5 6165872371740704849

fzpdp mwpKfk; UNIT
02
Introduction to Computer
2.1 nra;Kiwtopahf;fy;fspd (Processors) tpUj;jpAld; njhlu;Gila Kf;fpa

khw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpdp gbKiw tsu;r;rpia ntspf; nfhzu;thu;
 fzpj;jypd; tuyhW (History of Computing)

 fzpdpj; jiyKiwfs;
 gy;NtW tifg;gLj;jy; Kiwfs;
fzpg;nghwpf;F mwpKfk;
 fzpg;nghwp ,d;W kdpj tho;ifapd; xU Kf;fpa mq;fkhfj;
jpfo;fpwJ.
 Njhopy,; Jiw, murhl;rp, fy;tp, kUj;Jtk;, Muha;rp ,rl;lk;, r%f
Nrit, ,ir, Xtpak;, jpiug;glk; Nghd;W gy JiwfspYk;
fzpg;nghwpia vq;F gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ ek; fl;gidahy;
kl;LNk fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
fzpg;nghwp vd;gJ vd;d?

 xU rpWtDf;F my;yJ rpWkpf;F mJ vt;thW Njhw;wkspf;fpwJ?
thndhyp njhiyf;fhl;rp jpiug;glk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; fyit vdj;
Njhd;wyhk;.
 ,J XusTf;F cz;ik Mdhy; fzpg;nghwpapd; mw;Gjkd
jpwikfs; ,jpy; ntspg;gltpy;iy.
 fzpg;nghwp xU kpd;dZ ,ae;jpuk; mJ $l;ly; fopj;jy; ngUf;fy;
tFj;jy; Nghd;w fzpjr; nray;ghLfisr; nra;a KbAk;.
 mjdhy; jftiyr; Nrkpj;J itf;f KbAk;.
 mijg; gpwF gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. mJ xu; tpdhbapy;
gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd nray;fisj; jtwpy;yhky; nra;Ak;.
 fzpj Vuzr; nray;ghLfisj; jhdhfr; nray;gLj;Jk; ty;yik
ngw;wJ fzpg;nghwp mjd; Jy;ypaKk; NtfKk; kpf mjpfk;
rypg;gpd;wp Ntiy nra;Ak; xU ez;gd; vdyhk;.
 vz;ZtJk; $l;LtJk; kdpj Fyj;jpw;F Mjpfhyj;jpNyNa Vw;gl;l
xU Njit.
 vz;Ztjw;F tpuy;fspdhy; Gs;sp itg;gJ, rpW NfhL, fpopg;gJ
vd;W njhlq;fpdhd; vYk;Gfspy; fPwp itj;jhd;.
 rpW fw;fs; kzpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;.
 gpwF vz;fis cUthf;fpdhd; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp fzf;Ffis

nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
 mtw;iw tpiuthf nra;a Kjypy; ifapdhy; ,af;Fk;
fUtpfisAk; mLj;J kpd;rhuj;jhy; ,af;Fk; fUtpfisAk;
gilj;jhd;.
 mLj;J te;jJ jhd; ,d;iwa kpd;dZf; fzpg;nghwp.
Mjpfhy tuyhW
fp.K. 2500- mghf];
 vz; fzpjj;jpw;fhf fz;L
gpbf;fg;gl;l Kjy; fUtp mghf];
vdyhk;.
 ,jpy; EhypiofSk; mtw;wpy;
kzpfSk; ,Uf;Fk;.
 xt;nthU ,ioAk; xU gjpd;k
(jrk) epiyiaAk; xt;nthU
kzpAk; xU gjpd;k
,yf;fj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
 eLtpy; cs;s rl;lj;jpd; mUfpy;
cs;s kzpfs; xU vz;izf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
 Kjypy; mghf]; $l;lYf;Fk; fopj;jYf;Fk; gad;gl;lJ. gpd;du;
ngUf;fYf;Fk; tFj;jYf;Fk; tpupthf;fg;gl;lJ.
fp.gp. 1614 – Neg;gpau; Fr;rpfs;
 ngUf;fis tpiuthfr; nra;a cjTk;

rhjdk; ,J.
 [hd; Neg;gpau;(John Napier) vd;Dk;
];fhl;yhe;Jf;fhuyhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jpy; xt;nthU ,yf;fj;jpw;Fk; xU
Fr;rp ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jf; Fr;rpfis
Njitahd ngUf;fYf;F Vw;wJ Nghy;
mLf;fp itj;jhy; ngUf;fis
tpiuthfr; nra;ayhk;.
fp.gp. 1633 – efUk; rl;lk; (Slide Rule)
 tpy;ypak; Ml;nul; (William Oughtred) vd;gtu; ,jid

cUthf;fpdhu;. ,J yhfupjk; (Logarithm) vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy;
nray;gLfpwJ.
 ,jd; ,UGwq;fspy; epiyj;j rl;lq;fSk; eLtpy; xU efUk;
rl;lKk; cs;sJ.
 ,ijg; gad;gLj;jp ngUf;fisAk; tFj;jiyAk; $l;ly; fopj;jy;
Nghd;W nra;ayhk;.
fp.gp. 1642 – Roy; rf;fuf; fzpg;ghd;
 ,J gpNsa;]; gh];fy; (Blaise

Pascal) vd;Dk; gpNwQ;R
mwpQuhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,d;iwa fzpg;nghwpf;F
Kd;Ndhb vdyhk;.
 ,jpy; nek;gpfSk;
Ntfkhw;wpfSk; (Levers and
gears) ,Ue;jd.
 jd; je;ijapd; fzpg;Gfis
tpiutgLj;j gh];fhy; ,ij
cUthf;fpdhu;.
 mg;NghJ mtUf;F taJ
gj;njhd;gJjhd;.
fp.gp. 1822 – b/gud;]; vd;[pd; (Difference Engine)
 ,J rhu;y]; ghNg[; (Charles

Babbage) vd;Dk;
Mq;fpNyauhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,tu; fzpjk; kw;Wk;
nghUspay; Jiwfspy;
mwpQu;.
 ,d;iwa fzpg;nghwpapd;
mbg;gilj; jj;Jtq;fis
cUthf;fpajhy; ,d;iwa
fzpg;nghwpapd; je;ij vd;W
Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
fp.gp. 1890- N`hy;upj; NlGNybq; kp]pd; (Hollerith Tabulating
Machine)
 Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilfisg;ghu;j;J mtw;wpy; cs;s

jfty;fisg;gbj;J mtw;iw myrp MuhAk; jd;ik gilj;jJ
,e;jf; fUtp.
fzpg;nghwpapd; jiyKiwfs;
 fzpg;nghwpia cUthf;Fk; njhopy; ql;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gyg; gy
Kd;Ndw;wq;fspy; rpy kpf Kf;fpakhdit.
 mit fzpg;nghwpapd; jpwd; Ntfk; ek;gfj;jd;ik Nghd;wtw;iw
mjpfupj;jd.
 tpiyia Fiwj;jd. ,e;j Kf;fpa njhopy; ql;gq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; fzpg;nghwpapd; jiyKiwfisg; gpupf;fyhk;.
 mtw;iwg;gw;wp ,q;F ghu;g;Nghk;.
Kjy; jiyKiw – 1940-1956 ntw;wplf; Foha;fs;
 ntw;wplf; Foha;fis (Vaccum Tube) kpd; Rw;wpYk; fhe;j
cUisia epidtfkhfTk; gad;gLj;jpa fzpg;nghwpfis
Kjy; jiy Kiw vd;fpNwhk;.
 ,it mstpy; ngupajhfTk; mjpf ntg;gj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtjhfTk; ,Ue;jd.
 ,tw;iw ,af;f mjpf msT kpd;rhuk; Njitg;gl;lJ.
 mjpf msT ntg;gk; cUthdjhy; fzpg;nghwpapd; ghfq;fs;
mbf;fb gOJgl;ld.
 ,it fzpg;nghwp nkhopapy; (Machine Language) kl;LNk
nray;gl;ld. jfty;fs; Jis ml;ilfs; kw;Wk; fhfpj
ehlhf;fs; %yk; cs;sPL (Input) nra;ag;gl;ld.
 ntspaPLfs; (Output) mr;Rg;nghwp topahf mr;rplg;gl;L
ntspte;jd. ,e;jf; fzpg;nghwpfs; xU rkaj;jpy; xU fzpg;ig
kl;LNk nra;Ak; jpwd; ngw;wit.
 Adptu;ry; Ml;Nlhnkbf; fk;A+l;lu; (Universal Automatic Computer-
UNIVAC) kw;Wk; vnyf;l;uhdpf; epA+kupfy; ,d;lf;Nulu; mz;l;
fhy;FNyl;lu; (Electronic Numerical Integrater and Calculator – ENIAC)
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kjy; jiyKiwfs;.
,uz;lhk; jiyKiw – 1956 – 1963 buhd;rp];lu;
 ntw;wplf; Foha;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf
uhd;rp];lu; (Transistor) gad;
gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,jdhy; msTk; Njitahd
kpd;rhuKk; Fiwe;jJ.
 l;uhd;rp];lUk; mjpf ntg;gj;ij
ntspapl;ljhy; fzpg;nghwp rpy
rkaq;fspy; jtwhf nray;gl;lJ.
 Mdhy; Ke;ija jiy
KiwapypUe;J ngUksT
Kd;NdwpapUe;jJ.,jpy; cs;sl P ;Lf;F Jis ml;ilfSk;
ntspaPl;bw;F mr;Rg; nghwpfSk; gad;gl;ld.
 fzpg;nghwp nkhopapypUe;J mnrk;g;sp nkhopf;F (Assemply Language)
Kd;NdwpaJ.
 ,jpy; fl;lisfs; rpW nrhw;fs; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; jhd; Nfhghy; (COBOL) Nghu;l;uhd; (FORTRAN)
Nghd;w cau;epiy nkhopfspd; (High Level Languages)
njhlf;fg;gjpg;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,e;jj; jiyKiwapy; epidtfj;jpw;F fhe;j tisaq;fs; (Magnetic
core) gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 juTfis kl;Lkpy;yhky; fl;lisfisAk; epidtfj;jpy; itf;Fk;
njhopy; ql;gk; mwpKfkhdJ.
%d;whk; jiyKiw – 1964- 1971 xUq;fik
RW;Wfs;
 gy nuhd;rp];fisf; FWf;fp xNu
rpy;ypy; (chip) mlf;fp
cUthf;fg;gl;lit xUq;fik
Rw;Wfs; (Integrated Circuits)
 ,it fzpg;nghwpapd;. jpwidAk;
Ntfj;ijAk; kpfTk; mjpfg;gLj;jp
xU jiyKiw khw;wj;ijNa
Vw;gLj;jpd.
 NkYk; tpirg;gyifAk; (keyboard)
jpiur; rhjdKk; (Monitor)
cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fshf te;jd.
 fzpg;nghwpapd; gy gFjpfisAk; epu;tfpf;Fk; ,af;f mikg;Gfs;
(Operating system) Njhd;wpd.
 ,jdhy; gy fzf;FfSf;F xNu rkaj;jpy; jPu;Tfhd Kbe;jJ.
ehd;fhk; jiyKiw – 1971- ,d;W tiu :
qz;nrayp
 gyg;gy xUq;fik
Rw;Wfis xNu rpy;ypy;
cs;slf;fp qz;
nraypfs; (Micro
processor)
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,it fzpg;nghwpapd;
jpuid xU Gjpa
epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L
nrd;wd. NkYk; gy
fzpg;nghwpfis
,izj;J tiyfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
,jdhy;
fzpg;nghwpfspd; $l;Lr; nraw;ghL njhlq;fpaJ.
 ,e;jf; $l;Lwtpd; mstw;w gadhy; ,d;iwa ,izak; (Internet)
cUthdJ.
Ie;jhk; jiyKiw - ,dp tUq;fhyk; : nraw;if

mwpT
 jhdhfr; rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gLtJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; mikg;G nraw;if
mwpT (Artificial Inteligence) nfhz;lJ vdg;gLfpwJ.
 fzpg;nghwp ,g;gbr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; Muha;rpfs;
ele;J tUfpd;wd.
fzzp tifgLj;jy;
fzpdpia gpd;tUk; Kiwfspd; gpupj;Jg; ghu;f;yhk;
gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L
 Super computer
 Main frame computer
 Mini computer
 Network sever
 Personal computer
Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L

 nghJ gad;ghl;L Nehf;fk;
 tpNrl gad;ghl;L Nehf;fk; : tpNrl Njit
njhopw;Ew;gj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L
 xg;gpay; fzpdp (Analog computer)
 vz;zpay; fzpdp (Digital computer)
 Hybrid computer
1) gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jy;
 gUkid mbg;gilahf vd;gJ mjDila ngsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd;

msT> nraw;wpwd; xNu Neuj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; ghtidahsu; msT>
mjDila ngWkjp vd;gtw;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,J
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
kPf;fzdp (super computer)
 kPf;fzpdpfs; ,d;iwa fzpdpfspy; mjpf nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJk;

tpiy $baJk; mjp cau; njhopy; E;l;gj;jpYk; mikag;
ngw;wpUf;Fk; fzpdpNa ,JthFk;.
 ,it ngUk;ghYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Muha;r;rpf; $lq;fs; ngUk;
Ntiyg; gOTs;s epWtdq;fspNyna gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,it Mapuf;fzf;fhd Ez;nraypfis (miroprocessors) jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;Ls;sNjhL vkJ tPl;bYs;s fzpdpfis tpl gd; klq;F
nraw;wpwd;kpf;fJ.
jiyikf; fzpdp (Main frame computer)
 ,e;j fzpdpfshdJ ngupa rf;jp tha;e;j KiwikfshFk;.

 ,e;j fzpdpapd; ghtizahsu;fs; (Terminal) Clhf
,izf;fg;gl;bUg;gu;. ,it xU jlitapy; 1000f;F Nkw;gl;l
ghtizahsu;fis ifahsj;jf;f ty;yikAilaJ.
 ,it tq;pfspy; tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J epWtdq;fsJ
nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ 1000f;fzf;fhd ghtidahsu;fSila
Njitfis ruPhf; ifahStjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Main computer
 ,J (Main frame) fzpdpfis tpl nraw;wpwd; Fiwe;jJk; Mdhy;

(PC) fistpl nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJkhd fzpdpfshFk; mJ
ntspahd Neuj;jpy; ,Ue;j fapdpfis tpl rpwpajhf ,Ue;jjpdhy;
,e;j ngaiu ,J ngw;wJ.
 ,JTk; jiyikf; fzpdpfisg; Nghy; gy ghtidahsu;fis xNu
Neuj;jpy; ifahsf; $ba jpwd;kpf;fJ.
 Terminal/ PC %yk; ,jDld; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.
tiyg;gpd;dy; Nritafq;fs; Network servers
 xU fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dypy; gy jdpafs; fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; fzpdp

rhu; futpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,t;thW ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;f $ba fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfis
Kfhik nrw;tjw;Fk; mtw;wpw;Fj; Njitahd juTfs; kw;Wk;
nkd;nghUl;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfntd njhopw;glf; $ba fzpdpNa
tiyg;gpd;dy; Ntitafq;fs; (Network server) vdg;gLk;.
 nghJthf epWtdj;jpd; Njtapid nghWj;J gy fzpdpfs;
,t;tiyaikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,t; tiyg;gpd;dy; Nritafq;fspd; gad;fshtd:
 Email sever fshf gad;gLj;jyhk;
 Internet server (proxy); fshf gad;gLj;jyhk;
 Print server Nfhg;Gf;fis gfpu;e;J nfhs;s gad;gLj;jyhk;
 (Print sever) printer cld; ,izf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gly
 (Data base server) Ald; ,izf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gly;

jdpahs; fzpdpfs Personal computer (PC)
 jdpg;gl;l egu;fspd; ghitf;fhfntd cs;s fzpdpfNs

