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To;sf] nflu xfdLn] :yfg klg 5gf}6 5 clxn] <
cufNg' e of] . oxfF s f] cg' e jdf 5f}. SofDk;sf] d ;+:yfks ;b:o l;d]G 6] 8 ug]{ t/ tnk6\ 6L l;d]G 6
ul /;s ] s f 5f } + . : j u{ 4 f /L xf d| f ;fd' b f los jgx? df gnufpg]. hxfF s L Tof] eGbf tn
oxfFsf] :yfgLo txdf lzIff If]qsf ;d]t x'F . ca xfdL To;sf] nflu
s] s:tf ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ < s]xL ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f gu/kf l ns fs f ] j8 f g+ = # sf ] To:tf] ljleGg lsl;dsf sf7x? k6\6Lsf] jg h+un tyf d"nx?nfO{
lr/fjf/Ldf ;~rfng ub}{5f}. ToxfFsf] clxn] pTkfbg ePsf 5} gg\ , x' g]
z}lIfs ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ul/;Sof 5f} +. ca ljBfyL{ ;+V of klg ;xof] u u/f];\ eg]/ xfdLn] l/rfh{
;Dd pj{/fe"dL /x]sf] 5. ToxfF s'nf] j gx? kl g 5} g g\ . ;fgf ;f gf
ljutdf :yfgLo g]t[Tj ePg. bnut klg qmdzM a9\b} 5. o;n] Ko" 7fg kf]v/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 a9fPsf
dfq xf] O g /f] N kfsf s] xL If] qnfO{ klg lgdf{0f u/]/ :yfoL ?kdf l;rfO{ sf] ?vx?sf] ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5.
?kdf eof]. ljBfno :yfkgf ug] { 5f}+. hxfF kfgL g} 5}g. eg] s]xL xfd|f
nflu klg kfg cfpF5. ToxfF sf] df6f] jf+u];fn h:tf] ;fd'bflos jg 5}g.
nx/ g} rNof] / ljBfno rn] . o;n] ;d]6 \g] ePsf] x'gfn] ca xfdL sfo{qmdx? cufl8 a9]sf 5g\. j8f
c;fWo} /fd|f ] 5. rsrs] lnjfª ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xx?df /xg]x?n]
ljBfno s;/L ;~rfng eO/x] sf To;nfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ;~rfng g+= %, j8f g+= &, j8f g+= # df of]
ug' k
{ 5{ / To;nfO{ cf+ l us SofDk;sf] ;8 sn] 5f ] P s f ] 5. T o ;s f ] jg ;+/If0f ug]{ sfd dfq} ePsf] 5.
5g\ < rn]sf 5g\, 5}gg\ < To;sf] jif{ cln j[x t ?kdf lnlˆ6Ësf]
?kdf kl/0ft ug' k
{ b{ 5 eGg] s' /fdf ahf/Ls/0fsf] nflu s'g} ;d:of 5}g. T o;df cyjf ;+ / If0fd f
cg'udg ug]{ :yfgLo :t/df lgsfo
To;f] eP/ ToxfF s f s[ ifsx?nfO{ gu/kfln sfsf] s:tf] ;xsfo{ sfo{qmd cufl8 a9]sf] 5. ;fob %
g} ePg. clxn] s] ;d:of ePsf] 5 xfdL cufl8 nfO/fv]s f 5f}+. / & sf] j[xt vfg]kfgL ;DkGg x'G5.
