Earth and Life Module Week 7

EARTH AND LIFE
SCIENCES
Learner’s Material
Week 7
Office of the School Registrar

TRENT INFORMATION FIRST TECHNICAL CAREER INSTITUTE, INC. RLC Bldg. National Road Taytay, Rizal
RLC Bldg., National Road, Brgy. San Juan, Taytay, Rizal.
 658-3825; 286-4073
Lesson 7:
COMPARE AND
CONTRAST THE
FORMATION OF THE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
IGNEOUS ROCKS
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Learning Outcome(s): At the end of this lesson, the learners shall be able to conduct a survey to assess the
possible geologic / hydro meteorological hazards that your community may experience.
Lesson Outline:
1. Review - Naming Igneous Rock
2. Review - Magma Formation
3. Guide Questions
4. Sink or Flow
5. How to Test the Viscosity of a Liquid
6. Evolution of Magma
7. Diversification of Magma
8. Igneous Rocks
CONTENTS (BOOK)
REVIEW - NAMING IGNEOUS ROCKS
The different types of igneous rocks based on silica content are:
1. Felsic (silica-rich) igneous rocks – light-colored, few dark minerals
2. Intermediate igneous rocks – approximately equal amounts of light and dark minerals
3. Mafic (silica-poor) igneous rocks – dark-colored, few light minerals.
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REVIEW – MAGMA FORMATION
Processes for magma generation and where it is generated
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SINK OR FLOW
This video shows someone putting a a piece of rock, a piece of sponge and different
materials on a basin of water. Observe what happens to these materials. A guide question
will be: Which materials sink and which ones float?
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HOW TO TEST THE VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID
To illustrate viscosity, this video is using at least three different liquids: honey, oil, water.
Observe how the different liquids flow (e.g. very fast, fast, slow etc.).
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IGNEOUS ROCKS
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SEATWORK / EXERCISE/ TASK SHEET/ QUIZ
PRACTICE:
Conceptual mapping of the Bowen’s reaction series.
Post a Bowen’s reaction series template and let the learners fill up the template by placing the
words in their correct number location.
12
1 13
3
4
14
5
15
7
16
8
2 9
Each diagram should contain the following words/phrases
Felsic Composition High Temperature Olivine

Calcium-rich Feldspar Intermediate Pyroxene Quartz
Low Temperature Amphibole Mafic Potassium Feldspar
Sodium-rich Feldspar Biotite mica Muscavite mica Ultramafic
ENRICHMENT:
Answer the following at least 200 words
“Can the same volcano produce volcanic rocks with different compositions?
How? “
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MEDIA SCRIPT
Text/Image/Video Video
00:01 Video #1
This presentation will explain
how geologists figure out the
conditions responsible for REVIEW - NAMING IGNEOUS ROCKS
00:05
turning hot magma into solid
rocks and how we can make
some simple observations to
identify
00:09
and classify some common
igneous rock types.
00:12
There are three specific things
we want you to learn. The first
is to figure out if a
00:17
rock formed near Earth’s
surface or deep underground. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zbz4e-9pjY4
Next, we want to further
classify
00:22
these rocks on the basis of
their chemical composition, and
finally, we would like you
00:27
to be able to name some
common types of igneous
rocks
00:31
We can divide all igneous rocks
into two groups. Volcanic
igneous rocks form on or near
Earth’s
00:37
surface. An example would be
a lava flow. In contrast, when
magma cools and solidifies
00:42
below ground, it forms a
plutonic igneous rock.
00:46
Both volcanic and plutonic
igneous rocks form when
magma solidifies. The big
difference
00:51
is in how rapidly that process
takes place. Magma that starts
at temperatures in excess
00:56
of a thousand degrees Celsius
will cool rapidly in the relatively
cold conditions of Earth’s
01:01
surface. This rapid cooling
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produces millions of tiny

crystals of different minerals
that
01:06
can only be observed using a
microscope.
01:08
In contrast, plutonic igneous
rocks cool slowly under much
hotter conditions, allowing
some
01:14
minerals to grow into relatively
large crystals that can be
readily distinguished by the
naked
01:18
eye.
01:19
The same type of magma can
produce either plutonic or
volcanic rock, depending upon
01:25
where it comes to rest.
01:28
Geologists can use the texture
of an igneous rock - that is the
size of the crystals or
01:32
minerals within the rock - to
determine if it had a plutonic or
volcanic origin. Visible
01:37
grains indicate a plutonic
igneous rock, but if you can’t
see any individual minerals,
01:41
it must be a volcanic igneous
rock.
01:44
For example, is this rock
volcanic or plutonic?
01:47
How about this one?
01:51
We can’t see any individual
crystals or mineral grains in the
first rock, so we would
01:55
classify it as volcanic. We can
clearly see light and dark
minerals in the other sample,
01:59
so we would identify it as
plutonic.
02:03
How about these examples?
02:27
We can differentiate volcanic
and plutonic rocks on the basis
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of their texture, but if

