LET’S CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

1. Explain in a sentence why each education philosopher was associated with

these given words:

a. John Locke – The Empiricist

As indicated by Locke "thoughts are the crucial units of mental
substance" and "we obtain thoughts through our experience of the world".
Empiricism is a hypothesis (or theory) that "information comes just or
principally from tangible experience". Along these lines John Locke is
viewed as an empiricist (of the School of English Induction to which George
Berkeley and David Hume likewise had a place). We can contend with the
empiricist felt that information comes for a fact. For, when we have the
experience and a bunch of thoughts, don't we use reason to make
conclusions? All things considered, the empiricist may contend that, at last
explanation is a bunch of thoughts regarding preparing information yet
those thoughts come for a fact. In any case, despite the fact that we get the
point about observation, we stay unconvinced in light of the fact that the
qualifications appear to be ambiguous. The point at that point, is that there
is something customary as opposed to distinct about what experimentation
is, the thing that makes a way of thinking or hypothesis of information
empiricist, and what specifically makes John Locke and empiricist.
b. Spencer – The Utilitarianist

Herbert Spencer was associated as utilitarianist as he developed the

revolutionary ideas regarding on what modern education pertains to the
survivability of a particular individual. And with this idea the matter of
“survival of the fittest” will apply to the current curriculum in the amidst of
pandemic.

c. John Dewey – Experience

Dewey, like the Education Establishment he helped to spawn, was

never pragmatic in the sense that if his theories lead to bad results, he would
 change those theories. Never happened. These people were pragmatic in
a very different way. If their theories lead to bad results and the public
perceived this, the Education Establishment would rewrite the jargon and
marketing copy, expressing the same bogus ideas in more appealing
language. This is what we have seen for example in reading instruction,
where the experts started with look-say; as the years went by, it became
whole word, sight words, Dolch words, Fry words, whole language,
balanced literacy, high-frequency words, and several others. A dozen
different ways to say the same thing: no phonics. There is nothing pragmatic
anywhere in here except that they knew they were selling a pig and they
had better find some pretty new lipstick to put on it.

d. George Counts – Building a New Social Order

The controversial speech was later included in the pamphlet Dare
the School Build a New Social Order? (1932), in which he called for schools
and teachers to help foster a planned collective economy. He also argued
that teachers should serve as leaders, effecting social change.
e. Theodore Brameld – The Social Reconstructionist

He believed that education had the responsibility to mold human

beings into a cohesive and compassionate society.

f. Paulo Freire- Critical Pedagogy vs. Banking Method

Instead of tacitly promoting oppressive relationships through the
banking method of education, Freire chooses the process of critical
pedagogy as his pedagogical model. This is because critical pedagogy
utilizes dialogue among human beings who are equals rather than
oppressive imposition.
 2. Make a table summary of the philosophies of education.

Philosophers Philosophy on Aim/s and Classroom/Education

Method/s of Education Application
John Dewey According to John Dewey, the Dewey believed teachers should
development of social efficiency is never pressure students to
one of the aims of education. To him, conform. Instead of going into a
school is a social institution. The classroom with certain
school should be organized in such a expectations, accept students of
way that the activities of the outer all different cultures, religions
world are reflected. and family backgrounds. Within
individual school regulations,
respect students who wear
different or unusual attire.
Herbert Spencer In teaching methods, Spencer Intellectual Achievement: To
advocated the automatic learning provide students with academic
based on students and emphasized knowledge and skills in order to
the role of interest in the process of prepare them for post-secondary
teaching, In the aspect of moral education or the workforce. This
education, Spencer put forward that has been the most agreed upon
individual self-preservation is the aim of education.
most important moral principle and
coined the moral evolution formula.
John Locke Locke believed the purpose of John Locke was an influential
education was to produce an individual who wrote a specific
individual with a sound mind in a essay, Some Thoughts
sound body so as to better serve his Concerning Education, which
country. Locke thought that the highlighted key principles that
content of education ought to depend were necessary in order to shape
upon one's station in life. The the future students and to
common man only required moral, change the education systems.
social, and vocational knowledge. His principles and practices are
still being used in almost every
school today!
 Paulo Freire Freire challenges the conventional The term banking model of
assumption that there is equal education was first used by
opportunity in a democratic society. Paulo Freire in his highly
He asserts, often, that education is a influential book Pedagogy of the
political process. Schools become Oppressed. Freire describes this
tools that are used by parents, form of education as
business and the community to "fundamentally narrative (in)
impose their values and beliefs. character" with the teacher as
the subject (that is, the active
participant) and the students as
passive objects.
George Counts The journal became the voice of the He wanted teachers to go
educational theory called social beyond abstract, philosophical
reconstructionism, which was based conceptions of democracy and
on the theory that society can be teach explicitly about power and
reconstructed through education. injustice. He wanted teachers
and students to count among
their primary goals the building of
a better social order.
LET’S REFLECT

Double Entry Journal

Two things I learned from this Chapter My thought/s or Reaction/s

“Experience is the best Teacher”

Meaning a teacher’s ability to reflect on what, why

and how they do things, and to adapt and develop
their excellence in teaching is the one quality above
all that makes them good.

Teacher reflection is important because it’s a

John Dewey Theory
process that helps teachers to collect, record, and
analyse everything that happened in the lesson. It
allows teachers to move from just experiencing,
into understanding. If they don’t question
themselves about what their experiences mean
and think actively about them, research has shown
that they won’t make any changes and therefore
improve. When teachers collect information
regarding activities in their classrooms and take the
time to analyse them from a distance, they can
identify more than just what worked and what
didn’t. They will be able to look at the underlying
principles and beliefs that define the way that they
work. This kind of self-awareness is a powerful ally
for a teacher, especially when so much of what and
how they teach can change in the moment.

In 2020 schools were forced to deploy a new

approach to teaching and learning and teachers
started delivering online and blended teaching as a
result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Besides the
technical challenges they were facing, this also put
even the most experienced teachers in uncharted
 waters. Teaching strategies needed to be
reconsidered and delivery forms adapted to the
new learning environment.
Being in new situations like these, schools that
practice a reflective teaching culture have an edge.
It enables teachers to quickly identify areas of
improvement and collaboratively develop the best
ways forward. This shifts the focus from simply
fulfilling the minimum requirements for teaching to
being able to increase its quality and ensure a
continued high level of education for pupils.
Herbert Spencer Theory Education today continues to be influenced by
Spencer's Social Darwinist theories. In fact, his
curriculum activities based on human needs are
still being implemented in one form or another. His
influences are still felt as education continues to
discuss voucher systems for private schools, the
smaller role of government in education, and in the
stressing of teaching skills that will assist students
in becoming individuals who contribute to the good
of society.

Several of Spencer's works are being utilized in

today's most prestigious universities. His
"Principles of Biology" is a text at Oxford University.
His "Principles of Psychology" text can be found at
Harvard. The "Study of Sociology" is Spencer's
work used not only as a textbook at Yale, but was
the textbook used for the first course in Sociology
in the United States. Sociology became a
discipline in the United States because of
Spencer's impressive work.