g]kfn ;/sf/

/fli6«o k'glg{df0f k|flws/0f

l;+xb/af/,sf7df8f}+

cfjf; k'glg{df{0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t

aGg] 3/x?sf] nflu
lg/LIf0f tflnd

;q !=$M uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] nflu k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt

/ kmf/fd

1
of] ;qsf] cGTodf ;xefuLn] lgDg s'/f yfxf kfpF5g\ .

lg/LIf0fsf] cfjZostf
lg/LIf0f :t/
lg/LIf0f ug]{ tl/sf
uf/f]jfnf 3/ agfpbf Wofg
lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?

2
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd
lg/LIf0f

lg/LIf0fsf] cfjZostf
ejgnfO{ e"sDk k|lt/f]wL agfpg .
k"g lgdf{0f sfo{qmdnfO{ cema9L k|efjsf/L agfpg .
cg'bfgsf] /sdnfO{ plrt 9+un] k|of]u ug{ .
lgdf{0f eO{;s]sf] ejgnfO{ e"sDk k|lt/f]wL agfpg .

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 3

lg/LIf0f :t/
clGtd lg/LIf0f
;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f sfo{
;DkGg eP kZrft\
låtLo lg/LIf0f
5fgf 5fpg] k§Lsf] lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;DkGg eP kZrft\
k|yd lg/LIf0f
s';L{ k§Lsf] lgdf{0f
;DkGg eP kZrft\
Ps tNn] uf/f]jfnf ejg

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 4

lg/LIf0f :t/
clGtd lg/LIf0f
;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f sfo{
;DkGg eP kZrft\

låtLo lg/LIf0f
klxnf] tNnfsf] e'O{
5fO;s]kl5
k|yd lg/LIf0f
s';L{ k§Lsf] lgdf{0f
;DkGg eP kZrft\ b'O{ tNn] uf/f]jfnf ejg

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 5

k|yd lg/LIf0f

lgdf{0f :ynsf] rog

Efjgsf] cfsf/ k|sf/ / gfk
lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L
hu
7f8f] ;anLs/0f
s';L]{ ;tx -l8=lk=l;_ lad
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 6
lgdf{0f :ynsf] lg/LIf0f
SMM, SMC, BMM, BMC
Go"gtd dfkb08
g+ ju{ ljj/0f kfngf ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL
5 5}g
k|yd lg/LIf0f

ef}]ule{{s lr/f k/]sf] 7fpF . □ □

le/fnf] If]q > @)o □ □
klx/f] hfg ;Sg] If]q □ □
lgdf{0f :ynsf]
GfbLsf] au/ jf l;d;f/ 7fpF □ □
! 5gf]6
9'Ëf ´g]{ 7fp‘ □ □
lgDg :yfg af6
t/nLs/0f x'g ;Sg] 7fp‘ □ □
6f9f x'g'k5{ .
Dff6f] e/]sf] jf k'?jf df6f] ePsf]
□ □
:yfg

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 7

Efjgsf] cfsf/ k|sf/ / gfk
SMC BMM SMM
BMC
Go"
Go"ggtd
td dfkb08
dfkb08
l6Kk0fL
g+g+ ju{
ju{ ljj/0f
ljj/0f kfngf ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL
kfngf ul/Psf]
5
5 5}
5}gg
k|yd lg/LIf0f

b'k|k|Oaa{ lnt
tNnf9nfg
lnt
a9LdftNnf Ps/
Ps
9nfg/ a'O{un ;Dd
tNnf ;+Vof a9Ldfk§L b'O{ tNnf tNnf
a'O{u/n/a'Oa'{uO;Dd
{unn □ □
eGbf
k§L a9L x'g'x'Fb}g\ .
tNnf ;+Vof Ps tNnf ;Dd
l;ldt □ □
tNnf ;+Vof sf7sf]
$=% ld= -!$Ú(æ_ □ □
l;ldt
Ps tNnf eGbf ;Dd
sf]7fsf] nDafO{ a9Ldf
k|alnt k§L
sf7sf] $=% ld= -!$Ú(æ_ □ □
a9L x'g'x'Fb}g\ . l;ldt
Efjgsf] cfsf/ k|alnt k§L
@ a9Ldf
uf/f] sf] !#=% ju{=ld=
df]6fOsf] !@ -!$%=#
u'0ff /
gfk sf]7fsf] gfk $=% sld=
k|sf/ /cfsf/
Efjgsf] □
□ □
□
@ Efjgsf] cfsf/ sf]7fsf] nDafO{ uf/f]
ju{=lkm6=_ f] df]-!$Ú(æ_
6fOsf] !@eGbf u'0ffa9L/
@ k|sf/ / gfk sf]7fsf] nDafO{ $=%
x'g'x'Fb}gld=\ . -!$Ú(æ_ eGbf a9L □ □
k|sf/ / gfk juf{sf/ jf cfoftfsf/ □ □
x'a9Ldf
g'x'Fb}g\ .!#=% ju{=ld= -!$%=#
cg'7kfsf]
sf] ft gfk nDafO{ rf}8fOsf] # u'0ff □ □
sf]7fsf] gfk
ju{=lkm6=_!#=% ju{=ld= -!$%=#
a9Ldf □
□ □
□
eGbf
ju{=lkm6=_ a9L x'g'x'Fb}g\ .
juf{sf/ jf cfoftfsf/ □ □
cg'kft juf{ sf/ rf}
nDafO{ fOsf] # u'0ff eGbf □
jf8cfoftfsf/ □
cg'kft □ □
a9L x'g'xrf}'Fb}g8\ fOsf]
nDafO{ . # u'0ff eGbf
□ □
a9L x'g'x'Fb}g\ .
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 8
k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt
sf]7fsf]] nDafO{M sf]7fsf] gfkM uf/f]sf] prfO{M