02:32
we want to classify igneous
rocks further, we have to divide
them up by composition.
02:36
We will use the silica-content of
the igneous rocks to divide
them into three groups.
Fortunately,
02:42
we don’t have to do any fancy
chemical analysis to determine
composition as the color of the
02:46
igneous rocks serves as a
proxy for its silica content.
Light-colored rocks are mainly
composed
02:51
of silica-rich minerals. In
contrast, dark-colored rocks
are made up of silica-poor
minerals.
02:58
We use the terms felsic, mafic,
and intermediate to label
igneous rocks with high, low or
medium
03:04
silica contents. Felsic igneous
rocks are silica-rich and are
dominated by light-colored
03:10
minerals. Mafic rocks are
darker, and intermediate
igneous rocks contain roughly
equal measures
03:15
of light and dark minerals.
03:18
The chemical composition of
these rocks ranges from about
half-silica for the mafic rocks
03:23
to more than two-thirds silica in
the felsic rocks.
03:27
Let’s try classifying a few
igneous rocks by composition.
What about these examples,
03:33
can you identify the felsic,
mafic and intermediate
varieties?
03:46
Here are the answers.
03:52
Now that we know how to
identify the texture and
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composition of igneous rocks,

we are ready
03:57
to learn how to apply this
information and match it with
the names of some common
igneous
04:02
rocks.
04:03
We can separate igneous rocks
into volcanic and plutonic
varieties on the basis of
texture.
04:09
And there is a felsic, mafic and
intermediate example of each,
giving us six possible rock
04:14
names.
04:16
Felsic volcanic and plutonic
rocks are known as Rhyolite
and Granite respectively. Their
04:21
intermediate equivalents are
Andesite and Diorite, and the
darker mafic volcanic igneous
04:27
rock is Basalt, and the plutonic
version is Gabbro.
04:32
Try creating this table on your
own as a useful way of
remembering the classification
scheme.
04:36
Now, let’s see if you can apply
this new-found knowledge to
identify some igneous rock
samples.
04:46
We see visible light-colored
grains, so this must be a
plutonic, felsic igneous rock,
and that would be Granite.
04:53
You are on your own now for
the rest. Good luck!
05:32
So, to summarize, we can use
the texture of igneous rocks to
tell us something about where
05:37
they formed relative to Earth’s
surface and their color to
indicate their chemical
05:41
composition. In a future lesson
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we will discuss how

composition is linked to the
plate tectonic
05:46
setting where the magma
originally formed. On the basis
of texture and color, geologists
05:51
can classify igneous rocks and
use this information to decipher
the geologic history of the
region
05:55
where the rocks were found.
06:00
We had three learning
objectives for this lesson. How
confident are you that you
could
06:03
readily complete these tasks?
0:12 Video #2
Magma – Defined as molten
rock found below the Earth’s
REVIEW – MAGMA FORMATION
surface. – Comes from the
Greek word ‘Thick Ointment’
(1859). – Formed from the
melting rocks in the Earth’s
lithosphere.
0:32
How Magma is Formed. The
heat is enough to partially melt
some rocks in the upper
mantle, 50-100 m below the
surface. That’s near the base
of the lithosphere or at the top https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0OeKn0fh1Y
of the asthenosphere. Rocks
don’t completely melt. Most
rocks are made up or more
than one mineral, and these
minerals have different melting
temperature.
0:42
This means that when the rock
starts to melt, some of the
minerals get melted to a much
greater degree.
1:00
The most common type of
magma produced is basalt.
Soon after they’re formed, little
drops of basaltic magma start
to work their way upward and
pretty soon they join with other
drops and eventually there is a
good flow of basaltic magma
towards the surface.
1:08
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Rise of magma is controlled by:

Magma viscosity? Magma
composition?
1:17
Magma Viscosity – measure of
resistance to flow, has
important control on the nature
of a volcanic eruption.
1:24
High Viscosity – magma is
resistant to flow (flows very
slowly), creates explosive
eruptions. Example:
Andesitic/Rhyolitic lavas (Mt.
St. Helens)
1:38
Low Viscosity – magma flows
freely (flows very quickly),
creates quiet, non-explosive
reactions. Example: Basaltic
lavas (Hawaii)
1:50
Controls on viscosity:
1. Magma Composition –
higher SiO2 content = higher
viscosity
2. Magma Temperature –
higher temperature = lower
viscosity
3. Dissolved Gas – higher
amount dissolved gas =
lower viscosity
2:05
Magma Composition
1. Rocks
2. Bit and pieces of minerals
that have not yet melted or
have solidified (or crystallized)
from the molten state as the
magma cools.
3. Different gases (water
vapour, carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric
sulphuric acid.
2:12
Processes that Form Magma
by Melting of Mantle Rock
1. Increase in Temperature
2. Decrease in Pressure
3. Addition of Water
2:18
Where Does Magma Forms?
On average, melting happens
at depths below about 50
kilometers but above a few
hundred kilometers.
Although rocks can melt
anywhere, there are three
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environments in which melting

is common due to mechanisms
that help to increase the
temperature of the rocks.
2:45
Below Mid-Ocean Ridges
At those places, hot mantle
rocks rise in slow-moving
currents. Melting happens at
relatively shallow depths, less
than the typical 50 kilometers,
for two reasons. First, the lower
lithosphere rocks melt because
they are heated by the hotter
rocks below. Second, the rising
mantle rocks melt because the
pressure on them decreases as
they move upward.
3:02
Mantle Plumes or Hotspots
Melting also occurs at places
where rising hot mantle rocks
heat the base of the
lithosphere. These places are
called mantle plumes, or hot
spots. The lithosphere does not
rift or gap as it did with the mid-
ocean ridges but moves over
the stationary hot spot.
3:17
Subduction zones
Rocks also melt in plate
subduction zones, which are
places where the seafloor
lithosphere is pulled down into
the mantle. Melting
temperatures are lowered in
this environment because of all
the water trapped in the
seafloor rocks and in the clay
sediment that is carried down
with.
3:20
What happens after magma is
formed?
3:25
After magma formation. When
magma is allowed to cool, it
crystallizes into a solid rock
form. The rocks made from the
cooling and solidifying of
molten rock are called igneous
rocks.
3:45
Magma forms in the deeper
layers of the earth where
temperatures are so hot that
rocks melt. Magma is hot
molten rock in the middle of a
volcano and lava is hot molten
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rock leaving a volcano.

4:02
This differentiation between
magma and lava is important
when we consider the two
classifications of igneous rock.
Because plutonic rocks are
formed when magma cools and
solidifies below the earth’s
surface and volcanic rocks are
rocks formed when lava cools
and solidifies on the earth’s
surface.
00:02 Video #3
hi I'm Shelly the bet with
childcare
00:05 SINK OR FLOW
lana comment a want to share
with you
00:06
great activity that you can put
into
00:07
your science center it's called
sink or
00:09
float it's very easy and fun to
do all
00:12
you need is a dish pan a little
bit more
00:15 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaWiv66KMvY
than half full of water
depending on the
00:17
size of the items that you're
going to
00:18
put in a test to see if they sink
or
00:19
float and you need items to put
into
00:22
your pan of water to see if they
sink or
00:25
float and along with that I have
a
00:26
companion worksheet which
can be found a
00:30
website at childcare landcom
underneath
00:32
the video section is called sink
or
00:33
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float there's three different

sections
00:34
on here and what would the
child would
00:37
do is they would take an object
neither
00:38
drawing what the object is or
write the
00:40
name in or do both and then
see if it
00:42
sinks or float and then check
sink or
00:44
float on here you as a teacher
the child
00:47
care provider could certainly
draw you
00:49
the item in yourself and write
the name
00:51
in yourself and then make
Xerox copies
00:54
of these or photocopies of
these and
00:55
have these ready at the table
so it's
00:58
pretty much up to you how you
want to do
00:59
this you can check text any test
any
01:03
kind of objects to see if they
sink or
01:06
float that's a fun part of this is
that
01:08
there are so many things you
can test
01:10
what I do though before we
begin this
01:12
activity the time that we put the
things
01:13
into the water gently we don't
just drop
01:16
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them or plop them in because

