4/11/2021

P8\u/ 8]nsf] sf]g ckm nlg{ª -!(^)_ cg';f/ -l;sfO lk/fld8_

Average Retention Rate
Lecture 5%
Reading 10%
Audio-Visual 20%
%= lzIf0f ljlw / ;fdu|Lx? Demonstration 30%
Discussion Group 50%
Practice by Doing 75%

Teach others/Immediate use of Learning 90%

lzIf0f ljlw lzIf0f ljlw

lzIf0f ljlwsf] cjwf/0ff
• hf]g l8j] M s'g} lgisif{ k|fKt ug{sf nflu s]xL ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]udf Nofpg h'g af6f] lzIf0f ljlwsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿
ckgfOG5, To;nfO{ g} lzIf0f ljlw elgG5 .
• kf7sf] p2]Zo
• Dictionary of Education M lzIf0fsf l;4fGt / lzIf0f ljlwx¿ eGg' g}
Pedagogy xf] . • ljifoj:t' tyf kf7sf] k|s[lt
• Oxford Dictionary M lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] cWoog ug'{ g} Pedagogy xf] . • ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, :t/, :jefj tyf pd]/
• lzIf0f ljlw k7gkf7gdf cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg lzIf0f snfx¿sf] cWoog ug]{
lj1fg xf] . of] Pp6f snfsf] ¿kdf lasl;t x'b} uPsf] 5 . • ef}lts ;'ljwf÷sIffsf]7fsf] cj:yf
• of] zAb lzIf0f / ljlw zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] xf] . lzIf0f eg]sf] k9fO{ xf] / ljlw eg]sf] • z}lIfs ;fdu|L
t/Lsf xf] .
• lzIf0f ljlw eg]sf] Pp6f o:tf] snf xf], hf] k7g kf7g ug]{ k|lqmof xf] . • lzIfssf] bIftf÷sfo{af]em
• tf]lsPsf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ lzIfsn] ckgfpg] sIff lqmofsnfk xf] . • ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof cflb .
• lzIfssf] k|:t'tLs/0fsf] 9fFrf xf] .
• lzIf0f ljlw k|lqmofx¿sf] Tof] Jojl:yt ;+/rgf xf], h;df ;do / kl/l:yltsf]
dfucg';f/ ljleGg k|ljlw tyf tl/sfx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

lzIf0f ljlw lzIf0f ljlwsf] juL{s/0f

!= lzIfss]lGb|t @= ljBfyL{s]lGb|t #= cGtlqm{of ljlw $= gf6sLo %=;fdu|Ls]lG
lzIf0f ljlwsf ljz]iftfx¿ ljlw ljlw ljlw b|t ljlw
• ;xeflutf  JofVofg ljlw  k|of]ufTds ljlw  5nkmn ljlw  e"ldsf  ;fgf
 k|bz{g ljlw  vf]h ljlw  k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw lgjf{x k|bz{gx¿
• ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf
 cfudg /  ;d:of ;dfwfg  ;f]wk'5 ljlw ljlw  tl:a/
• :jMWofognfO{ k|f]T;fxg lgudg ljlw ljlw  ;fgf] ;d"x  gf6sLs k|bz{g
• j}1flgs b[li6sf]0f  z}lIfs e|d0f a}7s ljlw /0f  s7k'tnL
ljlw  d"No ljlw k|bz{g
• k|]/0ffd"ns  JolQmut cWoog juL{s/0f
• lzIfs Ifdtfcg's"n ljlw ljlw
 ;j]{If0f ljlw  ;"Id lzIf0f
• kf7sf] k|s[ltcg's"n .
 ;fgf cfof]hgf - ljlw
kl/of]hgf_ ljlw  ;d"x lzIf0f
 k|bz{gL ljlw

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lzIf0f ljlw lzIf0f ljlw

lzIfss]lGb|t ljlwdf ljBfyL{sl] Gb|t ljlw
• lzIfssf] e"ldsf k|d'v x'G5 . • ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf k|d'v x'G5 .
• lzIf0f l;sfOsf] d'Vo ;|f]t lzIfs x'G5 . • lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ?lr, cfjZostfcg';f/ ljBfyL{ a9L ;lqmo
• lzIfs ljBfyL{eGbf a9L ;lqmo x'G5 . x'G5g\ .
• lzIf0fsf] clwsf+z lqmofsnfkdf lzIfssf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 . • sIff lqmofsnfkdf ljBfyL{ a9L ;+nUg x'G5g\ .
• ljBfyL{n] u/]/ l;Sg] (Learning by doing) l;4fGtdf l;Sg]
u5{g\ .
• ljBfyL{ :jtGq x'G5g\ .
• ljBfyL{ cfkm\gf]–cfkm\gf] cg's"ncg';f/ JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kn] sfo{
u5{g\ .
• lzIfs a9L ;xof]uL dfq x'G5g\ .

lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw

!= k|jrg jf JofVofg ljlw
• lzIfsn] cfjZostfcg';f/ aofg ug{], JofVof ug{] / ljleGg pbfx/0fx¿
lbO{ ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{], ljBfyL{x¿n] Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] / dgg
ug{] ljlwnfO{ JofVofg ljlw elgG5 .
• o; ljlwdf ljBfyL{n] Wofg lbP/ ;'Gof]÷;'g]g, a'em\of]÷a'em]g, ljBfyL{sf]
k|ltlqmof s] 5 eGg] s'/fdf eGbf lzIfsn] cfˆgf] ljifoj:t' k|:t't ug{] /
JofVof ug{] s'/fdf Wofg lbG5g\ .
• o; ljlwdf lzIfs a9L ;lqmo x'g] ePsfn]] o; ljlwnfO{ lzIfss]lGb|t
ljlw elgG5 .
JofVofg ljlwsf] k|of]u
• df}lvs ¿kdf >f]tfnfO{ s'g} ljifo;DaGwL ;"rgf k|bfg ug{
• sIffdf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof a9L ePdf
• sd ;dodf k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug'{kg]{ ePdf
• kf7sf] ;f/f+z atfpg'k/]df
• b]v], ;'g]sf s'/fx¿sf] j0f{g ug'{k/]df
• ljifoj:t'sf] j0f{g jf JofVof ug'{k/]df .

lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw

JofVofg ljlwsf] of]hgf, tof/L / k|lqmofut r/0fx¿ @= k|bz{g ljlw
• ;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6 • ;fdu|L jf lqmofsnfksf] k|bz{gåf/f lzIf0f ul/g] ljlwnfO{ k|bz{g ljlw
elgG5 .
• ;|f]t ljBfyL{sf] :jefj / k|j[lQsf] hfgsf/L
• o; ljlwdf lZfIfsn] k|bz{g u/]sf] Jojxf/, lqmofsnfk jf ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
• ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'ltsf nflu tof/L cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿n] gofF Jojxf/ jf ljrf/ k|fKt u5{g\ .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ • o; ljlwdf lzIfsn] ljifoj:t'sf] kl/ro k|:t't u/L cfjZos lgb]{zg
• qmda4 k|:t'ltsf nflu tof/L lbPkl5 ;fdu|Lsf] k|bz{g u/]/ To;nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ qmddf cfjZos
• t'ngf / ;dGjo JofVof ub}{ hfg'k5{ .
• o; ljlwdf ljBfyL{x¿ k|ToIf ¿kdf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg geO{ s]jn x]g{]
• xfpefp k|s6 u/]/ JofVofg lbg] . / ;'Gg] sfo{ u/]sf x'G5g\ .
• k|bz{g ljlwnfO{ -s_ b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|bz{g / -v_ k|lqmofsf] k|bz{g u/L
b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

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lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw

k|bz{g ljlwsf] k|of]u k|bz{g ljlwsf] of]hgf, tof/L / k|lqmofut r/0fx¿
o; ljlwsf] k|of]u lgDglnlvt cj:yfdf x'G5 M– • ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6
• jf:tljs j:t' ;'ne ePsf] / tLaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{ ePdf • tof/L
• jf:tljs j:t'sf] lrgf/L, sfo{ / pkof]lutf lzIfsnfO{ /fd|/L yfxf ePdf • k"jf{Eof;
• pko'St a:g] 7fpF / a;fO ePsf] ePdf • lrgf/L
• ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'ltsf nflu k|bz{g ug}{kg]{ ePdf . • k|:t'lt
• 5nkmn .

lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw

k|bz{g ljlwsf ;an kIf
!_ k|bz{g ljlwsf] pko'Qm k|of]uaf6 l;sfO ?lrs/, l56f] / lbuf] aGb5 .
@_ yf/} ;dodf w]/} ljBfyL{nfO{ k|bz{gåf/f l;sfpg ;lsG5 .
#_ ljleGg k|lzIf0f tyf tflnddf pkof]uL dflgG5 .
$_ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] t'ngfdf sd vlr{nf] x'G5 .
%_ ;fd"lxs lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|bz{g ljlwsf ;Lldttf
!_ of] ljlw cg's/0fdf dfq cfwfl/t x'g] x'Fbf ljBfyL{x¿df df}lnstfsf]
ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g .
@_ lzIfsn] u/]sf] k|bz{g /fd|f] gePdf l;sfO k|efjsf/L aGg ;Sb}g .
#_ k|bz{gsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L h'6fpg sl7g k5{ . ;a} kf7 / ljifodf
o; ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsFb}g .
$_ k|bz{gsf nflu lzIfsdf ljz]if bIftfsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
%_ o; ljlwdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] e"ldsf Go"g /xg] x'G5 .
^_ tnsf sIffdf afx]s dflyNnf sIffdf of] ljlwsf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L x'F'b}g .

cGt/lqmofTds ljlw lzIf0f ljlw

!= k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwsf] of]hgf, tof/L / k|lqmofut r/0fx¿
• ;'s/ftåf/f k|ltkflbt ljlw xf] k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw . o;sf] csf]{ gfd ;f]qm]l6s ljlw xf] .
• ljifoj:t'sf] kl/ro lbO{ ljBfyL{ / lzIfsaLr ljleGg k|Zg / pQ/x¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg
• k|Zgf]Q/sf nflu pko'Qm kf7 5gf]6 ug]{
u/L lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{ ;~rfng x'g] ljlw g} k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw xf] . • ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k"j{;"rgf lbg]
• o; ljlwdf lzIfsn] sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg k|Zgx¿ ub} pgLx¿af6 pQ/ lng]
/ unt pQ/ cfPdf ;RofpFb} lzIf0f k|lqmof ;~rfng ub{5g\ . • k|Zgx¿sf] tof/L ug]{
• k|Zgf]Q/sf] ;'?df ljifoj:t'sf] kl/ro lbg klg ;lsG5 . k|Zg ;f]Wg] qmddf • k|Zgf]Q/ / ljlwsf] k|:t'lt ug]{
ljifoj:t'nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ s]xL ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u, k|bz{g jf JofVof ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
• o; ljlwnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ kQf nufpg, kf7k|lt ?lr hfu[t u/fpg, • k|fKt pQ/sf] t'ngf, ljZn]if0f / lgisif{ lgsfnL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hfgsf/L
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] d"Nof+sg ug{, kf7 bf]xf]¥ofpg, ljBfyL{df ;f]Rg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] .
u/fpg, ljifoj:t'sf] cEof; u/fpg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ljBfyL{df lh1f;f, vf]hL, lj:t[t cWoog, ljrf/f]Tkfbg / k|Zgf]Q/ snfsf] ljsf; ug{
k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
• APPLE Technique -A=ask question in group, P = pause a
while, P= pick up student, l =listen carefully, E =
evaluation and feedback sf] k|of]u