!#=% ju{ !#=% ju{

$=% ld6/ $=% ld6/
ld6/ ld6/
eGbf sd eGbf sd
eGbf sd eGbf sd

 ejgsf] cfsf/ w]/} nfdf] tyf w]/} cUnf] x'g'x'‘+b}g\ .

clws nDafO{
clws prfO{

hfFr ug]{ tl/sf ???

X]/]/ jf gfk]/
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 9
lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L
BMC
SMC BMM SMM
Go"Go"
gtdgtddfkb08
dfkb08
g+ g+
ju{ ju{ l6Kk0fL
l6Kk0fL
ljj/0f
ljj/0f Go" g td dfkb08
kfngful/Psf]
kfngf ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL
g+ ju{
ljj/0f 5 kfngf5 5}ul/Psf]
g 5}g
;lhn}kf];nFu;lhn}
sd q;
] f],6'clws
s mg]Fu, kf] 6'nqmg]
g/d, ] f], xn'
s /g/d,
slr/ff / xn' k/]uf]ssnff] / 5 5}g
k|yd lg/LIf0f

O{§f □ □
f§f k|of]uuf]
9'Ëf O{§O{lsl;dsf] sd nf]9'kf]
ug' { Ëx‘nf'bs]}glsl;dsf]
f],.gfkMdf]
clws 6kf]fO{n>s ] %)ld=ld-
f] / lr/f 9'Ëf □ □
9'Ëf □
□ □
□
@æ_nDafO{gfkMdf] sf] 6O{h}§fO{fljs
k/]>!%)ld=ld >k|%)ld=ld-@æ_nDafO{
of]u-^æ_ug'{ Lx‘, 'b}gkmf].x/ /
;fdu|
Dff6f] d;nf
>!%)ld=ld
! M ^ lu§L h}-!ljsefu -^æ_
af6;fdu| StL,G6x'gkmf]'k/5{x/^. efu
d'l;d] /
Dff6f] d;nf
d;nf !afn'M j^f_!lu§L -!j/fj/
M efu ^af6 l;d]
StG6x'l;d]
d'efu
-! cyjf g/'k5{G^6 . eGbf
Tof] efu
/ □ □
d;nf □ □
lgdf{ lgdf{
0f lgdf{ 0 f
0f d;nf l;d]G6 afn' a9Ljf_an ^!j/fj/ efu ^ -!cyjf
MePsf] efujf_Tof]
afn' G6 eGbf
l;d]j/fj/ / □ □
# #
#
lgdf{ 0 f d;nf □ □
;fdfu|
# ;fdfu|L ;fdfu|L L l;d]
d;nf G 6 a9L
M20 an ^
cyjf u| ] ePsf]
8efu !M Tof]afn'
!=%Mj f_
eGbf# j/fj/
-! a9L Effu
;fdfu|L s+ld;nf
qm6 M20 l;d]G6 an u|]8 ePsf]
cyjf
!=% !MTof]!=%M
efu j#f /-!#a9LEffu
afn'eGbf efu □ □
s+lM15
qm6 u|l;d] ]8 G!M6 @M
lu§L_ an!=%$ePsf] efu
-! Effu afn'jl;d] f /G6 #efu @ □ □
s+lqm6 808L lu§L_ □ □
M15afn'u|fy=
efu j]8f /!M$!%
$@Mefu $MPa -! Effu
lu§L_ /%))l;d]MPa G6 @ □ □
s+lqm6 808L □ □
808L sf7efu afn' fy=
s8f
j f
fy= $!% MPa /%)) MPa/$!%
sf7
$ efu MPa lu§L_ /%)) MPa □ □
□ □ □
□
808L sf7
sf7 fy= sf7
s8f $!% s8fMPa sf7 /%)) MPa □
□ □ □
□ □
sf7 s8f sf7 □ □
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 10
lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L
s+lqm6sf] ld>0fM d;nfsf] ld>0fM
k|yd lg/LIf0f

kfgLsf] dfqf gk'u]sf] kfgL l7s dfqfdf k'u]sf]

kfgLsf] dfqf a9L ePsf]

kfgL l7s dfqfdf k'u]sf]

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 11
 hu
BMM
SMM
BMC
SMC
Go"Go"ggtd
tddfkb08
dfkb08
Go"gtd dfkb08 l6Kk0fL l6Kk0fL
g+g+ ju{
ju{ ljj/0f
ljj/0f kfngf
kfngful/Psf]
ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL
g+ ju{ ljj/0f kfngf ul/Psf]
555 5}5}5}ggg
k|yd lg/LIf0f

