amide; amines; nitro group).

Suggested Books
1. A. I. Vogel; A Text Book of Qualitative Inorganic Analysis; ELBS & Longman; Latest
edition.
2. A. I. Vogel; A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry; Including Qualitative Organic
Analysis; Longman; Latest edition.
3. B. P. Levitt; ed. Findlay's Practical Physical Chemistry; Longman; London; 1973.
4. J. N. Gurtu; R. Kapoor; Advanced Experimental Chemistry (Vol I-III); S. Chand & Co.;
New Delhi; India.
5. B. D. Khosla; A. Guali; V. C. Garg; Senior Practical Physical Chemistry; S. Chand & Co.;
New Delhi; 1987.
6. S. K. Agrawal; Keemti Lal; Advanced Inorganic Chemistry; Pragati Prakasan; Meerut; India.
7. L. Shriner; R. C. Fusion; D.Y. Cartin; The Systematic Identification of Organic
Compounds; A Laboratory Manual; John Wiley and sons Inc. New York; Latest edition.
8. F. G. Mann; B. N. Saunders; Practical Organic Chemistry; Orient Longman; Latest edition.
9. Moti Kaji Sthapit; R. R. Pradhananga; Experimental Physical Chemistry; Taleju Prakasan;
Kathmandu; 1998.
10. K. N. Ghimire; M. R. Pokhrel K. P. Bohara; University Experimental Inorganic
Chemistry; Quest Publication; Kirtipur; Kathmandu; 2008.
11. N. M. Khadka; S. D. Gautam; P. N. Yadav; A Core Experimental Chemistry for B.Sc.;
Benchmark Education Support Pvt Ltd; Kathmandu; Nepal.
12. K. N. Ghimire; K. P. Bohara; University Experimental Physical Chemistry; Quest
Publication; Kirtipur; Kathmandu; 2008.
 Anatomy and Embryology
Course No.: Bot.451 Semester: V
Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course objective:
The general objectives of this courses are as follows:
 To understand the structure, classification and different theories of differentiation.
 To describe the internal structures of different parts of angiospermic plants.
 To describe the process of sporogenesis, gametogenesis and development of angiospermic
embryo.

Tissues: General Anatomy of root, stem, leaves, secondary growth and anamolous secondary growth.
10hrs
Meristems: Structure, classification and theories of differentiation of root and shoot apices. 5 hrs
Ecological Anatomy: Hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes. 5 hrs
Plant gametogenesis: 10hrs
Microsporogenesis , microgametogenesis, Megasporogenesis , megagametogenesis.
Pollination, Fertilization and endosperm. 3 hrs
Embryogenesis in typical dicot and monocot plants. 4 hrs
Polyembryony, apospory, apogamy and apomixes. 3 hrs
Palynology: Introduction, study of pollen morphology as taxonomic evidence. 5 hrs
Text Books:
Pandey,B P. 1998. Plant Anatomy. S Chand & Co. Ram Nagar,India.
Vashstha, P C. 1998. Plant Anatomy, Rastogi Publications,Meerut,India.
Bhojwani,S S and Bhatanagar, S P. 1998. The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikash Publishing House,
New Delhi,India.
References:
Esau, B P. 1988. Plant Anatomy. Wiley Publishers,new York,USA.
Johri, B M. 1994. Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer Verlague,Berlin,Germany.

Anatomy and Embryology ( Major –I)

Course No.: Bot. 452 Semester: V
Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2
Course objective:
 Students are able to understand the concept, types of plant tissues,ecological anatomy and
embryology of angiospermic plants found in local areas.
 To identify dicot and monocot plant from pollen morphology.