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k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwsf ;an kIfx¿
• ljBfyL{sf] dfgl;s Pj+ z}lIfs:t/ kQf nufpg ;xof]u u5{ .
• ljBfyL{x¿df k9fOk|ltsf] ?lr / lh1f;f a9fpF5 .
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;hu / ;lqmo agfpF5 .
• ljBfyL{df lrGtg ug{] / l;h{gfTds ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 .
• k|fylds / dfWolds sIffdf a9L pkof]uL dflgG5 .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf Ps cfk;sf cleJolQmx¿ cfbfgk|bfg x'g] ub{5g\ .
• ljBfyL{x¿df k9\g] afgLsf] ljsf; x'g hfG5 .
k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwsf ;Lldttfx¿
• dflyNnf sIffx¿df o; ljlwnfO{ Tolt k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsFb}g .
• k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw ;a} cj:yfdf cfsif{s gx'g ;S5 .
• k|Zgx¿ rfvnfUbf / ?lrsf/ aGg g;s]df lzIf0f ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g .
• o; ljlwn] kf7sf] k"0f{ efunfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g .
@= 5nkmn ljlw
• s'g} ljifo, ;d:of jf k|Zgdf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ljrf/sf] cfbfg–k|bfg ul/g]
ljlwnfO{ 5nkmn ljlw elgG5 .
• o; ljlwdf s'g} ljifo, k|Zg jf ;d:ofx¿ k|:t't u/L To;df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
;d"x–;d"xdf, Pp6} ;d"xdf jf kIf–ljkIf eP/ 5nkmn ug{ / ljrf/ /fVg
nufO{ 5nkmnaf6 lgisif{ lgsflng] ul/G5 .
• 5nkmndf cfkm\gf] k"j{cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿ cfkm}F ;xefuL x'G5g\ eg]
lzIfs ;xof]uL dfq x'G5 .
• 5nkmnsf nflu sIffsf ljBfyL{sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;d"xnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /fv]/ klg
;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
5nkmnsf k|sf/
• lrq 5nkmn M s'g} lrqnfO{ cYof{pg ul/g] 5nkmn
• ;d:ofd"ns 5nkmn M s'g} ;d:of jf 36gfsf] lgSof}{nsf nflu ul/g] 5nkmn
• ljifoj:t'hGo 5nkmn M s'g} ljifoj:t' l;sfOsf nflu ul/g] 5nkmn .

5nkmn ljlwsf ;an kIf

5nkmn ljlwsf] of]hgf, tof/L / k|lqmofut r/0fx¿
• ;d"x ljefhg / ;d"x g]tf tyf l/kf]6{/sf] rog
• ljifoj:t'÷;d:of÷36gfsf] 5gf]6, kl/ro / ;d"xdf ljt/0f
• k|:t'lt jf 5nkmn ;~rfng
• ;d"x k|ltj]bg / k|:t'tLs/0f
• lgisif{ .
• ;xefuLx¿aLr ljrf/x¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg
• :jtGq ¿kdf cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoQm ug]{ df}sf
• nf]stflGqs k|lqmof / cEof;
• ljBfyL{ ;lqmo ;xefuL, lzIfs ;xof]uL
• d}qLk"0f{ / ;xof]ufTds ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfk, :j:y k|lt:kwf{
• g]t[Tj Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
• tfls{s Pjd\ l;h{gfTds cleJolQmsf] ljsf;
• tYof+s / pbfx/0fx¿ ;+sng ug{ / ltgnfO{ qmda4 tl/sfn] JoQm ug{
;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
• lzIfsnfO{ ;lhnf], 5nkmnaf6 l;s]sf] s'/f lr/:yfoL .

5nkmn ljlwsf ;Ldfx¿ ;d"x lgdf{0fsf tl/sfx?

• ;d"x 5nkmn lgoGq0f / ljifoj:t'eGbf aflx/ hfg ;Sg] • Ifdtf ;d"x
• JoQm ljrf/x¿ t'?Gt l6Kg ufX|f]÷;do a9L nfUg] • ldl>t Ifdtf ;d"x
• ;a} ljifoj:t'df 5nkmn pko'Qm gx'g] • ?lr ;d"x
• w]/} 5nkmn, yf]/} pknlAw / tF tF tyf d d klg x'g ;Sg] • ;fdflhs ;d"x
• ;d"x lgdf{0f ubf{ pko'Qm 5gf]6 geP 5nkmn k|efjsf/L gx'g] • pd]/ ;d"x
• ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] a/fa/L ¿kdf efu lng g;Sg] • ef}uf]lns ;d"x
• ;a} ;xefuLx¿sf ljrf/ s]nfP/ ;femf ljrf/ lgsfNg sl7g . • n}+lus ;d"x

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ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ljlw lzIf0f ljlw

vf]h ljlw lgb]{lzt vf]h ljlwsf] k|lqmofut r/0f
• s'g} ;d:of jf ljifoj:t'df vf]h u/]/ To;sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg] / • vf]hL ug]{ ljifoj:t' jf ;d:ofsf] 5gf]6
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ vf]hL ug]{ ljlwnfO{ vf]h ljlw elgG5 . • ljifoj:t' klxrfg
• vf]h ljlwdf ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwdf h:t} s'g} ;d:of jf ljifoj:t' • cfwf/e"t tTjsf] vf]hL
k|:t't u/L lzIfssf] lgb]{zgdf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ • vf]haf6 k|fKt tYof+sx¿sf] ;+sng, juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0f
kQf nufpF5g\ .
• vf]hsf] lgisif{ ;Dkfbg
• sIffdf k|:t'lt .