Ps} ;gtxdf,
Ps}Ps} f;sf]
gf;sf]Ps} Uff/f]
Uff/f]
gfzsf] jfnf
jfnf husf]
uf/f] jhusf] vf8n
fnf hu vf8n
. □
□ □
□
Ps}gf;sf] Uff/f] jfnf husf] vf8n □ □
hldg d'lgsf] &%) *)) *)) ld=ld -@Ú*æ_
-@Ú*æ_ PsPs tNn]
ld=ld -@Ú^æ_ tNn]
hldg
hldgd'd'd'llgsf]
hldg gsf]
lgsf] &%) ld=ld -@Ú^æ_ Ps tNn] □ □
ulx/fO{ ejgsf]
ejgsf]nflu nflu / /()) ())ld=ld
ld=ld-#Ú_
-#Ú_ □
□
□ □
□
□
ulx/fO{
$ hu ulx/fO{
ulx/fO{ ejgsf] nflu
$ hu b'g/dM≥&%)
Ob'{ OtNn]
{ tNn]ejgsf]ld=ld nfuL
ejgsf] nfuL dWod M≥
-@Ú%æ_
g/dM≥ *)) ld=ld -@Ú*æ_ dWod
hu husf]
$$ hu rf}8fO{ ^%) g/d g/dM> *))
:>^%) ld=ld
ld=ld-@Ú@æ_
df6f] s8f -@Ú*æ_
ldld M≥(@’@”), dWod
%%) ld=ld-
dWod □ □
husf] rf}Ps 8PsfO{ M≥&%) ld=ld-@Ú^æ_ s8f M≥&%) □ □
M> ^))
!Ú!)æ_
df6f]
ld=ld-@Ú
:>%%)ld=ld
^æ_
ldld -@Ú_
(!’!)”),s8fs8fM>df6f]
^))
husf]
husf] tNnf
tNnf
ld=ld ldld
:>%%) -@Ú_ (!’!)”) □
□ □
□
rf}rf}88fO{fO{ g/d df6f] :>()) ldld (#’), dWod
b'Ob'{ O{ g/dMx,dWodM> *)) ld=ld -@Ú*æ_
df6f] :>^%) ldld (@’@”), s8f df6f]
tNnf s8f M> ^)) ld=ld -@Ú_
tNnf :>%%) ldld (!’!)”)

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 12

 k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt
2x
x
Ps tkm{ af6 hu vGg] /
vlgPsf] df6f] Ps tlkm{ husf] rf}8fO{
gfKg] (say x) / husf]
s'n rf}8fO{ yfxf kfpg
h

gfk]/ cfPsf] kl/0ffd nfO{

rf}8fO{
b'O{ n] u'0ff ug]{ (2x)

hfFr ug]{ tl/sf ???

sflnu9 jf 3/ wgLnfO{ ;f]w]/
kmf]6f] pknAw eP kmf]6f] x]/]/
gS;f hfFr u/]/

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 13

 7f8f] ;anLs/0f
SMM/ /BMC
SMC BMM
Go"gtd dfkb08
Go"gtd dfkb08 l6Kk0fL
kfngf ul/Psf l6Kk0fL
g+g+ ju{ ljj/0f kfngf ul/Psf
ju{ ljj/0f
55 5}5}gg
huaf6 z'? □ □
k|yd lg/LIf0f

huaf6 z'? □ □
k|alnt wnfg sf7 □ □
;'/, hf]g{L{ / ‰ofn 9f]sfx?df k|of]u ul/Psf] □ □
;'/, hf]g{L{ / s8f sf7 M
‰ofn ;'/ tyf hf]gL{sf]
7f8f] 808L !@ ldld Ps tNn] ejgsf] nflu , !^ □ □
808L 9f]sfx?df nfuL &% ld=ld □ □
% ldld b'O{ tNn] ejgsf] nfuL
;anLs/0f k|of]u ul/Psf] -#æ_ X !))
7f8f]
% ld=ld -$æ_
;anLs/0f vK6\ofpg] ^) u'0ff 808Lsf] Jof;sf] nDafO{ □ □
nDafO{ ‰ofn 9f]sfsf]
^) u'0ff
vK6\ofpg] bfofFF afofFFsf]
808Lsf] □ □
nDafO{ nfuL &% ld=ld
Jof;sf] nDafO{
-#æ_ X !))
ld=ld -$æ_

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 14

 7f8f] ;anLs/0f
7f8f] 808Lx?sf] k|of]u
 7f8f] kmnfd] 808L x/]s Pn, l6 / v'Nnf
efusf] jl/kl/ k|of]u ug'k5{ .