s]lGb|s[t u/]/ Pp6f ;fd"l xs :df6{ /x]sf] 5 <
eg] ;fd' bflos ljBfnodf of] Uo, :ju{ 4f/L gu/kflnsf kz' k fng * df a[x t lnlˆ6Ë vfg]kfgL z'?jft
tyf s[ l ifsf] k| z :t ;Defjgf ePsf] s[lif sfo{qmd nUg] xfdLn] sfo{qmd /f d| f ] ;xs f o { 5. hxf F
;Ifd lzIfs 5g\ . t/ pgLx?nfO{ 5. le+u|L df lnlˆ6Ë vfg]kfgL ;'?jft
agfPsf 5f}+. To:t} of] jif{ ;f/Ldf, a'6\ofgx? 5}gg\, ToxfF xfdLn] kfs{
k|f]T;flxt ug]{ tyf lgu/fgL ug]{ sfd If] q kl g xf] . o; If] q d f
j8f g+= % s} vf]nfv]tdf, j8f g+= ( lgdf{ 0 f ug{ z' ? jf t u/] s f 5f } + . 5. :ju{4 f/Ldf e'N s] vfg]k fgLsf]
eP g. l j Bfno x? df cl t gu/kfln sfn ] z' ? jft u/] s f
sf] h'8fkf6fdf klg xfdLn] sfo{qmd pxfFx?af6 ;xdlt lnPsf 5f} +. To:tf nflu xfdLn] of] jif{ lnlˆ6Ësf] nflu
k| l t:kwf{ T ds tl/sfn] k7gkf7g dxTjk"0f{ of]hgfx? s] s] 5g\< ljz] if sfo{qmddf k| b] z ;/sf/;Fu
cufl8 a9fpg] lsl;dsf] xfdLn] o f] gu/kfl ns f n] s [ l if / ;~rfng ub}{5f}. xfdLn] kz'kfngsf] 7fpF x ?df xfdL kfs{ lgdf{ 0 f ug{ cg' / f] w u/] s f 5f} + . o ;/L xf d| f
sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fPsf 5f}+. kz'kfngnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5. ks]6 If]q j8f g+ = & sf] v}/gLdf uO/f v] s f 5f} + . ;f d' b flo s jg vfg]kfgLsf sfo{qmdx? cufl8 a9]sf
agfPsf 5f}+. xfdLn] sfo{qmd 5/]/ pkef]Qmf ;d"xx? xfdL ;Fu cfj4
5l/Psf] a:tLx?df afnaflnsfsf] s[ lifnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f u/]/ xfdL
ghfg] s]lGb|s[t ug] { / Kofs]hsf] ?kdf x' g'ePsf] 5. btf{ ug'{ ePsf] 5. 5g\. afFs L $ k]h df
klxnf] :s'n afn lasf; s]Gb| klg cufl8 a9\g'kb{5 eg]/ xfdLn] s[lif
 @)&^÷)&÷!( d+unjf/ $
:ju{åf/LnfO{ :ju{sf] gu/sf] ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg'k5{ =====================================
:ju{4f/L gu/kflnsf g]kfns} rf/ Nof08lkmn ;fO6;Dd NofP/ kmfn]sf cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ qmd cufl8 cln kSsL 3/x? lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\, :jfjnDjL ag]/ xfdL 3f6L x] /]/ x8\8L
wfd dWo] sf] Ps dflgG5 :ju{4f/L 5f} + . :j u{ 4 f /L / l e+ u | L I f] qdf a9fO/x]s f 5f}+. hxfF Joj;fo 5, hxfF k] zf ug] { lgNg] lsl;dn] cufl8 a9]/ xfd|f] of]
dxfk|e's f] cf>d ePsf] 7fpF. oxfF Nof08lkmn ;fO6 lgdf{0f u/]sf 5f}+. ljsf;nfO{ c;/ ug]{ ljkb\ hf]lv dfG5]x ? 5g\ ltgLx?af6 g} cln :ju{ 4 f/LnfO{ :ju{s f] gu/ h:tf]
g]kfn dfq} xf]Og xfd|f] l5d]sL /fi6« xKtfsf] Ps k6s ToxfF xfdLn] 6\ofS6/ eP/ klg xf] . of] ljkb\ hf]l vd ;fwf/0f lsl;dsf] s/ lnP/ xfdLn] ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg'k5{ eg]/ xfdL
ef/taf6 ;d]t lty{ oft[ x? cfpg] k7fpF5f} / ToxfFsf] kmf]xf]/ p7fpF5f} / Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf gu/kflnsfn] cfGtl/s >f]t a9fpg] xf]. Joj;fodf cufl8 a9]sf 5f}+. d}n] clxn] klg
ub { 5 g\ . gu /k fl nsfsf] Pp6f le+ u|Lsf] kmf]xf]/x?nfO{ lsldrf}/b]lv s] s:tf sfo{ q m dx ? cu fl 8 hf]8\g] xf] / To;af6 gu/sf] cfDbfgL ev{/} uPsf] of] ltxf/df ;Sbf] bfg
k| d' v sfddf kmf]x f] / Joj:yfkg nfdfrf}/ ;Ddsf] kmf] xf] / xKtfsf] b' O{ a9fO/x] sf] 5 < a9fpg'kb{5 eGg] lsl;dn] cufl8 lbg'xf];\. ;8sdf u'l8/x]s]f uf8LnfO{
klg xf]. of] gu/kflnsfnfO{ ;kmf k6s p7fO/x]s f 5f}+ . To;df s' g} ljkb\ hf]l vd Joj:yfkgsf] a9]sf 5f}+. /f]s]/ bfd dfUg] sfd aGb u/]sf 5f}+.