lzIf0f ljlw lzIf0f ljlw

vf]h ljlwsf ;antf÷pkof]lutf÷k|of]hg vf]h ljlwsf ;Lldttf
• af}l4s Ifdtf a9\g]
• lzIfssf ;fy} ;xefuL ljBfyL{x¿sf] klg pRr af}l4s Ifdtf x'g h?/L
• cfTd;Gt'li6 / pTk|]/0ff ldNg]
• ;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] ;lqmo / a/fa/L ¿kdf efu glng]
• :d/0fzlQm a9\g]
• vf]hsf] tl/sf l;Sg] • tu8f / ;lqmo ljBfyL{n] dfq a9L kmfObf lng ;Sg]
• ljBfyL{sf] lrGtg, ljZn]if0ffTds, l;h{gfTdstf / tfls{s ;f]rfOsf] • ;d"xdf cg'zf;g sfod ug{ sl7g
clej[l4 • tNnf] txsf sIffx¿df pkof]uL gx'g]
• ;d:ofnfO{ a'em\g, kl/eflift ug{ / ;Ldf+sg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; • vlr{nf, ;do a9L nfUg ;Sg] cflb .
• ljBfyL{ :jod\sf] ;lqmotf
• l;s]sf] s'/f lr/:yfoL x'g]
• Jofjxfl/s 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg .

lzIf0f ljlw lzIf0f ljlw

;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwsf] of]hgf, tof/L / k|lqmofut r/0fx¿
 ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwsf] ljsf; hf]g l8j]n] u/]sf . • ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / :ki6Ls/0f
 ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] cy{ æsf/0fÆ / æk|efjÆsf] ;DaGw :yfkgf eP/ gofF l;4fGtsf]
lgdf{0f x'g' xf] . • kl/sNkgfsf] lgdf{0f
• lzIfsn] kf7;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] kl/ro lbg], ljBfyL{x¿n] ;d:of • tYof+s ;+sng
;dfwfgsf lgod / l;4fGtsf] k|of]u u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/g] • tYof+ssf] k|:t'lt
ljlwnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw elgG5 . • kl/sNkgfsf] k/LIf0f
• o; ljlwn] ljBfyL{x¿df ts{k"0f{ ljrf/åf/f cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ • ;f/f+z÷lgisif{ ;Dkfbg
;dfwfg ug]{ ;Lksf] ljsf;, afnsdf lrGtgzLntfsf] ljsf; /
• lgisif{sf] k|of]u .
cfTdljZjf;sf] efjgf hfu[t u/fp“5 .

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lzIf0f ljlw ;an kIf÷lsg k|of]u <

hf]g l8j]sf cg';f/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwsf r/0fx? • ljBfyL{df ;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' / k':tsx¿ k9\g], tYo
-!_ ;d:ofsf] kl/ro ;+sng ug]{ afgL a9\g]
-@_ ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f • gofF 1fgsf] vf]hL ug]{, gofF ljrf/ l;h{gf ug]{ Ifdtf / k|j[lQsf] ljsf;
-#_ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, tYox¿sf] ;+sng, ;+u7g / d"Nof+sg • ljZn]if0ffTds Pjd\ tfls{s ;f]rfOsf] ljsf;
-$_ kl/sNkgf lgdf{0f / k/LIf0f • ;d:ofnfO{ a'em\g, kl/eflift ug{ / ;Ldf+sg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
-%_ lgisif{ / k|of]u • cTolws ljBfyL{ ;lqmotf
• ;d:ofk|lt ;r]t / l;sfOk|lt hfu?s
• l;s]sf] s'/f pRr:t/Lo / lr/:yfoL
• Jofjxfl/s hLjgsf ;d:ofsf] d'sfljnf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
• cfk;L ;xof]u, w}o{, ;lxi0f'tf h:tf ;fdflhs u'0fx¿sf] ljsf;
• lh1f;f pTkGg ug]{ k|efjsf/L ljlw .