7f8f] kmnfd] 808L

15
k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt

hfFr ug]{ tl/sf ???

sflnu9 jf 3/ wgLnfO{ ;f]w]/
kmf]6f] pknAw ceP kmf]6f] x]/]/
X]/]/ jf gfk]/

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 16

 s';L]{ ;tx -l8=lk=l;_ lad
SMC
BMC
SMM/BMM
Go"gtd td dfkb08
dfkb08
Go"Go"ggtd dfkb08 l6Kk0fL
l6Kk0fL
g+ ju{
ju{ ljj/0f kfngf ul/Psf]
kfngf ul/Psf]
ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL
g+g+ ju{ ljj/0f
ljj/0f kfngf
5 5}g
55 5}5}gg
hdLg ;tx
hdLg ;tx
hdLg hdLg ;tx
;tx hdLg ;tx eGbfeGbf sDtLdf
sDtLdf #)) #)) ldldldld -!Ú_
-!Ú_ □
□ □
□
k|yd lg/LIf0f

dflysf]
dflysf] prfO{ prfO{
prfO{ hdLg ;tx eGbf sDtLdf #)) ldld -!Ú_ □ □
dflysf]
g/d // dWod
g/d dWod df6f] df6f]ddff !%)
!%) ldld
ldld -^æ_-^æ_ // s8f s8f df6f]
df6f]ddff
df] 6 fO{ g/d / dWod df6f] d f !%) ldld -^æ_ / s8f df6f] df □
□ □
□
df]df]66fO{fO{ &% ldld
&% ldld
ldld -#æ_-#æ_
-#æ_ □ □
&%
rf}8fO{ slDtdf
sDtLdf#%) #%)
uf/f]s ldld
f] df]6fO{ / Ps tNn] ejgdf @#) □ □
s's';;L]{ L]{ rf}rf}88fO{fO{ slDtdf ldld □
□ □
□
^^
;tx
k|-(æ_/
ldld ld=ld
!%)
alntb'9nfg
-^æ_O{ tNn]k§L
df]ejgdf
sf7sf] ldld
6fO{ ePsf]#%)k§Ldf
k|alnt-!Ú@æ_
k§L
$—!@ ld=ld
;tx !%) ld=ldld=ld -^æ_-^æ_ df]df]6fO{ 6fO{ ePsf] k§Ldf $—!@ ld=ld
s';L]{ !%)
Aof;sf] 808L / &% ld=ld -#æ_ df]6fO{ ePsf] k§Ldf
^ ePsf] k§Ldf $—!@ ld=ld
;tx 808L Aof;sf]ld=ld
@—!@ 808L Aof;sf]
/ &% ld=ld808L -#æ_ j6fdf]6&%
,^@ ld=ld fO{ ePsf]
Aof; ldld
ePsf]Xk§Ldf
!))
l/Ë □ □
808L Aof;sf]
@—!@ld=ld 808L /
ld=ld-^æ_Aof;sf] &% ld=ld □ □
!%) ;]G6/ 808L ,^6/df@%
b]lv ;]Gld=ld ld=ldsf7sf]
Aof; -!æ_
ld=ld ePsf] l/Ë-
l:6«knfO{
-#æ_
!%) ld=ld df] 6 fO{ ePsf] k§Ldf
808L se/_ 9nfg -^æ_ ;]G6/ b]lv ;]uf/f] G6/df@%
;Fu ;Fld=ld
u} %)-!æ_
ldld X- □ □
@—!@
se/_ 9nfg ld=ld Aof;sf] 808L
#* ldld sf7sf] k§Ln]
,^ ld=ld Aof; ePsf] l/Ë
%)) ldld ;]G6/ b]lv
!%) ld=ld -^æ_ ;]G6/ b]lv
;]G6/
;]G6/df@% ld=ld -!æ_ -
se/_ 9nfg
17
k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt

hfFr ug]{ tl/sf ???

sflnu9 jf 3/ wgLnfO{ ;f]w]/
kmf]6f] pknAw eP kmf]6f] x]/]/
X]/]/ jf gfk]/
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 18
k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt
cGo
-s_ 3/sf] sDtLdf rf/j6f kmf]6f]x? lvrL kmf]6f] g+=x? ================
-v_ 3/sf] df]6fdf]6L gSzfM

u_ b]lvPsf k|fljlws ljj/0fx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L lgdf{0f ;DkGg 3/sf] nflu