a gfpg s] s:tf /0fgLl tx ? z'Ns lnO/fv]sf 5}gf}. gu/kflnsfn] nflu k"mnjf/L Plss[t u|fdL0f ljsf; ljsf; tNnf] txsf] ul/jLnfO{ Toltdfq xf]Og ufpFdf nfp8:kLs/
ckgfPsf] 5 < g} vr{ ul//fv] s f] 5. ca of] ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ xfd| f gf} j6} ;Djf]wg ug]{ u/L ljsf; sfo{qmd nu]/ ;fgf] ;fgf] u'| kdf uP/ e} nf]
: j u{ 4 f /L gu/kf l ns fs f ] kmf]xf]/nfO{ df] x/df abNg' kb{ 5 eGg] j8fdf l jkb\ hf] l vd Go " gLs/0f x' g ' k5{ eGg] 5. Psbd} tNnf] dfUg]x?nfO{ bfg glbg'xf];\ eg]sf 5f}+.
ko{6sLo If]qdf xfd|f] d"n g} :ju{4f/L ;f ] r ca xf dL a gf pF b } 5 f } . tflndx? ;~rfng eO;s] sf 5g\. txsf ljkGg ju{nfO{ nlIft u/]/ lxhf]sf] dfbn agfpg], 9f] ns agfpg]
xf]. ljz]ift x]g{ nfos c? To:tf knfli6snfO{ Psflt/ hDdf ug]{ / :yfgLo hnjfo' cg's"ng of]hgf - gu /k fln sfn] cufl8 a9fPsf dfG5]x? cfh x/fP/ uPsf 5g\. Tof]
If]qx? klg 5}gg\. wfld{s ?kdf klg ;8g]n fO{ csf] { tkm{. e/;s ;8\g] nfkf_ x? tof/ ul/;s]sf 5f}+. xfdLn] sfo{ q m dx ? s] s] x' g \ / tL ;+ :sf/nfO{ xfdLn] hf] ufpg'k5{. of]
k/fk" j { s f nb] l v cT oG t} a:t'x? 3/d} ;8fpg'xf];\ / k|f+ufl/s j8f g+= %, j8f g+= @ j8f g+= # sf sfo{qmdaf6 slt JolQmx? sl/j cToGt} /fd|f s'/f x' g\ eg]/ xfdLn]
lgi7fjfgk"j{ s rn] sf] :ju{4 f/LnfO{ dn a gf pg' x f ] ; \ eg] / xfd| f s] xL 7fpF x?df To:tf tflnd k|f Kt sl/j nfeflGjt eP xf]nfg\ < Tof] unt k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{
Pp6f ko{ 6sLo If]qsf] ?kdf cufl8 sfo{qmdx? cufl8 uPsf 5g\. o;/L o'jfx? b:tf klg xfdLn] 5fg]sf 5f}+. o;/L 7\ ofSs} cg'dfg u/]/ olt of] gu/sf] cfd'n kl/jt{g ug]{ d}n]
a9fpg af/Djf/ k|of;x? ul//fv]sf knf li6s hGo a : t' x ? nf O{ kl g ;kgf b]v] sf] 5'F.
gu/kflnsfn] o;sf] nflu :yfoL nfeflGjt eP xf]nfg\ eGg ;Sg] s'/f]
5f} . utjif{ k| b ]z ;/sf/af6 Ps ;+s ng u/]/ To;af6 cnsqsf] ljleGg ;~rf/ d fWod df cfP
ah] 6 nueu @^ nfv xfdL;F u t x'Fb}g. ljz]i ft xfd|f] t s] xf] t
cg'; f/ oxfF n] ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/
s/f]8 @^ nfv, of] jif{ Ps s/f]8 ?kdf ljsf; u/]/ st} st} af6fx? ;+lrt 5 xfdL Tof] ah]6 cGo If]qdf eGbfv] /L tn k/]s] f ju{n fO{ dfly
/fVg'e Psf] eGg] klg rrf{ eof].
ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5. of] jif{ ;Dd lkr ug'{k 5{ eGg] ;f]r lgdf{0f ePsf] vr{ ub}{gf}. st} gu/kflnsf ljkb\ p7fpg] xf]. tn uPsf] dfG5] nfO{ dfly
Tof] ;'/ Iff ;Nnfxsf/ oxfFn fO{
ToxfFs f] dflysf] dlGb/s} ;+ / rgf 5. cfOnfUof] eg] dfq vr{ ug]{ cGo p7fpg xfdLn] blntsf sfo{ qmdsf
cfjZos} xf] <
lgdf{ 0 f u5f}{ eg] cfufdL jif{ b ]l v kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgdf gu/kflnsfn] cj:yfdf vr{ gug] { u/L ;+ l rt cufl8 a9fPsf 5f}+. To:t} l;nfO{sf
;a}n] ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ eg]/
ko{ 6sx?nfO{ ToxfF k' U bf cToGt} dfq} u/] / ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg sf]i fsf] ?kdf xfdLn] /fv]s f 5f} +. sfo{ qmdx?, xf] h] /Lsf sfo{qmdx?
xNnf u/]s} 5g\. lxhf] Tof] ePsf]
dgdf ] x s cj : yf l ;h{ g f ug] { x ' F b } g. ca :yfgLo hf]lvd If]qsf] klxrfg ePsf] 5. xfdL ;~rfng u/]sf 5f} / pTkLl8t klg lyof] . d k| l t ePsf] 36gf
afl6sfx? lgdf{0f ug]{ sfddf xfdL gu /jf;Lx?n fO{ k lg ;F u ;F u } ToxfFsf dflg;x?nfO{ ;r] t agfpg] blnt hftLx?nfO{ ToxfF ;dflxt tkfO{nfO{ yfx} 5. Tof] oyfy{ lyof]
cufl8 a9] sf 5f}+. To:t} :ju{4f/Ldf kl/rfng ug' { kg] { x'G 5. To;sf] xfdLx?sf] sfo{qmd cufl8 a9] sf] ug' { k 5{ . l xhf ] s f k' V o f} { n L k] zf ls lyPg. To;sf] k|ltsf/ t hgtfn]
dfq xf]Og ToxfF uPsf ko{ 6sx?nfO{ nflu gu/k fl nsfn ] s] s:tf 5. Joj;fox? x/fPsf 5g\. lxhf] y'k|} u/] s } x' g\ s] /] . d pd] / n] klg
cdnfpgsf] nflu cToGt} dgdf]xs sfo{qmdx? cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 < gu/kflnsfn] gu/sf] ljsf; ug{ dfG5] x?n] h' Qf l;nfpy]. h;nfO{ clnslt kfsf] klg e};s]. w]/} s'/fx?