36gf cWoog jf dfdnf cWoog

;Lldttf
• ;xL ;"rgf k|fKt x'g g;s] ;d:ofeGbf aflx/ hfg] vt/f
• lstfaafx]s cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u gu0o
• s]xL lglZrt 5fq5fqf dfq ;lqmo x'g]
• ;do a9L nfUg]
• sIff÷;d"x lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ ;d:of cflb .
• dfdnf cWoogsf]] k|of]u ;j{k|yd Frederic Le play (1829) n]
;fdflhs lj1fg cGtu{t kfl/jfl/s ah]6sf] cWoogsf ;Gbe{df u/]sf]
dflgG5 .
• s'g} JolQm, ;+u7g, 36gf jf sfo{qmdsf ;DaGwdf of]hgfa4 ?kdf ul/g]
ulx/f] cWoog÷cg';Gwfg xf] .
• ;'Id ?kdf lj:t[t cWoog Pjd\ ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;'wf/sf
pkfox? k|:t't ug]{ sfo{ xf] .
• of] Ps lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs dfO{qmf];sf]kn] ulxl/P/ x]g]{ / h] b]lvG5 Tof]
l6kf]6 ug]{ sfo{ xf] .
• a}olQms cg';Gwfg /0fgLlt xf] .

• dfdnf cWoogsf] ;fdflhs lj1fgdf a9L k|of]u ul/G5 .

• o;n] P]ltxfl;s cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L u/fpF5 .
dfdnf cWoog / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfglar leGgtf
• u'0ffTds cWoog jf cg';Gwfg xf] . ;d:of
• sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] l;sfOsf j|mddf b]lvPsf ;d:of :fdfwfg ug{sf
nflu ;DalGwt JolStnfO{ g} lhDd]af/ agfpF5 eg] dfdnf cWoogdf ;d:ofsf sf/0fx? dfdnf
b]lvPsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ;'emfj dfqf lbOG5 . cWoog
• o;df ;DalGwt JolSt jf lzIfssf] ;+nUgtf geO cGo lgsfoaf6 ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
ul/G5 eg] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug]{ JolStn] g} ub{5 . sfo{d"ns
cg';Gwfg pkfox?sf] k/LIf0f
• dfdnf cWoogdf kl/df0ffTds kl/sNkgf ul/b}g .
• dfdnf cWoognfO{ cjf:tljs, a9L ;fdfGo / cg';Gwfgstf{sf]
k"jf{u|xsf] a9L k|efj kg]{ egL cfnf]rgf ug]{ ul/G5 . ;d:of ;dfwfg

cEof;df kl/jt{g

6
 4/11/2021

dfdnf cWoogsf] cfjZostf÷dxTTj dfdnf cWoogsf r/0fx?

– jf:tlas ;d:of klxrfg ug{ – zLif{ssf] 5gf]6
– s'g} klg ;F:yf÷If]qsf] ulx/f] cWoog ug{ – p4]Zosf] lgwf{/0f
– k];fut Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ – cWoogsf] ljlw
– u'0ffTds cWoog ug{ – cWoogsf] If]qsf] lgSof]{n
– ;fwg÷k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f
– b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L PsfO{ larsf] t'ngfTds cWoog
– ;"rgf÷tYofÍ ;Íng
ug{
– tYofÍsf] k|:t'tLs/0f tyf ljin]if0f
– cg';Gwfgd'vL hgzlQmsf] lasf; ug{
– lgisif{sf] ;fdfGoLs/0f / k|ltj]bg
– ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ l;ksf] lasf; ug{

dfdnf cWoogsf r/0fx? ;j]{If0f ljlw

University of Texas sf cg';f/ dfdnf cWoogsf cjwf/0ff
r/0fx? -^ r/0f_ • lzIf0fnfO{ cjnf]sg jf lg/LIf0f k|0ffnLaf6 ;DkGg u/fpg] ljlwnfO{ ;j]{If0f
ljlw elgG5 ,
• cg';Gwfg k|Zgsf] lgwf{/0f / JofVof • of] ljlw ;fdflhs / j}1flgs l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] dflgG5 .
• 36gfsf] 5gf]6 tyf tYof+s ;+sng ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] • o; ljlwnfO{ Sample Survey lzIf0f ljlw klg eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lgwf{/0f • of] lzIf0f ljlw ;j]{If0f cg';Gwfg -Survey Research_ ljlwdf cfwfl/t
5.
• tYof+s ;+sng ljlw
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ljleGg ljifo jf kf7df k|ZgfjnL, cGtjf{tf{, 5nkmn,
• tYofÍ ;Íng tyf k|:t'tLs/0f cjnf]sg jf lg/LIf0f u/L ;d:ofsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg] ljlwnfO{ ;j]{If0f
lzIf0f ljlw elgG5 .
• tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;DalGwt If]qdf uO{ cfkm\g} lqmofsnfkaf6 tYof+s ;+sng
• k|ltj]bg tof/L u/L lgisif{df k'Ug ;j]I{ f0f ljlwn] xf};nf k|bfg ub{5 .