Tissues: Meristematic Tissues, Permanent tissues (simple, complex and secretary tissues), The tissue
system.
General Anatomy of root, stem, leaves, secondary growth and anamolous secondary growth.
Meristems: Structure, classification and theories of differentiation of root and shoot apices.
Ecological Anatomy: Hydrophytes,mesophytes and xerophytes.
Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis.
Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis.
Pollination, Fertilization and endosperm.
Embryogenesis in typical dicot and monocot plants.
Polyembryony, apospory, apogamy and apomixes.
Palynology: Introduction, study of pollen morphology as taxonomic evidence.
 Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding ( Major -II)
Course No.: Bot. 453 Semester: V
Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course objective:
At the end of course students will able to:
 know structural organization of cell, cell cycle, regulation of cell division, physical and
chemical nature of chromosomes.
 explain the concepts, scope and methods of plant breeding.

a. Cell: Structural organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; cellular compartmentalization 3 hrs

b. Organization and functional aspects ; cell wall, cell organelles; cytoskeleton, roles of
microtubules and filaments; general principles of cell signaling.
8 hrs
c. Physical and Chemical nature of chromosome, karyotype, cell cycle and regulation of cell-division,
chromosomal behavior during meiosis.
d. Process and significance of crossing over, linkage. 10 hrs
e. Structure, chemistry, types, replication and synthesis, denaturation and renaturation, DNA damage
and repair 4 hrs
f. Mendels law of Inheritance: expression and interaction of genes and multiple alleles, allelism and
pleiotropism, cytoplasmic inheritance, sex determination in plants 6 hrs
g. Structural organization of genome; genetic code, regulation of gene expression 4 hrs
h. Nature and scope of Plant Breeding, Methods of crop improvement: selection, hybridization and
mutation breeding; General principles and methods of breeding for resistance. 10 hrs
Text Books:
Sinha U and S Sinha.1997.Cytogenetics, Plant breeding and Evolution.Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd.New Delhi, India.
Gupta P.K. 1998. Genetics. Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut.
Reference Books
Briggs D. and Walter S.M. 1997. Plant Variation and Evolution. Cambridge University Press.
De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis E.M.F. (Jr.). 1995. Cell and Molecular Biology. Waverly Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi, India.
Sarin C. 1993. Genetics. Tata Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. 1999. Principles of Genetics. 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons. INC.
Stebbin G.L. 1979. Process of Organic Evolution. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Strickberger M.W. 1996. Genetics. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Gustafson J.P. 1984. Gene Manipulation in Plant Improvement. Plenum Press, NY, USA.
Levin B. 1998. Genes VI . Oxford University Press, London.
 Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding
Course No.: Bot. 454 Semester: V
Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2
Course objectives:
At the end of course students will able to:
 know different cytological techniques to study cell organelles.
 enable different methods of plant breeding techniques.

List of Experiments:
 Cytological techniques for study of cell organelles.
 Study of chromosome number of different species (Chromosome count).
 Mitosis –Study different stages of mitosis in onion root tip
 Meiosis- Study the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis in pollen mother cell
 Models/ photographs/charts/equipment/ chemicals

a) Any mutagen
b) Proteinsynthesis
c) DNAstructure&replication.
d) Types of RNAs (m-RNA, t-RNA)
e) Different methods of plant breeding techniques

Evolutionary and Developmental Biology

Course No.: Zool 451 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit:3

Course Objectives:
At the end of course,the students will able to:
 know the development process of a few chordates.
 accept that life arises from life and a continuity is maintained.

Evolutionary Biology: Evidences for biological evolution: Palaeontological evidences (kinds of

fossilization, determination of age of rocks and fossils, the geological time scale), Cytological,
Genetical and from Bio-geographical relations. Theories of organic evolution: Lamarckism,
Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism. Concept of adaptive radiation. Micro- and Macro-evolution. Isolation:
Pre – and Post-zygotic mechanisms. Speciation: Allopatric and Sympatric. 20 pds.

Developmental Biology: Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis. Structure of human

spermatozoa and ova. Types of animal eggs. Fertilization: Steps and importance. Patterns of cleavage
divisions. Patterns of Gastrulation. Germ layers and their derivatives and homologies. Development of
Branchiostoma (Amphioxus), Chick/Fowl and Rabbit. Placentation in mammals and functions.
25 pds.