,itahFk;. mjdhNyNa ,J jdpahs; fzpdpfs Personal computer
(PC)) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,it nghJthf fhupahya kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Ntiyg;ghLfshd
jl;lr;R nra;jy; tiujy; md;whl tzpf nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;
nra;jy; jdpg;gl;l nghOJ Nghf;F kw;Wk; nrhe;j NjitfSf;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;Lk;.
 ,jid xNu Neuj;jpy; xUtNu gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
 NkYk; ,jDila nghsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd; mstpid kd;dpl;L rpy
Neuk; ,J Ez;fzdpfspd; (Microcomputer) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
gpd;tUk; tifahd PC f;fs; ,d;W gad;ghl;by; cs;sd.
1. Nkirf; fzpdpfs; Desk top computers
 ,it jdpg;gl;l ghtidf;fhfntd Nkirapy; itj;Jg;
ghtpf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,e;j ngaiug; ngw;wJ.
2. Work station
 ,JTk; jdpg;gl;l ghtidf;fhfTs;s xU fzpdpagFk;. Mdhy; ,J
rhjhuz nkirf; fzpdpia tpl rf;jp tha;e;jnjhd;W
 ,J tpQ;Qhdpfs; xspg;gl gilg;ghspfs; tiugl
nghwpapayhsu;fSf;F vd fbd ntiyfis Ntfkhf nra;tjw;F
s;s xd;whFk;.
3. Note book fzpdpfs;
 ,J tpUk;gpa ,lj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;nry;yj;jf;f tifapy;
nky;ypajhfTk; Fiwe;j epiwAlDk; Nkirf; fzpdpfs;
nraw;ghLfs nghz;ls;s fzpdpfshFk;.
 ,it kpd; fyq;fspd; (Battery) apd; Jiz nfhz;L ,aq;ff;
$baJ.
4. Table pc
 Note book apid tpl Fiwe;Jk; Note book y; xs;s ,ay;Gfis tpl
$Ljyhd ,ay;Gfis nfhz;lJkhFk;.
 ,jpy; styles/ digital pen (njhl jpiuapy; fl;lisapLtjw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fr;rp) gad;gLj;jf;bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL njhL
czu;Tld; $ba jpiuapidAk; nfhz;L fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
 ,e;j pen fshdJ fl;lisfsid toq;Ftjw;F rpy Icon fis
njupT nra;tjw;fhfTs;sJ.
 ,J rpy nkd;nghUl;fspd; tpNrl gjpg;gpd; %yNk nraw;glf;
$bajhfTs;sJ.
5. Hand held pc
 ,J iff;flf;fkhdjhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,e;j nghaiu nfhz;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 Fwpg;G vLg;gjw;F
 njhiyNgrp njhlu;HG tpguq;fis tpgupg;gjw;F
 ehshe;j jpd;f;fhl;bia ghu;g;gjw;F
 ehshe;j jpdf;fhl;bia ghu;g;gjw;F
tiyaikg;G ,izaj;Jld; ,izg;gjw;fhd trjpia nfhz;bUg;gNjhL
njhiyNgrpahfTk; music player MfTk; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
kpfTk; gpugykhd Hand held fzpdpahf personal digital assistant (PDA)
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
6. Smart phone
 ,J tpNrl ,ay;Gfis nfhz;l njhiyNgrpahFk;.
 ,J toikahd ifj;njhiyNgrpia tpl ngupaJ.
 xU rpwpa (keyboard, internet, email, calendar, etc) Nghd;w trjpfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2) Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L

tifg;gLj;jy;
 fzpdpahdJ gy;NtWgl;l NijitfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 xU fzpdp vy;yhj; NjitfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
NjitfSf;f Vw;g mit gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpNrl Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzpdpfs;
 Muha;r;rp Nghd;w tpNrl NjitfSf;F vd tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
fzpdpfs; ahTk; ,t;tifiar; rhUk;.
 ,it me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwntw;wj;jf;f tifapy; nraw;wpwd;
kpf;fjhfTk; ,aYik kpf;fjhfTk; fhzg;gl;L mikAk;.
Eg: Super Computer
nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzpdpfs;
 ,it gy;NtWgl;l Njitfis epiwt nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld;
jahupf;fg;gl;l fzpdpahFk;. Rpy re;ju;gq;fspy; ,it tpNrl
Njitfis u;jj ; p nra;aTk; gad;gLk;.
Eg: PC
3) njhopy; El;gj;jpid mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L

fzpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;
vz;zpay; fzpdp (Digital computers)
 vz;zpay; fzpdpfshdJ gy;NtWgl;l cs;sPl;L fUtpfs; %yk;
,yf;fq;fs; vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W mjid mt; cs;sPl;Lf;
fUtpfs; cs;sPLfis kpd;rhu Jbg;Gf;fshf (on, off, (1,0)) khw;wp
mjid fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f; uPjpahd nraw;ghLfSf;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 NkYk; ,e;j nraw;ghl;bw;F Nkyjpfkhf
 nrad;Kiwf;fhf jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;
 ju;f;f uPjpahf nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 Delete gd;dy;
 ,jd; kfg;ngupa ed;ik ahnjdpy; ,j tzpf gpuNahf

tpz;zg;gq;fSf;F nghUj;jkhdJk; mt; tpz;zg;gq;fspy; vt;tsTf;f
mjpfkhf jrkjhdq;fis nfhz;L fzpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhz;lhYk;
kpfr;rupahd fzpg;gPl;bidj; jUk;.
 ,jd; jPik ahnjdpy; nryT $baJ kw;Wk; nra;epuypLtJ
rpf;fyhdJ.
Analog computers (njhlupay; fzpdp/ xg;Gikf; fzpdp)
 ,f;fzdpfspy; juT cs;sPlhdJ njhlu;r;rpahf toq;fg;gLk;.
 mjhtJ cs;sl P hf toq;fg;gLfpd;w voltage, ntg;gepiy, mOj;jk;
vd;gd fzpdpapd; Kwptilahj xl;lj;ijAila jhtyhf
nfhs;sg;hLk;.
 NkYk; nghwpapay; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd tpz;zg;gq;fspy; ngupa
mstpy; nrad; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 juTfshdJ miy tbtpy; jho;e;J Nghf $ba voltage
mOj;jq;fshf ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,e;j njhopy; El;gk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l single purpose fUtpfspNyNa
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,jd; ed;ik:
 tpiy FiwT
 ,yfthf nrw;epuy; ,lKbAk;
,jd; jPik:
 kpfr;rupahd jd;ikAila ntspaPl;bid ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ fbdk;.
,jdhy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp ghupa mstpyhd tzpf
nraw;ghLfSf;F gad;gLj;JtJ cfe;jjy;y
2.2 fzpdpnahd;wpd; nraw;ghl;il mjd; td;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
,ilKfq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Muha;thu;
 cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs;
 tpirg;gyifAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Neub cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfspd; mD$yq;fs;
 ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfSk; mtw;wpd; jd;ikfSk;
 kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myFk; (CPU) mjd; jha;g;gyifg; nghUe;JifAk
 Nrkpg;gfq;fs;
 ; rkhe;ju kw;Wk; Nfhl;Lr;rl;lf; (grid) fzpik (computing)
cs;sPl;lfq;fs;
 gadUf;FK; fzpg;nghwpf;Fk; ,ilNa ,it xU ghykhfr;
nray;gLfpd;wd.
 xU fzpg;nghwpAld; gy cs;sl P ;lfq;fis ,izf;fyhk;.
 ,it juTfisg; ngw;W fzpg;nghwpf;Fg; GupAk; tpjj;jpy; cs;Ns
mDg;gp itf;Fk;.
tpirg;gyif
 juTfis cs;spl ,d;W
mjpfk; gad;gLk; rhjdk;
tpirg;gyif.
 ,jpy; jl;lr;Rg; gyifapy;
,Ug;gJ Nghy gy
tpirfs; cs;sd.
 Mq;fpy vOj;;JfSf;F
vz;fSf;F fhw;Gs;sp
Nghd;w epWj;jy;
FwpaPLfSf;F rpwg;Gr;
nray;ghLfSf;F vd
ehd;F tif tpirfs;
cs;sd.
 ,jpy; cs;s tpirfs; jl;lg;gl;lhy; Njitahd M];fp FwpaPl
(ASCII) fzpg;nghwpf;F mDg;g;gLfpwJ.
Rl;b
 Rz;nlyp Nghd;W ,Ug;gjdhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy;
,J Mouse vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,J jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk; ,lk; Rl;bia
(Cursor) efu;jj
; g; gadgLfpwJ. ,jd;
mbapy; xU rpW ge;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,j
jiuapd; kPJ gLk;.
 Rl;b efUk; NghJ ,J efUk; ,ij
czUk; Rl;b ,e;j rkpf;iQfis
fzpg;nghwpf;F mDg;gp ,lk; Rl;bia
efu;jJ; k;.
 xd;iwj; Nju;T nra;a ,lk; Rl;bia mjd;
kPJ itj;J Rl;bapd; Nky; cs;s ,lJ
nghj;jhid mYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 ,J f;spf; nra;jy; vdg;gLk;.
rhjhudkhfRl;b xU ug;gu; ml;ilkPJ itf;fg;gLk;
tUb (Scanneer)
 ,J glq;fisAk; ciuiaAk; cs;spl cjTk;.

 ,jd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhfpjj;jpy; cs;sij xU glkhff;
fzpg;nghwpf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk;.
 ,e;jg; glj;jpy;
vOj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jhy;
mtw;iwg; ghu;jJ ;
me;j vOj;Jf;fis
mwpAk;
nkd;nghUSf;F
XrpMu; (OCR- Optical
Recognition Sofetware)
nkd;nghUs; vd;W
ngau;.
gl;ilf; FwpaPL gbg;ghd; (Bar Code Readder)
 xU nghUisg; gw;wpa jfty;fis (milahsk; tpiy Nghd;wit)
me;jg; nghUspd; ngl;bapd; Nky; gy tpj jbkd;fs; cs;s
NfhLfspd; njhFjpfshf mr;rpl;bUg;ghu;fs;.
 ,J gl;ilf;FwpaPL vdg;gLk;.
 ,ijg;gbf;f jdpahf xU gbg;ghd; cs;sJ.
 ,J me;jg;gl;iliag; ghu;jJ
; nghUspd; ngau; tpiy Nghd;wtw;iw
fzpg;nghwpf;F mDg;Gk;.
 ,J rpwg;G mq;fhbfspy; ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ.
 gzpahsu;fspd; Neuj;ij kpr;rg;gLj;JtNjhL jtUfs; Neu;tijj;
jLf;fpwJ.
,yf;f tiff; Nfkuh

 ,J glq;fis vLj;J mtw;iwf; fzpg;nghwpf;F
mDg;Gk;.
 ngUk;ghYk; efuhg; glq;fis vLf;Fk;.
 efUk; glq;fis vLf;Fk; tifAk; cz;L.
njhLjpiu ( Touch Sensitive Screen)
 jpiuapy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; gytw;wpy;
xd;wpidj; Nju;T nra;a me;jj;
Nju;tpd; kPJ tpuyhy; njhl
Ntz;Lk;.
 jpiu ,ij czu;e;J vJ Nju;T
nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gijf;
fzpg;nghwpf;F mDg;Gk;.
fhe;j ik vOj;J czu;j;jy;(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

MICR)
 vk;IrpMu; fhNrhiyfs; tq;fpfspy; ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ

 ,jpy; fhNrhiy kw;Wk; tq;fp vz;fs; ehk; gbf;ff;$ba vz;fs;
fhe;j ikapdhy; mr;rplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,tw;iw ,ae;jpuq;fs; gbg;gjdhy; jtWfs; NeuhJ Neuj;ij
kpr;rkhf;FfpwJ ghJfhg;ghfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
xsp top vOj;J czu;jy; ( OCR- Optical Character Recognition)
 rhjhuzkhf mr;rplg;gl;l vOj;jf;fisg; ghu;jJ
; mjhtJ
tUbapdhy; glkhf khw;wg;gl;lijg; ghu;jJ
; me;j vOj;Jf;fis
milahsk; fhZjy; xsptop vOj;J czu;jy; vdg;gLk;.
 ,jw;F vk;IrpMu; Nghy; fhe;j ik Njitapy;iy rhjhuz ik
NghJk;.
 rpy xsp top vOj;J czupfs; Fwpg;gpl;l mikg;gpy; mr;rplg;gl;l
vOj;Jf;fis kl;Lk; milahsk; fhZk;.
 Gj;jfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s gy tpj vOj;Jf;fisAk;
milahsk; fhZk; czupfSk; cs;sd.
 Mq;fpyk; jkpo; Nghd;W gy nkhopfSf;Fk; ,e;j czupfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,e;j czupfs; gbf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fis khw;wq;fs; nra;af; $ba
ciuahf khw;wpj; jUk;.
xsp top FwpaPL czu;j;jy; (Optical Mark Recognition - OMR)

 Vw;fdNt ,jw;nfd rpwg;ghf mr;rplg;gl;l gbtq;fspy; gy rpW
ngl;bfs; ,Uf;Fk;.
 Njitahdtw;wpy; ngd;rpyhy; my;yJ ikapdhy; epug;g Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;nfd;W cs;s gbg;ghd; ve;je;jg; ngl;bfs; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sd
vd;gijf; fzpg;nghwpf;F njuptpw;Fk;.
 mjdhy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd gbtq;fis rpy kzp Neuj;jpNyNa
cs;spl KbAk;.
 fy;Yu; EisTj; Nju;T tpilfs; ,k;khjpupjhd; kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
njhopw;rhiyfspYk; Neug;gjpTj; juTfs; ,t;thE jug;gLtJ
cz;L.
xspg; Ngdh (Light Pen)
 Ngdh tbtpy; cs;s ,J jpiuafj;Jld;
,idf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,jd; Kidaj; jpiuapd; kPJ itj;jhy;
me;j ,lk; xspUk; Neuj;ijf; fzf;fpl;L
Ngdh njhLk; ,lk; mwpag;gLk;.
 ,ijr; nray;gLj;JtJ vspikahf
,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 mjdhy; mjpfk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
 ,ijf; nfhz;L Neubahfj; jpiuapy;
tiua KbAk; vd;gJ ,jd; rpwg;G.
fhe;j gbg;ghd; (Magnetic Reader)
 fhe;jg;gl;iliag gbf;fTk; vOjTk; cjTk;

rhjdk; ,J.
 gw;W ml;il (Credit Card) Vb vk; ml;il
(ATM Card) ngl;Nuh ml;il (Petro card)
Kjypatw;wpy; cupikahsiu tpiuthf
milahsk; fhz cjTk
Rl;b ml;il (Smart Card)
 me;j ml;ilapy; cs;s xU rpW Ez;
nraypapy; juTfis vOjp itf;fyhk;
khw;wp itf;fyhk; ,;jj; juTfis gpwF
fzpg;nghwpf;F mDg;gyhk;.
 ngUk;ghyhd milahs ml;ilfs; ,e;j
tifapy; Kf;fpar; nra;jpfisg; gjpj;J
itf;f cjTfpd;wd.
Fwpg;G vLg;ghd; (Notes Taker)
 ,jpy; xU rhjhud NgdhTld; ,lk; mwpAk;

trjpAk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,lk;
gw;wpa nra;jpia miyfshf ntspapLk;.
 mijg; ngWk; trjp gpbg;ghd; (Clip) Nghd;w
xU gFjpapy; cs;sJ. ,jpypUe;J
fzpg;nghwpf;Fj; jfty; nry;Yk;.
 ,jd; %yk; ehk; vOJk; vOj;J glk;
Kjypatw;wpy; cs;s Gs;spfs; tupirahf
fpilf;fpd;wd.
 ,jpypUe;J vOj;Jf;fis mwptjw;F
jdpahf nkd;ndghUs; Njit.
 ,e;j nkd;nghUs; ifnaOj;ij kpd;
ciuahf khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
Ez; Ngrp (Micro Phone)
 NgRk; xypiag; ngw;W fzpg;nghwpf;Fj; juTfshf

mDg;Gk; rhjdk; ,J. ,e;j juTfis myrp ve;jr;
nrhw;fs; Ngrg;gl;ld vd;gijf; fz;lwpa nkd;nghUs;fs;
Njit.
 ,J tpirg;gyif Rl;b Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j
Kbahjtu;fSf;F ngupJk; gad;gLk;.
 ghu;itaw;NwhUf;F ,J kpfTk; cjTk;.
 Mdhy; ,e;j Ngr;R czUk; nkd;nghUSf;fhd njhopy;
El;gk; ,d;Dk; Kjpu;e;j epiyia milatpy;iy.
njhLjpiu Touch Pad
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
,yf;fkhf;fp Graphic Tablets
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
R+l;bif ml;il thrpg;gd; Smart Card Reader

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;
fzpg;nghwpapy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; jfty;fis ntspapl cjTk;
rhjdq;fs; fzpg;nghwpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,tw;wpy; jpiuafKk;
mr;Rg; nghwpAk; gutyhfg;; gad;gLfpd;wd.
jpiuafk; (Monitor)
 mjpf mstpy; gad;gLk; ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdk; ,J. fhl;rpj; jpiu
vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fzpg;nghwpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; jpiuafq;fs; xU tz;zj; (Monochrome)
jpiufisNa ngw;wpUe;jd.
 jw;NghJ gy tz;zq;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vOj;Jf;fSld;
glq;fSk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
 jpiuapy; gy Gs;spfs; xspu;yjd; %yk; glq;fSk; vOj;Jf;fSk;
cUthfpd;wd.
 ,e;jg; Gs;sp gpf;nry; (Pixel – Picture element) vdg;gLk;.
 ,e;j Gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if 640 × 480× 600 1024 ×768 gy
tpjq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,it vy;yhNk 4 : 3 ,Ug;gijf; fhzTk;. ,J mfy cau tpfpjk;
(Aspect ratio) vdg;gLk;.
 Gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf mjpfkhf glq;fs; Js;spakhfj;
njupAk;.
LCD CRT LED
mr;Rg;nghwp (Printer)
 “td;gb” (hard copy) vdg;gLk;. glq;fSk; ciufSk; mr;rplg;gl;l
gf;fq;fis fzpg;nghwpapypUe;J ngw cjTtJ mr;Rg;nghwpfs;
Ntfk; mr;Rj; juk; vd;gtw;wpy; ,it gythW NtWgLk;.
 mr;Rg;nghwpfis nghJthf ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk; jl;ly;
tif (Impact) jl;lh tif (non –Impact) vdg;gLk;.
 jl;ly; tifapy; xU rpW fk;gp fhfpjj;jpd; kPJ jl;b xUGs;spia
Vw;gLj;Jk;. my;yJ xU KO vOj;Nj jlb me;j vOj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
 jl;Lk; jiyf;Fk; fhfpjj;jpw;Fk; eLtpy; ik ehlh (Rinnom)
,Uf;FK;. mjpypUe;J jl;lg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; vOj;J cUthFk;
jl;ly; tif mr;Rg;nghwpapd; jd;ikfs;