there will
01:18
be some children want to
create the
01:20
splash effect but we put things
in
01:22
gentle and one of the obvious
things for
01:24
sinking is a rock so you put that
and
01:27
just kind of gently drop it in to
see if
01:30
it sinks or floats and this one
sinks
01:34
something else you could do is
maybe a
01:37
foam black this is it sink or float
and
01:41
this one both so you can just
really use
01:45
your imagination you know as a
different
01:47
kind of items I mean it's just
endless
01:48
of what you could do it says the
01:50
activity could certainly be
repeated
01:52
this is a spoon does it sink or
float
01:54
sinks we have a little bristle
black one
02:01
of those things that you push
together
02:02
and they stay together the sink
or float
02:05
that one floats so again there's
all
02:09
different kinds of things you
can choose
02:11
I have a giant paperclip
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02:13
syncs and even though there's
just three
02:17
spots on that sheet that
companion sheet
02:20
you can certainly use more
than one
02:21
sheet you have two pages
stapled
02:23
together if you wanted to test
six items
02:26
so you know again it's up to
you the age
02:28
level of the children younger
children
02:30
may need supervision during
this a
02:31
pencil floats so again use a
variety of
02:37
materials don't have anything
that
02:38
floats or everything that sinks
you want
02:40
to choose materials that will
you know
02:44
pretty much either sink or float
but not
02:47
just sink or just float so you
want to
02:50
have a combination of both
sinking and
02:51
floating materials is what I'm
trying to
02:53
say so over sink or float I'm
Shelley
02:56
LaVette with child care
landcom and
02:59
thanks for watching
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00:00 Video #4
hey everyone it's danielle from
cool
00:01
science experiments HOW TO TEST THE VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID
headquarters for the
00:03
experiment today we're gonna
take some
00:05
marbles and we're gonna drop
them in
00:06
different liquids and we're
gonna see
00:08
how they behave differently
based on the
00:10
liquids we drop them into are
you ready
00:12
let's get started
00:20
to begin an experiment we
have started
00:23
with four jars and we have filled
each
00:26
of them with a different type of
liquid
00:27
in the first jar we put water in
the
00:30
second jar we put corn syrup in
the
00:33
third jar we put oil and in the
fourth
00:35
jar we put honey now we're
going to take
00:40
a marble and we're going to
drop one
00:42
marble into each of the jars and
we're
00:45
gonna see if the marble
behaves
00:46
differently based on the liquid
that
00:48
it's dropped into first we'll drop
a
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00:52
marble into the water
00:58
next we'll drop a marble into
the corn
01:01
syrup
01:08
now we'll drop a marble into
the oil and
01:15
lastly we'll drop a marble into
the
01:18
honey
01:35
when we drop the marbles into
the liquid
01:37
some of them move very
quickly to the
01:39
bottom of the jar and others
moved very
01:41
slowly can you tell me why why
did the
01:45
marbles behave differently
based on the
01:47
type of liquid that we drop them
into
01:49
leave a comment below to
submit your
01:51
guess and then visit cool
science
01:52
experiments headquarters calm
to find
01:54
out the answer you'll be able to
print
01:56
out instructions for this
experiment so
01:58
then you can do it at home too
thanks
02:00
for watching and we'll see you
next time
Page 39 of 39

Earth and Life Module Week 7

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EARTH AND LIFE

Office of the School Registrar

REVIEW - NAMING IGNEOUS ROCKS

The different types of igneous rocks based on silica content are:

1. Felsic (silica-rich) igneous rocks – light-colored, few dark minerals

3. Mafic (silica-poor) igneous rocks – dark-colored, few light minerals.

REVIEW – MAGMA FORMATION

Processes for magma generation and where it is generated

HOW TO TEST THE VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID

SEATWORK / EXERCISE/ TASK SHEET/ QUIZ

Conceptual mapping of the Bowen’s reaction series.

Each diagram should contain the following words/phrases

Felsic Composition High Temperature Olivine

Answer the following at least 200 words

produces millions of tiny

of their texture, but if

composition of igneous rocks,

we will discuss how

Rise of magma is controlled by:

environments in which melting

rock leaving a volcano.

float there's three different

them or plop them in because

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