-

g=kf=/ uf=lj=;= n] lgdf{0f ;DkGg k|df0fkq hf/L ul/lbg pko'Qm b]lvG5 <
b]lvG5 b]lvb}g
k|fljlws lg/LIf0faf6 kf; ePsf]n] g=kf=/ uf=lj=;= n] lgdf{0f ;DkGg
k|df0fkqhf/L ul/lbg k|dfl0ft u/LPsf] 5 .
;'wf//k|jnLs/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] cg';"rL – ( cg';f/
;'wf//k|anLs/0f cfb]z lbOPsf] 5 .
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 19
k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt
-3_hfFrdf b]lvPsf k|fljlws ljj/0fx? 7Ls ;fFrf] 5g\ egL :jLsf/ ug]{
3/wgL/nfeu|fxL jf k|ltlglwsf] gfd, y/ ============= x:tfIf/ ==========
k|ltlglwsf]3/wgL/nfeu|fxL;+usf] gftf =================ldlt ===============
=-ª_k|fljlws hfFrsf] ljj/0f :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ug]{M ====================
MoUD-DLPIUsf] ;'k/Lj]IfsM ===============================================
gfdM =============================== kbM ====================
x:tfIf/M ================== ldltM ====================
-r_k|fljlws hfFrsf] ljj/0f :jLs[t ug]{====================
MoUD-DLPIUsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f Ol~hlgo/M====================
gfdM ====================================== kbM
x:tfIf/M ========================================= ldltM ===================================
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 20
k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt
g]kfn ;/sf/
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
========= uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=sf] sfof{no
;'wf/sf] nflu hfgsf/L÷lgb]{zg lbg] kmf/fd
;'wf/÷k|anLs/0f cfb]z tyf lg/LIf0f kmf/fd
æcfjf; k'glg{df0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t aGg] 3/x?sf] lgdf{0f lg/LIf0f sfo{ljlwÆ
cg'?k ldlt ======================== ut], ================================ sf] lgdf{0ffwLg
ejgsf] la:t[t lg/LIf0f kZrft\ lghsf] lgdf{0ffwLg ejg n] 8L=kL=;L=
÷=====================tNNff ÷5fgf tx ;Ddsf] Go"gtd cfjZostf k"/f
gu/]sf] kfOPsf] x'gfn] of] ;'wf/sf] nflu of] lgb]{zgul/Psf] 5 .
nfeu|fxL 3/wgL sf] gfd==============================
;Demf}tf qm= ; ============================================
gful/stf k|df0fkq gDa/===========================================
s_ 3/sf] hf“rsf] nflu lbOPsf] cfj]bgdf ePsf] ljj/0f
:jLs[t gSzf–l8hfOg dWo]sf] eP l8hfOg g+=M =======================================
cGo cfˆg} gSzf l8hfOgsf] xsdf
uf/f]÷lkn/sf] lsl;d g+=M =========================================================
tnf÷5fgfsf] lsl;d g+=M =========================================================
cGoM ====================================================================================
v_ ;'wf/ jf k|jnLs/0fsf] k|fljlws ljj/0f
k|fljlws lg/LIf0fkl5 ;'wf/ jf ;'wf/kl5sf] cj:yf
k|jnLs/0fsf] nflu lbOPsf] lgb]z
{ g
u_ ;'wf/kl5 3/sf] df]6fdf]6L gSzfM
-3_ b]lvPsf k|fljlws ljj/0fx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L lgdf{0ffwLg 3/ yk lgdf{0fsf]
nflu :jLsl[t lbg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 <b]lvG5 b]lvb}g
k|fljlws lg/LIf0faf6 kf; ePsf]n] yk lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fpgsf] nflu
tyf  bf]>f]÷t]>f]] ls:tf e"QmfgLsf] nflu k|dfl0ft u/LPsf] 5 .
;'wf/÷k|jnLs/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] cg';"rL – ^ cg';f/
k'gM;'wf/÷k|anLs/0f cfb]z lbOPsf] 5 .
-ª_ hfFrdf b]lvPsf k|ljlws ljj/0fx? 7Ls ;fFrf] 5g\ egL :jLsf/ ug]{
3/wgL÷nfeu|fxL jf k|ltlglwsf] gfd, y/ ==================x:tfIf/======================
k|ltlglwsf] 3/wgL÷nfeu|fxL;+usf] gftf =====================ldlt ======================
-r_ k|fljlws hfFrsf] ljj/0f :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ug]{M ==============================
MoUD-DLPIUsf] ;'k/Lj]IfsM ======================================
gfdM ========================================================kbM ======================================
x:tfIf/M ===================================================ldltM ===================================
-5_k|fljlws hfFrsf] ljj/0f :jLs[t ug]{
MoUD-DLPIU sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f Ol~hlgo/M============================================
gfdM =========================================================kbM ======================================
x:tfIf/M ====================================================ldltM ===================================
21
låtLo lg/LIf0f

Efjgsf] cfsf/ k|sf/ / gfk

lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L
7f8f] ;anLs/0f
uf/f]
uf/f]df /flvg] v'Nnf efu
t];f]{ aGwg

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 22

lg/LIf0f kmf/dsf] gd'gf
låtLo lg/LIf0f

23
 uf/f]
BMM/BMC
SMM/SMC
Go"gtd dfkb08
Go"gtd dfkb08
g+ ju{ ljj/0f kfngf ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL
g+ ju{ ljj/0f kfngf ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL
5 5}g
5 5}g
uf/f]x/m 3G6L ldnfP/ l;wf 7f8f]
låtLo lg/LIf0f

uf/f]sf] ;n uf/f]x/m 3G6L ldnfP/ l;wf 7f8f] x'g] □ □

uf/f]sf] ;n x'g] u/L nufOPsf] □ □
u/L nufOPsf]
#%) ld= ld=-!Ú @æ_ b]lv $%)
df]6fO{ Ps tNnf M sDtLdf @#) ldld -(“_ □ □
ld=ld =-!Ú $æ_ eGbf a9L x'g'x'Fb}g
b'O{ tNnf M e'O{ tNnfdf sDtLdf
df]6fO{ @) ld= ld=-)=*æ_ eGbf a9L / □ □
#%) ldld -!’@æ_ dflyNnf] tNnfdf
hf]gL{ @) ld=@#)ld=-)=$æ_
sDtLdf ldld -(“_ eGbf sd □ □
& & uf/f]
uf/f]
x'g'x'Fb@)
a9Ldf }g . ld= ld=-)=*æ_ / slDtdf
hf]s}grL{ L dfg]{!)7f8f] □ □
ld=dfld=-)=$æ_
^)) ld= ld=-@Ú _ eGbf
□ □
jf/kf/
cf8 lbg] 9'uf/f]
Ëf w]}/a9L } nfdf]/ t];uf/f]
f]{dfd!=@
f k|ld=-$Ú _
bfg ul/Psf] □ □
r"cf8
nL uf/f] lbg] uf/f] xn'w]s}/} fnfdf]
;fdfu|uf/f]
Lsf] dk|fof]uk|bfgul/Psf]
ul/Psf] □
□ □
□
r"nL uf/f] xn'sf ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] □ □