 ,t; tifapy; fhfpjj;jpd; kPJ jl;Lthjy; Gs;sp my;yJ vOj;J
cUthfpwJ.
 Fiwe;j tpiy rpwe;j ciog;G vd;gjhy; kpf mjpf msT
mr;rpLtjpy; ngupJk; gad;gLfpd;;wd.
 xNu rkaj;jpy; gy gbfs; vLf;f KbAk;.
 mbf;Fk; nrayhy; rj;jk; mjpfk;.
 efUk; ghfq;fisf; nfhz;L nray;gLtjhy; Ntfk; FiwT.
 xsp Gfk; js;fspy; mr;rpl KbahJ.
jl;lh tif mr;Rg;nghwpfspd; jd;ikfs;
 efUk; ghfq;fs; FiwT vd;gjhy; Ntfk; mjpfk;.
 jl;ly; vJTk; ,y;iy rj;jk; ,y;iy.
 vOj;jf;fis gyg;gy tbtq;fspy; vspjpy; ngwyhk;
 mjpfk; juk; cs;s glq;fis tiuayhk;
 xsp GFk; jhs;fspy; mr;rpl KbAk;
 gy gbfs; vLf;f KbahJ. xU rkaj;jpy; xU gb jhd; fpilf;Fk;.
tup mr;Rg;nghwp (Line printer)

 kpf tpiuthf xU rkaj;jpy; xU
tupia mr;rpLk; jpwd; ngw;wit
 ,it xU epkplj;jpy; 150 Kjy; 3000
tupfs; tiu mr;rpLk;.
 ,tw;wpd; nray; gy tuk;GfSf;F
cl;gl;lJ mit-
 xU vOj;JUtpy; kl;Lk; mr;rpLk;.

 glq’fs; tiuahJ
 mr;Rj; juk; FiwT
 mjpf rj;jk; vOg;Gk;.
Mdhy; mjpf msT ciufis kpf Ntfkhf gy gbfspy; vLj;Jf;
nfhLg;gjpy; ,tw;Wf;F ,iz ,y;iy.
Gs;sp mzp mr;Rg; nghwp (Dot Matrix Printer)

 rpW fk;gpfshy; Gs;spfis
itj;J vOj;J glq;fis
cUthf;Fk;. mjdhy; Ntfk;
kpfTk; FiwT
 Mdhy; nryT FiwT vd;gJk;
gy gbfs; vLf;f KbAk;
vd;gJk; ,e;j tif mr;Rg;
nghwpfs; mjpfk; tpw;gidf;F
fhuzq;fs;.
 ,it xU tpdhbf;F Rkhu; 300
vOj;Jf;fs; mr;rpLk;.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
ntg;g tif mr;Rg;nghwp (Thermal Printer)
 Gs;spfs; Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; kpd;rhuj;jhy;

ntg;gk; mjpfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ntg;gk;
czUk; rpwg;Gj; jhs;fs; ,e;j
ntg;gj;jhy; me;j ,lq;fspy; gs;spfis
cUthf;FfpwJ.
 njhiyefyp (Fax) fzpg;ghd; (Calculater)
Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,e;j tif gad;gLfpwJ.
 #upa ntspr;rk; ntsp ntg;gk;
Nghd;wtw;why; ,e;jj; jhs;fs;
ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
 mjdhy; rpythuq;fspy; ,jpy; mr;rplg;gl;lit kq;fp tpLk; ,jd;
mr;Rj; juKk; kpff; FiwT.
Nyru; mr;Rg;nghwp (Laser Printer)
 Nyru; xspiaAk; Jfshf tUk; ikiaAk;

nfhz;L nray;gLk; tif ,J.
 kpfr; rpupa Gs;spfis cUthf;Fk; jpud;
ngw;wJ. mjdhy; juk; mjpfk; cs;s
glq;fis mr;rpLk;
 ,e;jj; juj;ij xU mq;Fyj;jpw;F ,j;jid
Gs;spfs; vd;W $Wtu;. fpl;lj;jl;l 300 Kjy;
2400 tiuapy; gy msTfspy; Gs;spfis
itf;Fk; jpwd; cs;sit.
ikgPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp (Inkjet

Printer)
 ,jpy; tz;z ikapd;kpfr; rpW

Jsp ntspNa gPr;rpabf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,ij kpd; fhe;jj; jfLfs; rupahd
ghijapy; mDg;gp itf;fpwJ.
 ,e;jj; Jspfs; fhfpjj;jpd; kPJ
gbe;J glj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.
tz;zg;glq;fis cUthf;f
rahd; (cyan) k[e;jh (Magenta)
kw;Wk; kQ;rs; (Yellow) epw ikfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
 ,e;j %d;W tz;zq;fs; fye;J vy;yh epwq;fisAk; cUthf;Fk;
fUg;G epw ikAk; jdpahf xU Fg;gpapy; (catridge) tUk;.
xyp ngUf;fp (Speaker)

 xyp tifapy; Ngr;irAk; ,iriaAk; ntspapl cjTk; rhjdk;
 xyp ngUf;fp ciuapypUe;J Ngr;ir cUthf;f jdp nkd;
nghUs;fs; cs;sd.
 ,e;j tif ntspaPL tpkhd epiyaq;fs; tq;fpfs; jhdpaq;F
jfty; ikak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLfpwJ.
tiutp (Plotter)
 tPL fl;Ltjw;fhd tiuglq;fs; nghwpfs; kw;Wk; rhjdq;fspd;
mikg;igf; $Wk; glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupg;gjw;nfdNt ,e;j
tiutpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ikar; nrayfk;
ikar; nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;
ikar; nrayfk; jhd; fzpg;nghwpapd; %is vdyhk;. mJ ,U
Ntiyfisr; nra;fpwJ.
 fzpg;nghwpapd; vy;yhg; gFjpfisAk; fl;Lg; gLj;jp Ntiy
thq;FfpwJ.
 fzpj Vuzr; nray;ghLfisr; nra;fpwJ.
rPgPA+tpy; %d;W ngupa gFjpfs; cs;sd. mit
 fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; (AlU- Arithmetic Logic Unit)

 fl;Lg;ghl;;lfk; (Control Unit)
 gjpNtLfs; (Register)
fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; - Vvy;A+

 fzpg;gpy; cs;s fzpjr; nray;ghLfshd $l;ly; fopj;jy; ngUf;fs;
tFj;jiyAk; Vuzr; nray;ghLfshd ,U vz;fs; my;yJ
vOj;Jf;fs; my;yJ rpwg;Gf; FwpaPLfis xg;gpLjy; OR, NOT
nray;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw nra;Ak; gFjp ,J.
 ,jw;Fj; Njitahd juTfis vLj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ ve;jf; fzpg;igr;

nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;tJ vd;gij vy;yhk; fl;Lg;ghl;lfk;
jPu;khdpj;J mjw;fhd fl;lisfis gpwg;gpf;Fk;.
epidtfk; OR Njf;f rhjdq;fs; (Storage Devices)

Kjd;ik epidtfk; (primary memories)
fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;Lf;F kpf mtrpakhd epidtfq;fs; Kjd;ik
epidtfk; vdg;gLk;
epidtfq;fspd; tiffs; kpd;dpizg;G kw;Wk; fzpdp nraw;gLk; NghJ
juTfis Nrkpj;jy; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
epidtfq;fis 2 tiffshf gpupf;fyhk; .
1) epiyaw;w or mopTWk; or MtpahFk; (volatile)epidtfk;

2) epiyahd or mopTwhj or Mtpahfhj (non volatile )epidtfk;
epiyaw;w epidtfk;
kpd;rhuk; toq;fg;gLk; tiu or fzpdp nraw;gLk; tiu juTfis
Nrkpf;Fk; epidtfq;fs; MFk; .
mjhtJ kpd; Jz;bf;fg;gLk; NghJ jdJ juTfis ,of;Fk; epidtfk;

MFk;
 vOkhw;W mZfy; epidtfk;

 gJf;fy; epidtfk;
 gjpap
,J gpd;tUk; 3 tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
1) SD RAM
(Synchronous dynamic RAM /xUq;fpizg;G ,af;ftpay; RAM )
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
2) D RAM
(Dynamic RAM or epiyahd RAM)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
3) S RAM
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
RAM f;F gpujhdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epidtfq;fs; MFk;

,J jw;NghJ gpd;tUk; tbtq;fsps; fhzg;gLfpwJ .
1)SD RAM- 256 MB/512 MB

2)DDR - (Dual dynamic RAM) -512MB/1GB
3)DDR2-2GB/4GB
4)DDR3-4GB/8GB
5)DDR4-8GB/16GB
SRAM
,J gJf;fy; epidtfk; >gjpap vd;gtw;iw rhu;e;j epidtfkhf
fhzg;gLk; .
DRAM SRAM
 ,q;F fhzg;gLk; juTfis  ,q;F mbf;fb Gj;Jzu;T

mbf;fb Gj;Jzu;T Cl;Ljy; Cl;l Ntz;ba mtrpak;
Ntz;Lk; ,y;iy
 tpiy kpf Fiwe;jJ  tpiy kpf mjpfk;
 nfhs;ssT kpf mjpfk;  nfhs;ssT kpf FiwT

 juT gupkhw;w Ntfk; FiwT  juT gupkhw;w Ntfk; kpf
mjpfk;
 juT mZfy; Neuk; (Access  juT mZfy; Neuk; FiwT

time) mjpfk;
 kpd; ghtid mjpfk;  kpd; ghtid FiwT
 mlu;j;jp (Density) mjpfk;  kpd; ghtid FiwT

 Power On >Off Ntfk;  Power On>Off Ntfk; mjpfk;
FiwthdJ
gJf;fy; epidtfk; (cache Memory)

Kjy; kl;l gJf;fy; epidtfk; (L1)
 ,J nraypapy; fhzg;gLk;
 ,J nraypapd; Ntfj;Jf;F kpf neUf;fkhf (gjpapd; Ntfj;Jf;F
neUf;fkhf) njhopw;gLk;
 ,J KB msTfspy; fhzg;gLk;
,uz;lhk; kl;l gJf;fy; epidtfk; (L2)

 ,J jha;gg ; yifapy; fhzg;gLk;
 ,jd; NtfkhdJ L1>L3 t;fJf;F ,ilg;gl;l Ntfj;jpy; njhopw;gLk;
 ,J KB / MB msTfspy; fhzg;gLk;
Kd;whk; kl;l gJf;fy; epidtfk; (L3)

 ,J jha;gg ; yifapy; fhzg;gLk;
 ,jd; NghJ NtfkhdJ RAM ,d; Ntfj;Jf;F neUf;fkhf
fhzg;gLk;
 ,J MB msTfspy; fhzg;gLk;
NOTE : L3 gJf;fy; epidtfkhdJ RAM ,ypUe;J juit ngw;W L2 f;F
toq;Fk; L2MdJ L3 ,ypUe;J juit ngw;W L1f;F toq;Fk;
gjpap
 kpf Ntfkhd >Fiwe;j nfhs;ssT cila (KB)nraypapd; epidtf
gFjpahFk;
 ,J nraypapd; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ juTfis jw;fhypfkhf Nrkpf;Fk;
gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;. ( ROM)

 ,jpy; jfty;fs; rpy;ypid cUthf;Fk; NghNj vOjp itf;fg;gLk;.
 ,e;jj; jfty;fis khw;w KbahJ.
 kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhj NghJk; ,jpy; cs;s jfty;fs; mopahJ.
fzpg;nghwpiaj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ nra;a Ntz;ba nray;fs;
Nghd;wit ,j;jifa epidtfq;fspy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
epuyhf;F gf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;. (PROM)

 ,JTk; mopah tif epidtfk;.
 ,jpy; jfty;fis xU Kiw kl;Lk; vOjyhk;.
 rpy;ypid cUthf;Fk; NghJ jfty;fs; vOjg;gLtjpy;;iy.
 mjw;fd jdpahf cs;s td;nghUisf; nfhz;L epuy; %yk;
vOjyhk;.
,opAk; epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; (EPROM)
 ,e;jr; rpy;ypy; <g;uhk; epuyhf;fpiaf; nfhz;L gyKiw mopj;J

vOjyhk; Gw Cjh (,y;l;uh ity;yl;) xsp %yk; jfty;fs;
msf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,JTk; mopah tif epidtfk; jhd;.
kpd;rhuj;jhy; mopAk; epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk;

epidtfk; (EEPROM)
 ,JTk; mopj;J vOjf; $ba xU epidtfk;.
 mopg;gjw;F GwCjh xsp Njitapy;iy.
 kpd;rhuj;ijr; nrYj;jpNa mopj;J tplyhk; ,J mopah tif
epidtfk;
 gpsh]; epidtfk; (Flash Memory) ,e;j tif jhd; ,e;j tif
epidtfk; kw;wtw;iwg; Nghy; Ntfkhfr; nray;glhJ.
 mjpfj; juTfis mjpf Neuj;jpw;F Njf;fp itj;jpUe;J Njitahd
NghJ fzpg;nghwpf;Ff; nfhLg;git Njf;f rhjdq;fs; mt;tJ
njf;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;. fhg;Gj; Njf;fk; (Backup Storage) vd;Wk;
$wg;gLk;.
 td; tl;L nefpo; tl;L fhe;j ehlh rPb Nuhk; (CD ROM) Nghd;wit
Njf;fq;fs; mtw;iwg; Gupe;J nfhs;s fhe;jk; kpd;dZtpay; kw;Wk;
kpd; ,ae;jpuq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Jiz epidtfk;
 mjd; tiffs;
fhe;j Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdk;
 ,r;Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdj;jpy; Nfl;nghyp> fhnzhsp kw;Wk; NtW tifj;
juTfs; vd;gdtw;iwg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhf XU eLj;ju
fhe;jg;Gyq;fis ifahSfpd;wJ.
 gpujhd fzpdp Nrkpg;G topKiwfs; nghJthfj; jl;Lf;fis
my;yJ fl;likg;Gfisr; Rw;Wtjd; Clhfj; juTfis thrpg;gjw;F
my;yJ Nrkpg;gjw;F ,ay;ghdjhf;fg;gLk;.
 gy;NtW tifahd fhe;jr; Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;: td;jl;L> nefpo; tl;L> fhe;j Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdk;
xspapaw; Njf;f rhjdq;fs;
 juTfisr; Nrkpg;gjw;Fk; thrpg;gjw;Fk; Nyru; fjpiug; gad;gLj;Jk;

,r;Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; fhg;ngLj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fg;
gad;gLfpd;wd. CD/DVD Nghd;w xspapay; Clfq;fSf;Fj; juT
gjpag;gLtJ toikahFk;.
 gy fhykhf xspapaw; Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; njhlu;ghf ,lk; ngw;w
Ma;Tfspd;gb fzpdpfspy; gad;gLk; td;jl;L kw;Wk;
fhg;ngLj;jYf;Fg; gad;gLk; fhe;j ehlhf;fs; vd;gtw;iw xspapay;
tl;Lf;fs; kpf tpiutpy; gjpypg;glf;$Lk; vd mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 xspapaw; Njf;fr; rhjdq;fs; fhe;j ehlhf;fisf; fhl;bYk; ePz;l
ehl;fSf;Fg; ghtpf;fg;glf;$badthfTk; kw;Wk; #oy;
epiyikfSf;Ff; Fiwe;j mstpy; jhf;fk; nfhz;ljhfTk;
fhzg;Lfpd;wd.
 vdpDk;> ,it td;jl;bidf; fhl;bYk; Nrkpf;Fk; Ntfk;
FiwthfTk; Fiwe;j nfhs;sstpidf; nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
 cjhuzk; : xspj;jl;L> ,Wtl;L> ,yf;f tPbNah tl;L (DVD)>
ePyf;fjpu; tl;L (BRD)
jpl epiy Nrkpg;G (SSS)
 rpypf;fd; Ez;rpy;Yfisg; gad;gLj;jp jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

,r;rhjdq;fs; fzpdp Nrkpg;gf tifnahd;whFk.;
 SSS MdJ td;jl;Lfs; my;yJ fhe;j ehlhf;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; fhe;j
mbg;gilapyhd Nrkpg;Gf;Fg; gjpyhf ,yj;jpudpaypidg;
gad;gLj;jpj; juTfisr; Nrkpf;Fk;.
 jpl epiy Nrkpg;ghdJ fPof ; hzg;gLk; %d;W tiffisf; nfhz;lJ.
1) solid-state drives (SSD)
2) solid-state cards (SSC)
3) solid-state modules (SSM)
 jpl epiy Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; ve;j tpjkhd ,ae;jpu ghfq;fisAk;

nfhz;bUf;fhik kpfg;gpujhdkhd gad;ghlhf cs;sJ.
 ,J juTfisr; Nrkpf;Fk; nghOJk; gupkhWk; nghOJk; Vida
Njf;fr; rhjdq;fspidf; fhl;bYk; kpf tpiuthdJk;
Nrkpg;gfq;fSf;F ePz;l ghtidapid vjpu;T $wf;$bajhfTk;
Nrkpg;Gfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
 Vd; vdpd; ,jpy; miraf;$ba gFjpfs; xd;Wk; fhzg;glhjJld;
SSD fs; HDD ,id tpl kpff;Fiwe;jsT ntg;gjpid
ntspapLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;: gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;> epidtf ml;il.
td; tl;L (Hard Disk)
 ,jpy; fhe;jg; Gs;spfshy; Md gy tl;lq;fs; ,Uf;FK;.