;j]{If0f ljlw ;j]{If0f ljlw

;j]{If0f ljlwsf r/0fx? ;j]I{ f0f ljlwsf] k|of]u
-!_;d:ofsf] kl/efiff ;j]I{ f0f ljlwsf] k|of]u ;fdfGotof lgDg sfdsf nflu ul/G5 M
• u0fgf ;j]I{ f0f
-@_hg;+Vof of]h] gf
• gd"gf ;j]I{ f0f
-#_tflnsfsf] lgdf{0f • ;fdflhs ;j]I{ f0f
-$_tYof+ssf] ;+sng • dgf]j}1flgs ;j]I{ f0f
-%_tYof+s ljZn]if0f • ;/sf/L ;j]I{ f0f
-^_k|ltj]bg k|:t'lt • lghL ;j]I{ f0f
• uf]Ko ;j]I{ f0f

7
 4/11/2021

;j]{If0f ljlw ;j]{If0f ljlw

;j]{If0f ljlwsf ;jn kIfx?
• ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds b'j} ljifox?df ;j]I{ f0f ljlwnfO{ tYof+s
;+sng ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf o; ljlwnfO{ ;a} ljifodf pkof]uL
dflgG5 .
• ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgdf o;sf] k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 .
• o; ljlwn] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] jf:tljs tYo ;+sng ub{5 .
• ;j]I{ f0f ljlwnfO{ ldtJooL ljlw dflgG5 .
;j]{If0f ljlwsf ;Lldttfx?
• ;j]I{ f0faf6 k|fKt ;"rgfnfO{ ;txL ;"rgf dflgG5 . o;sf]
ljZj;lgotf / j}wtf sd x'G5 .
• of] ljlwdf ;do / vr{ w]/} nfU5 .
• ;j]I{ f0f ljlwsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lhnf] 5}g / sIff lzIf0fdf
o;sf] k|of]u ug{ Hofb} sl7g x'G5 jf ;Dej x'Fb}g .
• o; ljlwdf j:t'lgi7tf sd x'G5 .
• lzIfs cg';Gwfg sfo{df bIf / lgk"0f{ ePdf dfq of] ljlw ug{
;Dej x'G5 .
• tNnf sIffx?df o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsFb}g .

lzIf0f ;fdu|L
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro
• lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ Jofjxfl/s / p2]Zod"ns agfpg
lzIf0f ;fdu|L / o;sf] juL{s/0f lzIf0f sfo{df k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|LnfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L elgG5 .
• z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ klg ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . o:tf
;fdu|LnfO{ k9\g ;lsg], x]g{ ;lsg], ;'Gg ;lsg] / ;'Gg tyf x]g{
;lsg] u/L ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
 sGkm\o';; M æPp6f lrqn] Ps xhf/ zAb a/fa/sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .Æ
 lrlgofF pvfg 5 M "I hear, I forget, I see I remember and
I do, I learn"

lzIf0f ;fdu|L lzIf0f ;fdu|L

By Ronald Berks after two weeks we tend to sf]a'g -Cobun_ n] ;g\ !(^* df u/]sf] cWoogn] ljleGg 1fg]lGb|odfkm{t x'g]
remember l;sfOsf] dfqf lgDgfg';f/ x'G5 M
• 10% of what we read text  b[li6dfkm{t M *#Ü
 >j0fdfkm{t M !!Ü
• 20% of what we hear (listen to lecture)  uGwdfkm{t M #=%Ü
• 30 % of what we see (looking at picture)  :kz{dfkm{t M !=%Ü
• 50% of what we see and hear (watching movie )  :jfbdfkm{t M !Ü
• 70% of what we say (discussion, talk, write)
• 90% of what we say and do (Participation in
drama, perform task, doing a .....)