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 24

k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt
hfFr ug]{ tl/sf ???
!_ Gffk]/ / x]/]/
@_3G6Lsf] k|of]u ul/ uf/f]
Dff] Dff]
l;wf 5 jf 5}g hfFRg] # ld # ld

p/^
cf8 lbg]

p
P P uf/f]

Mortar (1:6)
10-20mm

df] = uf/f]sf] df]6fO{ Dff] p/^

10-20mm

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 25

 uf/f]df /flvg] v'Nnf efu
BMC/SMC
SMM/BMM
Go"gtd dfkb08
l6Kk0fL
g+ ju{ ljj/0f Go"gkfngf ul/Psf
td dfkb08
l6Kk0fL
g+ ju{ ljj/0f kfngf
5 ul/Psf
5}g
låtLo lg/LIf0f

uf/f]sf] ;'/jf6 slDtdf ^)) 5 5}g

:yfg uf/f]ld=ld=-@Ú_
sf] ;'/jf6jf slDtdf
v'Nnf efusf]^)) ] □ □
uf/f]df :yfg prfOsf] ! jfrf}yfOsf]
ld=ld=-@Ú_ v'Nnfb"/Ldfefusf]] □ □
uf/f]/flvg]
df Ps tNn]
prfOsf] ! rf}ejgdf
yfOsf] b"/x/]Ldfs uf/f]sf]
*
v'Nnf s'n nDafO{ PsnDafO{
/flvg] tNn]sf] / #)% eGbf qmdz
b'O{ tNn] sd x'Mg' □ □
*
v'Nefu
nf s'n nDafO{ ejgdfx'Fb}g . x/]s uf/f]sf] nDafO{sf] □ □
efu b"/L slDtdf
%)% sd x'g' x'Fb}g . □
^)) ld=ld=-@Ú_
/ $@%eGbf □
b"/L slDtdf ^)) ld=ld=-@Ú_ □ □
hfFr ug]{ tl/sf ???
x]/]/ / gfk]/ yfxf kfpg] .

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 26

uf/f]df /flvg] v'Nnf efu
O{6f/9'Ëfsf] uf/f]df df6f] d;nf hf]8fO{ M

nDafO{ ! nDafO{ @

p@
p@
p!

p!
rf} % rf} ! rf} $ rf} @ rf} % rf} % rf} ^ rf} $ rf} & rf} %

gf]6:
rf} ! + rf} @ + rf} # ≤ )=# X nDafO{ ! - Ps tNnfsf] nflu
rf} ^ + rf} & ≤ )=# X nDafO{ @ - Ps tNnfsf] nflu
rf} $ ≥ )=% X p @ t/ ^)) ld=ld eGbf sd x'g'x'‘b}g\ .
rf} % ≥ )=@% X p ! t/ ^)) ld=ld eGbf sd x'g'x'‘b}g\ .

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 27

uf/f]df /flvg] v'Nnf efu
O{6f/9‘+Ëfsf] uf/f]df l;d]G6 d;nfsf] hf]8fO{ M

nDafO{ ! nDafO{ @

p@
p@

p!

p@
p!

rf} % rf} ! rf} $ rf} @ rf} $ rf} # rf} % rf} % rf} ^ rf} $ rf} & rf}%

gf]6:
rf} ! + rf} @ + rf} # ≤)=% X nDafO{ ! - Ps tNnfsf] nflu,)=$@ X nDafO{ ! - b'O{ tNnfsf]
rf} ^ + rf} & ≤)=% X nDafO{ @ - Ps tNnfsf] nflu,)=$@ X nDafO{ @ - b'O{ tNnfsf] nflu
rf} $ ≥ )=% X p @ t/ ^)) ld=ld eGbf sd x'g'x'b}g\ .
rf} % ≥ )=@% X p ! t/ ^)) ld=ld eGbf sd x'g'x'b}g\ .