 vy;yh tl;lq;fSf;Fk; nghJthf xU ikak; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j
tl;lq;fs; xt;nthd;WK; xU jlk; (Track) vdg;gLk;.
 xU jlk; gy gpupTfshfg; (Sector) gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 tl;L mjpf Ntfj;jpy; RoYk;. epkplj;jpw;F Rkhu; 3600 Kiwfs;
RoYk;. tl;bd; Nky; gbahky; kpkf mUfpy; xU jiy (Kid)
,Uf;Fk;.
 Kjypy; ,J Njitahd jlj;jpd; Nky; te;J epw;Fk; gpwF me;jj;
jlj;jpy; cs;s xU gpuptpy; cs;s vy;yh igl;LfisAk; gbf;Fk;.
 ,e;jj; jiy gbf;fTk; nra;Ak;. vOjTk; nra;Ak;.
 vOJtJ vd;why; vd;d? xU fhe;jg; Gs;spia (fhe;jj; Jz;bid)
mjd; tlJUtk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk; gb itg;gJjhd;.
 tlJUtk; xU gf;fk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ 0 vdTk; vjpu;g; gf;fk;
,Ue;jhy; mJ 1 vdTk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
 vOJk; NghJ
Njitf;Nfw;w gb
fhe;jg; Gs;spfs;
mikf;fg;gLk;.
gbf;Fk; NghJ
ve;fg; gf;fk; tl
JUtk; cs;sJ
vd;gijg; ghu;jJ;
mij 0 1 fshf
Mf;fpf;
nfhLf;fpwJ.
 gbf;Fk; jiy
Fwpg;gpl;l jlj;jpy;
te;J epw;gjw;F
rpwpJ Neuk; MFk;.
 gpwF tl;L RoYk;
NghJ Njitahd
gpupT jiyf;F
mbapy; tuNtz;Lk;.
 ,jw;F Roy; Rzf;fk; (Rotational Latency) vd;W ngau;.
 ,J ruhrupahf tl;L xU Kiw RoYk; Neuj;jpy; ghjpahFk;.
 ,e;j ,U Neuq;fSk; Nru;e;J jhd; xU gpupitg;gbf;f vOj vLf;Fk;
Neuk; tl;by; ,Uf;Fk; ve;jg;gpupitAk; Neubahf mZfp juTfis
tpiutpy; ngwyhk;.
 xU td;tl;by; gy jl;Lfs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
 xt;nthU gf;fj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf xU gbf;Fk; vOJk; jiy
,Uf;Fk;. Kjy; kw;WK; filrpj; jl;Lfspd; ntspg;gf;fq;fs;
rhjhudkhfg; gsd;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
 xU td;tl;bd; nfhs;sstpid ,t;thW fzf;fplyhk;.
 jiyfspd; vz;zpf;if x xU jl;bd; jlq;fspd; vz;zpf;if x xU
jlj;jpd; gpupTfspd; vz;zpf;if x xU gpuptpy; cs;s igl;Lfspd;
vz;zpf;if.
 ,J gy fpfh igl; mstpy; tUk;. xU tl;by; jlq;fisAk;
gpupTfisAk; mikg;gJ tbtikj;jy; (formatting) vdg;gLk;.
fhe;j ehlh (Magnetic tape)

 gpah];bf; ehlhtpd; kPJ fhe;jg; glyk; xd;W G+rg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,tw;wpy; ehlhtpy; FWf;fhf 7 my;yJ 9 fhe;jg; Gs;spfs;
,lg;gLk;. ,it tupirahf ,lg; gLtjhy;; ehlhtpy; mj;jid
NfhLfs; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;.
 fhe;jg;Gs;spapd; tl JUtk; ve;jg;gf;fk; cs;sJ vd;gijg;
nghUj;J. mJ 0 my;yJ 1 vd;W nfhs;sg;gLk;. 0 Gs;spfs; vd
,Uf;Fk; NghJ mjpy; xU Gs;sp kPjp vl;L Gs;spfspy; 0 my;yJ 1
,ul;ilg;gil my;yJ xw;iwg;gilapy; cs;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 ,jdhy; xU Gs;spapy; VNjDk; jtW Neu;e;jhy; fz;Lgpbj;J
tplyhk;.
 ,jpy; ehlhtpy; igl;Lfs; tupirahf vOjp itf;fg;gLk;.
 xt;nthU jlj;jpw;Fk; xU gbf;Fk; vOJk; jiy ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jj;
jiyfs; efu;tjpy;iy.
 ,jd; fPo; ehlhjhd; efUk;.
 ,jdhy; ehlhtpd; eLtpy; cs;s xU igl;ilg; gbf;f ehlh
mt;tsT Jhuk; efu;e;jhf Ntz;Lk;.
 mjdhy; ,J tupirKiwj; (Sequential) Njf;fk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jpy; juT ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijg; nghUj;J mijg; gbf;Fk; Neuk;
ngupJk; khWgLk;.
 mjdhy; ,e;j tifj; Njf;fk; gy fhyk; Njf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
juTfSf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
 vLj;Jf;fhl;L – thdpiyj; juTfs; NkYk; td;tl;bd; juTfisg;
ghJfhg;ghfr; Nrkpj;J itf;fTk; cjTfpwJ.
nefpo; tl;L (Floppy Disk)

 nefpOk; nky;ypa gpsh];bf; jhspd; Nky; ,U gf;fq;fspYk;
fhe;jg;glyk; G+rg;gl;lJ.
 xU jhs; kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk; ,jd; Nky; xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYk; xU
jiy gbe;J epw;Fk;.
 td;tl;Lg; Nghd;W xU gf;fj;jpy; gy tl;lj; jlq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
jlq;fs; gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;LUf;Fk;.
 jhs; Row;rpAk; jiyahy; gbg;gJk; vOJtJk; td;tl;by; ,Ug;gJ
Nghyj;jhd; Mdhy; jhs; nkJthfr; RoYk; epkplj;jpw;F Rkhu; 360
Rw;Wfs;.
 8” tl;lj;jpy; njhlq;fp gpwF 51/4” vd Mfp jw;NghJ 3 ½” vdr;
RUq;fp tpl;lJ.
 ,jd; nfhs;ssT 1.44 vk;gp (MB).
 ,e;j tl;by; vOjpajpd; kPJ jtWjyhf kPz;Lk; vOjp mopj;J
tplhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf xU ghJfhg;G Kiw cs;sJ.
 ,jd; xU Kidapy; cs;s rpW nghj;jhid efu;jj ; p mq;fpUf;Fk;
rpW Xl;iliaj; jpwe;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nefpo; tl;bd; jd;ikfs;
 Ntfk; Fiwe;jJ
 nfhs;ssT FiwT
 tpiy kypT
 vspjhf vLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;.
 Neubahf juTfis mZfyhk;.
FW tl;L (Compact Disk)
 rPb Nuhk; (CD ROM) vd;gJ Compact Disk – Read Only Memory vd;gjd;
FWf;fk;.
 ,jpy; fpuhk/Nghd; ,irj;jl;Lfspy; ,Ug;gJ Nghy;
njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J filrp tiu xNu xU jlk; jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,jpy; 0 1 vd;gJ gs;sk; NkL vd;gjhf ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jf; FWk;
gs;sq;fis Nyru; xspahy; Njhz;lyhk;.
 gs;sk; ,Uf;fpwjh vd;gijg; ghu;f;fTk; Nyru; xsp gad;gLfpwJ.
 mjpff; nfhs;sst (650MB 700MB) kw;Wk; kpff; Fiwe;j tpiy
,tw;wpd; gad;ghl;il ,d;W mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
 fzpdp Kiwikapy; juT >jfty;fis epue;jukhf or jw;fhypfkhf
Nrkpg;gjw;fhf epidtfq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpwJ
DVD
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Blueray disk
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
rkhe;juf; fzpik (Parallel computing)
 rkhe;juf; fzpj;jy; vd;gJ fzpj;jypd; xU tifahFk;.
 ,J gy nray;epuy;fs; my;yJ Kiwtopahf;fq;fs; xNu jlitapy;
eilngWtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
 ,jpy; rpf;fyhd gpur;rpidfs; rpWgFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L> gpd;du;
mit xNu Neuj;jpy; jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ngupa gzp xd;W rpW rpW gFjpfshf;fg;gl;L mit xNu Neuj;jpy;
Kiwtopahf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,it xU fzpdpapy; my;yJ xU tiyaikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;l
fzpdpapd; Clhf Kiwtopahf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fPo;fhzg;gLtJ vspa kw;Wk; rkhe;ju Kiwtopahf;fj;jpw;F
cjhuzkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Y = (4 x 5) + (1 x 6) + (5 x 3)
vspa Kiwtopahf;fj;jpy; Y ,d; ngWkhdj;ijf; fzpg;gjw;Fg; gpd;tUk;

gbKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 gb 1: Y = 20 + (1 x 6) + (5 x 3)
 gb 2: Y = 20 + 6 + (5 x 3)
 gb 3: Y = 20 + 6 + 15
 gb 4: Y = 41
rkhe;ju fzpj;jypy; fPo; cs;s fzpj;jy; gbKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 Step 1: Y = 20 + 6 + 15
 Step 2: Y = 41
 rkhe;ju fzpj;jypd; %ykhff; fzpj;jy; Ntfkhf
nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. xU fzpdpapidg; gad;gLj;jp Fwpj;j
gzpapid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ X Neuk; vLf;fpd;wJ vdf;
fUjpdhy;> Fwpj;j mNj gzpapid ,uz;L fzpdpfisf; nfhz;L
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Kjy; vLj;j Neuj;jpd; miuthrpahFk;.
 ,t;thNw %d;W fzpdpfs; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ Fwpj;j mNj gzpf;F
vLf;Fk; Neuk; %d;W klq;fhy; FiwtilAk;.
 ,J rhkhe;ju fzpj;jypd; nraw;ghl;il tpsq;Ftjw;F vspikahd
cjhuzkhFk;.
 vdpDk; eilKiwapy; ,J vg;NghJk; cz;ikay;y.
 gzpapidg; gpupf;f Kbahj re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
 gpupf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; rkdhff; fhzg;glhj re;ju;g;gj;jpy;.
 gzpfs; gpupf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; njhlu;GgLj;jg;glhik.
vdNt> xU nray;jpwd; mjpfupg;Gg; nghJthf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ me;j
mjpfupg;G xU #j;jpuj;jpidAk; gpd;gw;whJ.
Nfhl;Lr;rl;lff; fzpik (Grid computing)
 Nfhl;Lr;rl;lff; fzpik vd;gJ rpf;fyhd gpur;rpid xd;wpidj;

jPu;g;gjw;fhf ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; gy vz;zpf;ifapyhd
fzpdpfspd; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l fl;likg;G MFk;.
 Nfhl;Lr;rl;lff; fzpikapy; Nrkpg;gfq;fSk; jdpahs; fzpdpfSk;
Rje;jpukhd gzpfisf; nfhz;L ,aq;fty;yd.
 ,it gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;s nkypthd ,izaj;jpid my;yJ
Fiwe;j Ntf tiyaikg;gpidAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 fzpdp NeubahfNth my;yJ jpl;lkply; mikg;GfspNyh
,izf;fg;glyhk;.
 Nfhl;Lr;rl;lf mikg;ghdJ mjDld; ,izf;fg;gl;l mNj
tsq;fisg; $l;lhfg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Nfhl;Lr;rl;lf mikg;ghdJ xU nghJthd ,yf;if milAk;
nghUl;Lj; jfty;fisAk; gzpfisAk; tiyaikg;Gf;
fzpdpfSf;F tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhf ,Uf;Fk; xU gpujhd
fzpdpahFk;;.
 md;whlk; gad;gLk; rpf;fyhd my;yJ fbdkhd fzpj my;yJ
tpQ;Qhd fzf;fPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s ,J gad;gLfpwJ.
gpd;tUtd Nfhl;Lr; rl;lf gpuNahfj;jpw;Fk; gad;ghl;L tbtq;fSf;Fkhd
cjhuzq;fs; MFk;.
 gpur;rpidapidg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gpupj;jy;
gad;ghLfspd; ghFgLj;jy;.
 gzpfs; kw;Wk; gzpaplq;fisf; fz;LgpLj;jy; kw;Wk;
jpl;lkply;.
 Njitg;gLk; NghJ vg;NghJ Ntz;LkhdYk; rpf;fy; juit
tpepNahfpf;Fk; juTj; njhlu;ghly;.
 gad;ghl;Lf; FwpaPLfs; Fwpg;gpl;l fzpzp Kidfspy;
(nodes) toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpepNahfpj;jy;.
 Rw;Wr; #oy; KbntLf;Fk; nray;fspy; cjTjy; kw;Wk;
KbTfspd; Kfhik.
 Ra fl;likg;G> jd;dpaf;fthf;fk;> Ra kPl;G kw;Wk; Ra
Kfhik Nghd;w jd;dpaf;f mk;rq;fs;.
Kiwg;gLj;jy; (Schedulers)
 gpuNahfq;fspd; Ntiyfspd; Nkyhz;ikf;Fg; nghWg;ghd
gad;ghLfspd; tiffs;> kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyf;Fj; Njitahd
ts xJf;fPL nra;tJ> gzpfisr; rkhe;jukhf epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg;
gfpu;e;jspg;gJ> juT Kfhikj;Jtk;> epfo;T njhlu;G kw;Wk; Nrit
mstpyhd Kfhikj;Jt jpwd;fs;> vd;gd Kiwg;gLj;jy; MFk;.
 ,e;j Kiwg;gLj;jy;fs; gpd;du; gbepiyf; fl;;likg;ig
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
 ,J kPw;wh Kiwg;gLj;jy; (meta) root kw;Wk; NtW jho;epiy
Kiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gdtw;wpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ,it Fwpj;j KiwgLj;jypd; jd;ikapid gbfspy; nfhz;Ls;sd.
Nkw;Fwpj;j Kiwg;gLj;jy;fs; vspa Kiwg;gLj;jy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jy; mZfypid Fwpj;j xU Ntiyf;F my;yJ
NtW kPw;wh Kiwg;gLj;jypid my;yJ nfhj;J Kiwapyhd
rhkhe;ju Kiwtopg;gLj;jypidf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;.
2.3 thd; epA+kd; (Von Neumann) fl;likg;ig Muha;thu;
 Nrkpf;fg;gl;;l nra;epuy;;
 jUtpg;G epiwNtw;Wr; Row;rp
 kj;jpa nraw;ghl;lyF
 gy;fU nraypfs
Von-Neumann
 Von-Neumann fl;likg;gpd; kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myF epidtfk;>
cs;sPl;Lr;rhjdq;fs;> ntspaPl;Lr;rhjdq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpidf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 nra;epuy;fs; epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwd.
 fl;Lg;ghl;L myfhdJ xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; epidtfj;jpy; ,Ue;J xU
mwpTWj;jiyg; ngw;W mjidr; nray;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
2.4 gy;NtW epidtf tiffisAk; mtw;wpd; jd;ikfisAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;fhff; fzpdp epidtfj;ij Muha;thu;
 epidtf gbepiy
 epiyaw;w epidtfKk; mjd; gz;GfSk;
 thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtf tiffs;
 ,uz;lhe;ju epidtfk
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
juTg;ghl;il
 fzpdp my;yJ rhjdk; xd;wpw;Fs; ,izg;gpfs; my;yJ
tlj;njhFjpfs; vd;gdtw;wpidf; nfhz;Ls;s juT gupkhw;wj;jpw;F
trjpaspf;Fk; xU KiwikahFk;.
fl;Lghl;Lg; ghl;il
 rhjdq;fSf;Fk; $WfSf;Fk; gytifahd fl;Lg;ghl;L rkpf;iQfis
mDg;Gtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kiwik ghl;il
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
tpyhr ghl;il
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
fzzp vd;why; vd;d nghwpay;Jiw
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Nghf;Ftuj;JJiw
jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gij
tiuaiw nra;f …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… njhlu;ghly;Jiw
jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; gpd;tUk; …………………………………………………

Jiwfspy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ ? …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
fy;tpj;Jiw …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… fzzp td;nghUl;fspd; tiffis
………………………………………………… tpsf;Ff
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
kUj;Jtj;Jiw …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… fzzp ,aq;f Njitahd ghfk;fs; ahJ
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
tq;fpj;Jiw …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… gpd;tUk; Input device ,d; Njit >
………………………………………………… gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gtw;iw
tpsf;Ff
ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw
Mouse
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
nghOJNghf;FJiw
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

Njit MICR
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Njit
Key board
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Njit OMR
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Njit
Touch Pad
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Njit OCR
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… Njit
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

………………………………………………… Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Bar Code Reader
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Smart Card Reader
Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Scanner …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Web Cam
Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… Njit
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
Magnetic Strip Reader gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Digitizer

…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Remote Control
Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gpd;tUk; Monitor; ,d; tiffis xg;gpl;L
………………………………………………… NtWgLj;Jf
Graphic Tablets CRT LCD LED
Njit mr;Rnghwp tiffis fhl;rpgLj;Jf

…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Sensor
Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

epidtfj;jpd; tiffis
ml;ltizgLj;Jf
epidtf kl;lj;ij xOq;F

tupirapy; $Wf?
gpd;tUk; epidtfj;jpd; nfhs;ssT

epidtf tiffis gpd;tUk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; jd;ik
jiyg;gpy; xg;gpl;L Muha;f. vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Ff
Magnetic Tape
mZfy;
mZfy;
f tif
nfhs;t
ngsjPf
epidt
Ntfk;
tpiy
msT
Kiw
CD
dT
Floppy Disk
Hard disk
gjptfq;
fs;
mZfy; Ntfk;
…………………………………………………
epidt
…………………………………………………
fq;fs;
gJf;F
mZfy; Neuk
…………………………………………………
vOkhd
epidt
…………………………………………………;
mZF
fk;
mZfy; Kiw
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………....
epidt
fq;fs;
Jiz
td;ntl;L gFjpahf;fspd; ed;ikfs;

jPikfs;
…………………………………………………
ehlhf;f
…………………………………………………
fhe;j
…………………………………………………
s;
…………………………………………………

………………………………………………… John Von Neumann Structure
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
S RAM , D RAM; vd;gtw;wpd; NtWghl;il
$Wf
SRAM DRAM
ROM; ,d; tiffis NtWgLj;jp tpsf;Ff fzzp tiffis; tpsf;Ff
PROM EPROM EEPROM 1. …………………………………………

…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
Cache Memory ,d; tiffis $Wf …………………………………………
2. …………………………………………
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 …………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
ika nrayfj;jpd; %d;W gFjpfis $wp
tpsf;Ff 3. …………………………………………
…………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Down Sizing, Mini Sizing
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

1. jftyhf fUjg;glf; $baJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. khztdpd; ngau;
2. tFg;nghd;wpy; cs;s nkhj;jkhztu; vz;zpf;if.
3. Number,Text,Image
4. tFg;nghd;wpy; fzpjghlj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l ruhrupg;Gs;sp.
5. ,d;iwa khztu;tuT.
2. jfty; xd;wpd; ngWkjp fhyj;Jld; khWtij fhl;Lk; rupahdtiuG?
1). 2). 3).