:yfgx? lgdf{0 f ug]{ qmddf xfdLn] xfdLn] # j6 f j8fx?nfO{ cfGTl/s cfDbfgL j[l4 ug'{ kg]{ klg ;fsL{ elgGYof]. t/ clxn] xfdL Tof] rf/} l t ;f] R g g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{
;"rgf k|l jlwo'Qm kfs{ xfdLn] lgdf{0f ;/;kmfOo' Qm j8f 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf x'G5. of] gu/kflnsfsf] cfGtl/s ju{nfO{ tkfO{ Joj;fo ug'{x f];\ eg]/ ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu pxfFx?nfO{ klg
ub} { 5 f} . T o;sf ] glhs xfdLn] 5f}+. ToxfF k|To]s 3/x?df RofËx? cfDbfgL j[ l4 ug] { s:tf] /0fgLlt cg'bfg klg lbPsf 5f}+. tkfO{n] of] sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5'F. dnfO{
ko { 6 s x?nfO{ k" / fgf] ;+ : sf/ / lgdf{0f ePsf] 5. h'7]Ngfx? lgdf{0f /x]sf] 5 < h' Qf agfpg] sfdnfO{ Joj;fosf] ;Demfpg' xf];\ a'emfpg'xf];\ eg]/ Tof]
;+ : s[ l tx? vfgkfg, a;f O{ p 7fO, ePsf] 5. kmf]x f]/ kmfNg] vf8nx? of] If]qsf] e"uf]n cToGt} ljs6 ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg' xf];\, u'h f/fsf] ?kdf /fv] sf] xf]. dnfO{ nf} /f] ;dfP/
gf ruf gsf ] J oj : y f sf ] ?kdf tof/ eO;s]sf] 5. ca xfdL c? 5. dflg;x?sf] hLjg:t/ sl7g 5. ?kdf xf]Og. o;/L xfdLn] pxfFx?nfO{ pleg] ;' /IffsdL{ xf]Og. d} n] w]/ }
wgjfªdf xfdLn] xf]d :6] ;~rfng j8fx?df klg ;/;kmfO{ j8f 3f]if0ff ca gu/kfl nsf sf] cfo :t/ t Joj;fodf hf]8\g] k|of; u/]sf 5f}+. s'/fx? e'Ng] ePsf] sf/0fn] klg dnfO{
ul//fv]s f 5f}+. ug]{ sfo{qmd cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5. a 9f pg' k g] { xf] . hgtf nf O{ x} g , ul/jLs} s'/f ubf{v]/L tNnf] txdf k"0f{ u/fpgsf] nflu pxfFx?nfO{ d}n]
oL t ko{ 6g;Fu ;DjlGwt k"jf{wf/ of] ;/;kmfOsf] sfd eg] sf] d'v n] ls;fgnfO{ x}g, oxfFs f Joj;fodf sfo{ q mdx? k' Ug ;s] gg\ eGg] /f v] s f] 5' F / To xL cg' s " n s f]
ljsf;sf s'/fx? eP. d}n ] eGg s/fP/ x'Fb }g. d'Vo s'/f r]tgfsf] xf]. dflg;x?nfO{ hf]8]/ Tof] Joj;foaf6 J ofks u ' g f;f] 5. jf:tljs lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5'F / pxfFx ?n] /fd|f]
vf]h]sf] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu o;nfO{ t r] tgfsf] ljsf; ug'{ k5{ pgLx?n] s]xL cfly{s k|fKt ul/;s] ul/jx?n] sfo{q md ;lhn} kfpg ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] 5.
gu/kflnsfn] s] s:tf of]hgfx? eg]/ ;a} 3/df clgjfo{ ?kdf 3/ eg] To;af6 xfdLn] cfk\mgf] cfGtl/s ;s]gg\ eGg] u'gf;f]x? klg cfpg] xfd| f ] s' / fsfgLdf g;d ] l 6Psf]
agfPsf] 5 < cfug rf]sx?s]f ;/;kmfO{, k|T o]s >f ] ts f ] j [ l 4 ug' { k 5{ . cl xn] u /] s f] 5 < T o:tf] gd ' g f oxfF n fO{ eGg dg nfu] s f] s]x L
kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df 3/df Ps kmn, Ps k"mnsf] ?vx? b]lv/fv]s f] s'/f t dfnkf] t z'Nsdf sfo{qmdx? oxfFn] s] s] ug'{eof] s'/f eP eGg ;Sg' x'G5 <