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 28

 t];f]{ aGwg / k§L
BMC / SMC
BMM/ SMM
g+ ju{
ljj/0f
ljj/0f+
Go" g td
Go"gtd dfkb08
dfkb08
kfngf ul/Psf
l6Kk0fL
l6Kk0fL
g+ ju{ kfngf ul/Psf
5 5} g
+
k|alnt wnfg sf7 5 5} g
l;n k§L k|
;a} uf/f] jl/k/L k§Lsf] k|of]ua lnt wnfg
l;n k§L □ □
-Efm\ofnsf] tNnf] ;tx_ slDtdf;a}&%uf/f] jl/k/L k§Lsf] k|of]u
ld=ld=-#æ_ □ □
-Efm\ofnsf] tNnf] ;tx_ ;a} uf/f]slDtdf
jl/k/L &% k§Lsf]ld=ld=-#æ_
k|of]u
olb v'Nnf efusf] rf}8fO{ <k|o!=@%
;a} uf/f] jl/k/L k§Lsf] f]u
låtLo lg/LIf0f

ld= -$Úolb !æ_ v'N/nfo;efusf] dflysf]rf}8uf/f] fO{ s<f] !=@%

ld= -$Ú
prfO{ )=( !æ_ / eGbf
ld=-#æ_ o; dflysf]
a9L eP uf/f]sf]
lnG6]n k§L prfO{ )=(
&% ld=ld=-#æ_ eGbfld=-#æ_
sd x'g'xeGbf
'Fb}g. a9L eP
-Efm\ofnlnG6]
9f]snfsf]k§LdflyNnf] ;tx_ □ □
olb v'N&%
-Efm\ofn 9f]sfsf] dflyNnf] ;tx_ nf ld=ld=-#æ_
efusf] rf}8eGbf fO{ >sd!=@%x'gld= 'x'Fb}g.
□ □
-$Ú !æ_olb /v'No; nf efusf]
dflysf]rf}8fO{uf/f] > s!=@%f] @ ld=j6f &% ldld
-$Ú !æ_ /
prfO{ !=@ ld=-$Ú _ eGbf a9L eP o; dflysf] uf/f]
X s f]#* ld=ld
prfO{ !=@eGbf
!%) ld=ld=-^æ_ ld=-$Úsd_ x'geGbf'x'Fb}g. a9L sf7sf]eP l:6«knfO{
!%) ld=ld=-^æ_ eGbf sd x'g'x'Fbuf/f] }g. ;Fu ;Fu} %)
( t];f]{ aGwg a9Ldf ;'/ / hf]gL{df !=@ ld=-$Ú_
( l:6r k§L
t];f]{ aGwg ldld X #* ldld
l:6r k§L nDafO{ a9LdfslDtdf;'/&%/ ld=ld=-#æ_
hf]gL{df !=@ ld=-$Ú_
nDafO{ slDtdf &% ld=ld=-#æ_ sf7sf] k§Ln] □ □
;a} uf/f] jl/k/L k§Lsf] k|of]u □
%)) ldld ;]G6/ □
5fgfsf] k§L ;a} uf/f] jl/k/L k§Lsf] k|of]u b]lv ;]G6/
5fgfsf] k§L slDtdf &% ld=ld=-#æ_ □ □
slDtdf &% ld=ld=-#æ_
!%) ld=ld -^æ_ df]6fO{ ePsf] k§Ldf □ □
$—!@ !%)ld=ldld=ld -^æ_ 808L
Aof;sf] df]6fO{ /ePsf] &% k§Ldf
ld=ld-#æ_ df]6fO{ ePsf] k§Ldf @— / &%
$—!@ ld=ld Aof;sf] 808L
808L ld=ld-#æ_
!@ ld=ld Aof;sf]df]808L,6fO{ ePsf] k§Ldf @—
808L ^ ldld!@Aof; ld=ld ePsf]Aof;sf]
l/Ë !%)808L, ld=ld - □ □
□ □
^æ_;]G6/^ ldld
b]lv ;]Aof;
G6/dfePsf] l/Ë !%) ld=ld -
^æ_;]-!æ_
@% ld=ld G6/ -se/_
b]lv ;]9nfg
G6/df
@% ld=ld -!æ_ -se/_ 9nfg
vK6\ofpg]] nDafO{ ^) u'0ff 808Lsf] Jof;sf] nDafO{
vK6\ofpg]] nDafO{ ^) u'0ff 808Lsf] Jof;sf] nDafO{ □ □
□ □
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 29
k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt

hfFr ug]{ tl/sf ???

x]/]/ / gfk]/ yfxf kfpg] .
k§Ldf /flvPsf] 808Lsf] ljj/0f
sflnu9nfO{ ;f]w]/ yfxf kfpg] jf
kmf]6f] pknAw eP kmf]6f] x]/]/ yfxf
kfpg] .

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 30

k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt
cGo
-s_ 3/sf] sDtLdf rf/j6f kmf]6f]x? lvrL kmf]6f] g+=x? ================
-v_ 3/sf] df]6fdf]6L gSzfM

u_ b]lvPsf k|fljlws ljj/0fx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L lgdf{0f ;DkGg 3/sf] nflu