Information value infor notion value
Information value
AN
* * -—4
Time
Tirma
Time
4). 5). Information value

.information value
AH
+*
Time
lime
.J
3). gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ tiuglgadu; ,ilKfj;jpy; mj;jpahtrpakhd
Rl;Lk; fUtpahFk;?
1). Keyboard 2). Mouse 3). Joystick
4). LightPen 5). Trackball
M
4) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ntspaPl;Lf;fUtp my;yhjJ vJ?

1). Scanner 2). Printer 3) FlatScreen
4) Plotter 5). TouchScreen
A.
5) gpd;tUtdw;Ws; vt; epidtfkhdJ mjd; nfhs;ssT tiuaiwAilAJk;>

mjpy; cs;s jfty;fis khw;wk; nra;aNth mopf;fNth KbahjJkhFk;?
1.FloppyDisk 2) HardDisk 3) CDROM

4) TapeDrive 5). FlashDrive
6) CD fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; vJ?

1. Mechanical 2. Magnetic 3. Electrical
4.. ElectroMagnetic 5. Laser
7) fzpdpfspd; td;nghUl;fspd; ROM fspy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;

nra;epuy;fis vt;thW miog;gu;?
1. Hardware 2. Software 3. Liveware
4. Firmware 5. ROMWare
G.C.E. A/L ICT njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; 5
1
8). juitAk; nra;epuy;fisAk; NtWgpupj;jwpaf; $ba gFjp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ?
1. InputDevice 2. OutputDevice 3. MainMemory
4. Memory 5. Microprocessor
9). Stored program concept vj; jiyKiwf;FupaJ?
1. 1k; jiyKiw 2. 2k; jiyKiw 3. 3k; jiyKiwy

4. 4k; jiyKiw 5. 5k; jiyKiw
10). Muk;g fhyq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fzpfUtp…..

1.Abacus 2. Clock 3. DifferenceEngine
4. AddingMachine 5. Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W
11). KjyhtJ nghwpKiw fzpfUtpapid cUthf;fpatu;?
AN
1. Joseph MarieJacquard 2. John Mauchly 3. HermanHollerith
4. BlaisePascal 5. HowardAiken
12). Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilapid (PunchCard) mwpKfk; nra;jtu;?

1. Powers 2. Pascal 3. Joseph MarieJacquard
4. Jacquard 5. Herman Hollerith
13). xspg;Ngdh (LightPen) vd;gJ?

AH
1. Mechanical Inputdevice 2. Optical input device 3. Electronicinput device
4. MechanicalOutputDevice 5. Optical output device
14). ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs;…………….mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit.

1. Vacuum Tube 2. Silicon Chips . 3. MicroChips
4. Transistor 5. BioChips
.J
15). BIOS vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk;
1. BasicInput Output System 2. Best Input Output System
4. BaseInput Output System
3 BasicInput Output Symbol
5. BasicInput Output Software
M
16). fzpdpj; jpiuapd; kpfr;rpwpa gFjpapid vt;thW miog;gu;?

1. Cell 2. Element 3. Pixel
4. Bit 5. Dots
A.
17). fzpdpfspd; jiyKiw vjdbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ?

1. gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epidtfk;> gpujhd td;nghUs; njhopy;El;gtpay;
2. fzpdpapd; Ntfk;.
3. fzpdp khjpupfs;(Model)
4. fzpdpfspd; Jy;ypak;.
5. gad;gLj;jpa fhyk;.
18). fzpdp xd;wpd; td;nghUl;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; vg;gFjpapd; Clhf

தkf;Fs; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
1. Keyboard 2. System Bus 3. Monitor
4. Memory 5. NetworkInterfaceCard
19). Cassette tape ,y; vt; tifahd jfty;mZfy;(Access)

Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ?
1. DirectAccess 2. SequentialAccess 3. RandomAccess
4. Nkw;$wpaahTk; 5. Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W.
2
6 njd;kuhl;
njd; rpkfy;
uhl;trp p tyak;
fy;tp tyak; G.C.E. A/L ICT G.C.E. A/L ICT
20) gpd;tUk; vt;tif epidtfj;jpw;F kPs;jfit(Refresh)
nraw;gLj;jy; eilngWk;.
1. SRAM 2. DRAM 3. ROM
4. FlashMemory 5. MagneticTape
21). mr;R ,ae;jpuq;fspd; ntspaPl;bd; juj;jpid(Quality) ………………

.,dhy; mstplg;gLk;.
1. Dot per sq.inch 2. Dot per inch 3. Dots printed per unit time
4. Resolution 5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk;.
22). gpd;tUk; epidtfq;fspy; vJ kpff; Fiwe;j mZfy; Neuj;ij

(AccessTime) cilaJ?.
1. CacheMemory 2. Virtual Memory 3. HardDisk
4. MagneticTape 5. ExternalMemory
AN
23). gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpahf mikahjJ?
1. Touch Screen 2. Optical Scanners 3. Touch Pad
4. TrackBall 5. MousePad
24). Laser Printer fspd; NtfkhdJ …………….vDk; myfpdhy;

mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. LPM 2. PPM
AH 3. DPI 4. DPS 5. RPM
25). tiyaikg;nghd;wpy; gq;fPL nra;aKbahj td;nghUs; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;vJ?

1. CDDrive 2. Printer 3. Mouse
4. HardDisk 5. Multi-MediaProjector
26). "ENIAC" ,y; ghtpf;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; $W vJ?

1. Transistors. 2. IC 3. Vacuum tube
4. Microchips 5. AI
.J
27). fzpdp tiffis mtw;wpd; tbtikg;G njhopDl;gj;jpd;gb
(DesignTechnology) tifg;gLj;jiy gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ rupahff;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
1. DeskTop, LapTop, NoteBook.
M
2. DigitalComputer, AnalogComputer, HybridComputer.

3. SuperComputer, MainframeComputer, MiniComputer, MicroComputer.
4. SpecialPurpose, GeneralPurpose.
5. Workstation, PersonalComputer, Smart-Phone
A.
28). kpd;rhuj;jpd; %yk; jfty;fis mopj;J kPz;Lk; jfty;fis gjpaf;$ba

epiyj;j epidtfk; (ROM) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ?
1. EPROM 2. PROM 3. EEPROM 4. DRAM 5. CD-ROM
29). Kjy; fzpdp nra;epuyhsu; vd miof;fg;gLgtu;

1. AndaAugusta. 2. Ada AugustaLovelace
3. HermanHollerith 4. BlaisePascal 5. Joseph MarieJacquard
30). CRTMonitor ,idtpl LCDMonitor gad;gLj;Jtjdhy fpilf;Fk;

mD$yk; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy vJ?
1. xg;gPl;lstpy; nryT FiwT. mj;Jld; njspthd fhl;rpfisAk;
ngwKbAk;.
2. Fiwe;jsT kpd;rhuj;ij Efu;tJld; Fiwe;jsT ,lg;gug;ig
vLf;fpd;wJ.
3
G.C.E. A/L ICT
njd; kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; G.C.E. A/L ICT njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; 7
3. tpk;gq;fs; kPs;GJg;gpf;fg;gl mjpfNeuk; vLg;gJld; tpiyAk;
FiwthdJ.
4. jpiuapd; khw;wy; tpfpjk; FiwthfTk; mjpf ntg;gKk; ntsptplg;gLk;.
5. Nfhzg;ghu;it kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJld; mjpf kpd;rhu Efu;r;rp.
31). KjyhtJ tiuglgadu; ,ilKf trjp nfhz;l (GUI) gzp

nray;Kiwikapid cUthf;fpa epWtdk; vJ?
1. MicroSoft 2. Apple 3. IBM
4. Samsung 5. Adobe
32). gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspy ;cz;ikahdJ vJ?
1. BlaisePascal ,d;iwa fzpdpfspd; je;ijnad miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
2. PunchCard MdJ Joseph Marie Jacquard ,dhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Difference Engine MdJ Ada Augusta Lovelace ,dhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
AN
4. ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw fzpdpfspy; cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpahf
tpirg;gyif gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
5. ENIAC fzpdp %d;whk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfSf;F cjhuzkhFk;.
33). Ez;nraypapd; vg;gFjp fzpdpapd; td;nghUl;fis

fl;Lg;gLj;jp nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ?
1. ALU 2. Register 3. CU 4. CacheMemory 5. NorthBridge
AH
34). gpd;tUk; cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfisf; fUJf.
A. OMR B. MICR C. OCR D. BarCodeReader
gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspy; cz;ikahdJ vJ?
1. A,B kl;Lk; tUbfshFk;.
2. C MdJ glq;fis cs;sl P hf toq;Ftjw;F gad;gLfpd;wJ.
3. A,B,C,D ahTk; tUbfs; tifapid Nru;e;jit.
4. A MdJ fhNrhiyfspy; cs;s jfty;fis cs;sPlhf
.J
toq;fgad;gLfpwJ.
5. B MdJ gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;F gad;gடுfpwJ.
35). gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

$w;W1 .SRAM MdJ DRAM ,idtpl jfty; gupkhw;wNtfk; $baJ.
M
$w;W2. nghJthf fzpdpfspy; td;jl;bd; nfhs;ssT RAM ,d;

nfhs;ssit tpl mjpfkhdJ.
$w;W3. fzpdpapd; Ntfk; td;jl;bd; nfhs;sstpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
A.
NkYs;s $w;Wfspy; vJ/vit rupahdJ/rupahdit?

1. $w;W1 khj;jpuk;. 2. $w;W1,2 Mfpad 3. $w;W2,3Mfpad
4. $w;W1,2,3ahTk;. 5. $w;W1,3Mfpad.
36). gpd;tUk; epidtfq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd $w;Wf;fspy; rupahdJ vJ/vit?

A. td;jl;L> nefpo;tl;L Nghd;wd fhe;jtif epidtfq;fshFk;.
B. CD, DVD, BD Nghd;wd xspapay; epidtfq;fshFk;.
C. gspr;rpl;L epidtfk; (FlashMemory)> MemoryCard Nghd;wd
jpz;kepiy epidtfkhFk;.
1. $w;W A khj;jpuk; 2. $w;W B khj;jpuk; 3. $w;WA,BMfpad
4. $w;WA, B, CahTம் 5. $w;WA CMfpad.
37). Rl;bf;Fg; gjpyhf gad;gLj;jf; $ba kpfg; nghUj;jkhd cs;sPl;Lf;fUtp vJ?

1. TouchScreen 2. Joystick 3. TrackBall
4. LightPen 5. Keyboard
8 njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; G.C.E. A/L
4 ICT
njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; G.C.E. A/L ICT
38). jftypd; ngWkjpf;Fம் Neuj;jpw;Fkhd
tiuglk; mUfpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mt;tiuglk; njhlu;ghf gpioahd $w;W vJ?
1. jfty; ngwg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; mjd;
ngWkjp cau;thdJ.
2. fhyk; nry;y jftypd; ngWkjp O4/jBtJia
Fiwtile;J kPz;Lk; juthf
khWk;. *»
3. Neuk; G+r;rpakhFk; NghJ jftypd; ngWkjp

cau;thFk;.
4. Neuk; G+r;rpakhFk; NghJ jftypd; ngWkjp FiwtilAk;.
5. fhyk; nry;y jftypd; ngWkjp FiwtilAk;.
39) gzpnray; Kiwiknahd;W (OperatingSystem) Kjd;Kjypல்
vj;jiyKiwf; fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
1. Kjyhk; jiyKiw 2. ,uz;lhk;jiyKiw 3. %d;whk;jiyKiw
4. ehd;fhk; jiyKiw 5. Ie;jhk;jiyKiw
AN
40). gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Kiwik nkd;nghUs; my;yhjJ vJ?
1. OperatingSystem. 2. Anti-VirusSoftware. 3. Compiler
4. MizilaFirefox 5. Diskcleanup
41). cau;juj;jpy; mike;j tu;z tiuglq;fis td;gpujpfshf

(HardCopy) ngWtjw;F nghUj;jkhd ntspaPl;Lf;fUtp vJ?
1. LEDMonitor 2. Plotter 3. Ink-jetPrinter
4. LaserPrinter
AH 5. Dot-MatrixPrinter
42). fhe;jjl;L (MagneticDisk) xd;wpd; nfhs;ssT gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vjpy;

jq;fpAs;sJ?
1. jl;bd; Nkw;gug;gpd; xU myfpy; cs;s Trackfspd ;vz;zpf;if (Trackper
Inch).
2. Track fspd; xUmyfpy; cs;s Bits fspd; vz;zpf;if
.J
(BitsperInchofTrack).
3. jl;Lf;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s jl;Lg;gilfspd ;(DiskLayers) vz;zpf;if.
4. xU Bit ,id gpujp nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nkw;gug;gpd; gUkd;
(SizeofoneBit).
5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk;.
M
43). gpujhd epidtfj;jpd; ,uz;L tiffSk; vit?

1. Primary and Secondary 2. ROM and RAM 3. Magnetic and Optical
. Random and Sequential 5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk;.
A.
44). fhe;jjl;by;(Magnetic Drum) cs;sjfty;fisifahSk;Kiwgpd;tUtdtw;Ws;vJ?

1. RandomAccess 2. Direct Access 3. Sequential Access
4. (1)and(2) 5. (2) and (3)
45). ve;jtifahd fzpdpfis jdpegu; fzpdpfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ?

1. SuperComputer 2. Main-FrameComputer 3. MiniComputer
4. MicroComputer 5. Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W.
46). Fwpg;gpl;l rpy Njitfis epiwT nra;tij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;L

cUthf;fg;gl;l nkd;nghUl;fis vt;thW miog;gu;?
1. SystemSoftware 2. OperatingSystem 3. UtilitySoftware
4. ApplicationSoftware 5. Nkw;$wpaahTk;.
47). nefpo;tl;bd; msthf mika KbahjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. 8” 2.5.25” 3. 5.5” 4. 3.5” 5. Nkw;$wpavJTkd;W.
G.C.E. A/L ICT 5

njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; 9
48). ntw;wplf; Fohapid mwpKfk; nra;jtu;.
1. John Bardeen 2. William Shockley 3. Leede Forest
4. Herman Hollerith 5. Blaise Pascal
49). nra;epuy;fis fzpdpfspy; Nrkpf;fyhk; vDk; vz;zf;fUit $wpatu;.

1. John Mauchley 2. J.P.Eckert 3. John Neumann
4. Joseph Jacquard 5. William Shockley
50). Kjyhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs;……………..,id epidtfkhf

gad;gLj;jpd.
1. Vacuumtubes 2. Siliconchips 3. Magneticdrum
4. RAM 5. Nkw;$wpa vJTkpy;iy.
51). fzpdpapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgtu;?
AN
1. Charles Babbage 2. John von Neumann 3.Herman Hollerith
4. Clifford Berry 5. Ada Augusta Lovelace
52. gFg;gha;T nghwpapid fz;L gpbj;jtu; ahu;?