Books:
Jordan, E.L. and Verma, P.S., Chordate Zoology & Animal Physiology latest Ed., S. Chand, New
Delhi.
Verma,P.S. and Agrawal, V.K., Cell Biology, Evolution and Ecology, Latest Ed., S. Chand & Co.,
New Delhi .
Dhami, P.S.and Dhami, J.K., A Textbook of Zoology vol. II & III. Latest Ed.,Pradeep Pub., New Delhi
1968
Balinsky,B.I. (1970),An introduction to Embryology, W.B. Saunders, London

Developmental Biology

Course No.: Zool 452 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit:2

Course Objectives : To support in understanding the theory part.

Study of embryological slides showing different stages of development of Amphioxus, Chick and
Rabbit.

Practical note book preparation as regular study.

Cell Biology, Genetics & Molecular Biology

Course No.: Zool 453 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Course Objectives :
At the end of course,the students will able to:
 describe the structure and function of all cell organelles including gene and its concept.
 understand the advancement of Molecular Biology and emerging Genomics.

Cell Biology: Structure and function of cell and its organelles (Plasma Membrane,Nucleus,
Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex, Ribosomes and Lysosomes).
Cell division (mitosis and meiosis). Chromosome structure and types (Polytene and Lambrush).
Linkage and Crossing over.
Instrumentation: Principles and uses of Optical, Phase Contrast and Electron Microscopes. 20 Pds.

Genetics, Genomics and Molecular Biology: Sex determination in animals. Sex-linked Inheritance.
Congenital abnormalities in man (Down’s syndrome, Albinism and Colour blindness).Concept of
Genomics (gene, DNA, RNA). Types of genomics (animal, plant, microbial and human). Interaction of
gene. Gene code. Gene mutation. Structure and function of DNA and RNA.
Molecular techniques: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its application. Brief introduction to
multiplex and nested PCR, PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSCP, DNA-Sequencing. 25 Pds.

Books:
Rostogi, S.C., Cell and Molecular Biology, New Age Int. (P) Ltd.Pub., New Delhi.
DeRobertis D.P. and E.M.F. De Robertis Jr., Cell and Molecular Biology, B.I.Warerly Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
 Cell Biology & Molecular Biology

Course No.: Zool 454 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

Course Objectives: To support in understanding the theory part.

Study of cytological slides showing cell organelles, stages of mitosis and meosis.

Study of Lampbrush Chromosome of any animal.

Handling of PCR. Amplification of any gene using normal, nested and multiplex PCR. RFLP and
SSCP analysis of PCR amplified genes.

Survey of certain genetic traits in man and their mode of inheritance.

Observation of recessive and dominant characters of human facial and limb structures (comparison of
class room students characteristics)

Practical note book preparation as regular study.

Seminar on any subject related topic.

Statistical Inference - II

Course No.: Stat 451 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to acquaint students with different statistical tests including
parametric, nonparametric and sequential tests with their applications in statistical inference.

Nonparametric Tests (20 Lhr)

Meaning and need for nonparametric tests, advantages and disadvantages.

Tests based upon Chisquared distribution: Test of goodness of fit, test of homogeneity and test of
independence.

One sample tests: sign test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test

Two sample tests: Median test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov two sample test, Mann Whitney U test, paired
sample sign test, Wald-Wolfowitz runs test.

K sample tests: Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman test

Problems and examples

Bayesian Inference and Decision Theory (15 Lhr)

Bayes estimation: Subjective and frequentist probability, Bayesian inference, advantage of Bayesian
approach, paradoxes in classical statistics, outline of Byesian framework, types of priors, conjugate
prior, proper and improper prior, subjective prior etc., methods of obtaining priors.
Decision Theory: Pay-off table, Opportunity loss and regret table
Decision rules: Decision under uncertainty, Laplace principle, maximin or minimax principle,
maximax or minimin principle, Hurwicz principle, savage principle
Decision under risk: Maximum likelihood principle, expectation principle
Expected opportunity loss or expected regret, expected pay-off of perfect information (EPPI)
Bayesian decision rule: Posterior analysis
Expected value of sample information (EVSI), decision trees
Utility theory: Utility as a basis for decision making, assumptions, utility function

Sequential Analysis (7 Lhr)

Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT): Definition, derivation of SPRT for testing parameters of
binomial and normal distributions, fundamental identity of Wald’s operating characteristic(OC) and
average sample number(ASN) functions.