-

g=kf=/uf=lj=;= n] lgdf{0f ;DkGg k|df0fkqhf/L ul/lbg pko'Qm b]lvG5 <

b]lvG5 b]lvb}g
k|fljlws lg/LIf0faf6 kf; ePsf]n] g=kf=/ uf=lj=;= n] lgdf{0f ;DkGg
k|df0fkqhf/L ul/lbg k|dfl0ft u/LPsf] 5 .
;'wf//k|jnLs/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] cg';"rL – ( cg';f/
;'wf//k|anLs/0f cfb]z lbOPsf] 5 .
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 31
k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt
-3_hfFrdf b]lvPsf k|fljlws ljj/0fx? 7Ls ;fFrf] 5g\ egL :jLsf/ ug]{
3/wgL/nfeu|fxL jf k|ltlglwsf] gfd, y/ ============= x:tfIf/ ==========
k|ltlglwsf]3/wgL/nfeu|fxL;+usf] gftf =================ldlt ===============
=-ª_k|fljlws hfFrsf] ljj/0f :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ug]{M ====================
MoUD-DLPIUsf] ;'k/Lj]IfsM ===============================================
gfdM =============================== kbM ====================
x:tfIf/M ================== ldltM ====================
-r_k|fljlws hfFrsf] ljj/0f :jLs[t ug]{====================
MoUD-DLPIUsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f Ol~hlgo/M====================
gfdM ====================================== kbM
x:tfIf/M ========================================= ldltM ===================================
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 32
k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt
g]kfn ;/sf/
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
========= uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=sf] sfof{no
;'wf/sf] nflu hfgsf/L÷lgb]{zg lbg] kmf/fd
;'wf/÷k|anLs/0f cfb]z tyf lg/LIf0f kmf/fd
æcfjf; k'glg{df0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t aGg] 3/x?sf] lgdf{0f lg/LIf0f sfo{ljlwÆ
cg'?k ldlt ======================== ut], ================================ sf] lgdf{0ffwLg
ejgsf] la:t[t lg/LIf0f kZrft\ lghsf] lgdf{0ffwLg ejg n] 8L=kL=;L=
÷=====================tNNff ÷5fgf tx ;Ddsf] Go"gtd cfjZostf k"/f
gu/]sf] kfOPsf] x'gfn] of] ;'wf/sf] nflu of] lgb]{zgul/Psf] 5 .
nfeu|fxL 3/wgL sf] gfd==============================
;Demf}tf qm= ; ============================================
gful/stf k|df0fkq gDa/===========================================
s_ 3/sf] hf“rsf] nflu lbOPsf] cfj]bgdf ePsf] ljj/0f
:jLs[t gSzf–l8hfOg dWo]sf] eP l8hfOg g+=M =======================================
cGo cfˆg} gSzf l8hfOgsf] xsdf
uf/f]÷lkn/sf] lsl;d g+=M =========================================================
tnf÷5fgfsf] lsl;d g+=M =========================================================
cGoM ====================================================================================
v_ ;'wf/ jf k|jnLs/0fsf] k|fljlws ljj/0f
k|fljlws lg/LIf0fkl5 ;'wf/ jf ;'wf/kl5sf] cj:yf
k|jnLs/0fsf] nflu lbOPsf] lgb]z
{ g
uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd
u_ ;'wf/kl5 3/sf] df]6fdf]6L gSzfM
-3_ b]lvPsf k|fljlws ljj/0fx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L lgdf{0ffwLg 3/ yk lgdf{0fsf]
nflu :jLsl[t lbg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 <b]lvG5 b]lvb}g
k|fljlws lg/LIf0faf6 kf; ePsf]n] yk lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fpgsf] nflu
tyf  bf]>f]÷t]>f]] ls:tf e"QmfgLsf] nflu k|dfl0ft u/LPsf] 5 .
;'wf/÷k|jnLs/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] cg';"rL – ^ cg';f/
k'gM;'wf/÷k|anLs/0f cfb]z lbOPsf] 5 .
-ª_ hfFrdf b]lvPsf k|ljlws ljj/0fx? 7Ls ;fFrf] 5g\ egL :jLsf/ ug]{
3/wgL÷nfeu|fxL jf k|ltlglwsf] gfd, y/ ==================x:tfIf/======================
k|ltlglwsf] 3/wgL÷nfeu|fxL;+usf] gftf =====================ldlt ======================
-r_ k|fljlws hfFrsf] ljj/0f :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ug]{M ==============================
MoUD-DLPIUsf] ;'k/Lj]IfsM ======================================
gfdM ========================================================kbM ======================================
x:tfIf/M ===================================================ldltM ===================================
-5_k|fljlws hfFrsf] ljj/0f :jLs[t ug]{
MoUD-DLPIU sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f Ol~hlgo/M============================================
gfdM =========================================================kbM ======================================
x:tfIf/M ====================================================ldltM ===================================
33
 clGtd lg/LIf0f

uf/f]
clGtd lg/LIf0f

5fgf

Go"gtd dfkb08
l6Kk0fL
g+ ju{ ljj/0f kfngf ul/Psf
5 5}g
;fdfu|L xn'sf 5fgf k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] □ □
Pscfk;df Uff/f];Fu pko"Qm
hf]8fO{ □ □
& uf/f] tl/sfn] afFw]sf]
58\s] tfg 6«; jf blngx? afFWg 58\s] tfg □ □

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 34

 lg/LIf0f kmf/dsf] gd'gf
clGtd lg/LIf0f

35
k|fljlws lg/LIf0f k4lt

hfFr ug]{ tl/sf

x]/]/ yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
ˆnf]/÷5fgf

5fgfsf] k§L

w'l/ 5f]Kg]
h:tf kftf
sf7sf] ef6f
sf7sf] 8f8f

sf7sf] 9lng an];L kftf

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] k|fljlws lgl/If0f k4lt / kmf/fd 36

wGojfb

37