1. gpNsap]; g];fhy; 2. rhs;]; gNg[; 3. Aiken
4. Forest AH 5. N[hd; nthd; epAkd;
53. juTfis gpujp nra;tjw;fhd %d;W njhopy;El;;gq;fisAk; nfhz;l njhFjpahf

miktJ?
1. nefpo;tl;L(FloppynDisk), ,Wtl;L(CompactDisk)> fhe;jehlh (Magnetictape)
2. nefpo;tl;L> fhe;jehlh> td;jl;L(Hard disk)
3. nefpo;tl;L> ,Wtl;L> gspr;rPl;Lepidtfk;(Flash memory)
4. nefpo;tl;L> ,Wtl;L> td;jl;L
5. RAM, nefpo;tl;L> gspr;rPl;Lepidtfk;
.J
54. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ Fthz;lk; fzpdpapaypd; (Quantum computing)
,ay;G my;yhjjhFk;?
M
1. cah; juT Kiwtopahf;f Ntfk;

2 jfty; kiwg;G (cryptographic) eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ
3. juthdJ vOj;Jfshy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
4. nghpastpyhd eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ
A.
5. juthdJ qubit ,dhw; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
55. 3D graphic designing y; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzzp tif vJ?

1. Laptop Computer 2. Desktop Computer 3. Work Station
Computer 4. Palmtop Computer 5. Mini Computer
56. rPuhd ts ,lq;fhzp (URL) http://www.idm.uk/branchidm.html vd;gjidg;

gw;wpa rhpahd $w;W ahJ??
1. uk Xh; cah;epiy Ml;fskhFk; (domain)
2. www Xh; nrk;ikelg;G tof;fhFk;;
3. http Xh; NritahFk;
4. www Xh; Ml;fsg; ngauhFk;
5. branchidm.html Xh; nrk;ikelg;G tof;fhFk;
10 njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; G.C.E. A/L ICT
6
57. Aj;jeltbf;iffs;> vz;nza; Ma;T Nghd;w tpNrl fUkq;fspw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzzp tif vJ?
1. Central Purpose Computer 2.Special Purpose Computer
3. Digital Computer 4.Analog Computer 5. Hybrid Computer
58. CPUd; Ntfk; msf;f gad;gLk; myF ahJ?

1. KB 2. GHz 3. Bytes 4. Bits/s 5. MB
59. Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,d;Ndhuplj;jpw;F juTfis flj;j gad;gLk; BUS tif
vJ?
1. Address Bus 2. Data Bus 3.Control Bus 4.Serial Bus 5.CTB Bus
60. MAC Kftupfspd; Mff;$ba gpw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?

1) 48 2) 24 3) 16 4) 32 5) 56
AN
61. cs;sPl;L rhjdkhfTk;> tUtpisT rhjdkhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;
vit?
1. Mouse 2.CD 3.Touch Screen 4.DVD 5.Track Ball
62. fzdpapd; re;jjpapy; mjpfupf;ifapy; fzdpapd; gpd;tUk; vt;tpay;G

mjpfupf;Fk;?
1 .fzdpapd; msTAH 2. ntspaplg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpdsT
3. Njitahd kpd;rhuj;jpd; msT 4. ,lg;gug;G
5. fzdpapd; Ntfk;
63. td;gpujp vd;gjhy; ahJ tpsq;Ffpd;wPu;?

1. jfty; xU NghJk; ntspaPlhf tuhJ
2. ntspaPL mr;R gpujpahf fpilf;Fk;
3. ntspaPl;il fhl;rpj;jpiuapy; fhzyhk;
4. ntspaPL ROMy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;
.J
5. Flash Drivey; Nrkpf;ff; $baJ
64. Processorxd;wpd; tbtikg;gpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jgit gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ/vit?
A. Transistorfspd; vz;zpf;if
M
B. Registerfspd; vz;zpf;if
C. Cache Memeoryfspd; vz;zpf;if
1. A kl;Lk; 2. A,C kl;Lk; 3. A,B kl;Lk; 4. B,C kl;Lk; 5. A.B,C kl;Lk;
A.
65. Ez;nraypapd; ghfkhfTk; juTfisAk; fl;lisfisAk; jd;dfj;Nj

itj;jpUg;gJkhd jw;fhypf Nrkpg;gfk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. EPROM 2. Registers 3. Ram
4. Virtual memory 5. Flash memory
66. CPU I cw;gj;jp nra;ak; epWtdk; vJ?
1. imb 2. intel 3. Microsoft 4. dmi 5. idm
67. Moniter I fzdpAld; njhLg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fij vJ?

1. PS/2 port 2. USB port 3. VGA port
4. Modem port 5. Sound port

7
68. CD ,d; nfhs;ssT vJ?
1. 650MB-900MB 2. 4.7GB-7GB 3. 1GB
4. 100MB-750MB 5. 1000MB
69). mr;rpl;l glq;fis vOj;Jf;fis fzdpg;gLj;j gad;gLj;Jk; rhjdk; vJ?
1. Mouse 2. Printer 3. Speaker 4. Scanner 5. Plotter
70. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ/vit fzdp nkd;nghUl;fis ghjpf;fty;yd?
1. Virus 2. Hoxes 3. Worms 4. Spyware

1) 1,2 kl;Lk; 2) 1 kl;Lk; 3) 2, 3,4 kl;Lk;
4) 1 ,2, 3 kl;Lk; 5) 1, 2, 3, 4 kl;Lk;
AN
71. Laptop vd miof;fg;gLk; Computer vJ?
1. Super computer 2. Personal Computer 3. Micro Computer

4. Palmtop Computer 5. Workstaion Computer
1. Cache Memory
AH
72. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ/vit Non-Volatile Memory ahf fUjg;gLk;?
2.Flash Memory 3.ROM 4.Ram
1). 1, 2 kl;Lk; 2). 3, 4 kl;Lk;

3). 1, 2, 4 kl;Lk; 4). 2, 3 kl;Lk; 5) ahTk; rupahdit
73. Impactprinter tif my;yhjJ vJ?

.J
1. Daisywheel printer 2. Dotmatrix printer 3. Thermal printer
4. Line printer 5. Nkw;$wpa vJTky;y
74. juT CLflj;jy; Kiwfspy; halfduple w;F cjhuzkf miktJ

M
1. Telephone 2. Walkie-talkie 3. Radio

4. TV 5. Microphone
75. ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdkhd fzpdpapd; tiutpyf;fzkhf miktJ?
A.
1) vz; mbg;gilapyhd fzpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

2) juTfis cs;thq;fp mwpTWj;jy;fspw;fika nraw;ghLfis nra;jy;
3) tpirg;gyifapDhlhf juTfis Vw;wy;
4) fhl;rpj;jpiuapy; juTfis fhz;gpj;jy;
5) ju;ff
; mbg;gilapyhd fzpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
76) KjyhtJ fzzp nra;epuyhsu; vd miof;fg;gLgtu; ahu;?

1) Ada Augusta Lovelace 2) Charles Babbage
3) Pascal 4)Aiken 5)n`l;gpul; tpy;ypak;
77) Kjyhk; jiyKiwf; fzzpfspy; Nrkpg;gfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit?
1)Magnetic Tapes 2)Magnetic Drums

3)Integrated circuits 4)Processor 5)Vaccum Tubes
78) Low Level Language vd miof;fg;gLtJ vk; nkhopahFk;?
1)Assembly Language,Python 2)Python,SQL
3)Machine Language,Python 4)Assembly Language,Machine Language
5)PHP,SQL
79) Ez;Kiw topahf;fpapw;F ntspg;Gwkhf mike;Js;s gFjp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;

vJ.?
1) ALU 2) Register 3) CU 4) RAM 5) level 1 cache
80) kpd;dpaiyg;gad;gLj;jp mopj;J jpUk;gTk; ghtpf;ff; $ba epiyj;j

epidtfk;(ROM) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ?
1. EPROM - (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
AN
2. PROM - (Programmable Read Only Memory)
3. EEPROM – (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
4. DRAM – (Dynamic Random access Memory)
5. RAM(Random Access Memory)
81) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nfhs;ssT(Capacity)$bdJ ahJ?

1) Ram 2) Register 3) Hard Disk
4) ROM
AH 5) Cache Memory
82) 4k; jiyKiwf;fzzpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkhop ahJ?
1) Machine Language 2) Assembly Language

3) ADA,Fortran 4). Mercury, Prolog 5) PHP,SQL
.J
83) ABACUS ahuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?
1) fpNuf;fu;fs; 2) mnkupf;fu;fs;
3) ,e;jpau;fs; 4) rPdu;fs; 5) u~;au;fs;
M
84) Difference Engine(tpj;jpahrg;nghwp) ahuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?

1) Herman Hollerith 2) Ada Augusta Lovelace 3) Charles Babbage
4) n`l;gpul; tpy;ypak; 5) Aiken
A.
85) thdpiy mtjhdpg;G epiyaq;fspy; gad;gLk; fzzp vJ?

1) xj;jpirf;fzzp 2) ,yf;ff;fzzp 3) jdpahs; fzzp
4) Nkirf;fzzp 5) kbf;fzzp
86) CPU ,d; gpujhd gFjpfs; vit?

1)ALU,CU,Memory Register 2)Bus,RAM,ROM
3)Memory Register,CU,RAM 4)ALU,CU,RAM
5)Monitor,Keyboard,Mouse
87) fzzpapy; eilngWk; ml;rufzpj nraw;ghLfSf;F gad;gLtJ vJ?

1) CU 2) Memory Register 3) ALU
4)BUS 5) Topology

9
88) Ntiyfis ,yFthf nra;J Kbf;f SQL fzzp nkhop gad;gl;l
jiyKiwfs; vJ?
1)1st Generation Computer 2)2nd Generation Computer
3)3rd Generation Computer 4)4th Generation Computer
5)5th Generation Computer
89) 3rd Generation Computery ,y; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy;El;gk; vJ?

1)Integrated Circuit 2) Transistor 3)Vaccum Tube
4) Micro Processor 5) VLIC
90) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ/vit Kd;whk; jiyKiwf; fzzp nkhopfspy;

rk;ge;jkhdJ
A- Python 3rd Generation Computer Language MFk;.
AN
B- Pascal 3rd Generation Computer Language MFk;.
C- Ke;ija jiykiwAld; xg;gpLifapy; nray;epuy;fspy; mgptpUj;jp
,yFthdJ?
1) A kl;Lk; 2) B kl;Lk; 3) B,C kl;Lk;
4) A.B,C midj;Jk; 5) A, C kl;Lk;
91) fzzp tsu;r;rp jiyKiw xOq;F vJ?

AH
1) Vaccum Tubes,Integrated Circuit,Transistor
2) Transistor,Vaccum Tubes,Integrated Circuits
3) Vaccum Tubes,Transistor,Integrated Circuits
4) Transistor,Integrated Circuits,Vaccum Tubes
5) Nkw;$wpa vJTky;y
92)
.J
clypd; nra;$W Kiwtopahf;fy;fis Kg;gupkhd Kiwapy;
ntspg;gLj;JtJ vJ?
1) CAT 2) PET 3) X-Ray 4) CT 5) MRI
93) 4k; guk;giuf; fzpdpfspd; tpNrl mk;rkhf miktJ
1. NgusT xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfspd;(VLIC) ghtidiaAk; Fiwe;jsthd
M
kpd;rf;jp Efu;r;rpAk;.
2.;. 3k; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfis tpl Fiwthd kpd;Efu;r;rpAk;> mstpy;
rpwpajhfTk; mike;jpUj;jy;.
3. 2k; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfis tpl Ntfk; $badthfTk;> mstpy;
A.
rpwpajhfTk; mike;jpUj;jy;.
4. 5k; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfis tpl $Ljyhd kpd;Efu;r;rpAk;> mstpy;
ngupajhfTk; mike;jpUj;jy;.
5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk; rup
94) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ntspapl;Lr; rhjdk; vJ?

1. rhtpg;gyif 2. Rl;b. 3. xspapay; Ngdh.
4. ik gPrR; mr;Rg; nghwp. 5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk;
95) fzpdp Kiwtopahf;fpfs; (Processors) gw;wpa gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf;

fUJf.
A – fjp B - nfhs;ssT
C - Kiwtopahf;fpapy; cs;s Crpfspd; (Pins) vz;zpf;if

10
,tw;wpilNa fzpdpiaf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ fUj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tplakhf/ tplaq;fshf mikahjJ/ mikahjit>
1). A khj;jpuk; 2). B khj;jpuk; 3). C khj;jpuk;
4). A, B Mfpad khj;jpuk; 5) B, C Mfpad khj;jpuk;
96) cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfs;> ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfs; ,uz;ilAk; nfhz;Ls;s

fzpdpap;d; cgKiwik gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ?
1. td;nghUs; Kiwik 2. nkd;nghUs; Kiwik
3. capu;g;nghUs; Kiwik 4. epiyg;nghUs; Kiwik
5. Nkw;$wpa vJTky;y
97) fNjhl; fjpu; Foha;(CRT) fhl;rpj;jpiuia tpl jputg;gspq;;F fhl;rpj;jpiuiag;

(LCD) gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; fpilf;Fk; mD$yk; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ?
AN
1. tpk;gq;fs; kPsg;GJg;gpf;fg;gl mjpf Neuk; vLg;gJld; tpiyAk;
FiwthdJ.
2. Fiwe;jsT kpd;rhuj;ij Efu;tJld; Fiwe;j ,lg;gpukhzj;ij
vLf;fpd;wJ.
3. xg;gPl;lstpy; nryT FiwT. mj;Jld; njspthd fhl;rpfisAk;
ngwKbAk;.
4. jpiuapd; khw;wy; tpfpjk; FiwthfTk; mjpf ntg;gKk; ntsptplg;gLk;
AH
5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk;.
98) fzpdp tbtikg;G njhopDl;gj;jpd; gb(Design Technology) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy;

vJ rupahd tifg;gLj;jiyf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
1. kbf; fzpdp(Lap Top), kPf;fzpdpfs;(super computers), Nritafk;(Sever
computer)
.J
2. ,yf;f Kiwf; fzpdpfs;(Digital), xg;Gopf; fzpdpfs;(Analog), fyg;gpd
fzpdpfs (Hybrid);.
3. gpujhd rl;lf; fzpdp (Mainframe), ikaf; fzpdpfs;, Ez;ghff;
fzpdpfs;.
M
4. rhjhuz Njitf;fhfg; gad;gLk; fzpdpfs;(General Purpose), tpNrl

Njitf;fhd fzpdpfs;(Special Purpose).
5. Nkw;$wpa ahTky;y
A.
99) fzpdpahy; Mw;wg;gLk; 5 njhopw;ghLfs; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpy; rupahd

xOq;fpy; mike;j tpiliaj; njupT nra;f?
1. ntspaPL> epuw;gLj;jy;> cs;sPL;> Nrkpj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
2. Nrkpj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> cs;sPL> epuw;gLj;jy;> ntspaPL
3. cs;sPL> epuw;gLj;jy;;> ntspaPL> Nrkpj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy
4. fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> cs;sPL> epuw;gLj;jy;> ntspaPL> Nrkpj;jy;
5. Nkw;$wpa vJTky;y
100) CPU ,y; ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l nray; xOq;Ffis

mKy;gLj;jy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
1) MultiProcessing 2) Time Sharing
3) Multi-Tasking 4) Multi Programming 5) Multi plexing
11
Grid Computer, Parallel Computer gy;fU nrayp
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Clock Speed
jUtpg;G epiwNtw;W Row;rp Kiwia

G+uzgLj;Jf …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………;
Word Size
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Bus
System Bus
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Address Bus
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Data Bus
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Control Bus
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fs;.
1) rhu;s;]; gNg[; “fzpdpapd; je;ij” vdr; rpyuhy; $wg;gLfpd;whu;.
Vnddpy; mtu;>
(1)g];fiyd; (Pascaline) vDk; nghwpKiwf; fzpg;ghidf;

fz;Lgpbj;jjhy; MFk;.
(2)kPs; nra;epuw;gLj;jf;$ba (re – programmable) KjyhtJ
,yj;jpudpay; fzpf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ij fz;Lgpbj;jjhy; MFk;.
(3)IBM epWtdj;jpd; KjyhtJ jdpegu; fzpdpia cUthf;ftjpy;
jiykj;Jtg; gjtpia tfpj;jhu; vd;gjdhy; MFk;.
(4)etPd fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;sPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw
kw;Wk; tUtpisT vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fis Kjd; Kjyhf
mwpKfk; nra;jhu; vd;gjhyhFk;.
(5)KjyhtJ ,yj;jpudpay; ,af;fKiwf; fzpdpahd ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) ,d; ];jhgfu;
vdgdhy; MFk;.
2) fzpg;Gr; rhjdq;fspd; (Computing Devices) gupzhk tsu;r;rp

njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
(1)ntw;wplf; Foha;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gpnsa;]; g];fhy; %yk;
g];fiyd; (Pascaline) ,ae;jpuk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
(2)g];fiyd; Kjyhk; jiyKiwf; fzpg;Gr; rhjdkhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
(3)ntw;wplf; Foha;fs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfs; ,uz;lhk;
jiyKiwf; fzpdpfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
(4)(ENIAC) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer fzpdp
ntw;wplf; Foha;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
(5)mg;gps; I, mg;gps; II vd;gd ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpf;Fupa
,U cjhuzq;fshFk;.
3) gpd;tUk; g+uzg;gLj;jhj trdj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;Jf. “1980 N[hrg;

[f;Fthl; vd;gtu; jd;Dila nerT miyia jd;dpaf;fkhf;Ftjd;
%yk; juTfisg; gjpT nra;tjw;F ……………………………
vd;gjidg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
(1)$l;lw; nghwp (adding machine)
(2)Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilfs; (punch cards)
(3)xyp ml;il (sound card)
(4)ghFghl;Lg; nghwp (Difference engine)
(5)gFg;Gg; nghwp (analytical engine)
4) gNg[pd; “Difference Engine” ……………………… mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lJ. NkNy cs;s $w;wpd; ntw;wplj;ij epug;g nghUj;jkhd
njhopEl;gk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
(1),ae;jputpaw; njhopEl;gk; (Machinery Technology)
(2)ntw;wplf; Foha; njhopEl;gj;ij (vacuum tube technology)
(3)jpupjilaj; njhopEl;gj;ij (transistor technology)
(4)xUq;fpize;j $w;Wf;fspd; njhopEl;gj;ij (IC technology)
(5)mjpNgusT xUq;fpizg;G Rw;Wj; njhopEl;gj;ij (VLSI Circuit
technology)
5) gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdJ vJ?