Problems and examples

Review and discussion of overall course (3 Lhr)

References

1. Shrestha, H.B. (2009) Statistical Inference, Ekta Books

2. Rohatgi V. K. and Ehsanes Saleh, A. K. MD (2005) An Introduction to Probability and
Statistics, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Conover, W.J., Practical Non-parametric Statistics, John Wiley and Sons.
4. Ranjit, J.G., Non-parametric Statistics, Bhundipuran.
5. Rohatgi, V. K. (1984) Statistical Inference, Wiley, New York.
6. Hogg R.V and Criag, A.T. (1991) Introduction to mathematical statistics, 3rd edition, Academic
Press, USA.
7. Goon, A. M., Gupta, M.K., and Das Gupta, B. (1980): An out line of Statistical theory, Vol I
and Vol II, 6th revised edition. World Press Limited, Calcutta.
 Practical for Statistical Inference-II

Course No.: Stat 452 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

Pre-requisites: Knowledge of the topics in inferential parametric, nonparametric and sequential tests,
and the laboratory with well equipped computer facility should be arranged.

Objectives: The main objective of this course is to make students able to perform statistical tests for
decision making under different situations.

Titles of the Experiments

Sr. No. Title of the experiment No. of

exp.
1 Problems related to parametric tests 6
2 Problems related to nonparametric tests 6
3. Problems related to sequential tests 2
Total number of experiments 14

Sampling Theory

Course No.: Stat 453 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Course Objective: To familiarize students with various random sampling techniques that generates
observation data and the methods of estimation of the population mean and population total and
corresponding standard errors using the observational data.

Sample Surveys (12 Lhr)

Concepts of population and sample, need for a sample, advantages of sample survey over census, basic
steps in sampling, questionnaire design, determination of sample size, sampling and non-sampling
errors, nonrandom sampling techniques.

Sampling Techniques (20 Lhr)

Techniques of drawing random sample and estimation of population mean, population total and
variance of the estimators under the following sampling plan: Simple random sampling with and
without replacement, stratified simple random sampling, systematic sampling, probability proportional
to size (PPS with replacement) sampling.

Sampling estimators based on auxiliary information (10 Lhr)

Difference estimators, ratio and regression methods of estimation under simple and stratified random
sampling, product estimators, ratio type estimators

Review and discussion of overall course (3 Lhr)

Reference Books:
1. Mukhopadhyay, P.(1998): Theory and Methods of Survey Sampling, Prentice-Hall.
 2. Kapoor, V.K. and Gupta, S.(1993): Applied Statistics, S. Chand, New Delhi, India.
3. Cochran W. G.(1999): 3rd edition, Sampling Techniques, John Wiley and Sons.
4. Sukhatme, P. V. , Sukhatme. B. V., Sukhatme, A. C (1984) Sampling Theory of Surveys with
Application, ISAS India.
5. Des Raj (1978) Sampling Theory, McGraw Hill, New York.

Practical for Sampling Theory

Course No.: Stat 454 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

Pre-requisites: Knowledge of the topics in sampling theory, and the laboratory with well equipped
computer facility should be arranged.

Objectives: The main objective of this course is to make students able to apply different sampling
techniques in survey data.