clxn];Dd xfdLn] ljleGg sfo{qmddf nufPsf] x'g'k5{ eg]/ tL r]tgfd"ns j[l4 ug]{ eGbf 9f8 ;]Sg] eG5. To:tf < h:tf]M xf]h]/L, l;nfO{ s6fO{, h'Qf ;Dj[ 4 gu/ agf];\ eGg] d]/ f]
uP/ ToxfF -:ju{ 4f/L_ df ePsf sfo{ q md cufl8 nUb} :ju{ 4 f/L sfo{qmdx? xfdLn] cufl8 a9fPsf l;nfpg] afx]s cGo s]xL 5 < ;kgf xf]. d}n] sxL st} sdhf] /L,
kmf]xf]/x? ;+sng ug]{ klg ul//fv]sf gu/kflnsfnfO{ g} xfdL s]xL jif{ kl5 5} gf} . cToGt} Go" g cfo ePsf ca pgLx? nfO{ klg xf dL t[6 L u/] eg] dnfO{ ;Nnfx ;'emfj
5f} + . ToxfFs f] kmf] xf] / 6\o fS6/af6 gu/nfO{ g} ;/;kmfO{ gu/sf] ?kdf dfG5]x?nfO{ Go"g lsl;dsf] / hxfF Joj;fodf hf]8 \g nufgL ul//x] sf lbg d cfu|x ub{5'F. d]/f] hLjgsf]
5f}+. pgLx? h'g hftsf] ?kdf lxhf] pQ/fw{ ca ;fdflhs ;]jfaf6 ljbf
sfd rng lyof]. x}g ca hftn] x'g] a]n fdf dnfO{ s'g} t[6 L, uNtL,
;Dk"0f{ gu/jf;Lx?df Ko"7fg gu/kflnsfsf] clkn Û x'Fb}g d] xg]t / kl/>d h;n] klg ug{
kfpg' k b{ 5 / ug{ ;Sg' k b{ 5 eg] /
;DkGgtfsf] dnfO{ /x/ 5}g. d}n] of]
gu/nfO{ dfly p7fpg cfly{s ?kdf,
s;}n] b]xfosf sfd u/]df s;'/ u/]sf] dflgg] 5 M pxfFx ?nfO{ afv| f Joj;fodf ;+ 3 ;fdflhs ?kdf, /fhgLlts ?kdf ;a}
;+:yfx?df hf]8]/ ;xof]u u/]sf 5f}+. ?kdf ;DkG g gu/ agfpg] d} n ]
 gu/kflnsfn] tf]lslbPsf] ;do / :yfg afx]s cGoq lg:sf;g ug]{ . tkfO{ rf/ j6 f afv| f eP klg clenfzf /fVof 5' F . To;df ;a}
 3/ sDkfp08 tyf kl/;/sf] kmf]xf]/d}nf ;8s jf cGo ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf /fVg], kmfNg] jf kfNg'xf];\. cToGt} ul/j 5 eg] rf/ gu/jf;Lx?n] ;xof]u ug{ d cfu|x
y'kfg]{ . j6f afv|f kfNg'xf];\ eg]/ xfdLn] k};f ub{5 '.
lbPsf 5f}+. Tof] rf/j6f afv|f af6
 kmf]xf]/af6 lg:s]sf] b'lift kfgL -lrn]6_ jf 9n r'xfO{ cGo JolQmsf] 3/ jf hUuf k|b'lift
u/fpg] .
tkfO{ s f] hLjg lgjf{ x ug' { x f];\ /
o;nfO{ Joj;fodf hf]8\g'xf];\ eg]/
Ko"7fgsf] ===========
?kdf c+uflnG5. of] s'g} sfn, bz{g,
 ;8s jf cGo ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;jf/L ;fwg lj;fpg] jf la;fO/x]sf] xfdL Totflt/ cufl8 a9] sf 5f}+. If]q, ;d' bfo jf ;Qfaf6 ;Da4 x'G5.
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t'n f -/, l/, ?, /], /f], tf, lah'jf/ M ldqdl0f rf]s, ;Dks{ JolQm ;/:jtL k/fh'nL
lt, t', t]_ – Joj;flos If]q ;kmn kmf]g )*^–$^)^&), (*$&*%!())
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;Gtf]i fhgs 9+u n] ;DkGg x'g]5 g\ . k/fh'nL dgL 6«fG;km/ afUb'nf Ko"7fg
cy { n fesf cj;/ cfpg] 5g\ . yk ;]jf
tLy{j|t tyf b]jfno cflbsf] e|d0f ;'/z
] rGb| l/hfn ljjfx kf6L{sf] nflu ufl8 l/hj{sf] Joj:yf 5 .
x'g ;S5. ;fdflhs sfdaf6 k|z+;f ;lrj M blIf0f PlzofnL ;Dks{ JolQm M kbd k|;fb vgfn, kmf]g (*%&*##^!^
k|fKt x'g]5. lbbLalxgL jf s'6'Dasf Hof] ltif dxf;+ 3
sfddf ;3fpg' kg]{5.