(1)Herman Hollerith vd;gtu; gFg;Gg; nghwpapid tbtikj;jhu;.
(2)Pascaline vd;gJ $l;ly; kw;Wk; fopj;jy; nra;iffSf;fhf
rhu;s;]; gNg[pdhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
(3)g];fiyd; vd;gJ gpsapy; g];fhypdhy; Jisaplg;gl;l
ml;ilfspypUe;J jutpid thrpg;gjw;F tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
(4)ghFghl;Lg; nghwpahdJ gpsapy; gh];fhypdhy;
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
(5)mlh yt;N]; vd;gtu; KjyhtJ fzpdp nra;epuyhsuhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;whu;.
6) jfty;fis Nrkpg;gjw;fhf epfo;r;rp epuyhf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ

vz;zpay; tiff; fzpdp ahJ?
(1) ENIAC (2) EDVAC (3) MARK I
(4) PASCALINE (5) ANALYTICAL ENGINE
7) 3k; guk;giuf; fzpdpfspy; Kjd;ik epidtfkhf …….. vDk;

cgfuzKk; ,uz;lhk; epidtfkhf ……….. vDk; cgfuzKk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
(1)fhe;j cUis (Magnetic Drum), fhe;j ehlh (Magnetic Tape)
(2)fhe;j cUis> fhe;j tl;L (Hard Disk)
(3)fhe;jg; gz;Gs;s cs;sfk; (Magnatic Core), fhe;j tl;L
(4)LSI Fiwflj;jp> xspapay; tl;L (Optical Disk)
(5)VLSI Fiwflj;jp> fhe;j tl;L
8) EDVAC fzpdpia tbtikj;jtu; ahu;?

(1) John Von Neumann (2) J.Presper Eckert
(3) Charles Babbage (4) Ada Lovelace
(5) Blais Pascal
9) nra;epuy;fis fzpdpfspy; Nrkpf;fyhk; vDk; vz;zf;fUitf;

$wpatu;>
(1) John Mouchley (2) J.P. Eckert
(3) Jhon Neumann (4) Joseph Jacquard
(5) William Shockley
10) ngWkjpkpf;f jftypd; ,ay;ghd Neutpay;G (Timelines) vd;gij

tiuaiw nra;af;$baJ vJ?
(1)jftiy gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba jd;ik
(2)midj;J Kf;fpakhd cz;ikfisAk; (Facts) nfhz;bUj;jy;
(3)jftypd; ek;gfj; jd;ik
(4)jfty; Njitg;gLk;NghJ mjid toq;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
(5)jfty; rupahdjh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jf;$ba jd;ik
11) gp;dtUtdtw;Ws; juT> jfty; vd;gJ njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W

vJ?
(1)kpf mjpfsthd juTfs; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
khj;jpuNk jpu;khdq;fs; vLf;fg;gLk;.
(2)jutpd; nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik (Validity) ahdJ jutpd; Jy;ypaj;
jd;ikapw; jq;fpapUf;Fk;
(3)juTfis nrad;Kiwf;Fs;shf;fpg; ngwg;gLk; jftyhdJ
vg;NghJk; Jy;ypakhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(4)jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F juTfs; gy;NtW %yfq;fspy; ,Ue;J
Nrfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(5)jutpd; Jy;ypaj; jd;ikahdJ cs;sPl nra;Ak; juTfspd;
Jy;ypaj; jd;ikapy; kl;Lk; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
12) ,yq;iff; fpwpf;fl; mzp T – 20 cyff; fpz;zk; 2014

Nghl;bia ntw;wpnfhz;lJ. ,yq;iff; fpwpf;fl; ,urpfu;fSf;F
,j;jfty; mjpAau; ngWkhdj;ijj; je;jJ …………
(1) ,Wjpg; Nghl;b Muk;gkhdNghjhFk;.
(2) jprhu ngNuuh ntw;wp Xl;lj;ijf; Ftpj;jNghjhFk;.
(3) jiytu; yrpj; kypq;f ntw;wpf; fpz;zj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
NghjhFk;.
(4) mtu;fs; gj;jpupifapy; nra;jpiag; ghu;jj
; NghjhFk;.
(5) mtu;fs; fpwpf;fl; tPuu;fis fl;Lehaf;f tpkhd epyaj;jpw;
fz;lNghjhFk;. (2014)
13) “jfty; gw;wpa nghd; tpjpfs;” (The Golden Rule if Information)

fspy; jftypd; ngWkjp gw;wpa gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; vJ
gpioahdJ?
(1) jfty;fspd; ngWkjp mjd; nghUj;jg;ghl;by; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(2) jfty;fis epu;khzpf;Fk; NghNjh my;yJ mjidg;
ngWk;NghNjh mjw;Ff; $ba ngWkjp cs;sJ.
(3) Neuk; G+r;rakhFk;nghj jftypd; ngWkjp FiwtilAk;.
(4) fhyk; nry;yr; nry;y jftypd; ngWkjp gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J
mit kPz;Lk; juTfshf khWk;.
(5) Nkw;$wpa ahTk; rup
14) ngWkpf;f jfty;fs; njhlu;ghd $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

A. mJ ek;gfj; jd;ikAs;sjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
B. mJ Neue;jtwhik ,ay;igf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;
C. mJ Jy;ypakhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) B khj;jpuk; (3) A, C khj;jpuk;
(4) A, B khj;jpuk; (5) A, B, C midj;Jk;
15) capup msT (Biometric) njhopEl;gj;ijf; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l cs;sPl;Lf; fUtp / fUtpfs; vJ / vit?
A. tpuy; gjp tUb (finger print scanner)
B. Kf mq;ff P hu thrpg;ghd;. ( facial recognition reader)
C. Fuy; mq;ff P hu thrpg;ghd (Voice recognition reader)
D. Fr;rp (stylus)
(1) A, B khj;jpuk; (2) B, D khj;jpuk; (3) B, C khj;jpuk;
(4) A, B, D khj;jpuk; (5) A, B, C khj;jpuk;;
16) vOkhW epidtff; (RAM) $Wfs; (modules) mbf;fb

xg;gplg;gLtJ ………. myfpy; mstplg;gLk; mjd;
nfhs;sstpdhYk; kw;Wk; ……. myfpy; mstplg;gLk; mjd;
fjpapdhYk; MFk;. Nkw;Fwpj;j $w;wpd;,ilntspia epug;Gtjw;F
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fs; KiwNa
(1) fpNyhigl;];> [pfhigl;];
(2) [pfhigl;];> nkfhigl;]; nrf;fDf;F
(3) [pfhigl;];> nkfh Nù;l;];
(4) nkfh Nù;l;];> fpNyh Nù;l;];
(5) ]fhgpl;];> nkfhgpl;]; nrf;fDf;F
17) fzpdp xd;wpd; juT mZfy; Ntfk; …………… vDk;

myFfspYk;> gjpahdJ ……………. vDk; nfhs;sstpYk;
msf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,ilntspia epug;Gtjw;F kpfTk;nghUj;jkhd
nrhw;fs; KiwNa.
(1) GHz, bits (2) MHz, MB (3) Hz, Kb
(4) MHz, Kb (5) KHz, MB
18) Ez;Kiw topahf;fpahdJ nghJthf mjd; fbfhuf; fjpapdhy;

(Clock Speed) xg;gplg;gl;L ………….. My; mstplg;gl;L my;yJ
mjd; vOj;jpdhy; (word Line) xg;gplg;gl;L ………….. My;
mstplg;gl;L mJ xw;iwf;fbfhur; rf;fuj;jpdhy; (Single clock Cycle)
NkYs;s $w;wpd; ntw;w ; plq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ?
(1) gpl;]; (bits), nkfh Nù;l;]; (MHz) (2) igl;]; (Bytes),
[pfhNù;l;]; (GHz)
(3) MHz, gpl;]; (4) igl;]; (5) nrf;fd;l;]; (Soconds),
gpl;];
19) jdpegu; fzpdpapy; (Personal Computer) cs;s vOkhW mZfy;

epidtfj;jpd; (RAM) Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gad;ghL (typical Use) my;yhjJ
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ahJ?
(1) Kiwtopahf;fj;jpw;fhf jutfis itj;jpUj;jy;
(2) nra;iffSf;fhf (operations) mwpTWj;jy;fis itj;jpUj;jy;
(3) gzpnray; Kiwikf;fhfj; Njf;fj;ij (Storage) itj;jpUj;jy;.
(4) tUtpisTf;fhd jfty;fisj; jf;fitj;jpUj;jy;
(5) njhlf;Ftjw;F (boot – up) BIOS nra;epuiy itj;jpUj;jy;.
20) Ez;Kiw topahf;fpapd; xU ghfkhf ,Ue;J juTfisAk;

fl;lisfisAk; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ (Execution) jd;dfj;Nj
itj;jpUf;Fk; kpf Ntfkhd jw;fhypf Nrkpg;gfk; (High Speed
Temporary Storage)………….. vd miof;fg;gLk; ,ilntspf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdit?
(1) gjpapfs; (2) vOkhW mZfy;
epidtfk;
(3) kha epidtfk; (Virtual Memory) (4) EP Rom
(5) gspr;rPl;L epidtfk; (Flash Memory)
21) Fwpg;ghf gJf;F epidtfk; (cache memory) ………………….

Nrkpf;fg;gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,f;$w;wpd; ntw;wplj;ij epug;Gtjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdJ vJ?
(1) mjpfsthd juTfisj; jw;fhypfkhf
(2)kpff; Fiwthf (Least Frequently) ngWk; juTfis epue;jukhf
(3)kpff; Fiwthf (Least Frequently) ngWk; juTfis jw;fhypfkhf
(4)kpff; mjpfkhf (most Frequently) ngWk; juTfis jw;fhypfkhf
(5)kpff; mjpfkhf (most Frequently) ngWk; juTfis epue;jukhf
22) Ez;Kiw topahf;fpf;F ntspg;Gwkhf mike;Js;s gFjp

(Component) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
(1) fzpjj; ju;f;ftpay; myF (2) vOkhW mZfy;
epidtfk;
(3) fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (4) gjpapfs;
(5) Kjyhk; kl;l gJf;F epidtfk;
23) r%f tiyaikg;Gj; jsq;fs; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk;$w;Wf;fis

fUJf.
A. Nju;jy; gpur;rhu epfo;r;rpfSf;Fupa Clfkhf ,tw;wpd; ghtid
mjpfkhfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
B. r%f tiyaikg;Gj; jsj;jpy; gadupd; cz;ikahd
milahsg;gLj;Jif vg;NghJk; cj;juthjg;gLfpd;wJ.
C. etPd r%fj;jpy; kdpjcwTfisg; NgZtjw;F ,t;tizak;
Kw;wpYk; Njitahd xd;whFk;. Nkw;Fwpj;j $w;Wf;fSs;
rupahdJ / rupahdit vJ / vit?
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) B khj;jpuk; (3) C
khj;jpuk;
(4) A, B khj;jpuk; (5) A,C khj;jpuk
24) Kfg;Gj;jfk; (Facebook) vd;gJ ehs;NjhWk; Gjpa mq;fj;jtu;fs;

,izAk; kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd kf;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;jK; gpurpj;jp
ngw;w r%f tiyaikg;ghFk;. gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ>
(1) cq;fs; FLk;g cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk; NgZtjpYk;
Kf;fpakhd tfpgq;fpid Kfg;Gj;jfk; m+w;Wfpd;wJ.
(2) ,d;W fhzg;gLk; xNunahU r%f tiyaikg;g Kfg;Gj;jfk;
MFk;.
(3) Kfg; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s jdpj;Jt mikg;gpd (Privacy setting)
%yk; epr;rak; gadu;fspd; ,ufrpaj; jd;ik g+uzkhfg;
Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(4) Kfg;Gj;jfj;jpy; jdpg;gl;l jfty;fis ntspapLtjhy; rpy
Jujp\;l rk;gtq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
(5) Kfg;Gj;jfj;jpy; jdpegupd; milahsg;gLj;Jif vg;NghJk;
cj;juthjkhdJ.
25) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rupahd $w;W vJ?

(1) fzpdpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wy; Mrpupau; rhu;e;j
El;gkhFk;.
(2) ];ifg;; (Skype) xU gpugy;akhd fhnzhsp khehL (Video
Conferencing) El;gkhFk;.
(3) jdpg;gl;l kha tiyaikg;G (VPN) njhiyj; njhlu;Gf;fhd
(Telecommuting) Clfj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ.
(4) njhlu;gpyh (Offline) guPl;irfs; elhj;jg;gLtJ fzpdp
cjtpAldhd fzpg;gPLfshff; (Computer aided assessment)
fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
(5) ikf;Nuh nrhgl; gtu;nghapd;l; (Microsoft PowerPoint) vd;gJ
fzpdpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epfo;jJ ; iff;Fupa ,ytr
jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUs (FOSS) MFk;.
26) gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

A. r%f tiyj;jsq;fspy; gadhsupd; glq;fis ntspapLtJ
vg;NghJk; ghJfhg;ghd epiyia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
B. xUtupd; mdkjpapd;wp ,izaj;jsq;fspy; mtupd; jftiy
ntspapl vy;NyhUf;Fk; mDkjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
C. njhopEl;g tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf fzpdp ghfq;fs; mjpfkhff;
fopf;fg;gLtJ #oy;khriltjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikayhk;.
,f;$w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdJ>
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) B khj;jpuk; (3) C khj;jpuk;
(4) A, C khj;jpuk; (5) A, B, C Mfpad midj;Jk;.
27) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUs;>

(1) my SQL (2) Unix (3) Python
(4) vb.net (5) macOS
28) jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUs; gw;wp $w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdJ>

A. ,jd; %y epuy; (Source program) ntsaplg;glj; Njitapy;iy
B. ,jpy; Freeware Shareware vDk; ,U tbtq;fs; cz;L
C. ,k;nkd;nghUisf; nfhz;L khw;Wk;> tpw;Fk; VidNahUf;Fk;
toq;Fk; nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
(1) A, B khj;jpuk; (2) B, C khj;jpuk; (3) A,C khj;jpuk;
(4) A, B, C midj;Jk; (5) C khj;jpuk;
29) gpd;tUk; cupikAila jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUs; njhlu;ghd
$w;Wf;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.
A. cupikAila nkd;nghUs; vg;nghJk; xU egupd;> epWtfj;jpd;
cupikiaf; nfz;bUf;Fk;.
B. jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUl;fs; vg;NghJk; fl;lzkw;w Nritapid
toq;Fk;.
C. jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUl;fis rpy Njitapd; nghUl;L
fl;lzq;fis mwtpl KbAk;.
Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; rupahdit / rupahdJ>
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) B khj;jpuk;
(3) A, B khj;jpuk; (4) A, C khj;jpuk;
(5) B,C khj;jpuk;
30) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ Xu; juT nry;Ygbahf;fy; Kiwad;W

(1) tif rupghu;g;G (2) tuT rupghu;g;G
(3) tPr;R rupghu;g;G (4) nkd;nghUs; rupghu;g;G
(5) ePs rupghu;g;G (Length check)
31) fzpdp Kiw topahf;fpfs; (Processors) gw;wpa gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fisf; fUJf.
A. fzpdpapy; ghtpf;fg;gLk; ,ae;jpu nkhopapy; nrhy; xd;wpy;
mlq;Fk; gpw; (bit) fspd; vz;zpf;if mjd; nrhy; msT (Word
Size) vdg;gLk;.
B. fzpdpapd; gFjpfSf;fpilapy; juTfs; rkpf;iQahfg; gazk;
nra;Ak; ngsjPf topfs; BUS vdg;gLk;.
C. fzpj kw;Wk; ju;ff;g;gFjpfspd; rkpf;iQfis epue;jukhfr;
Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,lk; gjpap vdg;gLk;.
Nkw;$wpatw;wpDs; rupahdJ / rupahdit>
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) B khj;jpuk;