Titles of the Experiments

Sr. No. Title of the experiment No. of

exp.
1 Determination of sample size 1
2 Simple random sampling with and without replacement 2
3. Stratified random sampling with allocation techniques 2
4. Systematic sampling 2
5. PPS sampling 1
6. Difference, ratio and regression estimation 5
Total number of experiments 13
 Linear Algebra II

Course No.: Math 451 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course Objectives :
At the end of course,the students will able to:
 define subspaces and linear transformation with examples,know about isomorphism and
equivalence relation and basis and dimensions.
 discuss about eigenvector and eigenvalues , characteristic equations and polynomials. Also
discuss about digonalization and some application on economic model and system of linear
equations.
 define the inner-product space ,orthogonality , orthogonalization process and find the distance
of a point and Hyperplane.
 state the Hermition matrice ,proof Spectral theorem and Cayley-Hamilton theorem , quadratic
forms. Also discuss about matrix factorization and Block Marices. Moreover solve the system
using iterative method .

Course Contents:
The second half of the book Linear Algebra: Theory and Applications by Ward Cheney and David
Kincaid will be the contents of this course.

1. 5. Vector Subspaces [9hrs]

5.1 Column, Row, and Null Spaces
5.2 Bases and Dimension
5.3 Coordinate Systems

2. 6. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors [10hrs]

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues
6.3 Using Determinants in Finding Eigenvalues
6.4 Linear Transformations
6.5 Distinct Eigenvalues
6.6 Bases of Eigenvectors
6.7 Application :Powers of Matrix

3. 7. INNER-PRODUCT VECTOR SPACES [12hrs]

7.1 Inner-Product Spaces
Inner-Product Spaces and Their Properties
The Norm in an Inner-Product Space
Distance Function
Mutually Orthogonal Vectors
Orthogonal Projection
Angle between Vectors
Orthogonal Complements
Orthonormal Bases
 Subspaces in Inner-Product Spaces
7.2 Orthogonality
Introduction
The Gram-Schmidt Process
Unnormalized Gram-Schmidt Algorithm
Modified Gram-Schmidt Process
Linear Least-Square Solution
Gram Matrix
Distance from a Point to a Hyperplane

4. 8 ADDITIONAL TOPICS [14hrs]

8.1 Hermitian Matrices and Self-Adjoint Mappings
Self-Adjoint Mapping
The Spectral Theorem
Unitary and Orthogonal Matrices
The Cayley - Hamilton Theorem
Quadratic Forms
8.2 Matrix Factorizations and Block Matrices
Introduction
Permutation Matrix
LU-Factorization

–Factorization :Cholesky Factorization

-Factorization

QR-Factorization
Singular-Value Decomposition(SVD)
Schur Decomposition
Partitioned Matrices
Solving a System Having a 2X2 Block Matrix
Invertin a 2X2 Block Matrix

8.3 Iterative Methods for Linear Equations

Introduction
Richardson Iterative Method
Jacobi Iterative Method
Gauss-Seidel Method
Successive Overrelaxation Method
Conjugate Gradient Method
Diagonally Dominant Matrices
Gerschgorin’sTheorem
Infinity Norms
Convergence Properties
Power Method for Computing Eigenvalues

Textbook:
Cheney, W., Kincaid, D., Linear Algebra: Theory and Applications, Jones and Bartlett India, New
Delhi.

Problems in Linear Algebra II

Course No.: Math 452 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 2
Course Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to make the concept clear about pre-memtioned topics and to make
them able to solve the problems on the related.

Course Contents:
Problems in Math 451, Linear Algebra II, form the contents of this problem solving course.
 Real Analysis I

Course No.: Math 453 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course Objectives :
At the end of course,the students will able to:
 discuss about the logic and logical proof of given problems.
 deal the real number system with properties and proof of some related theorems .
 define sequence and subsquence, convergency of sequence, proof related theorems , cluster
points and Cauchy theorem .
 explain neighbourhood, open and closed set and compact set.
 discuss limit and continuity and proof of related theorems.

Course Contents:
Bartle and Sherbert's Introductin to Real Analysis is a well-established book for elementary real
analysis. But a new book Elements of Real Analysis by Charles Denlinger has come to the market.
This book has enough material for a year long course. Logic and Proofs in Appendix A should be
carefully covered at the beginning.