a[l Zrs -tf], gf, lg, g', g], v], vf], uf, lu_ – k|lts"n ;do
gf], of, lo, o'_ – cfDbfgLdf sdL rNb}5. grfx]sf] If]qdf vr{sf] dfqf
tkfO{sf] 3/ cfugd} e/kbf]{ :jf:Yo ;]jf
cfpg] 5}g t/ lg/y{s / k|ltkmn k|fKt
X j fQ } a9 \ g ;S5. k| z f ;l gs Ko"7fg lhNnfd} klxnf] k6s lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt g]kfn ;/sf/af6
gx'g] If]qdf wg nufgLsf] ;Defjgf
em} emd] n f jf cf/f]k Joxf] g{' kg] { dfGotf k|fKt :ju{4f/L nfO{km s]o/ xl:k6n k|f=nL= Ko"7fgsf] Jofkf/Ls s]Gb|
5, To;}n] ;r]t /xg' xf]nf. s[l if,
x' g;S5. k|] d ;DaGwdf ltQmtf afUb'nf k'nrf]sdf cTofw'lgs pks/0f / bIf 8fS6/x?af6 cfw'lgs k4ltdf
cfpg] of]u 5. tkfO{+n] eg] h:tf] ;]jf ;'ef/De u/]sf] ;xif{ hfgsf/L u/fpFb5f}F .
sfd ;DkGg x'g sl7g 5. cfkm"n] ;]jfx? M
tfs] cg'¿k sfd gaGgfn] lbSs @$ ;} 306f cfsl:ds ;]jf  la/fdL hfFr, hg/n d]l8l;g, hg/n
nfUg]5. ofqfaf6 kmfObf 5}g. ;h{/L, k|;'tL tyf :qL /f]u, 5fnf tyf of}g /f]u, xf8 hf]gL{ tyf g;f /f]u, pRr
s 'D e -u' , u] , uf] , ;f , /Qmrfk tyf dw'd]x /f]u ;DjGwL ;]jfla/fdL egf{ ;]jf 
l;, ;', ;], ;f], b_ – efOalxgL cTofw'lgs pks/0faf6 @$ ;} 306f Nofj ;]jf  @$ 306f ;'ky d'Nodf
jf ;Gtltsf tkm{af6 v'zLsf] va/ cf}iflw lat/0f  cTofw'lgs d]lzgaf6 @$ ;} 306f lel8of] PS;/] ;]jf 
k|fKt x'g] 5. cfly{s ¿kdf ;an #)) PdPsf] PS;/] d]lzgaf6 PS;/] ;]jf d'6'sf] PS;/] O{=l;=lh= ;]jf
x' g'x' g]5, sf/f] af/df ultzLntf @$ ;} 306f clS;hg ;]]jf  kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf 
cfpg] 5 / Joj;foaf6 klg /fd|} ;fdfGo lr/kmf/ 8]l;Ë  uf7fu'7L tyf af];f]sf] 8Nnf kmfNg] ;]jf
nfe x'g]5. dfofk|]dsf nflu ;do
;a} :jf:Yo ;]jf Pp6} 5fgfd'g L
cfj Z o s ;xof ] u l dN g] 5 .
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k|fKt x'g] of]u 5. Ko"7fg gu/kflnsf – * k"nrf]s Ko"7fg kmf]g M )*^–$^)##(, (&%*%)#^)%
kz' k fng / lemgfdl;gf 3/f o;L dLg -lb, b', y, em, `, b],
sfddf ;do vr{ x' g] 5 . u/] s f bf], r, lr_ – k|of;;fWo ;do 5
sfdaf6 7"nf] pknAwL lng ;ls+b}g w} o{ u/L ldlxg]t u/]d f sfol{\;l4
/ >dsf] ;d'lrt d" NofÍg gx'gfn] x'g;S5. k|fljlws sfddf ;kmntf
k|To]s cleefjsn] vf]kaf/] hfGg}kg]{ s'/fx?
lbSs nfUg]5. k9fOn] vfOdf ;do k|fKt x'g] 5. cfTdljZjf; hfUg]5.
lbg ;ls+b}g.  vf]k kfpg' k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] / vf]k ;]jf
cleefjs sf] cfzLjf{ b n] sfd
wg' -o], of], e, le, e', w, lbnfpg' k|To]s cleefjssf] st{Jo klg xf] .