8

lzIf0f ;fdu|L
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] dxŒj
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkk|lt ?lr hufpF5 .
• ljifoj:t' :ki6;Fu a'‰g d2t u5{ .
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfOsf nflu clek|]l/t u5{ .
• lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ /f]rs / ;'ud agfpF5 .
• l;sfO Jofjxfl/s / ;fy{s x'G5 .
• l;sfOnfO{ lbuf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xof]u u5{ .
• ljBfyL{x¿df ;[hgfTdstfsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 .
• lzIfssf] lzIf0f ;Lkdf clej[l4 x'G5 .
• lzIfssf] lzIf0f ;dofjlwsf] jrt x'G5 .
lzIf0f ;fdu|L
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf k|sf/x¿ -z}Ifl0fs k|ljlwsf] b[li6sf]0fn]_
-!_ Hardware M sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|L geP/ ;fdu|L
k|of]u ug]{ dfWod h:t} M n]Vg] kf6L, k|bz{g kf6L, uf]hL kfqf], km\nfl6g
af]8{, OHP cflb .
-@_ Software M o:tf ;fdu|L h;nfO{ Hardware dfkm{t
k|:t't ul/G5 . h:t} M lrq, rf6{, u|fkm, df]8]n, ˆnf;sf8{
cflb .
-#_ Mindware M o; zAbsf] k|of]u ;j{k|yd Karen O.
Solomon (1999) n] u/]sf . hj JolQmn] ljrf/, zAb cflb k|of]u
u/]/ l;sf?sf] wf/0ffdf :ki6tf NofpF5 eg] o;nfO{ Mindware
elgg] .
lzIf0f ;fdu|L
z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]usf l;4fGtx?
• z}lIfs ;fdu|LnfO{ l;sfOsf] Pp6f ;fwgsf ¿kdf lng'k5{ .
• s'g} klg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu
ug'{k5{ .
• z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ;ts{tfsf ;fy ug'{k5{ .
• k|To]s ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u bIftfsf ;fy ug'{k5{ .
• k|To]s z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] gofF s'/f l;Sg hfu[t ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .
• z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f, ;+sng / k|of]udf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg
;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ .
• z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]ukZrft\ o;nfO{ lglZrt :yfgdf ;'/lIft;fy
/fVg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
4/11/2021
lzIf0f ;fdu|L
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf k|sf/x¿ -;fdfGo juL{s/0f jf ;fdu|Ln] ug]{ ;Dk|]if0f ljlwsf
cfwf/df_
-!_ >Jo ;fdu|L M /]l8of], 6]k/]s8{/, u|fdf]kmf]g cflb .
-@_ b[Zo ;fdu|L M jf:tljs j:t', gd'gf, lrq, u|fkm rf6{,
k\mnfl6g af]8{, kf]:6/, lagfcfjfhsf rnlrqx¿ cflb k5{g\ .
-#_ >Job[Zo ;fdu|L M l;g]df, 6]lnlehg h:tf ;fdu|Lx¿
k5{g\ .
-$_ d'lb|t ;fdu|L M k':ts, kqklqsf cflb .
lzIf0f ;fdu|L
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf k|sf/x¿ -Edger Dale sf] juL{s/0f_
-!_ k|ToIf cg'ej : k|ToIf cg'ej;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|L x¿ h:t} M If]q e|d0f,
JolQmut cg'ej, k|of]u, ;L;L6LeL cflb .
-@_ k|If]k0f ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿: k|sfzsf] ls/0f k|of]u u/]/ s'g] j:t'sf] k|ltljDa
kbf{df k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof h:t} M lkmNd, OHP, :nfO8 cflb .
-#_k|If]k0f gul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿: 1fg]lGb|odfkm{t k|ToIf ¿kdf g} cg'ej ul/g], h'g
jf:tljs j:t' geP/ gd'gfdfq x'g\ . h:t} M kl/b[Zo, ultzLn df]8]n, l:y/
df]8]n, k|bz{g kf6L, rf6{ cflb .
-$_ zAbx¿ M lnlvt dfWod k|of]u u/]/ ;~rf/ ug]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ . logLx¿sf]
;Dk|]if0f / ;~rf/sf] Ifdtf t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;a}eGbf sd x'G5 . h:t}M sfnf]kf6L,
zflAbs ;~rf/ cflb .
Thank you