1. Logic and Proofs [6hrs]

1.1 Logical connectives
1.2 Tautology and Contradiction
1.3 Quantifiers
1.4 Technique of Proof

2 The Real Number System [8hrs]

2.1 The field properties
2.2 The order properties
2.3 Natural and rational numbers
2.4 Archimedian Property
2.5 The Completeness Properties

3 Sequences [10hrs]
3.1 Convergence and Limit of sequence.
3.2 Algebra of Limit,
3.3 Inequalities and Limit
3.4 Divergence to Infinity
3.5 Monotene sequence
3.6 Subsequence,Cluster points and Cauchy sequence

4 Topology of the Real Number System [8hrs]

4.1 Neighourhood and open sets
4.2 Closed sets and Clouster points
4.3 Compact sets
4.4 The counter set
5 Limits of Functions [6hrs]
5.1 Definition of limit for function
5.2 Algebra of limit of function
5.3 Onesided limit
5.4 Limit Theorems
5.5 Infinity in limits

6. Continuous Functions [7hrs]

6.1 Continuous of a function at a point
6.2 Discontinuous and monotonic function
6.3 Continuity on compact sets and intervals
6.4 Uniform continuous

Textbook:
Denlinger, C., Elements of Real Analysis, Jones and Bartlett India, New Delhi.

Problems in Real Analysis I

Course No.: Math 454 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 2
Course Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to make the concept clear about pre-memtioned topics and to make
them able to solve the problems on the related.

Course Contents:
Problems in Math 453 Real Analysis I, form the contents of this problem solving course.
 Fundamentals of Research

Course No.: 457 Semester: V

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course objectives:
At the end of this course,the student will able to
 acquire the knowledge of basic research methods.
 know about writting research report , proposals.

-Introduction to Research: Definition, purpose, importance, steps, levels, basic types. 2Hrs

-Research Considerations: (a) Philosophy of sciences, research ethics and scientific conducts; (b)
Identification of research problems, ways of understanding problem, Criteria of a good research
problem; (c) Research objectives ( broad and specificobjectives, goals); (d) Research hypothesis
( meaning of research hypothesis, sources of hypothesis, qualities of workable hypothesis, utilities of
hypothesis); (e) Research approaches in natural sciences. 15Hrs

-Research Design and Methods: Definition, purpose, characteristics of a research design, research
methods as research designing, research instruments and safety measures, Research methods. 7Hrs

-Data Collection and Analysis: Different sources of data and information, Importance of data, sources
of errors in measurement, data collection methods (Questionnaires, interviews, survey, observations,
field sampling, field experiments, lab experiments), data recording and presentation, data analysis
(basic biostatistics) and interpretation, generalization of findings, reliability and validity of data. 15
Hrs

-Writing Research Report/ Proposal: General guidelines, General format and requirements of research
reports/proposal, G steps, literature review, References cards, Reference systems, common mistakes in
writing report/proposal, Drafting research proposal for academic purpose / for grants. 5Hrs

-Writing and Communicating Research Findings: Basic instructions for writing a research
paper/poster, Illustrations in scientific communication, Basic instruction for seminar.
3 Hrs

References:
Jha, P K , Shakya, D, Joshi,S d, Chaudhary,R P and sakya, S R. 2005.Research Methods: Concepts
and Practices. Buddha Academic Publ, Kathmandu.
Singh, M L. 1998.Understanding Research methodology. Publ. J M Singh,Kathmandu.

Kothari, C R. 1990. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques.Vishwa Prakashan,New Delhi.

Singh,S. et al. 2002. Statistical Methods for Research Workers.Kalyani Publishers, Calcutta.

Wolf, H K and Pant P R.2002. Social Science Research and Thesis Writing. Buddha Academic
Publishers, Kathmandu.
 Term Paper
Course No.: 458 Semester: V
Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 1

A project based term paper on standerd format at least of 10 pages should be written under the
supervision of subject teacher or supervisor or guide.