ug{ ;S5. >dd" n s sfddf dg
kmf, 9, e]_ – dg pQfpnf], efj's
hfg] 5 . :jf:Yo ;an /xg] 5.  Ifo/f]u, Eofu't] /f]u, nx/]vf]sL, wg'i6+sf/, x]kf6fL{l6; la, x]df]lkmn;
/ r~rn aGg;S5. cfhsf] k|of;
/ sfdwGbfaf6 bL3{sflns kmfObf k'Ug J oj ;f o a 9 fpg] j f gj L g
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;S5, T o;} n ] cfˆgf] l jrf/ /
of]hgfnfO{ /rgfTds ¿k k| bfg ug]{ -Hof]l tif tyf af:t'z f:qL bfb'/f–?j]nf, lgdf]lgof / hfkflgh Og;]k\mnfO{l6; /f]ux?af6 arfpg
k| o f; ubf{ /fd| f ] x' g] 5 . l jlzi6 M ;'/ ]z rGb| l/hfn. ;Dks{ g+ ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ hGd]sf] Ps jif{ leq} jL=;L=hL=, l8=lk=6L=–x]k
JolQmnfO{ k|efljt t' NofP/ sfd )*^ – $^ )&)# d f] a fO n g+ = jL–lxj, kf]lnof], lk=;L=eL=, bfb'/f–?a]nf, cfO{=lk=le=, hfkflgh
agfpg ;lsg]5. gfd, bfd, k| lti7f (*%!)^!!@$. :yfg M Ko"7 fg
gu/kflnsf j8f g+= &, l6s'/ L, O{G;]k\mfnfO{l6; vf]k clgjfo{ nufpg'k5{ . hfkflgh O{G;]k\mnfO{l6;
/ k'/:sf/ k|fKt x'g;S5.
ds/ -ef], h, lh, lv, v', Ko"7 fg. vf]k o; /f]usf] hf]lvd ePsf lhNnfx?df dfq nufOG5 .
 k| To]s dlxgf ;~rfng x' g] glhssf] vf] k s] Gb|df cfk\m gf
afnaflnsfnfO{ nuL vf]k nufcf}+ / hGd]sf] Ps jif{ leq} ;a}
cl3 g} d[To' eO;s]sf] k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb| vf]ksf] dfqf k"/f ug{ gljl;{cf}+ .
leË|Lsf 8fS6/ clg; cfrfo{n] atfP.
la/]Gb| | cd/ dfWoflds ljBfnodf xfd| f] u|Ln  afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps k6s vf]k nufO;s]kl5 csf]{k6s vf]k nufpg
pBf]usf] dftxtdf /xL sfd ug{ cfPsf] k|f]kfO{6/ a;Gt
l;+ªn] hfgsf/L lbP. cfpg] ldltaf/] :jf:YosdL{;Fu /fd|/L hfgsf/L lng] u/f}+ .
zjsf] ;gfvt u/L kf]: 6df6{d kl5 cfkmGtnfO{
cfOtjf/ ;fem g} a'emfOPsf] k|x/Ln] hgfPsf] 5.  vf]k sf8{ ;'/lIft /fvf}+ / k|To]s k6s afnaflnsfnfO{ vf]k
ljB'tLo ;fdfu|Ldf sfd ubf{ c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f nufpg hfFbf vf]k sf8{ lnP/ hfcf}+ .
o; lsl;dsf b'3 {6gf lhNnfdf o; cl3 klg x' g]
 s'g} aRrfnfO{ vf]k nufpg 5'6]sf] 5 eg] vf]k s]Gb| jf :jf:y
;+:yfdf ;Dks{ u/f}+ .
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ l8lehg sfof{no Ko'7fg cg'/f]ws M gf}alxgL ufp“kflnsf
:jf:Yo zfvf afxg], Ko"7fg .
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;DjlGwt ;j} ;j{;fwf/0fdf hfgsf/L u/fpFb} To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg /
ePdf sf/jfxL ug]{ clVtof/L k|fKt lgsfox?n] ;lqmotfsf ;fy cfkm\gf]
lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{x'g cfof]u ;hu u/fpFb5 .
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