(3) C khj;jpuk; (4) A, B khj;jpuk;
(5) B,C khj;jpuk;
32) jw;fhyf; fzpdpahdJ ntd; epA+khd; fl;likg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;

tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs;
gpioahdjhf miktJ>
(1) fzpdp epuYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf fzpzdp
epWj;jg;gLk;tiu nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
(2) epitfq;fs; ,jd; cg Kiwahff; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
(3) Nrkpg;gfq;fs; ,jd; cg Kiwahf mikjw;fhd
rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; mjpfk;
(4) ALU, CU, vd;gd ,t;tikg;gpy; cg Kiwahff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
(5) vy;yh rkpf;iQfSk; CU tpdhy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ.
33) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nfhzu; - epiwNtw;Wr; Row;rp (fetchexecute
cycle) njhlu;ghd $w;Wf;fis tupir Kiwahff; nfhz;l xOq;F
tupir
A. mLj;j fl;lisia vLf;f(fetch next instruction)
B. fl;lisiaf; FwpaPlhf;Ff (Encode the instruction)
C. fl;lisi FwpKiw ePf;fk; nra;f (Decode the instruction)
D. fl;lisia ,af;Ff (Execute the instruction)
(1) A, B, C khj;jpuk; (2) A, B, D khj;jpuk;
(3) A, C, D khj;jpuk; (4) B, C, D khj;jpuk;
(5) A, B, C, D Mfpa midj;Jk;
34) ika Kiwthf;f myfpy; vLj;j mwpTWj;jypid

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf ………. vDk; gFjp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,ilntspf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nrhy;>
(1) ALU
(2) nra;epuy; vz;zp (Program counter
(3) fl;Lg;ghl;L myF
(4) gJf;F epidtfk;
(5) RAM
35) CPU ,Ds; cs;s mwpTWj;jy;fis Fwpatpo;f;Fk;; (decodes)

$w;Wf;F toq;fg;gLk; ngau;>
(1) Kjy; epidtfk; (2) gjptf myF
(3) fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (4) ALU
(5) nra;epuy; vz;zp (Programm counter)
36) epiwNtw;Wf; nfhzu; Rw;wpd;NghJ jw;fhypf gpujhd epidtfkhf

gjpap gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,J njhlu;ghd kpfr; rupahd $w;W>
(1) ,J jw;fhypf epidtfkhf khj;jpuk; njhopw;gLk;.
(2) ,jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;lisj; njhFjpiaf; nfhz;Ls;s
epue;ju epidtfg; gFjpAk; fhzg;gLk;.
(3) gjpapahdJ Fiwe;j mDfy; Ntfj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(4) gjpapapd; nfhs;ssT kpf mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;
(5) gjpapahdJ fzpdpapd; jha;g;gyifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
37) kpd; fw;if (e – learning) rk;ge;jkhf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf;

fUJf.
A. fw;wy; nghwpKiwia Nkk;gLj;jtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w xU
njhopEl;g KiwahFk;.
B. ,yj;pudpay; topKiwfspd; Clhf tbtikf;fg;gl;l rpy
cs;slf;fq;fs; Clhf ghuk;gupa Kfj;jpw;F Kfk; (face – to –
face) fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
C. mJ Xu; KOikahd fw;wy; khjpupakhFk; mNj Ntis
ghuk;gupa fw;wy; topfisf; Nfs;tpf;Fs;shfpd;wJ.
NkYs;stw;Ws; rupahdJ>
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) A, C khj;jpuk;
(3) B, C khj;jpuk; (4) A, B khj;jpuk;
(5) A, B, C midj;Jk;
38) nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L vd;gJ…………
(1) tPl;by; nkd;nghUspidj; jpULtJ
(2) nkd;nghUspidg; gpujp nra;tJ
(3) cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fspypUe;J nkd;nghUisj; jpULtJ
(4) nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l nkd;nghUspidg; gpujp nra;tJ
(5) gpujp nra;Ak; cupik ,y;yhj xU ghtidahsu;
nkd;nghUspid rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhfg; gpujp nra;jy;
39) cd;dplk; 2MB Ngdh nrYj;jp xd;w fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;f

nfhs;f. mNjNghy;> 1024Kb, 1.2MB, 219 bytes Mfpa msTfspy;
Nfhg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gl;lhy; gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; rupahd $w;iwj;
njupT nra;f.
(1) 1024 Kb Nfhg;gpid Ngdh nrYj;jpapy; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
(2) 1024Kb, 1.2MB, 219 bytes Mfpatw;iw Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
(3) 1.2 MB Nfhg;gpid khj;jpuk; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
(4) 1024Kb, 219 bytes Mfpatw;iw khj;jpuk; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
(5) 219 bytes Nfhg;gpid khj;jpuk; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
40) ngsjPftpay; juTfisj; njhlu;r;rpahf thrpj;Jf; fzpdpf;Fs;

cs;sPL nra;tjw;fhf ……….vDk; cgfuzk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
(1) czu;thd; (Sensor)
(2) Eiothd; (Loggers)
(3) cs;sPl;L cgfuzk;
(4) xspapay; vOj;JU thrpg;ghd; (OCR)
(5) fhe;j vOj;JU thrpg;ghd; (MICR)
41) njhuwhr; Nritfis (on – line Services) ,Ljy; gw;wpa gpd;tUk;

$w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.
A. thbf;ifahsu; njhluwh Nritia milaj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
B. thbf;ifahsu; nfhLg;gdTfisr; nra;a ,yj;jpudpaw;
njhopEl;gj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
C. ahjhapDk; xU nghUSf;Ff; fl;lisapLk; NghJ
thbf;ifahsupd; Msilahsk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
D. thbf;ifahsUk; nrit toq;FdUk; xNu Gtpapaw; gpuNjrj;jpy;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;Fwpj;jj njhluwh Nritf;F Kf;fpakhdit>
(1) A, B khj;jpuk; (2) A,B, C khj;jpuk;
(3) A, B, D khj;jpuk; (4) A, C, D, khj;jpuk;
(5) B, D, E khj;jpuk;
42) tPbNah khehl;il elhj;jy; (video conferencing) vd;gJ gy;NtW

,lq;fspy; ,UtUf;fpilNa my;yJ gyUf;fpilNa ……
eilngWk; ……… fye;Jiuahlnyd kpfr; rpwe;j tpjj;jpy;
tpgupf;fg;gLk; ,ilntspf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdit?
(1) TV, tPbNah
(2) njhiyNgrp> nrtpg;Gy
(3) tiyaikg;G> nrtpg;Gy
(4) Tv, nrtpg;Gy
(5) tiyaikg;G> nrtpg;Gy> fl;Gy
43) jd;dpaf;f ryit ,ae;jpuj;jpd; nraw;ghlhdJ mjd; ,ae;jpuk;

nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s rpy;Y xd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; epuy; xd;wpy; %yNk
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,r;nraw;ghL vd;d nraw;gLj;jiy
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;?
(1) gy; nraw;gLj;jy;
(2) njhluwh nraw;gLj;jy;
(3) njhFjp nraw;gLj;jy;
(4) epfo; Neu nraw;gLj;jy;
(5) njhluwh my;yhj nraw;gLj;jy;
44) epiyg; nghUs; (firm were) njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisj;

fUJf.
A. fzpdpj; njhFjpiaj; njhlf;Ftjw;F (boot tap) Njitahd
nra;epuyhFk;.
B. fyit ,ae;jpuj;jpy; epiyg; nghUs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
C. epiyg; nghUs; gpd;G ,yFthf khw;wpaikf;fyhk;.
Nkw;Fwpj;jtw;Ws; vJ / vit rupahdJ / rupahdit
1) gpd;tUk; nkd; nghUl;fspy; gad;gL nkd;nghUl;fisj; njupT

nra;J vOJf.
Hanthana, Anti – virus, Disk – cleanup, Windows, fedora, Disk partitions,
notepad, python
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………….
2) gpd;tUk; ml;ltizahdJ ngwkjpkpf;f jftypdJ ,aylGfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. epuy; A ,w;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fis epuy; B,y;
vOJf. nrhw;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
epuy; A epuy; B
tpidj;jpwd; va;Jtjw;F
rupahd Neuj;jpy; jPu;khdk;
va;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jftypd; rupahd ek;gfj;
jd;ikapidg; gw;wp ek;gfj;
jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;jy;
rhj;jpakhFk;.
jftypdJ ngWkjp
mDkjpaspf;fg;glhj gadu;
nraw;ghLfspdhy; mopTw
KbAk;
jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; Kiwtop
rhu;ghf jftypdJ ngWkjp
jftypd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
3) gpd;tUk; nrayp xd;wpd; tpguf; $w;Wf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
xU nraypahdJ xU 1)
jlitapy; gad;gLj;Jk;
gpl;fspd; vz;zpf;if
juT> rkpf;iQfis 2)
flj;Jtjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ngsjPf
topfs;
ALU ,d; 3)
nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ
jw;fhypf epidtfkhfj;
njhopw;gLtJ.
nraypapd; Ntfj;jpw;F 4)
Vw;wthW ram ,ypUe;J
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;
epidtfk;.
5) jdpj;Jtk; (Privacy) fhg;G (Pattern) vDk; gjq;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisj;

jUf.
6) gjpg;Gupik (Copyright) kw;Wk; jpUl;L (plagiarism) Mfpatw;wpdhy;

ePu; ahJ fUJfpd;wPu;?
7)
i. xU epWtdj;jpd; njhiyJ}u (Tele computing) fzpdpapd;
gad;ghl;ilj; jUf?
ii. njhiyJ}u fzpdpapd; gad;ghl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd tplaq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
8) ,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfSf;fpilapyhd

njhopEl;g NtwghLfs; ,uz;ilAk; ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf;
fzpdpapd; mD$yq;fs; ,uz;bidAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
9) epiwNtw;Wf; nfhzu; Rw;whdJ ntd;epa+khd; fl;likg;gpy; xU
mwptpj;jy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tpjj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,J njhlu;ghd
gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd nrhy;iy vOJf.
RAM ,ypUe;h mwpTWj;jy;
ngwg;gl;L
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
gjpapDs;
cs;sPlhf;fg;gLjy;
rkpf;iQiag;
gupkhw;Wtjd;
%yk;mwpTWj;jy;fis
epiwNtw;Wjy;
mwpTWj;jy;
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd
nraw;ghLfis fzpj;J
mtw;iw ALU Tld;
njuptpj;jy;
10) Fiw flj;jp (Semi – conductor) cw;gj;jpf; fk;gdp xd;wpd; fpisfs;

[g;ghdpYk;> mnkupf;fhtpYk; cs;sd. jwlNghJ
mgptpUj;jpf;FOtpd; gpujpepjpfs; jkJ njhopEl;g tpthj tplaq;fs;
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtjw;F fk;gdpapd; Vida fpisfSf;F mbf;fb
nrd;Wtu Ntz;Lk;. fle;j gy Mz;Lfshff; fk;gdp ,g;nghwpEl;gk;
nryT kpf;fJk; Neuj;ij vLg;gJkhFk; vd;gij czu;e;Js;sJ.
i. Vida fpisfSf;Fr; nrd;W tuhky; njhopEl;g kPl;lha;Tf;
$l;lq;fis elhj;Jtjw;F (ICT) mbg;gil Kiwia Xu; ICT
khztd; vd;w uPjpapy; njuptpf;f.
ii. NkNy (i) ,y; njuptpj;j Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd 03 mj;jpatrpa

ICT rhjdq;fis (devices) Fwpg;gpLf.
11) ,yq;if murhdJ tlf;Fg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; vz;nza; tsk;

njhlu;ghd Muha;r;rpf;fhf nghUj;jlhd fzpdpia tbtikf;f
cj;Njrpf;fpd;wJ.
i. ICT khztd; vd;w tifapy; ,jw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fzpdp
tifapidj; njuptpf;f.
ii. ,jidj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

CHECK LIST
i. fzpj;jypd; tuyhW
ii. fzpdpj; jiyKiwfs;
iii. ;gy;NtW tifg;gLj;jy; Kiwfs
iv. cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs;
v. tpirg;gyifAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Neub cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfspd;
mD$yq;fs;
vi. ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfSk; mtw;wpd; jd;ikfSk;

vii. kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myFk; (CPU) mjd; jha;g;gyifg; nghUe;JifAk
viii. Nrkpg;gfq;fs;
ix. rkhe;ju kw;Wk; Nfhl;Lr;rl;lf; (grid) fzpik (computing)
x. Nrkpf;fg;gl;;l nra;epuy;;
xi. jUtpg;G epiwNtw;Wr; Row;rp
xii. kj;jpa nraw;ghl;lyF
xiii. gy;fU nraypfs
xiv. epidtf gbepiy
xv. epiyaw;w epidtfKk; mjd; gz;GfSk;
xvi. thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtf tiffs;
xvii. ,uz;lhe;ju epidtfk

5 6165872371740704849

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

5 6165872371740704849

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

fzpdp mwpKfk; UNIT

2.1 nra;Kiwtopahf;fy;fspd (Processors) tpUj;jpAld; njhlu;Gila Kf;fpa

 fzpj;jypd; tuyhW (History of Computing)

fzpg;nghwp vd;gJ vd;d?

 gpwF vz;fis cUthf;fpdhd; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp fzf;Ffis

 ngUf;fis tpiuthfr; nra;a cjTk;

fp.gp. 1633 – efUk; rl;lk; (Slide Rule)

 tpy;ypak; Ml;nul; (William Oughtred) vd;gtu; ,jid

 ,J gpNsa;]; gh];fy; (Blaise

fp.gp. 1822 – b/gud;]; vd;[pd; (Difference Engine)

 ,J rhu;y]; ghNg[; (Charles

 Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilfisg;ghu;j;J mtw;wpy; cs;s

Ie;jhk; jiyKiw - ,dp tUq;fhyk; : nraw;if

Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L

1) gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jy;

 gUkid mbg;gilahf vd;gJ mjDila ngsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd;

 kPf;fzpdpfs; ,d;iwa fzpdpfspy; mjpf nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJk;

 ,e;j fzpdpfshdJ ngupa rf;jp tha;e;j KiwikfshFk;.

 ,J (Main frame) fzpdpfis tpl nraw;wpwd; Fiwe;jJk; Mdhy;

tiyg;gpd;dy; Nritafq;fs; Network servers

 xU fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dypy; gy jdpafs; fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; fzpdp

 jdpg;gl;l egu;fspd; ghitf;fhfntd cs;s fzpdpfNs

2) Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L

3) njhopy; El;gj;jpid mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L

 ,jd; kfg;ngupa ed;ik ahnjdpy; ,j tzpf gpuNahf

 ,J glq;fisAk; ciuiaAk; cs;spl cjTk;.

,yf;f tiff; Nfkuh

fhe;j ik vOj;J czu;j;jy;(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

 vk;IrpMu; fhNrhiyfs; tq;fpfspy; ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ

xsp top FwpaPL czu;j;jy; (Optical Mark Recognition - OMR)

fhe;j gbg;ghd; (Magnetic Reader)

 fhe;jg;gl;iliag gbf;fTk; vOjTk; cjTk;

Fwpg;G vLg;ghd; (Notes Taker)

 ,jpy; xU rhjhud NgdhTld; ,lk; mwpAk;

Ez; Ngrp (Micro Phone)

 NgRk; xypiag; ngw;W fzpg;nghwpf;Fj; juTfshf

R+l;bif ml;il thrpg;gd; Smart Card Reader

jl;ly; tif mr;Rg;nghwpapd; jd;ikfs;

tup mr;Rg;nghwp (Line printer)

 xU vOj;JUtpy; kl;Lk; mr;rpLk;.

Gs;sp mzp mr;Rg; nghwp (Dot Matrix Printer)

 Gs;spfs; Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; kpd;rhuj;jhy;

Nyru; mr;Rg;nghwp (Laser Printer)

 Nyru; xspiaAk; Jfshf tUk; ikiaAk;

ikgPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp (Inkjet

 ,jpy; tz;z ikapd;kpfr; rpW

xyp ngUf;fp (Speaker)

 fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; (AlU- Arithmetic Logic Unit)

fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; - Vvy;A+

 ,jw;Fj; Njitahd juTfis vLj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ ve;jf; fzpg;igr;

epidtfk; OR Njf;f rhjdq;fs; (Storage Devices)

1) epiyaw;w or mopTWk; or MtpahFk; (volatile)epidtfk;

mjhtJ kpd; Jz;bf;fg;gLk; NghJ jdJ juTfis ,of;Fk; epidtfk;

 vOkhw;W mZfy; epidtfk;

RAM f;F gpujhdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epidtfq;fs; MFk;

1)SD RAM- 256 MB/512 MB

 ,q;F fhzg;gLk; juTfis  ,q;F mbf;fb Gj;Jzu;T

 tpiy kpf Fiwe;jJ  tpiy kpf mjpfk;

 nfhs;ssT kpf mjpfk;  nfhs;ssT kpf FiwT

 juT mZfy; Neuk; (Access  juT mZfy; Neuk; FiwT

 mlu;j;jp (Density) mjpfk;  kpd; ghtid FiwT

gJf;fy; epidtfk; (cache Memory)

,uz;lhk; kl;l gJf;fy; epidtfk; (L2)